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From Urbanization to Aging Society – Lessons from Japan Table of Contents

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From Urbanization to Aging Society – Lessons from Japan Table of Contents Tokyo | Yokohama | Osaka | Kyoto | Sendai | Kitakyushu | Toyama From urbanization to aging society – Lessons from Japan Table of contents 1 Forward 2 Introduction – Why is Japan’s urbanization story useful for cities in developing countries? 6 Emerging phase – Responding to rapid urbanization Overview of urbanization history Issues and case studies 8 Case 1. Minimizing traffic congestion; multi-polar urban zoning and PPP-based mass transit systems 10 Case 2. Challenging urban sprawl; Yokohama’s prioritized urban planning 12 Case 3. “We want our blue skies back” Kitakyushu’s challenge and response 14 Stable phase – Systematic development for sustainable growth Overview Issues and case studies 16 Case 4. Land readjustment; Key success factors for sustainable development 17 Case 5. Saving the only water source; Managing Osaka’s water supply 18 Case 6. Integrating tradition and innovation; Kyoto’s strategy 20 Mature phase – Rejuvenate toward “the city of the future” Overview 22 Case 7. Rejuvenating core CBD areas 24 Case 8. Seamless mobility; Railway companies’ collaboration for building smart transport system 26 Case 9. Citizens as a communal force to solve problems; Yokohama’s waste reduction challenge 28 Case 10. Working with challenging demographics; Toyama’s “compact city” strategy for an aging society 30 Case 11. Resilience despite high risk; Sendai’s lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake 32 Future of Japan – and how can developing cities utilize its experience Forward In 1800, 2% of the world’s population also has a reservoir of knowledge and Toyama. Tokyo has successful transit- lived in cities. Now it’s 50%. And infrastructure technologies that could oriented development solutions offering according to the Organisation contribute to finding solutions for the convenient and smooth mobility for for Economic Co-operation and challenges of urbanization in other urban citizens. Toyama, facing a Development (OECD), by 2050 nearly countries. declining and aging population, aims at 70% of the world’s population will be developing a LRT-based compact city to living in urban areas. This report is based on the research by ensure affordable and safe mobility for Cities Solutions Alliance, partnership elderly citizens. As urbanization grows on a global scale of 30+ entities including university and at a rapid pace, all the resources professors, central government, local It would be a great pleasure for us if and activities are concentrated to government, international funding readers discovered how Japan dealt cities. Today, cities occupy 0.5% of the agencies, and private companies. The with urbanization, including some of world’s surface, but consume 75% of report attempts to illustrate the issues the lessons learned and challenges for its resources. City leaders are facing that Japanese cities faced and how the future, and to use those discoveries wide range of issues, such as the lack these cities developed a variety of as a guide for transforming cities so that of infrastructure including water and unique solutions to overcome their own they could continue to develop as cities sewage systems, traffic congestion, problems through their urbanization of opportunity. environmental pollution, waste disposal, history. and disaster response. These issues are particularly acute in fast-growing Asian We took a close look at seven cities cities, compelling people to quickly – Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto, find solutions to these problems and to Sendai, Kitakyushu, and Toyama. All realize sustainable urban development. suffered severe challenges, but have transformed themselves into more Rapid urbanization brings us challenges. liveable and sustainable cities. Here, However, it also brings us wider two key lessons can be drawn. Firstly, opportunities if we are able to handle cities alone cannot solve the problems. them wisely. Take Singapore and Israel They can only be solved through the for example. Both nations suffered from collaboration among local governments, the serious lack of water resources. central governments, private sector, and Today, they are renowned for advanced civil sector. Great solutions are the result water technologies, and even exporting of combination of right policies and them to other countries with water regulation, private sector knowhow, and shortages. citizen participation. Yumiko Noda Partner Japan, as a nation that has built disaster- Secondly, solutions must be aligned Head of PPP and Infrastructure resistant, ecofriendly, and inclusive to the economic, environmental, and President - Cities Solution Centre (Japan) cities that have been rapidly urbanized social needs. For example, mobility Leader – Cities Infrastructure Solutions Centre during a time of fast economic growth, solution of Tokyo differs from that of (Singapore) PwC | From urbanization to aging society – Lessons from Japan | 1 Introduction – Why is Japan’s urbanization story useful for cities in developing countries? Rapid population growth is a double- Tokyo’s population growth is actually from 1960s, and Jakarta from 1970s. edged sword for cities. A large more similar to Asian mega cities in This is the reason why Tokyo’s struggle population stimulates the local economy the developing countries. As you can to overcome the urbanization and build a and attracts businesses. On the see from the chart, the steepness of the sustainable city can be a good showcase other hand, cities need to make huge population growth curve that Tokyo for Asian cities who are struggling with investments in their infrastructures. experienced from 1945 to 1970 is their urbanization. identical with two Asian cities: Mumbai To build a sustainable society, it is important for cities to find effective, efficient ways to use limited urban resources. Otherwise, cities could become nightmarish and face a range of issues: congestion, air and water Chart 1. City population 1940-2014 pollution, unstable energy supplies, etc. 16000000 In the past, Japanese cities grew at an unprecedented pace. Chart 1 is a 14000000 comparison of population growth of New York, London, and Tokyo from 1945 to 12000000 2014. In 1945, the population of London and New York was almost the same. The 10000000 population of Tokyo prefecture was just less than half of the 2 cities (3.5 million). 8000000 But 15 years later, the population of Tokyo reached 10 million, overtaking 6000000 the populations of New York and London, which remained roughly the 4000000 same. Today, the population of the Tokyo Metropolitan area is the largest 2000000 metropolitan area in the world. 0 1945 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 Tokyo prefecture New York Greater London Mumbai (Metropolitan) Jakarta Source: PwC analysis 2 | From urbanization to aging society – Lessons from Japan | PwC The speed of Tokyo’s urbanization was On the other hand, Japan started to We think that these two characteristics almost the same as Asian megacities urbanize in 1920s, and became over show the reason why Japan’s struggle in developing countries are now facing 50% in 1970s, just taking approximately to overcome the urbanization and (Chart 2). According to the Asian 50 years. And among the developed build a sustainable city can be a good Development Bank (ADB) report “Key nations, Japan is the only one that has showcase for Asian cities. Even though Indicators for Asia Pacific 2012,” the experienced such rapid urbanization. the political, economic, social, and speed of urbanization in Asia is two technological situation may be different to three times faster than that of their Another characteristic of Japan’s from Japan, we can predict what kind American and European counterparts. urbanization is that the country went of issues will arise and what kind of For example, North America took 105 through three phases of urbanization solutions will be needed in the multiple years to reach, while Europe took 150 – emerging, stable, and mature. phase of urbanization. Chart 3 illustrates years from 1800 to 1950. The average Therefore, by looking at Japanese the whole picture of Japan’s urbanization speed of urbanization in Asia is 95 years, cities and their history of urbanization, story. From the next chapter, we will similar to North America. However, cities in developing nations can not explain the details of each phase. the speed is rapidly accelerating in only understand how to deal with their new comers like China (61 years), Lao current urban issues, but also what is People’s Democratic Republic (60 years), awaiting them in the future when rapid and Bhutan (55 years). urbanization tapers off. Chart 2. The speed of urbanization in Asia 210years Latin America and the Caribbean 10% 49% 105years Northern American 9% 51% 150years Europe 12% 51% 95years Asia 11% 51% 90years Viet Nam 12% 50% 65years Indonesia 12% 54% 60years Lao People's Democratic Republic 10% 52% 55years Bhutan 10% 51% 61years China. People's Rep. of 11% 51% 0years Singapore 100% 50years Japan 18% 50% 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 Source: Key Indicators for Asia Pacific 2012, ADB PwC | From urbanization to aging society – Lessons from Japan | 3 Chart 3. History of urbanization in Japan GDP per Capita (Real, USD) Population of Tokyo Metropolitan Area 45000 45000000 40000 40000000 $35781.2 35000 35000000 31.2 mil $32294.5 30.3 mil 34.5 mil 30000 27.0 mil 30000000 25000 $24994.7 25000000 20000 17.9 mil $17949.9 20000000 15000 15000000 10000 10000000 $7079.4 5000 5000000 0 0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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