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Molecular Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) Based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA

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Molecular Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) Based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Pl. Syst. Evol. 256: 1–16 (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00606-005-0356-y Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) based on the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA C. C. Tsai1,2, S. C. Huang3, and C. H. Chou2,4 1Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung, Taiwan 2National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 3Floricultural Research Center, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan 4National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Received July 29, 2003; accepted May 21, 2005 Published online: October 20, 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, information for elucidating the phylogeny of this 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal genus. DNA (nrDNA) was sequenced from 53 species, which represent most of the living species diversity Key words: Phalaenopsis, phylogeny, rDNA, internal in the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). A phy- transcribed spacer. logeny was developed for the genus based on the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony analy- The genus Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae), ses of molecular data. Results of these analyses provided support for the monophyly of the genus a beautiful and popular orchid, comprises Phalaenopsis and concurred in that the genera approximately 66 species according to the Doritis and Kingidium should be treated as being latest classification of Christenson (2001), parts of the genus Phalaenopsis as suggested by who divided this genus into five subgenera, Christenson (2001). Within the genus Phalaenopsis, namely Proboscidioides, Aphyllae, Parishianae, neither subgenera Aphyllae nor Parishianae were Polychilos, and Phalaenopsis. Of these, subge- monophyletic, and they were highly clustered with nus Polychilos was subdivided into four sec- subgenus Proboscidioides plus sections Esmeralda tions, namely Polychilos, Fuscatae, Amboinen- and Deliciosae of subgenus Phalaenopsis based on ses, and Zebrinae. In addition, subgenus ITS data. Those species also have the same Phalaenopsis was also subdivided into four characters of morphology of four pollinia and sections, namely Phalaenopsis, Deliciosae, similar biogeographies. Furthermore, neither sub- Esmeralda, and Stauroglottis. genus Phalaenopsis nor Polychilos was monophy- letic. Within the subgenus Phalaenopsis, only Species of the genus Phalaenopsis are section Phalaenopsis was highly supported as being found throughout tropical Asia and the larger monophyletic. As for the subgenus Polychilos, only islands of the Pacific Ocean. The western section Polychilos was moderately supported as distribution of Phalaenopsis is in Sri Lanka being monophyletic. In conclusion, the present and South India. The eastern limit of the range molecular data obtained from the ITS sequence of is in Papua New Guinea. To the north, they nrDNA of the genus Phalaenopsis provide valuable are distributed in Yunnan Province (southern 2 C. C. Tsai et al.: Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis based on ITS sequences China) and Taiwan. The southern limit is in treated as section Parishianae of the genus northern Australia (Christenson 2001). Differ- Phalaenopsis by Sweet (1968). Christenson ent subgenera of Phalaenopsis have distinct (2001) agreed with Sweet’s treatment and geographic distributions. Subgenera Aphyllae, placed this complex in the subgenus Parishi- Parishianae, and Proboscidioides are distrib- anae of Phalaenopsis. Furthermore, the other uted in southern China and India extending to four-pollinia species, P. lowii, was also placed northern Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand, in the section Proboscidioides of the genus respectively. The subgenus Polychilos has a Phalaenopsis (Sweet 1980) and in the subgenus few species distributed as far west as north- Proboscidioides of the genus Phalaenopsis by eastern India, but it is primarily centered in Christenson (2001). Shim (1982), however, Indonesia and the Philippines (Christenson disagreed with Sweet’s concept (1980) and 2001). Subgenus Phalaenopsis is centered in separated sections Proboscidioides, Aphyllae, the Philippines with two species extending to Parishianae, Polychilos, Zebrinae, Fuscatae, Taiwan (P. aphrodite subsp. formosana and and Amboinenses as the genus Polychilos from P. equestris) and one wide-ranging species a narrowly defined Phalaenopsis. In addition, (P. amabilis) found from the Philippines and the genus Doritis was traditionally separated Indonesia to northern Australia (Christenson from Phalaenopsis because of its pollinium 2001). number, lip structure, and adaptations to a All Phalaenopsis species (with the exception terrestrial habitat (Sweet 1980, Seidenfaden of the natural tetraploid species, P. buyssoni- 1988a). This group was also treated as the ana) have 38 chromosomes (2n=38) (Woo- genus Phalaenopsis and placed in the section dard 1951, Shindo and Kamemoto 1963, Esmeralda of the subgenus Phalaenopsis Tanaka and Kamemoto 1984, Christenson (Christenson 2001). 2001). Furthermore, the chromosome number The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the subtribe Aeridinae (syn. Sarcanthinae) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) (with only a few exceptions of tetraploid or has provided valuable information for resolv- hexaploid species) is consistent with that of ing phylogenetic relationships at different tax- Phalaenopsis (Christenson 2001). Crosses onomic levels (e.g. Baldwin 1992, 1993; Suh between Phalaenopsis species and other close et al. 1993; Sun et al. 1994; Bayer et al. 1996; genera, namely Aerides, Arachnis, Ascocen- Cox et al. 1997), particularly at the infragen- trum, Doritis, Neofinetia, Renanthera, Rhyn- eric level because of relatively rapid evolution- chostylis, Vanda, and Vandopsis, also show ary rates. In this study, we followed the various degrees of fertility (Sweet 1980). systematics proposed and references described Based on the number of pollinia, tradi- by Christenson (2001). In order to reconstruct tional species of Kingidium (which have four the phylogeny within the genus, the nucleotide pollinia) were segregated from the genus Pha- sequences of the ITS region of the nrDNA laenopsis (which has two pollinia) (Sweet 1980, from 53 taxa of Phalaenopsis plus 13 outgroup Seidenfaden 1988b). Christenson (2001) trea- species were analyzed to address the phylogeny ted the traditional genus Kingidium as Pha- of the genus. laenopsis and split it into different parts of Phalaenopsis, placing some species into the subgenus Aphyllae (P. braceana, P. minus, and Materials and methods P. taenialis) and some into the section Delicio- Taxonomy and nomenclature of Phalaenopsis sae (P. chibae and P. deliciosa) of the subgenus species in this study followed Sweet (1980) and Phalaenopsis. Another group, the P. parishii Christenson (2001). Plant materials used include complex, having four pollinia, was proposed as 53 taxa of the genus Phalaenopsis. In addition, a segregated genus Grafia, by Hawkes (see specimens of each of seven related genera, namely Christenson 2001). This complex was first Aerides, Ascocentrum, Neofinetia, Renanthera, C. C. Tsai et al.: Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis based on ITS sequences 3 Rhynchostylis, Vanda,andVandopsis, which show sequences from the plant material in this study were various degrees of fertility with Phalaenopsis recovered using glassmilk (BIO 101, California). (Sweet 1980), Paraphalaenopsis, which was once These DNAs were directly sequenced following treated as Phalaenopsis (see Sweet 1980), as well the method of dideoxy chain-termination using an as of five other genera of the subtribe Aeridinae, ABI377 automated sequencer with the Ready namely Amesiella, Gastrochilus, Haraella, Thrix- Reaction Kit (PE Biosystems, California) of the spernum, and Tuberolabium, were selected as BigDyeä Terminator Cycle Sequencing. Sequenc- outgroup species (Table 1). All leaf material was ing primers were the same as those used for PCR. taken from living plants in the Kaohsiung Each sample was sequenced two or three times to District Agricultural Improvement Station (KDA- confirm the sequences. These reactions were per- IS) in Taiwan and from the collection of C. C. formed as recommended by the manufacturers. Tsai. The flower pictures of those species in this The sequence alignment was determined using study are available from the author (tsa- the program Clustal W multiple alignment in [email protected]). Using the cetyltrimethyl- BioEdit (Hall 1999). The alignment was then ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Doyle and checked, and apparent alignment errors were cor- Doyle 1987), total DNA was extracted from fresh rected by hand. Genetic relationships were then etiolated leaves. Ethanol-precipitated DNA was determined using the program MEGA version 2.1 dissolved in TE (Tris-EDTA) buffer and stored at (Kumar et al. 2001). The genetic distance matrix )20°C. Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA) columns was calculated by use of the two-parameter method were used to clean the DNA of samples which of Kimura (1980), and then it was used to construct was difficult to amplify by PCR. The approxi- phylogenetic trees using the Neighbor-joining (NJ) mate DNA yields were then determined using a method (Saitou and Nei 1987). Maximum parsi- spectrophotometer (model U-2001, Hitachi). mony (MP) analyses (Fitch 1971) were done using The ITS region, which includes the ITS1, 5.8S code modified from the Close-Neighbor-Inter- rDNA, and ITS2, was amplified by PCR with change (CNI) algorithm (Rzhetsky and Nei 1992) primers referenced to Tsai and Huang (2001). The in MEGA (Kumar et
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