DOCSLIB.ORG

Mining Areas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mining Areas ReportNo. 13187-RU RussianFederation Restructuringthe Coal Industry: Putting People First Public Disclosure Authorized (In Two Volumes) Volume II: Annexes December12, 1994 Infrastructure, Energy& EnvironmentDivision Country Department III Europeand Central Asia 4 ,,,,,,,,. .- ,. Public Disclosure Authorized r NLS.'t.s',""s ''' Public Disclosure Authorized 7,''S'' 7~~~OF ,~~~~~~~~~~~~.L -_ I I S Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Ruble (Rb) Rubles per US Dollar Foreign Exchange Auction/Interbank Market Rate Average for Period December 1991 170 December 1992 420 December 1993 1,190 July 1994 1,998 BORROWER'S FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES METRICSYSTEM US SYSTEM 1 meter (m) = 3.2808 feet 1 kilometer (Ian) = 0.6214 mile 1 square meter (m2) = 1.196 square yards 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1.102 short tons 1 kilocalorie (kcal) 0.252 British thermal units 1 tonne of coal-equivalent (tce) = 6.88 million kcal 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.20462 pounds (lb) ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS GDP Gross Domestic Product Oblast Region - a Soviet (now Russian)territorial administrativeunit: other administrative units includerepublics, okrugs and krais NOx Nitrogen oxides SOx Sulfur oxides ugol coal (in Russian) USAID United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment RUSSIAN FEDERATION RESTRUCTURING THE COAL INDUSTRY: PUTTING PEOPLEFIRST VOLUME II: ANNEXES Annex A: Supply Annex 1: Coal Resources, Production, and Employment Annex B: Supply Annex 2: Coal Market Prospects by Region and Basin Annex C: Supply Annex 3: International Experience of Coal Industry Restructuring Annex D: Coal Transport in Russia Annex E: Social Protection in Coal Mining Areas Annex F: Environmental Issues in the Russian Coal Sector Annex G: Costs, Subsidies, and Employment in Coal Mining Annex H: Comments and Observations of Ministries, Agencies, and Other Interested Russian Organizations on the IBRD Report "Restructuring the Coal Industry of the Russian Federation" I Annex A SUPPLYANNEX 1: COAL RESOURCES,PRODUCTION, AND EMPLOYMENT Supply Annex 1 Russian Federation Coal Resources,Production and Employment Contents Structure of Report Physical Geography of the Coal Industry - resources - quality - location - summary Recent Trends in Coal Output {output by major basin surface versus underground mining output by coal type Coal Production Costs - overview/comparators - regional cost curves Coal Preparationand Transport Costs - coal preparation - transport costs - delivered costs Coal Industry Employment - employment by Mining Association - direct and ancillary employment - employment and productivity Map April 8, 1994 aupplyl .vn2 - page 1 - - page 2 - Structure of the Report Restructuring the Coal Industry 1. Supply Annex 1 is an annex of a joint report by the World Bank and the Government of Russia on Restructuring the Coal Industry in the Russian Federation: - the Main Report was first issued on November 12, 1993 - the Main Report is being updated and revised and will be re-issued 2. The Main Report will be supported by the following annexes: - Coal Markets [to be updated] - Coal Resources, Production and Employment [Supply Annex 1: this annex] - Coal Market Prospects by Region and Basin ISupply Annex 2: under preparation] - International Experience of Coal Restructuring [Supply Annex 3: under preparation] - Coal Transport - Social Protection - Subsidies and Finance [summary of recent consultant studies: to be prepared] - Environmental Issues 3. This annex on Coal Resources, Production and Employment draws on material that is presented in more detail in other annexes, particularly those covering Coal Markets, Coal Transport, and Coal Market Prospects by Region and Basin - page 3 - Physical Geographyof the Coal Industry Coal Resources 1. See Table 1 Russia Coal Resources (facing page) 2. Russia has 300-400 billion tonnes of physically recoverable coal resources, ie, more than 1,000 years of output at current production rates 3. Only a small part of these resources is economically recoverable, ie, could be produced and delivered to consumers at a full cost recovery price that the consumers would be willing to pay 4. Three factors determine whether individual coal deposits will be economically recoverable: coal production cost (see Coal Production Costs later in this Annex) coal quality distance from market - page 4 - Table 1: Russia: Coal Resources (billion tonnes) BASIN Hard Coal Coking Anthracite Brown TOTAL (Thermal) Coal Coal Pechora/North 8.8 3.6 12.4 Moscow (Tula) 4.4 4.4 Donbass/South 9.3 0.3 7.0 1686 Urals 0.5 0.3 1.7 2.5 Kuzbass 76.8 38.2 96.5 211.5 Kansk-Achinsk 7&.0 78.0 East Siberia 11.0 2.0 13.0 Far East 5.3 10.4 15.7 North East 7.1 4.9 12.0 TOTAL 118.8 47.3 7.0 193.0 366.1 Source: Preparedby World Bank based on date provided by IEECIRosugol - page 5 - Physical Geography of the Coal Industry Coal Quality 1. See Table 2 - Representative Coal Quality for Different Coal Basins (facing page) 2. Customer requirements: - hard coal can be used by a wide range of customers - coking coal is produced (mainly in Kuzbass and Pechora basins) for the steel industry - anthracite (from Donbass only) has special combustion characteristics - brown coal (from Moscow basin and most basins east of the Urals) is typically used in large power plants 3. Calorific value: - is important for transport costs - can be improved by washing 4. Ash content: - is important for competition with gas (environment) - again, can be improved by washing 5. Sulfur content: - is important for competition with gas - but washing usually yields only small reduction in sulfur content - page 6 - Table 2: Regresentative Coal Quality for Different Coal Basins REGION COAL CALORIFIC ASH SULFUR TYPE CONTENT CONTENT CONTENT (kcal/kg) % % Pechora/North Coking 5700-6000 16-18 0.5-0.7 Hard coal 4000-5500 25-30 1.5-3.0 Moscow Brown 2300-2700 30-40 3.0-4.5 Donbass Anthracite 5500-6000 20-30 2.0-3.5 Urals Hard coal 4000-5000 25-35 3.5-5.5 Brown 2700-3000 35-40 0.5-1.0 Kuzbass Coking 5500-6500 10-20 0.3-0.7 Hard 5000-6000 10-20 0.3-0.7 Kansk-Achinsk Hard coal 5000-5500 15-25 0.4-0.6 Brown 3400-3700 15-20 0.4-0.6 Eastern Brown 3000-4000 15-25 0.5-1.5 Siberia Far East Hard 4500-5500 15-35 0.3-0.5 Brown 3000-4000 20-40 0.3-0.5 North East Coking 5500 15-20 0.3 Hard 4600-5500 15-20 0.2-0.4 Brown 3700-4000 15-17 0.2 Source: Prepared by World Bank based on data from Energaticheskoe Toplivo SSSR (Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1991) - page 7 - Physical Geographyof the Coal Industry Location 1. See MM (last page of Annex) showing: locations of the main coal basins in Russia boundariesof economic regions (used for analysis of coal markets) 2. See Table 3 Key Coal Transport Distances (facing page), eg: the Center (Moscow) market can be supplied by: - Moscow (Tula) basin: 200 km - Donbass: 1,200 km - Pechorabasin: 2,200 km - Kuzbass: 3,500 km to be exported, coal must be transported: - Pechora to St Petersburg 2,400 km - Kuzbass to St Petersburg 4,500 km - Far East to Japan 3,000 km 3. See Coal Preparationand Transport Costs (later in this Annex) - page 8 - Table 3: Key Coal TransDort Distances PRODUCING REGIONS DISTANCE BASIN SUPPLIED (km) Pechora North 2,000 Center 2,200 Northwest 2,400 Moscow Center 200 Donbass North Caucasus 300 Volga 400 Center 1,200 Urals Urals 200 Kuzbass West Siberia 300 Urals 1,900 Center 3,500 Northwest 4,500 Kansk-Achinsk East Siberia 900 West Siberia 400 East Siberia East Siberia 400 Far East/North Far East 500 East exports of coking 3,000 coal to Japan - page 9 - Physical Geography of the Coal Industry Summary 1. Coal must compete with other fuels, ie, the delivered cost of energy to the consumer must be lower than the delivered cost of other fuels 2. The main elements of the cost structure for delivered coal are: - production cost at minemouth - plus coal preparation cost (and coal losses), where relevant - 111I stockpiling and transport cost, ie, mainly rail freight 3. Production cost at minemouth: - capital cost recovery - in the past, investment was grant-financed - in future, coal prices will have to cover costs of financing investment, ,e: - interest and principal repayment on loans - profits (dividends and retained earnings) - Rius2operating costs (labor & other) note: cost structures (capital, labor, other) for underground mines can be very different from that of surface mines 4. Coal preparation cost: * capital cost recovery (same situation as for mining costs) - plu operating costs (labor & other) note: coal preparation losses (ie, fewer tons come out of the preparation plant) are a major part of the costs of coal preparation-- however, some of these costs may be recovered in the form of lower rail freight costs 5. Transport and storage cost: - stockpiling costs (usually at the mine) - D1it loading and unloading charges for rail freight - plus distance-related charges for rail freight - plus additional trucking costs for distribution to smaller consumers - page 10 - The remainder of this Annex looks at coal supply cost structures in Russia: coal production costs with an emphasis on labor productivity and employment coal preparation costs however, very little information is available: more analysis is needed coal transport costs which now are the main cost element affecting competition between different coal basins - page 11 - Recent Trends in Coal Output Output by Major Basin 1. See Figure 1 Coal Production by Basin, 1980 - 1993 (facing page) 2. Coal output peaked in the late 1980s and has been declining since then 3. In most basins, demand for coal has been contracting more rapidly than coal output: the only regions where coal shortages have been reported on a recurring basis are the Far East and the North East in several other regions, coal surpluses have occurred despite the fall in output 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Pechora River: a Natural-Functioning River Ecosystem Or Needs for Restoration?
    RR 2004 3rd European Conference on River Restoration RIVER RESTORATION 2004 Zagreb, Croatia, 17-21 May 2004 The Pechora river: a natural-functioning river ecosystem or needs for restoration? Vasily Ponomarev, Olga Loskutova, Ludmila Khokhlova, Harald Leummens ABSTRACT: The Pechora, the largest river in North Europe, preserves almost natural ecosystem conditions. The Pechora river is crossed by only one bridge, and has one dam in an upstream tributary. The Pechora basin is one of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe, 0.5 million inhabitants on 322,000 km2 The Pechora river is of utmost importance for fishery, hosting 36 fish species from 13 families, depending on a dense network of large and small tributaries. The river is inhabited by all 12 species of European Salmonidae. At the same time, throughout the Pechora basin, an ever-increasing local but persistent human impact is observed. Many watercourses are intersected by oil & gas pipelines and communications. The exploration and exploitation of valuable oil, gas and mineral resources locally causes physical and chemical, terrestrial and aquatic disturbance and pollution. In the cen- tral Pechora basin vast areas are subjected to intensive forestry. Industrial developments cause con- siderable structural and functional aquatic ecosystems changes. In addition, especially Salmonidae populations significantly decreased, a result of widespread poaching. Within the framework of Russian-Netherlands project “Pechora River basin Integrated System Man- agement” (PRISM), supported by the Partners for Water Programme of the Netherlands Government, integrated studies were performed on a number of Pechora tributaries, characterised by different types and levels of human impact. Based on the results of those and earlier research, the needs for aquatic ecosystem restoration are discussed, and a concept for actions at different scales is proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Protected Area System of the Komi Republic to Conserve Virgin Forest Biodiversity in the Pechora Headwaters Region
    Strengthening Protected Area System of the Komi Republic to Conserve Virgin Forest Biodiversity in the Pechora Headwaters Region PIMS 2496, Atlas Award 00048772, Atlas Project No: 00059042 Terminal Evaluation, Volume I November 2014 Russian Federation GEF SO1: Catalysing the Sustainability of Protected Areas SP3: Strengthened National Terrestrial Protected Area Networks Russian Federation, Ministry of Natural Resources Komi Republic, Ministry of Natural Resources United National Development Program Stuart Williams KOMI REPUBLIC PAS PROJECT - TE Acknowledgements The mission to the Komi Republic was well organised and smoothly executed. For this, I would like to thank everyone involved starting with Irina Bredneva and Elena Bazhenova of the UNDP-CO for making all the travel arrangements so smooth and easy, and making me welcome in Moscow. In the Komi Republic, the project team ensured that I met the right stakeholders, showed me the results of the project efforts in remote and beautiful areas of the republic, and accompanying me. Special thanks are due to Alexander Popov (the National Project Director) and Vasily Ponomarev (the Project Manager) for the connections, arrangements, for accompanying me and for many fruitful discussions. Other team members who accompanied the mission included Svetlana Zagirova, Andrei Melnichuk and Anastasiya Tentyukova. I am also grateful to all the other stakeholders who gave freely of their time and answered my questions patiently (please see Annex III for a list of all the people met over the course of the mission to the Komi Republic). I am also particularly grateful for the tireless efforts of Alexander Oshis, my interpreter over the course of the mission even when he was not well, for the clear and accurate interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociocultural and Linguistic Contexts of the Russian Sign Language Functioning in Krasnoyarsk Krai
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2020 13(3): 296-303 DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0565 УДК 16.21.27 Sociocultural and Linguistic Contexts of the Russian Sign Language Functioning in Krasnoyarsk Krai Liudmila V. Kulikova and Sofya A. Shatokhina Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation Received 21.02.2020, received in revised form 25.02.2020, accepted 06.03.2020 Abstract. The article contains an ethnographic description of the conditions governing the use of the regional sign language in Krasnoyarsk Krai within the modern sociolinguistic context. The subject of the discussion is the problem of the linguistic design of sign languages ​​in general, including some features of Russian Sign Language. The study provides statistical information and legal norms for the use of this iconic communication system. A study of the current state of Russian Sign Language functioning in Krasnoyarsk Krai allows us to talk about a change in the status of this sign language, an increasing interest in issues related to its applied significance, and reinforces the need to develop new theoretical approaches to its institutionalization. Keywords: Russian Sign Language, fingerspelling, regional variants, Krasnoyarsk krai, language policy. This research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), Grant No. 20-012-00321 “Regional sign languages: multimodal electronic corpus (the case of the communicative space of Eastern Siberia)”. Research area: linguistics. Citation: Kulikova, L.V., Shatokhina, S.A. (2020). Sociocultural and linguistic contexts of the Russian Sign Language functioning in Krasnoyarsk Krai. J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Humanit. Soc. Sci., 13(3), 296-303. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0565.
    [Show full text]
  • Easychair Preprint № 2809
    EasyChair Preprint № 2809 Geomechanical and Geophysical Investigations in Repaired Underground Structures Mikhail Lebedev and Kirill Romanevich EasyChair preprints are intended for rapid dissemination of research results and are integrated with the rest of EasyChair. February 28, 2020 ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC2020 and 46th General Assembly Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Malaysia 15-21 May 2020 Geomechanical and geophysical investigations in repaired underground structures M.O. Lebedev1, K.V. Romanevich1 1OJSС “NIPII “Lenmetrogiprotrans”, Saint-Petersburg, Russia E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: A new approach provides increased economic efficiency of the design decisions and their subsequent implementation in repaired underground structures. The key element of the approach is the geomechanical and geophysical investigations during geological survey in the period of the design works on underground structures’ reconstruction. In particular, geomechanical and geophysical investigations allow assessing the quality of interaction between the rock massif and existing supporting structures, as well as the condition of the existing lining which should be dismantled. Another part of the proposed approach is to take into account the modern idea of the equilibrium state of rock mass which is formed during the long-term operation process of underground structures. KEYWORDS: Reconstruction, Railway tunnel, Equilibrium state, Stress-strain state, Field measurements, Mining and environmental (geotechnical) monitoring, Support, Lining, «Underground
    [Show full text]
  • Specialists, Spies, “Special Settlers”, and Prisoners of War: Social Frictions in the Kuzbass (USSR), 1920–1950
    IRSH 60 (2015), Special Issue, pp. 185–205 doi:10.1017/S0020859015000462 © 2015 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Specialists, Spies, “Special Settlers”, and Prisoners of War: Social Frictions in the Kuzbass (USSR), 1920–1950 J ULIA L ANDAU Buchenwald Memorial 99427 Weimar-Buchenwald, Germany E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The Kuzbass coalmining region in western Siberia (Kuznetsk Basin) was explored, populated, and exploited under Stalin’s rule. Struggling to offset a high labour turnover, the local state-run coal company enrolled deportees from other regions of Russia and Siberia, who were controlled by the secret police (OGPU). These workers shared a common experience in having been forcibly separated from their place of origin. At the same time, foreigners were recruited from abroad as experts and offered a privileged position. In the years of the Great Terror (1936−1938) both groups were persecuted, as they were regarded by the state as disloyal and suspicious. After the war, foreigners were recruited in large numbers as prisoners of war. Thus, migrants, foreigners, and deportees from other regions and countries constituted a significant part of the workforce in the Kuzbass, while their status constantly shifted due to economic needs and repressive politics. From the beginning of the twentieth century, after the building of the Trans- Siberian Railway, the economic resources of Siberia became the subject of political consideration and planning efforts by the Russian and later the Soviet state. The Kuzbass region in western Siberia amazed Soviet planners with its vast supply of very high-quality coal – the layers of coal measuring from 1.5 to 20 metres.1 The content of ash (about 10 per cent) and sulphur (between 0.4 and 0.7 per cent) was comparatively low.
    [Show full text]
  • Moss Occurrences in Yugyd Va National Park, Subpolar and Northern Urals, European North-East Russia
    Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e32307 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e32307 Data Paper Moss occurrences in Yugyd Va National Park, Subpolar and Northern Urals, European North-East Russia Galina Zheleznova‡, Tatyana Shubina‡, Svetlana Degteva‡‡, Ivan Chadin , Mikhail Rubtsov‡ ‡ Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia Corresponding author: Tatyana Shubina ([email protected]) Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev Received: 10 Dec 2018 | Accepted: 25 Mar 2019 | Published: 01 Apr 2019 Citation: Zheleznova G, Shubina T, Degteva S, Chadin I, Rubtsov M (2019) Moss occurrences in Yugyd Va National Park, Subpolar and Northern Urals, European North-East Russia. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e32307. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e32307 Abstract Background This study produced a dataset containing information on moss occurrences in the territory of Yugyd Va National Park, located in the Subpolar and Northern Urals, European North- East Russia. The dataset summarises occurrences noted by long-term bryological explorations in remote areas of the Subpolar and Northern Urals from 1943 to 2015 and from studies published since 1915. The dataset consists of 4,120 occurrence records. The occurrence data were extracted from herbarium specimen labels (3,833 records) and data from published literature (287 records). Most of the records (4,104) are georeferenced. A total of 302 moss taxa belonging to 112 genera and 36 families are reported herein to occur in Yugyd Va National Park. The diversity of bryophytes in this National Park has not yet been fully explored and further exploration will lead to more taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Activities
    About the company Strategic report Performance overview Investment activities Investment programme approaches The Company’s investment programme The projects’ commercial efficiency Budget efficiency for projects is assessed is designed to: is assessed based on the net cash flow based on comparison of cash inflows (tax, • ensure uninterrupted transportation from investing and operating activities, customs and insurance payments) resulting service; with the resulting estimates taking into from railway infrastructure development • embrace the most promising projects consideration the financial aftermaths vs government-financed investments. in terms of both commercial and budget for the investment project owner assuming efficiency; that such owner fully covers the project • minimise federal government spending costs and reaps all of its benefits. on investment projects. Russian Railways has uniform guidelines in place to assess the efficiency All the investment projects have of investment projects1. With a payback commercial and budget efficiency period of up to 20 years and an IRR estimates in place and are ranked using of at least 10%, an investment project the cost/benefit analysis. is deemed to be sufficiently efficient. 1. In accordance with the Russian Government’s Order No. 2991-r dated 29 December 2017. 76 Russian Railways Sustainable development Corporate governance Appendices Investment highlights in 2019 As adjusted by the Board of Directors PROJECTS INCLUDED the target was met with 115.8 mt of cargo of Russian Railways, the Company’s
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of an Innovative Cluster of Subsoil Usage A
    ISSN 10757007, Studies on Russian Economic Development, 2012, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 57–65. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011. Original Russian Text © A.I. Ryumkin, 2011. INDUSTRIES AND INTERINDUSTRY COMPLEXES Formation of an Innovative Cluster of Subsoil Usage A. I. Ryumkin Tomsk State University Received April 25, 2011 Abstract—The content of one of the most prospective variants of transition of the Russian economy to an innovative way of development on the basis of the leading sector of energy supply in the economy of Russia is stated in this article. Objectively, it is one of the most scienceintensive areas, differing by the uniqueness of each of its objects, the prospecting and development of which are related to research and analytic activity in specifying the features of deposits, characteristics and qualities of layers, and the parameters of boreholes. The concept of the formation of an innovative cluster of effective subsoil usage in Pritom’e, which is created with allowance to the unique position of the Tomsk scientific and educational complex at the periphery of the two biggest territorial provinces of energy resources, such as western Siberian oil and gas and Kuznetsk coal, located not far from the greatest deposits of rare metals. DOI: 10.1134/S1075700711060086 In the 21st century, humanity actively relate their methods in subsoil usage. Basically, it is possible to future with new technologies. A priority is also given to reach a double effect, that is, increase in the efficiency the innovative model of economic development in Rus of the production sector of subsoil usage and develop sia; the innovative way of a country’s development is ment of a domestic innovative complex to solve this usually opposed to the primary way (as negative).
    [Show full text]
  • Pfp#1122219843
    SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE IN THE ARCTIC USA BASIN, 2 EAST-EUROPEAN RUSSIA Sandra van der Linden, Tarmo Virtanen, Naun Oberman and Peter Kuhry Climatic Change (in press) Abstract The high sensitivity of the Arctic implies that impact of climate change and related environmental changes on river discharge can be considerable. Sensitivity of discharge to changes in precipitation, temperature, permafrost and vegetation, was studied in the Usa basin, Northeast-European Russia. For this purpose, a distributed hydrological model (RHINEFLOW) was adapted. Furthermore, the effect of climate change simulated by a GCM (HADCM2S750 integration) on runoff was assessed, including indirect effects of permafrost thawing and changes in vegetation distribution. The study shows that discharge in the Usa basin is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature. The effect of precipitation change is present throughout the year, while temperature changes affect discharge only in seasons when temperature fluctuates around the freezing point (April and October). Discharge is rather insensitive to changes in vegetation. Sensitivityto permafrost occurrence is high in winter, because infiltration and consequentlybase flow increases if permafrost melts. The effect of climate change simulated by the scenario on discharge was significant. Volume of snowmelt runoff can both decrease (by 22%) and increase (by 19%) compared with present-day, depending on the amount of winter precipitation. Also, runoff peaks earlier in the season. These results can have implications for the magnitude and timing of the runoff peak, break-up and water-levels. 29 2.1 Introduction In the arctic environment, the impacts of climate change predicted by GCM experiments can be substantial, as warming is simulated to be greater there than at more southern latitudes (IPCC, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Siberia, the Wandering Northern Terrane, and Its Changing Geography Through the Palaeozoic ⁎ L
    Earth-Science Reviews 82 (2007) 29–74 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Siberia, the wandering northern terrane, and its changing geography through the Palaeozoic ⁎ L. Robin M. Cocks a, , Trond H. Torsvik b,c,d a Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK b Center for Geodynamics, Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, Trondheim, N-7401, Norway c Institute for Petroleum Technology and Applied Geophysics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 NTNU, Norway d School of Geosciences, Private Bag 3, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, South Africa Received 27 March 2006; accepted 5 February 2007 Available online 15 February 2007 Abstract The old terrane of Siberia occupied a very substantial area in the centre of today's political Siberia and also adjacent areas of Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, and northwestern China. Siberia's location within the Early Neoproterozoic Rodinia Superterrane is contentious (since few if any reliable palaeomagnetic data exist between about 1.0 Ga and 540 Ma), but Siberia probably became independent during the breakup of Rodinia soon after 800 Ma and continued to be so until very near the end of the Palaeozoic, when it became an integral part of the Pangea Supercontinent. The boundaries of the cratonic core of the Siberian Terrane (including the Patom area) are briefly described, together with summaries of some of the geologically complex surrounding areas, and it is concluded that all of the Palaeozoic underlying the West Siberian
    [Show full text]
  • Casualty Week Mar 3
    Lloyd’s Casualty Week contains information from worldwide sources of Marine, Non-Marine and Aviation casualties together with other reports Lloyd's relevant to the shipping, transport and insurance communities CasualtyWeek March 3 2006 Tankers are ‘legitimate’ targets warns al-Qaeda ideologist But oil wells, ‘the heart of Muslim wealth’, should be spared, writes David Osler — Friday March 03 ANKERS are legitimate targets Saudi state-owned refineries and oil oil industry are far more likely than on for Islamist terrorists, according pipelines, as well as Iraqi facilities, are the facilities themselves because they T to a pronouncement from a described as “all in the hands of infidels”. accomplish both objectives of weakening prominent Saudi al-Qaeda ideologist. In edition, Mr Enezi writes: “It is the regime and diminishing the western Pipelines and other infrastructure permissible to target oil interests held by footprint in the kingdom,” she said, controlled by “infidels” are also singled infidels ... including American and adding that security measures — such as out for inclusion in the guidelines. Western oil tankers.” anti-aircraft batteries which provide cover However, oil wells should be spared as He added that oil pipelines are easy for ports involved in the export of they represent an economic lifeline for targets because their length makes them hydrocarbons — had been put in place to Muslim nations, supporters are advised. difficult to protect. counter the threat. Coming hard on the heels of last Moreover, attacks on them do not “With respect to offshore protection week’s frustrated attack against the directly detract from Muslim oil wealth. and the safeguards given to tankers world’s largest oil processing plant at Experts say that Mr Enezi had the rank carrying Saudi crude, both air and sea Abqaiq, the news will concern many in of ‘information minister’ in al-Qaeda’s forces and Aramco are deployed to both the shipping and oil sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Load Article
    Arctic and North. 2018. No. 33 55 UDC [332.1+338.1](985)(045) DOI: 10.17238/issn2221-2698.2018.33.66 The prospects of the Northern and Arctic territories and their development within the Yenisei Siberia megaproject © Nikolay G. SHISHATSKY, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Economy and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sci- ences, Kransnoyarsk, Russia Abstract. The article considers the main prerequisites and the directions of development of Northern and Arctic areas of the Krasnoyarsk Krai based on creation of reliable local transport and power infrastructure and formation of hi-tech and competitive territorial clusters. We examine both the current (new large min- ing and processing works in the Norilsk industrial region; development of Ust-Eniseysky group of oil and gas fields; gasification of the Krasnoyarsk agglomeration with the resources of bradenhead gas of Evenkia; ren- ovation of housing and public utilities of the Norilsk agglomeration; development of the Arctic and north- ern tourism and others), and earlier considered, but rejected, projects (construction of a large hydroelectric power station on the Nizhnyaya Tunguska river; development of the Porozhinsky manganese field; place- ment of the metallurgical enterprises using the Norilsk ores near Lower Angara region; construction of the meridional Yenisei railroad and others) and their impact on the development of the region. It is shown that in new conditions it is expedient to return to consideration of these projects with the use of modern tech- nologies and organizational approaches. It means, above all, formation of the local integrated regional pro- duction systems and networks providing interaction and cooperation of the fuel and raw, processing and innovative sectors.
    [Show full text]