The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil, Revised and Expanded Edition Copyright © 2004 by John S
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Revelation John Feinberg’s classic treatment of the problem of evil, The Many Faces of Evil, has been a standard treatment of this philosophical issue for some time now. Coming from the Augustinian/Reformed tradition, it is a vigorous defense of both God’s sovereignty and human responsibility in the area of theodicy. This new edi- tion makes an already great book an even better one, as Feinberg has been able to incorporate new material in his debates and conversation with people like Rowe and Plantinga. This is surely one of the most important books ever written on the problem of evil. Those who ignore it will find their own understanding of this issue impoverished, especially in light of the current discussion. —CHAD BRAND Associate Professor of Christian Theology The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary This latest edition of John Feinberg’s The Many Faces of Evil is a gem. It provides extensive analyses of various statements of the problem of evil as well as responses that can be offered from a variety of Christian perspectives. Feinberg shows that both the problem and the response to the problem will vary, depending on one’s understanding of God and of evil. His own position is offered in dialogue with major classic and contemporary discussions of the problem of evil. In chapter 14, Feinberg offers a poignant and extremely helpful description of his own struggle with evil in the face of his family’s medical problems. His advice on how to help others who struggle with evil in their lives is worth the price of the book. —RONALD J. FEENSTRA Director of Doctoral Studies Calvin Theological Seminary The Many Faces of Evil is a thorough, clear, and highly competent treatment of a perennial problem. At times, it is painful and moving to read. All of us can learn much from it. —KEITH E. YANDELL Professor of Philosophy University of Wisconsin This is a book about the many problems of evil and their solutions. In this updated edition, Feinberg continues to press home the message that there are various ver- sions of the problem of evil and that, in fact, there are many successful solutions to these versions as well. For example, he claims that theonomy or Leibnizian ratio- nalism engender distinctive problems of evil, and that these positions do solve their logical problems, though he finds their metaphysical or theological claims to be unacceptable. Feinberg’s own position is a modified rationalism, in which he con- tends that God could not eliminate evil and still maintain his intention of having the world populated by genuine human beings. This is a thorough and technical book, fulfilling its promise of addressing the many areas involved with the problem of evil. Feinberg once again comments on his personal situation, which adds to the interest generated by the book. A valuable resource! —WINFRIED CORDUAN Professor of Philosophy and Religion Taylor University The Many Faces of Evil presents an excellent overview and response to the logical, evidential, and existential aspects of the problem. Those who expect insightful, deci- sive analyses from John Feinberg will not be disappointed. Crossway Books is also to be commended for its ongoing tradition of strong scholarly publications. This is a “must read” text on this issue. —GARY HABERMAS Distinguished Professor and Department Chairman, Philosophy and Theology Liberty University The Many Faces of Evil The Many Faces of Evil Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil Revised and Expanded Edition John S. Feinberg CROSSWAY BOOKS A DIVISION OF GOOD NEWS PUBLISHERS WHEATON, ILLINOIS The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil, Revised and Expanded Edition Copyright © 2004 by John S. Feinberg Chapters 1–7 originally published 1979 by the University Press of America Revised chapters 1–7 and chapters 8–12 and 14–15 originally published 1994 by Zondervan Publishing House Revised and expanded edition published 2004 by Crossway Books a division of Good News Publishers 1300 Crescent Street Wheaton, Illinois 60187 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except as provided by USA copyright law. Cover design: Josh Dennis First printing 2004 Printed in the United States of America Unless otherwise noted, Scripture references are from the New American Standard Bible® Copyright © The Lockman Foundation 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977. Used by permission. Scripture references marked NIV are from the Holy Bible: New International Version.® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved. The “NIV” and “New International Version” trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by International Bible Society. Use of either trademark requires the permission of International Bible Society. Scripture references marked KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible To My Wife, PATRICIA without whose constant love, encouragement, and sacrifice this volume could not have been produced, and whose life and testimony amidst affliction are an inspiration to all who know her Contents PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 11 PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION 13 PREFACE TO THE THIRD (REVISED AND EXPANDED) EDITION 15 1INTRODUCTION 17 S ECTION I T HE L OGICAL P ROBLEM OF E VIL 2THEONOMY AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 33 3LEIBNIZ AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 45 4THE FREE WILL DEFENSE 67 5SEVERAL CONTEMPORARY MODIFIED RATIONALIST 123 THEOLOGIES 6GOD AND MORAL EVIL 165 7GOD AND NATURAL EVIL 191 S ECTION II T HE E VIDENTIAL P ROBLEM OF E VIL 8EVIL AS EVIDENCE 207 9ATHEISTIC ARGUMENTS FROM EVIL 215 10 THEISTS AND THE EVIDENTIAL ARGUMENT FROM EVIL 261 11 THEISTS AND EVIL AS EVIDENCE (II) 303 12 EVIL AND EVIDENCE 357 S ECTION III T HE P ROBLEM OF H ELL 13 HELL AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 395 S ECTION IV T HE R ELIGIOUS P ROBLEM OF E VIL 14 THE RELIGIOUS PROBLEM OF EVIL 447 15 THE RELIGIOUS PROBLEM: USES OF SUFFERING 477 APPENDIX—STRATEGY OF THEODICY AND DEFENSE-MAKING 489 NOTES 491 INDEX 533 Preface to the First Edition nyone who has ever suffered affliction or had friends or loved ones who Ahave suffered, has probably wondered why there should be such pain if there is a God who truly loves us and has power to do something to remedy our plight. My interest in this issue is of long standing, and it stems from sev- eral factors. First, I have seen relatives and friends suffer, and I have wondered about the riddle of God and evil. Second, as a theist very heavily interested in and involved in the study of theology, I have always considered the prob- lem of evil to be one of the most perplexing difficulties that confronts a the- ist who truly wants to hold a theological position that would recommend itself as both rationally and religiously acceptable. Finally, my great love for philosophy in general and philosophy of religion in particular has continued to engender my interest in the problem. Because of this interest, I was espe- cially pleased that I was granted permission to write on it for my doctoral dis- sertation for the philosophy department at the University of Chicago. The work presented in the following pages represents the fruit of that study. In the book I have argued four theses. I am certain that the one which will prove to be the most controversial is the fourth. In order to establish that thesis, I have written a new defense which I have argued renders my theological posi- tion internally consistent. There have been various people involved in the production of this vol- ume whose help I want to acknowledge. I shall always be especially grateful for the assistance given to me by my committee at the University of Chicago. Professor Alan Donagan, who served as first reader deserves a special word of appreciation for his countless hours of advisement in my behalf, and I am also most grateful for the insights of the other two readers, Professors Warner Wick and Paul Ricoeur. Mrs. Phyllis East and Mr. Leonard Stucky deserve much thanks for their help in typing the manuscript and preparing it for pub- 12 The Many Faces of Evil lication. Bruce Ware spent many hours helping me proofread the manuscript. His help was invaluable. Finally, my deepest appreciation goes to my wife to whom this volume is lovingly dedicated for all the many ways she helped in the production of this volume. John S. Feinberg Portland, Oregon, 1979 Preface to the Revised Edition ometimes philosophical discussions develop very slowly over time. In Sother cases, there is great change over a short period of time. In the fif- teen years or so since I wrote my dissertation on the problem of evil, there have been significant changes in the focus of discussions about God and evil. In addition, in the years since the first edition of this book, there have been major developments in the life of my family which have affected forever the way I think about this problem. As a result of those changes, there are sig- nificant differences in this revised edition as opposed to the first edition. Originally, I intended only to do a stylistic revision and update bibliog- raphy. But as I reviewed the literature from the last fifteen years, I realized very quickly that much more was needed. As it turned out, I wrote seven new chapters for this edition. Five treat the evidential problem of evil, which has been the major change in the way this problem is discussed.