Gone with the Wind? the South in the American Cultural Imagination

Gone with the Wind? The South in the American Cultural Imagination

Lecturer Priv.-Doz. Dr. Stefan Brandt, University of Siegen

The Old South (General Studies and Overview Books)

Architecture of the Old South. South Carolina / Mills Lane. Special photography by van Jones Martin; drawings by Gene Carpenter. Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1984.

Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979.

Bullock, Charles S. II, and Mark J. Rozell. The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

Cashin, Joan E., ed. Our Common Affairs: Texts from Women in the Old South. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996.

Eaton, Clement. The Waning of the Old South Civilization, 1860s-1880s. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1968.

Finkelman, Paul. Defending Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Old South. A Brief History with Documents. Boston et al: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.

Forkner, Ben, and Patrick Samway, eds. A New Reader of the Old South: Major Stories, Slave Narratives, Diaries, Essays, Travelogues, Poetry and Songs, 1820-1920. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1991.

Fraser, Walter J., and Winfred B. Moore, Jr., eds. From the Old South to the New: Essays on the Traditional South. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Gallay, Alan, ed. Voices of the Old South: Eyewitness Accounts, 1528-1861. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1994. Grammer, John M. Pastoral and Politics in the Old South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1996. Gray, Richard T., and Waldemar Zacharasiewicz, eds. Transatlantic Exchanges: The American South in Europe – Europe in the American South. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007. Gwin, Minrose. Black and White Women of the Old South: The Peculiar Sisterhood in American Literature. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1985. Harris, J. William, ed. The Old South: New Studies of Society and Culture. New York: Routledge, 2008. Inge, M. Thomas, and Edward J. Piacentino, eds. The Humor of the Old South. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 2001. Mathews, Donald G. Religion in the Old South. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1977. Moss, Elizabeth. Domestic Novelists in the Old South: Defenders of Southern Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1992. Owens, Harry P. and James J. Cooke, eds., The Old South in the Crucible of War: Essays. Jackson: Univ. of Mississippi Press, 1983. Poesch, Jessie J. The Art of the Old South: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture & the Products of Craftsmen, 1560-1860. New York: Knopf, 1983. Richter, William L. Historical Dictionary of the Old South. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2006. Rubin, Louis D. The Edge of the Swamp: A Study in the Literature and Society of the Old South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1989. Rubin, Richard. Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South. New York: Atria Books, 2002. Smith, Mark M., ed. The Old South. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2001. Stowe, Steven M. Intimacy and Power in the Old South: Ritual in the Lives of the Planters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1987. Thorpe, Earl E. The Old South: A Psychohistory. 1972. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979. Wiethoff, William E. A Peculiar Humanism: The Judicial Advocacy of Slavery in High Courts of the Old South. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1996. Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Honor and Violence in the Old South. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986.

The New South

Ayers, Edward L. Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Baker, Charles. William Faulkner’s Postcolonial South. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.

Bradbury, John M. Renaissance in the South: A Critical History of the Literature, 1920-1960. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1963.

Bryant, J.A. Twentieth Century Southern Literature. Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1997.

Cimbala, Paul A., and Barton C. Shaw, eds., Making a New South: Race, Leadership, and Community after the Civil War. Gainesville: Univ. of Florida Press, 2007.

Doyle, Don Harrison. New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860- 1910. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

Duck, Leigh Ann. The Nation’s Region: Southern Modernism, Segregation, and U.S. Nationalism. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2006. Fraser, Walter J., and Winfred B. Moore, Jr., eds. From the Old South to the New: Essays on the Traditional South. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. Gray, Richard J. The Literature of Memory: Modern Writers of the American South. London: Edward Arnold; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1977. Harris, William H., ed. The New South: New Histories. New York: Routledge, 2008. Jones, Suzanne W., and Sharon Monteith, eds. South to a New Place: Region, Literature, Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2002. Klotter, James C., ed. The Human Tradition in the New South. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Newby, Idus A. Plain Folk in the New South: Social Change and Cultural Persistence, 1880- 1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. Wheeler, Edward L. Uplifting the Race: The Black Minister in the New South, 1865-1902. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986. Winchell, Mark Royden. Reinventing the South: Versions of a Literary Region. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 2006. Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951. Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

Historical Development

Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1861-1877

Allen, James A. Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy, 1865-1876. 1937. Reprint, New York: International Publishing, 1963. Alexander, Adele Logan. Ambiguous Lives: Free Women of Color in Rural Georgia, 1780-1879. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, 1992. Alexander, Roberta. North Carolina Faces the Freedmen: Race Relations during Presidential Reconstruction, 1865-1867. Durham: Duke University Press, 1985. Anderson, Eric, and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., eds.. The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1991. Ayers, Edward L. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984. Beiz, Herman. Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era. New York: Norton, 1978. Bennett, Lerone. Black Power USA: The Human Side of Reconstruction, 1867-1877. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Blassingame, John. Black New Orleans, 1860-1880. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglas’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978. Bond, Horace Mann. The Education of the Negro in the American Social Order. 2nd edition. New York: Octagon, 1966. Brown, David Warren. Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989. Butchart, Ronald E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862-1875. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980. Cable, George C. But There Was No Peace. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1984. Clay, William L. Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1991. New York: Amistad Press, 1992. Cox., LaWanda. Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership. 1981; Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. Crouch, Barry. The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. Crow, Jeffrey J., Paul D. Escott, and Charles L. Flynn, Jr., eds. Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Burden. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. Current, Richard Nelson, ed. Reconstruction in Retrospect: Views from the Turn of the Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. Drago, Edmund L. Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt Black Reconstruction...in America, 1860-1880. New York: Russell and & Russell, 1935. ––. “Reconstruction and Its Benefits.” American Historical Review Vol. 15 (July 1910). Dvorak, Katharine L. An African American Exodus: The Segregation of the Southern Churches. New York: Carlson, 1991. Engs, Robert Francis. Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861-1890. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979. Fields, Barbara J. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. Flynn, Charles L. White Land, Black Labor: Caste and Class in Late Nineteenth Century Georgia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983. Foner, Eric. Nothing But Freedom. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1983. ––. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Business, 1863-1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. ––. A Short History of Reconstruction. New York: Harper & Row, 1992. ––. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. –– and Olivia Mahoney. American’s Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War. New York: Harper Perennial, 1995. Fout, John C., and Maura Shaw Tantillo, eds. American Sexual Politics: Sex, Gender, and Race since the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Franklin, John Hope “Jim Crow Goes to School: The Genesis of Legal Segregation.” In: South Atlantic Quarterly LVIII (Spring 1959): 225-35. ––. Reconstruction. After the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. ––. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Glatthar, Joseph. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: The Free Press, 1990. Graham, Leroy. Baltimore, the Nineteenth Century Black Capital. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982. Gutman, Herbert George. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976. Harlan, Louis R. “Desegregation in New Orleans Public Schools during Reconstruction.” In: American Historical Review LXVII (April 1962): 663-75. Harris, Robert J. The Quest for Equality: The Constitution, Congress and the Supreme Court. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1960. Holt, Thomas. Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. Howard, Victor B. Black Liberation in Kentucky: Emancipation and Freedom, 1862-1884. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. Hubbell, J.B. The South in American Literature, 1607-1900. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 1954. Kennedy, Stetson. After Appomattox: How the South Won the War. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995. King, Richard H. A Southern Renaissance: The Cultural Awakening of the American South, 1930- 1955. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1980. Klingman, Peter D. Josiah Walls: Florida’s Black Congressman of Reconstruction. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1976. Kousser, J. Morgan and James M. McPhereson. ed.. Region, Race and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Lanza, Michael L. Agrarianism and Reconstruction Politics: The Southern Homestead Act. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. Lerner, Gerda. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. Levine, Lawrence. Black Culture, Black Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. Litwack, Leon. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Logan, Rayford. The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York: Collier, 1965. Lynch, John R.. The Facts of Reconstruction. 1913; New York: Arno, 1968. Maltz, Earl M. Civil Rights, The Constitution, and Congress, 1863-1869. Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1990. Mandle, Jay R. The Roots of Black Poverty: The Southern Plantation Economy After the Civil War. Durham: Duke University Press, 1978. ––. Not Slave, Not Free: The African American Economic Experience Since the Civil War. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992. McKitrick, Eric. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. McPhereson, James M. The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964. ––. The Negro’s Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982. Morgan, Lynda J. Emancipation in Virginia’s Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. Nieman, Donald G. ed. African American Education in the South, 1865-1900. Vol. 10, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––, ed. African Americans and Non-Agricultural Labor in the South, 1865-1900. Vol. 4, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––, ed. The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Freedom. Vol. 2, African American Life in the Post- Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––. ed. From Slavery to Sharecropping: White Land and Black Labor in the Rural South, 1865- 1900. 3, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––. ed. The Politics of Freedom: African Americans and the Political Process during Reconstruction. Vol. 5, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––, ed. Black Southerners and the Law, 1865-1900. Vol. 12, African American Life in the Post- Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––, ed. African Americans and the Emergence of Segregation, 1865-1900. Vol. 11, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. Vol. 11. New York: Garland, 1994. ––,ed. The African American Family in the South, 1861-1900. Vol. 8, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1994. ––, ed. Black Freedom/White Violence, 1865-1900. Vol. 7, African American Life in the Post- Emancipation South. New York: Garland, 1900. ––, ed. Church and Community Among Black Southerners, 1865-1900. Vol. 9, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garland: New York, 1994. ––, ed. African American and Southern Politics from Redemption to Disfranchisement. Vol. 6, African American Life in the Post-Emancipation South. New York: Garlamd. 1994. Nina, Silber. The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Novak, Daniel. The Wheel of Servitude: Black Forced Labor After Slavery. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1978. Oubre, Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Land Ownership. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1978. Perman Michael. Reunion Without Compromise: The South and Reconstruction, 1865-1868. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. ––. Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1868-80. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1984. ––. Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863-1877. American History Series. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1988. ––, ed. Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays. Lexington, Massachusetts: DC Heath, 1991. Pitre, Merline. Through Many Dangers, Toils, and Snares: The Black Leadership of Texas, 1868- 1900. Austin: Eakin Press, 1985. Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1953. Rabinowitz, Howard, ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982. Richardson, Joe Martin. Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861-1890. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986. Roark, James L. Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Norton, 1977. Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. New York: Vintage Books, 1964. Royce, Edward Cary. The Origins of Southern Sharecropping. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. Sansing, David G., ed. What Was Freedom’s Price. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978. Saville, Julie. The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860-1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Schweninger, Loren. Black Property Owners in the South. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Shapiro, Herbert. White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. Smallwood, James. Time of Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans during Reconstruction. Port Washington, New York: National University Publications, 1981. Stampp, Kennieth M. The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877. New York: Vintage Books, 1976. ––, and Leon F. Litwack, eds., Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1969. Sterling, Dorothy. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the 19th Century. New York: 1984. Summers, Mark W. Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865-1877. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: the Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. Tucker , Phillip Thomas. Cathy Williams: From Slave to Female Buffalo Soldier. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. Vincent, Charles. Black Legislators in Louisiana during Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976. Wesley, Charles H. and Patricia Romero. Negro Americans in the Civil War: From Slavery to Citizenship. 2nd ed. New York: Publisher Co., 1969. Wharton, Vernon Lane. The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947. Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965. Wilson, Theodore B. The Black Codes of the South. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1965. Winegarten, Ruthe. Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. 1915. Reprint, New York: Arno, Press, 1968. Woodward, C. Vann. Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.

Reaction and Adjustment, 1877-1915

Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Aptheker, Herbert, ed. The Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973. Athearm, Robert G. A Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978. Bailey, Thomas P. Race, Orthodoxy in the South. Reprint. New York: Negro Univ. Press, 1969. Barr, Alwyn and Robert A. Calvert. Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1981. Bell, Derrick et al. The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890-1945. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978. Bernstein, Barton J. “Plessy vs. Ferguson: Conservative Sociological Jurisprudence.” In: Journal of Negro History 48 (July 1963): 196-205. Blesser, Carol. In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830-1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Block, Herman D. “Labor and the Negro, 1866-1910.” In: Journal of Negro History Vol. 50 (July 1965). Boskin, Joseph. Urban Racial Violence in the Twentieth Century. Beverly Hills, California: Glencoe Press, 1976. Boas, Franz. The Mind of Primitive Man. 1911. Reprint, New York:The Free Press, 1965. Brady, Paul L. A Certain Blindness: A Black Family’s Quest for the Promise of American. Atlanta: ALP Publishing, 1990. Brewer, John Mason. Negro Legislators of Texas and Their Descendants. Dallas: Mathis Publishing Co., 1935. Broderick, Francis L. “The Gnawing Dilemma: Separation and Integration, 1865-1925.” In: Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, ed. by Nathan Huggins et al. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1971. ––, and August Meier, eds. Negro Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century. Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill, 1965. Cantrell, Gregg. Kenneth and John B. Rayner and the Limits of Southern Dissent. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Caraway, Nancie. Segregated Sisterhood: Racism and the Politics of American Feminism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. Cartwright, Joseph H. the Triumph of Jim Crow: Tennessee Race Relations in the 1880s. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976. Cell, John W. The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South. 1982. Reprint. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Christian, Garna L. Black Soldiers in Jim Crow Texas, 1899-1917. College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1995. Cohen, William. At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Crouthavel, James L. “The Springfield Race Riot of 1968.” In: Journal of Negro History 45 (July 1960): 164-81. Crowe, Charles. “Racial Violence and Social Reform--Origins of the Atlanta Riot of 1906.” In: Journal of Negro History 53 (July 1968): 134-56. ––. “Racial Massacre in Atlanta, September 22, 1906.” Journal of Negro History 54 (April 1969): 650-73. Daniel, Pete. The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Davis, Allen F. Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890-1914. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. Davis, Allison and John Dollard. Children of Bondage: The Personality Development of Negro Youth in the Urban South. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Dittmer, John. Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939. Dobak, William A. & Thomas D. Phillips. The Black Regulars, 1866-1898. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. Du Bois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, ed. Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in US Women’s History. New York: Routledge, 1990. Du Bois, W. E. B. .Souls of Black Folk. 1903. Reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1986. ––. Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920. ––. Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. 1940. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. ––. The Oxford W. E. B. DuBois Reader. Edited by Eric J. Sundquist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. –– and Booker T. Washington. The Negro in the South: His Economic Progress in Reaction to His Moral and Religious Development. 1907. Repr., Northbrook, Illinois: Metro Books, 1972. ––. The Education of Black People: Ten Critiques. 1906-1930. Reprint, New York: Monthly Press, 1975. ––. The Negro American Family. 1908. Reprint, New York: Universities Press, 1968. Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. New York: Harper & Row, 1982. Factor, Robert L. The Black Response to America: Men, Ideas, and Organizations from Frederick Douglass to the NAACP. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wiesley, 1970. Fink, Gary M. and Merle E. Reed, eds. Race, Class, and Community in Southern Labor History Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994. Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Foner, Philip S., ed., W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks, 2 vols. New York: n. p., 1970. Fredrickson, George M. White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Friedman, Lawrence J. The White Savage: Radical Fantasies in the Postbellum South. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Galeson, Alice. The Migration of the Cotton Textile Industry from New England to the South, 1880 -1930. New York: Garland, 1985. Gatewood, Williard B. “Theodore Roosevelt and the Indianola Affair.” In: Journal of Negro History 53 (January 1968): 48-69. ––. Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1990. ––. The Smoked Yankees and the Struggle for Empire. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1971. Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter...: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: Morrow, 1984. Ginzburg, Ralph. 100 Years of Lynching. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1988. Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. Daughters of Sorrow: Attitudes Toward Black Women, 1880-1920. New York: Carlson, 1990. Hackney, Sheldon. Populism to Progressivism in Alabama. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969. Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Haller, Jr., John S. Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971. Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans- Appalachian West, 1877-1915. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. Harlan, Louis R., ed. The Booker T. Washington Papers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971-1982. ––. The Making of a Wizard, 1858-1900: A Biography of Booker T. Washington. vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. ––. The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1900-15: A Biography of Booker T. Washington. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. ––. Separate and Unequal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958. Handy, Robert T. “Negro Christianity and American Church Historiography.” In: Reinterpretation in American Church History, ed. by Jerald C. Brawer. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968. Hawks, Joanne V. and Sheila L. Skemp. Sex, Race, and the Role of Women in the South. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1983. Haynes, George Edmund. “The Movement of Negroes from the Country to the City.” In: Southern Workman 42 (April 1913): 230-36. Henderson, Alexa Benson. Atlanta Life Insurance Company: Guardian of Black Economic Dignity. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1990. Hicks, John D. The Populist Revolt. 1931. Reprint, Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1961. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. Hine, Darlene Clark Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas. Millwood, New York RTO Press, 1979. ––., Wilma King, and Linda Reed, eds. “We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible”: A Reader in Black Women’s History. New York: Carlson, 1995. Howard, Vicki. “The Courtship Letters of an African-American Couple: Race, Gender, Class, and the Cult of True Womanhood.” In: Southwestern Historical Quarterly 100 (July 1996): 65-80. Hunt, Annie Mae. I am Annie Mae: An Extraordinary Woman in Her Own Words: The Personal Story of a Black Texas Woman. Collected and ed. by Ruthe Winegarten. Austin: Rosegarden Press, 1983. Hunter, Tera. To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. Ihle, Elizabeth L., ed. Black Women in Higher Education: An Anthology of Essays, Studies, and Documents. New York: Garland, 1992. Israel, Fred L., ed., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1961. 4 vols. New York: Chelsea House, 1978. Johnson, Charles S. Patterns of Segregation. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943. ––. The Economic Status of the Negro. Nashville: n. p., 1933. ––. Edwin R. Embree and Will W. Alexander. The Collapse of Cotton Tenancy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1935. ––. Growing Up in the Black Belt: Negro Youth in the Rural South. New York: Schocken Books, 1967. Jones, Howard. The Red Diary: A Chronological History of Black Americans in Houston and Some Neighboring Harris County Communities—122 Years Later. Austin: Nortex Press, 1991. Jones, Jacqueline. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family From Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Book, 1985. ––. The Dispossessed: America’s Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Kellogg, Charles Flint. NAACP: A History of the NAACP. Vol. 1: 1901-20. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967. Kirvan, Albert D. Revolt of the Rednecks, Mississippi Politics, 1876-1925. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1951. Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. New Haven: Yale University, 1974. Lamon, Lester C. Black Tennesseans, 1900-1930. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977. Larsen, Lawrence Harold. The Rise of the Urban South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985. ––. The Urban South: A History. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989. Leiker, Lames N. Racial Borders: Black Soldiers Along the Rio Grande. College Station: Texas A. M. University Press, 2002. Link, Arthur S. “The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912.” In: Journal of Negro History 32 (January 1947): 81-99. Lively, Donald. The Constitution and Race. New York: Praeger, 1992. Logan, Rayford W., ed., W. E.B. Du Bois: A Profile. New York: Hill & Wang, 1971. Loveland, Anne C. Lillian Smith: A Southerner Confronting the South: A Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Margo, Robert A. Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950: An Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. ––. Disenfranchisement, School Finance, and the Economics of Segregated Schools in the United States South, 1890-1910. New York: Garland, 1985. Mandle, Jay. The Roots of Black Poverty: The Southern Plantation Economy After the Civil War. Durham: Duke University, 1978. Mays, Benjamin E. The Negro’s God as Reflected in His Literature. New York Atheneum, 1968. McGee, Leo and Robert Boone, eds., The Black Rural Landowner — Endangered Species: Social, Political, and Economic Implications. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1979. McHugh, Cathy. Mill Family: The Labor Systems in the Southern Cotton Textile Industry, 1880- 1915. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. McKiven, Henry M. Iron and Steel: Class, Race, and Community in Birmingham, Alabama, 1875-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. McMillen, Neil. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Era of Jim Crow. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. McPhereson, James. “The Anti-slavery Legacy: From Reconstruction to NAACP.” In: Towards a New Past, ed. by Barton J. Bernstein. . New York: Vintage Books, 1969. Meier, August and Elliot Rudwick. The Making of Black America. 2 vols. New York: Atheneum, 1969. Meier, August. “The Negro and the Democratic Party, 1875-1915.” In: Phylon Vol. 17 (Summer 1956). ––. Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963. ––. “Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington.” In: Journal of Southern History 23 (May 1957): 220-27. Miller, Marc S., ed. Working Lives. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. Miller, Cher and Heywood T. Sanders, eds. Urban Texas: Politics and Development. Texas A & M Press, 1990. Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. Alexander Crumwell: A Study of Civilization and Discontent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Myrdal, Gunnar. The American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. 2 vols. 1944. Reprint. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1969. NAACP. Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1880-1918. 1919 Reprint, Westport, Connecticut: Negro University Press, 1969. Neverdon-Morton Cynthia. Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989. Newby, Idus A. Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900-30. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965. ––, ed., The Development of Segregationist Thought. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey, 1968. ––. Black Carolinians: A History of Blacks in South Carolina from 1895 to 1968. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973. Nolan, Claude H. The Negro’s Image in the South: The Anatomy of White Supremacy. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1967. Oates, Mary J. The Role of the Cotton Textile Industry in the Economic Development of the American Southeast, 1900-1940. New York: Arno Press, 1975. Olsen, Otis, ed. The Thin Disguise: The Turning Point in Negro History, Plessy vs. Ferguson. New York: AIMS, 1967. Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction. New York: Norton, 1979. ––. Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919. New York: Norton, 1987. Patterson, James and Fran Dressman. Black Businesses: Houston, 1900-29. Houston: n. p., 1986. Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race, Ethnicity, and Urbanization: Selected Essays. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994. ––. Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Powerdermaker, Hortense. After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Rachleff, Peter J. Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1900. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984. Richardson, Clifton F. “Houston’s Colored Citizens: Activities and Conditions among the Negro Population in the 1920s.” In Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston, edited by Howard Beeth and Cary D. Wintz. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1992. Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874-1900. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. Roman, Charles, V. American Civilization and the Negro. Northbrook, Illinois: Metro Books, 1972. Rouse, Jacqueline Anne. Lugenia Burns Hope, Black Southern Reformer. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989. Ruddick, Elliot M. “Race, Leadership Struggle: Background of the Boston Riot of 1903.” In: Journal of Negro Education 31 (Winter 1962): 16-24. Russell, Kathy, Midge Wilson, and Ronald Hall. The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York: Doubleday, 1990. Sacks, Karen. Caring By the Hour: Women, Work, and Organizing at Duke Medical Center. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Scruggs, Otey M. “The Economic and Racial Components in Jim Crow.” In: Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, ed. by Nathan Huggins et al. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, 1971. Shaw, Stephanie J. What a Woman Ought to Be and Do: Black Professional Women Workers during the Jim Crow Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Sherman, Richard B. The Republican Party and Black America: From McKinley to Hoover, 1896- 1933. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1973. Shufelt, Robert W. The Negro: A Menace to American Civilization. Boston: n. p., 1907. ––. America’s Greatest Problem: The Negro. Philadelphia: n. p., 1915. Stokes, Melvyn and Rick Halpern. Race and Class in the American South Since 1890. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. SoRelle, James M. “The ‘Waco Horror’: The Lynching of Jesse Washington.” In: Southwestern Historical Quarterly 86 (April 1983): 517-36. Suggs, Henry Lewis. The Black Press in the South, 1865-1979. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983. Thompson, Mildred I., Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of American Black Women, 1893-1930. New York: Carlson, 1990. Tolnay, Stewart Emory. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995. Tucker, Susan, ed., Telling Memories Among Southern Women: Domestic Workers and Their Employers in the Segregated South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. US Bureau of the Census. The Negro Population in the US, 1790-1915. 1918; New York: Arno Press, 1969. ––. Negroes in the US, 1915-1930. 1932; New York: Greenwood Press, 1969. Washington, Booker T. The Failure of the American Negro. Boston: 1899. Reprint, Westport, 1970. ––. Up From Slavery. 1901. Reprint, New York: Penguin Books, 1986. ––. The Story of My Life and Work. 1899. Reprint, New York: Negro University Press, 1989. ––. ”Is the Negro Having a Fair Chance?” In: Century 85 (November 1912): 46-55. ––. “My View of Segregation Laws.” In: New Republic 5 (December 1915): 113-15. ––. A New Negro for a New Century. 1900. Revised by N.B. Wood and Fannie Barrier Williams. New York: Arno Press, 1969. Weaver, John D. The Brownsville Raid. New York: Norton, 1970; College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1992. Weaver, Valeria W. “The Failure of Civil Rights, 1875-83, and Its Repercussions.” In: Journal of Negro History 34 (October 1950): 368-82. Weiss, Nancy J. “The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation.” In: Political Science Quarterly 84 (March 1969): 61-79. Wells-Barnett, Ida B. On Lynchings. 1901 Reprint, New York: Arno, 1969. ––. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Edited by Alfreda M. Dusten. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. White, Walter F. Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. New York: Arno, 1969. Winegarten, Ruthe. Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. Williamson, Joel. The Crucible of Race: Black/White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. ––. Rage for Order: Black/White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Wood, Philip J. Southern Capitalism: The Political Economy of North Carolina. Durham: Duke University Press, 1986. Woods, Sister Frances Jerome. Marginality and Identity: A Colored Creole Family through Ten Generations. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers, 1921. ––. The Mis-Education of the Negro. 1933. Reprint, NewYork: AMS Press, 1977. ––. The Rural Negro. New York: Russell & Russell, 1969. Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 3rd revised edition with an expanded preface. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Worthman, Paul B. and James R. Green. “Black Workers in the New South, 1865-1920.” In: Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, ed. by Nathan Huggins et al. 2 vols. New York: Harchourt, Brace & Jovanovich, 1971. ––. “Black Workers and Labor Unions in Birmingham, Alabama, 1897-1910.” In: Labor History 10 (Summer 1969): 375-408. Wrenn, Lynette Boney. Cinderella of the New South: A History of the Cottonseed Industry, 1855- 1955. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. Wright, Jr., Richard R., “Social Work and Influence of the Negro Church.” In: Annals 30 (November 1970): 509-21. Wynes, Charles E. Race Relations in Virginia, 1870-1902. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1961.

The Great Black Migrations and Roots of Change, 1915-1950

Adero, Malaika. Up South: Stories, Studies and Letters of this Century’s Black Migrations. New York: The New Press, 1993. Adjaye, Joseph K. Time in the Black Experience. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994. Arnesen, Eric. Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers Struggle for Equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. ––. Waterfront Workers in New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863-1923. New York: Oxford, 1991. Aptheker, Herbert. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. New York: Citadel Press, 1966. Baker, Ray Stanton. “The Negro Goes North.” In: World’s Work 34 (July 1917): 314-19. Beeth, Howard O. and Cary D., eds. Wintz. Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston. College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1992. Bryant, Ira Babington. The Development of the Houston Negro Schools. Houston: Informer Publishing Co., 1935. ––. Texas Southern University and Its Antecedents, Political Origins, and Future. Houston: Ira Bryant, 1975. Clark, Kenneth. B. Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power. New York: Harper & Row, 1965. Cohan, William. At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Cox, Thomas C. Blacks in Topeka, Kansas, 1865-1915.: A Social History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. Crew, Spencer R. Black Life in Secondary Cities: A Comparative Analysis of the Black Communities of Camden and Elizabeth, New Jersey, 1860-1920. New York: Garland, 1993. Cronon, E. David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Madison Univ. Press, 1955. Davis, Cyprian, OSB. The History of Black Catholics in the United States. New York: Crossroads, 1990. Davies, Carole Boyce. Black Women, Writing, and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. New York: Routledge, 1994. Devlin, George Alfred. South Carolina and Black Migration, 1865-1940: In Search of the Promised Land. New York: Garland, 1989. Donald, Henderson H. “The Negro Migration of 1916-1918.” In: Journal of Negro History 6 (October 1921): 383-498. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America. 1924. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1968. Foner, Philip S. “The IWW and the Black Worker.” In: Journal of Negro History 55 (January 1970): 45-64. Fraizer, E. Franklin. Black Bourgeoisie. New York: Free Press, 1965. ––. The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. ––. Negro Youth at the Crossways; They Personality Development in the Middle States. New York: Schocken Books, 1961 ––. The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966. ––. “Durham: Capital of the Black Middle Class.” In: The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke. New York: Atheneum, 1969. Foner, Phillip S. and Ronald L. Lewis., eds. The Black Worker: A Documentary History from Colonial Times to the Present. 10 Vols. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980. Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye, eds., Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991. Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Family in the United States. 1948. Revised and abridged edition. Reprint with a forward by Nathan Huggins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. Fullinweder, S.P. The Mind and Mood of Black America: 20th Century Thought. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1969. Garvey, Amy Jacques. Garvey and Garveyism. New York: Octagon Books, 1978. Gerber, David A. Black Ohio and the Color Line, 1860-1915. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976. Giddings, Paula. In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement. New York: Morrow, 1988. Gill, Flora. Economics, and the Black Exodus: An Analysis of Negro Migration from the Southern United States, 1910-70. New York: Garland, 1979. Glazer, Nathan. “Blacks and Ethnic Groups: The Difference and the Political Difference It Makes.” In Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, ed. by Nathan Huggins et al.2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, 1971. Goggin, Jacqueline Anne. Carter G. Woodson: A Life in Black History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. Goings, Kenneth W. and Raymond A. Mohl. The New African American Urban History. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 1996. Goodwin, E. Marvin. Black Migration in America from 1915 to 1960: An Uneasy Exodus. Lewiston: Mellen Press, 1990. Gottlieb, Peter. Making Their Own Way: Southern Blacks’ Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Greene, Lorenzo J. and Carter G. Woodson. The Negro Wage Earner. 1930. Reprint, New York: n. p., 1970. Giffin, Farah Jasmine. “Who Set You Flowing?”: The African American Migration Narrative. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Grob, Gerald. “Organized Labor and the Negro Worker, 1865-1900.” In: Labor History 1 (Spring 1960): 164-76. Groh, George W. The Black Migration, the Journey to Urban America. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1972. Goodwin, E. Marvin. Black Migration to America from 1915-1960: An Uneasy Exodus in Studies in Twentieth Century American History. Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales, United Kingdom: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. Greene, Lorenzo. Selling Black History for Carter G. Woodson: A Diary, 1930-1933. Edited with an introduction by Arvah A. Strickland. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. ––, ed., Black Workers in the Era of the Great Migration, 1916-1929. Microfilm, Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, 1985. Harlan, Louis. R. “Booker T. Washington and the National Negro Business League.” In: Seven on Black: Reflections on the Negro Experience in America, ed. by William G. Shade and Roy C. Herrenkohl. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969: 73-91. Harmon, John Henry, Arnette G. Lidsay and Carter G. Woodson. The Negro as a Business Man. 1929. Reprint, College Park: University of Maryland, 1969. Harrison, Alferdteen, ed. Black Exodus: The Great Migration from the American South. University City, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1991. Haynes, Robert V. A Night of Violence: The Houston Riot of 1917.Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1976. Henri, Florette. Black Migration: Movement North, 1900-1920. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1975. Hooney, Michael K. Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Hill, Robert A., ed. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley Press, 1984-91. Hine, Darlene Clark. Speak Truth to Power: Black Professional Class in United States History. New York. Carlson, 1996. ––. Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-construction of American History. New York: Carlson, 1994. ––, ed. Black Women in United States History. New York: Carlson, 1990. ––, ed. Black Women in American History: From Colonial Times through the Nineteenth Century.. New York: Carlson, 1990. Johnson, Daniel M. and Rex Campbell. Black Migration in America: A Social Demographic History. Durham: Duke University Press, 1981. Jones, Marcus E. Black Migration in the United States With Emphasis on Selected Central Cities. Saratoga, California: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980. Kilson, Martin. “Political Change in the Negro Ghetto, 1900-1940s.” In Nathan Huggins, Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, ed. by Nathan Huggins et al. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1971. Kornweibel, Jr., Theodore, ed., In Search of the Promised Land: Essays in Black Urban History. Fort Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1981. Lasen-Quinn, Elisabeth. Black Neighbors: Race and the Limits of Reform in the American Settlement House Movement, 1890-1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1993. Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America. New York: Knopf, 1991. Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography of a Race, 1868-1919. New York: H. Holt, 1994. Mays, Benjamin E. and Joseph W. Nocholson. The Negro’s Church. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. McKay, Claude. Harlem: Negro Metropolis. New York: n. p., 1940. Meister, Richard J. , ed. The Black Ghetto: Promised Land or Colony. Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1972. Newman, Richard. Worlds Like Freedom: Essays on African American Culture and History. West Cornwall, Connecticut: Locust Hill, 1996. Obadele-Starks. Black Unionism in the Industrial South. College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1999. Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, 1890-1930. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1971. ––. “The Enduring Ghetto.” In: Journal of American History 55 (September 1968): 243-4. Philpot, Thomas. The Slum and the Ghetto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Quarles, Benjamin. Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. Redkey, Edwin S. Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back to Africa Movements, 1890-1910. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press 1969. Reid, Ira D. A. The Negro Immigrant: His Background, Characteristics, and Social Adjustment, 1899-1937. New York: Arno, 1939. Salem, Dorothy C. To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform: 1890-1920. New York: Carlson, 1990. Segal, Ronald. The Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. Shaw, Stephanie J. “Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women. In: “We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible”: A Reader in Black Women’s History. Edited by Darlene Clark Hine, Wilma King, and Linda Reed. New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1995. ––. What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers during the Jim Crow Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Sherman, Richard B., ed. The Negro and the City. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Shepperson, George. “Notes on the Emergence of African Nationalism.” In: Journal of African History. 1 (1960): 299-312. Smith, C. Calvin. “The Houston Riot of 1917, Revisited.” In: The Houston Review: History and Culture on the Gulf Coast 13 (Fall 1991): 85-102. Trotter, Joe William. Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915-1932. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Weaver, Robert. The Negro Ghetto. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967. White, John. Black Leadership in America: From Booker T. Washington to Jesse Jackson. New York: Longman, 1990. Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers, 1921. ––. A Century of Negro Migration. 1918. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1969.

The Great Depression and World War II, 1930-1954

Bullock, Henry Allan. “Some Readjustments of the Texas Negro Family to the Emergency of War.” In: Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 25 (June 1944-March 1945): 101-17. Carter, Dan T. Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. Clayton, Horace R. and George S. Mitchell. Black Workers and the New Unions. 1939. Reprint, College Park: University of Maryland, 1969. Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. New York: Morrow, 1967. Denby, Charles. Indignant Heart: A Black Worker’s Journal. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York: Random House, 1952. Finkle, Lee. “The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II.” In: Journal of American History 60 (December 73):693. Harris, William H. Keeping the Faith: A Philip Randolph , Milton P. Webster and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. ––. The Harder We Run: Black Workers Since the Civil War. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1982. Haywood, Harry. Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978. Houston, Charles H. and John P. Davis. “The Plight of the Negro in the Tennessee Valley.” In: Crisis Vol. 42 (October 1935). Honey, Michael K. Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers: Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Hurston, Zora Neale. A Literary Biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978. ––. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Library, 1990. Ickes, Harold L. “The Negro as Citizen.” In: Crisis 43 (August 1936): 230-32. Jakeman, Robert J. The Divided Skies: Establishing Segregated Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama, 1934-42. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992. Kelley, Robin D. G. Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Record, Wilson. The Negro and the Communist Party. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1951. ––. Race and Radicalism: the NAACP and the Communist Party in Conflict. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1964. Reddick, L. D. “The Negro in the United States Navy during World War II. In: Journal of Southern History 32 (April 1947): 201-19. Saxton, Alexander. “Race and the House of Labor.” In. The Great Fear: Race in the Mind of America,. ed. by Gary B. Nash and Richard Weiss. New York: 1970. Sitkoff, Harvard. A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Sitkoff, Harvard. Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War. In: Journal of American History 58 (December 1971): 661-81. Smith, Douglas L. The New Deal in the Urban South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. Smith, Lillian. Strange Fruit. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1945. Sparks, Randy J. “’Heavenly Houston’ or ‘Hellish Houston’?: Black Unemployment and Relief Efforts, 1929-1936.” Southern Studies 25 (Winter 1986): 353-66. Sternsher, Bernard. The Negro in Depression and War: Prelude to Revolution, 1930-45. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1969. Street, James H. The New Revolution in the Cotton Economy: Mechanization and Its Consequences. Chappel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957. Strong, Donald, S. “The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas.” In: American Political Science Review 42 (June 1948): 510-22. Taft, Philip. Organized Labor in American History. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993. ––. Black Boy. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. Zangrando, Robert L. “The NAACP and the Federal Anti-Lynching Bill, 1934-40.” In: Journal of Negro History Vol. 50 (April 1965).

“The Second Reconstruction” The Civil Rights Movement, 1954 and After Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1987. Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. Bullard, Robert D. Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1987. Burnstein, Paul. Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States Since the New Deal. Chicago: 1985. Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. ––, ed., Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1991. Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: n. p., 1968. Daniel, Pete. Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2000. Franklin, John Hope and Genna Rae McNeil, eds., African Americans and the Living Constitution.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. ––. The Color Line: Legacy for the Twenty-first Century. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1993. Freyer, Tony. The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Revolution. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984. Gallen, David. Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll &Graf, 1992. Graham, Hugh Davis. The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Developments of National Policy,1960- 1972. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Ballentine, 1995. Horne, Gerald. Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. Albany: State University of New York, 1986. Jackson, Walter A. Gunnar Myrdal and America’s Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism, 1938-1987. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Kellar, William Henry. Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1999. Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown vs. Board of Education and Black Americans Struggle for Equality. New York: Vintage, 1977. Lawson, Steven F. Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Lincoln, C. Eric. Race, Religion, and the Continuing American Dilemma. New York: Hill & Wang, 1984. Logan, Rayford W. The Negro and the Post-War World: A Primer. Washington, DC: The Minorities Publishers, 1945. Meier, August and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. ––. Black Protest in the Sixties. New York: M. Wiener Publishers, 1991. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi: The Autobiography of Anne Moody. New York: Dell Books, 1968. Moynihan, Daniel P. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington, DC: n. p., 1965. Nieman, Donald G. Promises to Keep: African Americans and the Constitutional Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Oates, Stephen B. Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr., New York, Harper & Row, 1982. Pitre, Merline. In Struggle against Jim Crow: Lulu B. White and the NAACP, 1900-1957. College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1999. Reed, Linda. Simple Decency and Common Sense: The Southern Conference Movement, 1938- 1963. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. Seale, Bobby. Seize the Time. New York: Random House, 1970; Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1991. Sellers, Cleveland. The River of No Return., New York: Morrow, 1973. Silver, James. Mississippi: The Closed Society. New York: Harcourt and Brace, 1964. Sitkoff, Harvard. The Struggle for Equality, 1954-1980. NewYork: Hill & Wang, 1981. Sowell, Thomas. The Economics and Politics of Race: An International Perspective. New York: W. Morrow, 1983. Ware, Gilbert. William Hastie: Grace Under Pressure. New York: 1984. Washington, James M., ed., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. San Francisco: Harper, 1991. Watson, Denton L. Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell, His Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws. New York: n. p., 1990. Webb, Sheyann and Rachel West Nelson. Selma, Lord, Selma: Girlhood Memories of the Civil Rights Days. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, 1980. Weiss, Nancy J. Whitney M. Young, Jr., and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. Wendt, Simon. The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Gainesville: Univ. Press of Florida, 2007. Whitfield, Stephen J. Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. New York: The Free Press, 1988; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1991. Wilkins, Roy. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Viking Press, 1982; New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. Wilson, William J. The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago: 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1980. Wolters, Raymond. The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. Zinn, Howard. The Southern Mystique. New York, Knopf, 1964.