CHRONOLOGY
POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
0 Portuguese bring 0
5 African captives to 1
. Europe as slaves c
8 First African captives 1
5 shipped directly from 1 .
c Africa to America
Start of large-scale s slavetrading by 0
4 British slavers and 6
1 sugar cultivation in British Caribbean 0 4 7
1 Jamaica’s First –
5 Maroon War 6 6 1
5 Olaudah Equiano 4
7 born in what is now 1 .
c Nigeria (West Africa)
Ottobah Cugoano 7
5 born near Ajumako, 7 1 modern Ghana 3 8
– American War of 5
7 Independence 7 1
Ottobah Cugoano Freed black settlers publishes Thoughts
7 from England, Nova
8 and Sentiments on 7
1 Scotia and Jamaica the Evil of Slavery and arrive in Sierra Leone Commerce of the Human Species 9 9 –
9 French Revolution 8 7 1 4 0 8 1
– Haitian Revolution 1 9 7 1 Olaudah Equiano publishes The
9 Interesting Narrative of 8
7 the Life of Olaudah 1 Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa the African POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
1 January,
4 Haiti declared a 0
8 free republic 1 5
2 Wars for –
6 independence 0
8 in South America 1
25 March, Act for the Abolition of the Slave 7
0 Trade declares the 8 1 slave trade illegal in the British Empire
Sierra Leone becomes a British colony, in which 8
0 Christian missionaries 8 1 settle and educate slaves rescued from slave ships
1 Chile gains 1 8
1 independence 8 1 8
1 14 February, r
7 born (as slave) 1 8 1
9 About 8000 9
– Afro-Brazilian former 0
2 slaves return to West 8
1 Africa to settle
Liberia founded as a
2 colony by the African 2
– Colonization Society 1
2 as a settlement for 8
1 freed American slaves
2 Brazil, Bolivia and 2
8 Ecuador gain 1 independence
Slavery Abolition Act
3 abolishes slavery 3
8 throughout most of 1 the British Empire
Major uprising of 5
3 Muslim slaves in 8 1 Bahia, Brazil
Frederick Douglass
8 successfully escapes 3 8
1 from his owner Mr Freeman POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
s Rise of Yoruba orisha 0
4 worship in Trinidad 8
1 and Guyana
Frederick Douglass publishes his
5 autobiography, 4 8
1 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.
Abolition of slavery 8
4 in France and all its 8
1 colonies
Martiano Eliseu do 9
5 Bonfim born in Bahia, 8
1 Brazil
1 British annexation 6
8 of Lagos 1 5 6 –
1 American Civil War 6 8 1
Emancipation 3
6 Proclamation issued 8 1 by Abraham Lincoln
13th Amendment to
5 the US Constitution 6
8 prohibits slavery 1 throughout the USA
William Edward 8
6 Burghardt Du Bois 8
1 born 4 1
9 ‘Scramble for Africa’ 1
– (European colonial 0
8 conquest) 8 1 Martiniano Eliseu do Bonfim travels to
5 Lagos, Nigeria for 7
8 education,and is 1 initiated as a babalawo (Ifa diviner)
7 Wallace D. Fard 7
8 Muhammad born 1
W.E.B. Du Bois
5 attends Fisk 8
8 University, Nashville, 1 Tennessee POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Fisk University s
0 Jubilee Singers tour 7
8 the UK and offer 1 black music as popular culture
5 Berlin Conference 8
– establishes rules 4
8 for European 8
1 colonisation of Africa
17 August, Marcus Edward Wilmot
7 Garvey born in Blyden publishes 8
8 St Anne’s Bay,
1 Christianity, Islam Jamaica and the Negro Race
Martiniano Eliseu do Bonfim returns to
8 Brazil and promotes 8 8
1 Yoruba culture there. Abolition of slavery in Brazil
1 Frederick Douglass 9
– minister-resident and 9
8 consul-general to the 8
1 Republic of Haiti
Oswald de Andrade
0 born. One in seven 9
8 Lagosians has lived in 1 Cuba or Brazil
20 February, 5
9 Frederick Douglass 8 1 dies
British ‘punitive Elijah Muhammad expedition’ against born. W.E.B. Du Bois 7
9 Benin, during which helps found the 8 1 artworks (the Benin American Negro bronzes) are stolen Academy
9 26 May, 9
8 Aaron Douglas, born 1
Henry Sylvester Williams organises
0 first Pan-African 0
9 Conference in London. 1 Ronald Moody born in Jamaica
2 Norman Lewis born. 0
9 Wifredo Lam born 1
3 W.E.B. Du Bois 0
9 publishes The Souls 1 of Black Folk. 6 0
9 Josephine Baker born 1 POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Picasso paints 7
0 Les Demoiselles 9 1 d’Avignon
Marcus Garvey travels 2
1 in South and Central –
0 America, and 1
9 London; returns to 1 Jamaica 1
1 Romare Bearden 9
1 born
African National 2
1 Congress founded 9 1 in South Africa
Marcus Garvey
4 founds Universal 1
9 Negro Improvement 1 Association (UNIA) 8 1 –
4 World War I 1 9 1 4 3
– United States’ 5
1 occupation of Haiti 9 1
Marcus Garvey moves 6 1 to Harlem, New York 9 1 City 7 1 Jacob Lawrence born 9 1 5 3 – Harlem Renaissance 9 1 9 1
W.E.B. Du Bois organises the First Pan-African Congress in Paris with delegates from America, the
9 Caribbean, Europe 1 9
1 and Africa. Marcus Garvey founds the Black Star Line to aid transportation and the return from America to African homeland POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
W.E.B. Du Bois August, First publishes a collection International of essays and fiction, Convention of the 0 Darkwater: Voices from 2 Negro Peoples of the 9 within the Veil, and a 1 World, organised by monthly magazine for UNIA and Marcus black children, Garvey, Harlem The Brownies’ Book
Exhibition by Negro Second Pan-African 1 artists, 135th Street 2 Congress in London, 9 Branch of the New 1 Brussels and Paris York Public Library
Marcus Garvey Exhibition of visual arrestedfor fraud in arts and literature by connection with the 2 Negroes, Boston Public 2 failed Black Star Line; 9 Library. August Savage 1 is sent to prison and makes a bust of later deported to Marcus Garvey Jamaica
3 Third Pan-African 2
9 Congress, Lisbon 1
James Van Der Zee starts photographic 4
2 series of Marcus 9 1 Garvey and UNIA activities
Special issue of US publication Survey Graphic entitled Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro. Alain Malcolm X born. Locke publishes Frantz Fanon born. The New Negro:
5 Josephine Baker first An Interpretation, 2
9 arrives in Paris and collection of essays, 1 opens at the Théatre short stories, and des Champs-Élysées photographs, including an essay by W.E.B. Du Bois; partly illustrated and designed by Aaron Douglas
Aaron Douglas, Wallace Thurman, Zora Neale Hurston, John P. Davis, Richard Bruce Nugent,
6 W.E.B. Du Bois travels Gwendolyn Bennett 2
9 to the Soviet Union and Langston Hughes 1 produce FIRE!! A Quarterly Journal Devoted to the Younger Negro Artists; Douglas designs cover POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Paul Colin creates Le Tumulte Noir, portfolio about Josephine Baker and jazz movement in Paris. Jacob Epstein arrives in New York for 7
2 three months; meets 9
1 Carl Van Vechten, Albert Barnes, Frank Crowninshield and Paul Robeson (who sits for portrait bust). Josephine Baker’s performance at Folies Bergère is filmed
‘Manifesto Antropófago’ (Cannibal Manifesto), by Oswald de 8
2 Andrade, published 9 1 in the first issue of the Revista de Antropofagia (São Paulo)
Wall Street Crash in 9 Martin Luther King, Jr, 2 New York, start of 9 born 1 Great Depression
Coup d’état in Brazil. Nation of Islam founded Aaron Douglas starts Beginning of the so- 0 by Wallace D. Fard working on murals at 3 called Second 9 Muhammad, Detroit, Fisk University as an 1 Republic; Getúlio Michigan artist-in-residence Vargas in power
Jacob Lawrence moves to Harlem, New York. September, Exposition Coloniale Aaron Douglas sails Internationale, Paris.
1 The Commonwealth to Paris; studies at Museum of African 3
9 founded L’Académie Scandinave. and Oceanic Arts 1 May (to February opens at the same 1933), Dakar-Djibouti time expedition, led by Marcel Griaule
Dakar-Djibouti
3 11 May,
3 Minister Louis exhibition, Trocadéro, 9 1 Farrakhan born Paris
Zou Zou, starring Josephine Baker (directed by Marc
4 Wallace D. Fard Allegret), released in 3
9 Muhammad dies France. Publication of 1 Negro: An Anthology, collected and edited by Nancy Cunard 4 4
– Italian occupation of 5
3 Ethiopia 9 1 POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
African Negro Art Riot in Harlem exhibition, Museum following protest of Modern Art, against employer New York (477 works 5
3 discrimination by photographed by 9 1 white-owned stores. Walker Evans, Marcus Garvey moves commissioned by to London James Johnson Sweeney)
W.E.B. Du Bois travels through Poland, Ronald Moody exhibits 6
3 the Soviet Union, at the Walker Art 9 1 Manchuria, China Gallery, Liverpool and Japan
Josephine Baker Négritude movement Cedric Dover publishes returns to Paris and founded by Senegalese Half-Caste, ‘a study becomes French President Léopold tracing the cultural 7
3 citizen. Loïs Mailou Sédar Senghor, contributions of 9 1 Jones travels to Paris Martinican poet Aimé mixed race peoples and studies for a year Césaire, and the (including African- at L’Académie Julian Guianan Léon Damas Americans)’
Ronald Moody exhibits his sculptures at the Aaron Douglas returns Van Lier Gallery, to Fisk to take up Amsterdam, then at position of Professor the Salon des Tuileries 8 of Art Education; C.L.R. James publishes 3 and L’Equipe in Paris. 9 travels to Haiti and the The Black Jacobins 1 Jacob Lawrence has Virgin Islands to paint. first solo exhibition, Fela Kuti born in Harlem YMCA. Abeokuta, Nigeria Completes Toussaint L’Ouverture series
Aimé Césaire publishes poem Cahier d’un 9
3 Retour au Pays Natal 9 1 (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land) 5 4 –
9 World War II 3 9 1
0 10 June, 4
9 Marcus Garvey dies 1
3 David Hammons 4
9 born 1 POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Historian Eric Williams 4 Angela Davis 4 publishes Capitalism 9 born 1 and Slavery
15–21 October, Fifth Pan-African Congress,
5 Manchester, England. 4
9 W.E.B. Du Bois attends. 1 United call for an independent Africa
Caribbean Voices broadcast weekly by Léopold Sédar Senghor 6
4 the BBC, focusing on publishes Chants 9
1 literary works from d’Ombre in Paris the Caribbean region
In Paris, Alioune Diop establishes Présence Africaine, a publishing Historian house and journal 7 John Hope Franklin 4 promoting African 9 publishes From 1 culture. W.E.B. Du Bois Slavery to Freedom travels through Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad, and Cuba
Léopold Sédar Senghor edits first anthology of Negritude poetry, Anthologie de la 22 June, arrival of the nouvelle poésie nègre 8 Empire Windrush in 4 et malgache, with 9 Tilbury, UK, from the 1 introduction by Jean- Caribbean Paul Sartre. Founding of the Museu de Arte Moderna (MAM) in São Paulo, Brazil
Aimé Césaire 0
5 publishes Discourse on 9 1 Colonialism
First Bienal
1 Internacional de Artes 5
9 Plásticas in São Paulo, 1 Brazil
Frantz Fanon publishes 24 August, 2 Peau noire, masques 5 Linton Kwesi Johnson 9 blancs (trans. Black 1 born in Jamaica Skin, White Masks) POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
W.E.B. Du Bois awarded First Exposição 3 International Peace 5 Nacional de Arte 9 Prize by the World 1 Abstrata, Brazil Peace Council
Algerian War of Independence begins, 4
5 led by the Front Oswald de Andrade 9 1 Libération Nationale dies (FLN)
W.E.B. Du Bois refused passport to attend the Congrès des écrivains First International et artistes noirs Congress of Black (First International Writers and Artists Congress of Black sponsored by Writers and Artists), Présence Africaine, organised by Alioune Paris. Aaron Douglas 6 Diop and Aimé 5 spends part of 9 Césaire, held in 1 summer in Europe Sorbonne, Paris and West Africa (attended by Frantz (including London, Fanon, Léopold Sédar Lisbon, Madrid, Senghor, Langston Barcelona, Florence, Hughes, Richard Rome, and African Wright, Ben Enwonwu, ports of Dakar, and Cheik Anta Diop) Accra, and Lagos)
6 March, Ghana gains Launch of 7
5 independence Black Orpheus, review 9 1 (first African colony of literature and arts, to do so) Ibadan, Nigeria
Zaria Arts Society inaugurated at the Nigerian College of Arts, Science 20 August, and Technology, under 8
5 Michael Jackson directorship of Uche 9 1 born Okeke, also called the ‘Zaria Rebels’. Their society develops theory of ‘Natural Synthesis’.
Second Congrès des écrivains et artistes
9 noirs (International 5
9 Congress of Black 1 Writers and Artists), held in Rome POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Seventeen African countries gain Jean-Michel Basquiat independence, born. including Nigeria, Glenn Ligon born. Senegal, Mali, Belgian 0 Lorna Simpson born. 6 Congo, French Congo, 9 Isaac Julien born. 1 and Ivory Coast. Coco Fusco born. Insurrection in Algeria W.E.B. Du Bois travels by French population to Ghana and Nigeria against de Gaulle’s government
Frantz Fanon publishes The Wretched of the Establishment of the 6 December, Frantz 1 Earth. School of Fine 6 parliamentary system Fanon dies in 9 Arts established at 1 in Brazil Washington, DC University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Opening of Mbari W.E.B. Du Bois Mbayo Club in renounces his Oshogbo, Nigeria; American citizenship, 2 workshops conducted 6 joins the Communist 9 by many artists 1 Party, and becomes including Jacob citizen of Ghana at Lawrence and age of 95 Georgina Beier
Brazilian art movement Restoration of the 27 August, 3 Tropicália initiated, 6 presidential system W.E.B. Du Bois dies 9 influenced by 1 in Brazil in Accra Antropofagia
Members of Zaria Arts Society form the Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA). Centre 4
6 for Contemporary 9 1 Cultural Studies, Birmingham (UK) is established by Richard Hoggart
Malcolm X visits First Notting Hill London but is refused Carnival procession, 5 entry to France. 6 London. The Battle of 9 On 21 February, he is 1 Algiers, film, directed assassinated in by Gillo Pontevorco New York
Caribbean Artists’ 15 January and 29 Movement (CAM) is July, military coups Eastern Nigerian artists founded by writers 6 d’état in Nigeria; World Festival of Black 6 leave Lagos and join Edward Kamau 9 Eastern Nigerians Arts, Dakar, Senegal 1 war effort Brathwaite, John La living in Northern Rose and Andrew Nigeria massacred Salkey 0 7
6 (Biafra War) 9 1 POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Leaders of the Tropicália movement, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, are arrested because seen as political threat Festival of the Arts, (ending the movement). University of Ife, 4 April, Martin Luther Ile-Ife,Nigeria. King, Jr assassinated. 8 The Caribbean 6 16 October, Mexico 9 Artists’ Movement 1 City: African-American (CAM) controversially athletes Tommie Smith exhibit at the House and John Carlos are of Commons, London pictured controversially raising their fists in a salute of Black Power as they collect their Olympic medals. Chris Ofili born
Kara Walker born. First exhibition Fela Kuti visits North in Britain of
9 America and is contemporary African 6
9 introduced to Black art at the Camden Arts 1 Panther ideology by Centre (including work Sandra Smith by Uzo Egonu)
Nathan Huggins publishes Harlem Renaissance.
1 Caribbean Artists in 7
9 England exhibition 1 organised by CAM, Commonwealth Art Gallery
5 Josephine Baker dies. 7
9 Elijah Muhammad dies 1
Ladislas Bugner et al. edit and publish The 6
7 Image of the Black in 9 1 Western Art, 4 volumes
Festac 77 – The Second Festival of Black and African Arts and 7
7 Culture, held in 9 1 Nigeria. Fela Kuti and the Afrika 70 release Zombie
Riots break out when Rasheed Araeen, Fela Kuti performs ‘Preliminary Notes for 8 ‘Zombie’ in Accra, 7 a Black Manifesto’, 9
1 Ghana; he is banned published in the first from returning to issue of Black Phoenix Ghana POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain’s first 9 Aaron Douglas dies. 7 female Prime Minister. 9 Norman Lewis dies 1 Start of Thatcherite Conservatism
Bob Marley performs
0 End of white minority at the independence 8
9 rule in Zimbabwe ceremony for 1 Zimbabwe
David Hammons is arrested for Black Cultural Archives performing Pissed Off, 1 (BCA) established, 8 Bob Marley dies urinating in public on 9 378 Coldharbour Lane, 1 a Richard Serra Brixton sculpture, New York City
Black Audio Film Collective, founded by John Akomfrah, Reece 8
8 Auguiste, Edward –
2 George, Lina Gopaul, 8
9 Avril Johnson, David 1 Lawson and Trevor Mathison, in Hackney, London
Eddie Chambers and
2 Wifredo Lam dies. Keith Piper form 8
9 Ronald Moody dies the Pan-Afrikan 1 Connection
Sankofa Film and VideoSanko fCollective,a Film and 2
9 foundedVideo Co lbylec tMatinaive, –
3 Attille,founde dMaureenby 8
9 Blackwood,Isaac Julien Isaac 1 Julien,in Lond oRobertn Crusz and Nadine Marsh Primitivism in Edwards in London Twentieth Century Art: Affinity of the Tribal and the Modern, exhibition, Museum
4 of Modern Art, New 8
9 York. Rasheed Araeen 1 publishes Making Myself Visible (MMV): Rasheed Araeen, with an introduction by Guy Brett
An archive for black British artists is established in Live Aid charity pop St Martins School of concert raises Art library, now part of 5
8 £40 million for the Chelsea School of 9 1 famine relief in Art (Liz Ward, librarian). East Africa ‘Black Art/White Institutions’ conference, Riverside Studios, London POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Eddie Chambers founds and becomes director of African and Asian Visual Artists
6 Archive (AAVAA) 8
9 (Bristol). Handsworth 1 Songs by Black Audio Film Collective (61mins), directed by John Akomfrah
Paul Gilroy publishes There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation. Harlem Renaissance: Art of
7 Black America 8
9 exhibition, Studio 1 Museum in Harlem. Publication of first issue of Third Text: Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Art and Culture
Autograph: Association of Black Photographers (ABP) established by Mark Sealy. Black Art: Jean-Michel Plotting the Course 8
8 Basquiat dies. exhibition, Oldham 9 1 Romare Bearden dies Art Gallery (travels to Bluecoat Gallery, Liverpool, 1989), curated by Eddie Chambers
Looking For Langston by Isaac Julien, 16mm black and white film with sound. Magiciens de la Terre exhibition, Centre 9
8 Georges Pompidou, 9
1 Paris. The Other Story: Afro-Asian Artists in Post-War Britain, Hayward Gallery, London, curated by Rasheed Araeen
Nelson Mandela is released after 27 years in prison, Contemporary African returns as head of Artists: Changing the African National Tradition, Studio 0
9 Congress. Museum in Harlem, 9
1 New York. African artists also shown at British Prime Minister the Venice Biennale Margaret Thatcher is forced out of office POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Michael Jackson’s single ‘Black or White’ released from his album Dangerous. Africa Hoy, curated Isaac Julien is a by André Magnin, Official end of 1 founding member of opens at Centro 9 Apartheid in South 9 Normal Films, Atlantico de 1 Africa London Arte Moderno, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; travels to the Saatchi Gallery, London under the title Out of Africa
Kwame Anthony DAK’ART, The Dakar Appiah publishes Biennial for 2
9 In my Father’s House: Contemporary 9 1 Africa in the International Art, Philosophy of Culture is founded
London’s Electric Cinema, Portobello Road (1910) is the Stephen Lawrence is first cinema in London murdered in London in Paul Gilroy publishes to screen films a racial attack by white The Black Atlantic: relating exclusively 3
9 youths; all four men Modernity and Double to black culture. 9
1 sentenced to jail for Consciousness Second International murder Symposium on Nigerian Art, Lagos. Haile Gerima’s Sankofa is released
Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, First multi-racial Kobena Mercer New York, curated by elections in 350 years, publishes Welcome Thelma Golden. 4
9 South Africa; Nelson to the Jungle: New Institute of 9
1 Mandela inaugurated Positions in Black International Visual as President Cultural Studies Arts (InIVA) is established (merging Third Text and OVA), London. Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art founded by Okwui Enwezor, New York POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Africa ’95 festival of art, England. Related shows include Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London; Self Evident, Ikon Gallery, Birmingham; 5
9 Africa: The Art of a 9 1 Continent, Royal Academy of Arts, London; Mirage: Enigma of Race, Difference and Desire, ICA, London. The Black Women Artists study group is established, London
Picturing Blackness in British Art 1700s– 1900s, Tate Gallery, London, curated by Paul Gilroy. In/Sight: African Photography, 1940 to the Present, 6
9 exhibition at the 9 1 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Isaac Julien, Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask broadcast on BBC television
Chris Ofili included in the Young British Rhapsodies in Black 7 Artists’ exhibition 9 exhibition, Hayward 9 Sensation, Royal 1 Gallery, London Academy of Arts, London
Okwui Enwezor is artistic director of Documenta XI.
8 Chris Ofili wins the 9
9 prestigious Turner 1 Prize, and is chosen to represent Britain at the Venice Biennale
Peace treaty signed in Lome, Togo, 9
9 ending the civil war 9
1 in Sierra Leone 0 0
0 Jacob Lawrence dies 2 POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Isaac Julien is Okwui Enwezor, nominated for the Stuart Hall and others Freestyle exhibition, 1 0 Turner Prize for his publish Democracy Studio Museum in 0
2 film The Long Road Unrealized: Documenta Harlem, New York to Mazatián (1999) 11 – Platform 1
Black Romantic: The Figurative Impulse in Contemporary African- American Art, Studio
2 Museum in Harlem. 0
0 The Upper Room by 2 Chris Ofili exhibited as part of Freedom One Day at the Victoria Miro Gallery, London
Coco Fusco and Brian Wallis edit and publish Only Skin Deep: 3
0 Changing Visions of 0
2 the American Self, with an essay by Nicholas Mirzoeff
Africa ’05 Festival, London. Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Hurricane Katrina Continent, Hayward destroys huge areas of Gallery. New Orleans, United David A. Bailey, Chris Ofili launches States, in August. Ian Baucom and Sonia the music project The city’s Boyce edit and publish Freeness, in which he reconstruction Shades of Black: 5 finds contemporary 0 programme is Assembling Black Arts 0 alternatives to, and 2 criticised for racial in 1980s’ Britain. tries to subvert the discrimination Exhibition Back to meaning of, against black Black: Art, Cinema and ‘urban music’ residents, who make the Racial Imaginary, up the majority of Whitechapel Gallery, the population London, curated by Richard J. Powell, David A. Bailey and Petrine Archer-Straw
Frequency, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York. David Hammons: The Unauthorised Retrospective, controversial exhibition at Triple Candie, Harlem,
6 curated by Shelly 0
0 Bancroft and Peter 2 Nesbett, features photocopies and printouts in place of the artist’s actual works in protest against five years of unsuccessful campaigning for a Hammons exhibition POLITICAL KEY POLITICAL ATLANTIC ART AND ART BACKGROUND EVENTS AND PEOPLE THOUGHT LITERARY EVENTS MOVEMENTS
Bicentenary of the Opening of Rivington Abolition Act, 1807. Place (Autograph ABP). Museum in Docklands First purpose-built opens the first cultural centre since permanent display in Hayward Gallery in 7
0 London relating to the 1968, London. 0
2 transatlantic slave Lorna Simpson, trade, London, Sugar, 20-year survey of the Slavery. International artist’s work, Whitney Slavery Museum Museum of American opens in Liverpool, Art, New York England
Kara Walker: My Complement, My Enemy, My Oppressor,
8 My Love, Whitney 0
0 Museum of American 2 Art, New York. Flow, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York
Barack Obama is inaugurated as the
9 44th, and first 0
0 African-American, 2 President of the United States
Archive for Culturally
0 Diverse Photography 1 0 opens at Autograph 2 ABP, Rivington Place
Black Cultural Archives 1 1
0 will move to Raleigh
2 Hall, Brixton
Ryerson Photography Gallery and Research Centre, Gould St,
2 Toronto, Canada to 1
0 open. It will house the 2 Black Star Historical Black & White Photography Collection