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VIENNA´S GOLDEN AUTUMN That Civic Pride So Well Illustrated in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger

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VIENNA´S GOLDEN AUTUMN That Civic Pride So Well Illustrated in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger Spiel, H.: Vienna’s Golden Autumn. The Rewards of Defeat, p. 7-82 burghers had risen in an attempt to regain their privileges and, after their revolt had been put down, had witnessed the beheading of eight of their leaders. Thus, in these early days the city was deprived of - and soon altogether lost - VIENNA´S GOLDEN AUTUMN that civic pride so well illustrated in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger. Confined between a powerful nobility surrounding the court and lower orders destined to serve their superiors in the army and in every branch of civilian life, 1 THE REWARDS OF DEFEAT no strong and self-assured middle class was to develop and thrive until after 1866. No great period of aesthetic refinement and artistic achievement can be There were compensations, all the same, in being the capital of the Holy viewed in isolation. To explain its rise and decline we should not merely define Roman Empire. After the Turks had been cast out from central Europe for the social and political background of the time, but also delve deep into the ever in 1683 and Hungary had been firmly included in the Habsburg realm, past and follow a path, albeit a dwindling one, into the future. When attempts Austria, no longer constituting the easternmost and frequently endangered arc made to describe the magical two decades in Vienna between 1898 and bulwark against Asiatic aggressors, could settle down during long periods of 1918, the reader is sometimes left wondering how that seemingly sudden peace to more pleasant pursuits. The three great 'baroque emperors', Leopold flowering of talent came about - especially in the fields of literature and I, Joseph I and Charles VI, set about embellishing their city, first by calling in philosophy, which had lain barren or borne little crop in previous centuries. Italian builders like Carlone, Martinelli, Canevale and Burnacini, then by There are good reasons, later to be expounded, for starting a more detailed encouraging talented Austrians, such as Lukas von Hildebrandt and the Fischer account of Austria's cultural revolution with the year 1866, and for ending it von Erlachs, to put up splendid palaces and churches inside Vienna or on its not with the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy after the Great War, but with fringes. The aristocracy followed suit. Other forms of art too were being pro- the German annexation of the First Austrian Republic in 1938. The true moted: the new entertainment invented in Venice and Naples, simply called history of Vienna, of course, goes back to the twelfth century, when the dukes opera, was introduced and staged with singular pomp and circumstance, and of Babenberg held court there in splendour, when the greatest of minnesingers, exquisite collections of paintings were gathered by the imperial patrons. But Walther von der Vogelweide, mourned the early death of the fairest of them, while music and architecture flourished, the written word did not. Friedrich the Catholic, and when the foundations were laid for St Stephen's 'It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature,' said Henry Cathedral. Yet its role as the centre of an empire may be said to have begun in James. In Vienna, for so long the centre of world politics, a surfeit of history 1556, when Emperor Charles v of Habsburg, on whose realm 'the sun never rather prevented the spread of poetic invention and contemplative thought. set', abdicated his throne in favour of his son Philip. While in England the Tudors were followed by the Stuarts and the House of This future adversary of Elizabeth I of England, and husband for a short Orange by the Hanoverians, while in France Valois, Orleans and Bourbon time to her sister Mary, continued to rule Spain as well as Naples, Milan, battled for the throne, Austria, under its one and only dynasty, the Habsburgs, Burgundy, the Netherlands and the colonies overseas, from his family seat in was busy ruling a large part of Europe from its faraway capital. Three centuries Madrid, yet he was denied the highest rank in the Holy Roman Empire of the passed after Ferdinand's accession before the first stirrings of a literature German People. It was his uncle Ferdinand, younger brother of Charles and written in German were noticed in Vienna. After the death of Charles VI, archduke of Austria, whom the German prince-electors chose to be their however, a new monarch, willing to be led by learned advisers, opened the emperor. And Ferdinand, having settled in Vienna after taking over the door to a measure of scientific advancement and a more serious preoccupation Habsburg homelands from the Danube to the port of Trieste in 1521, now with creative writing, at least for the stage. bestowed on his residence the status of imperial city - an honour that it was to As the emperor left no male issue, his daughter Maria Theresia succeeded retain for the next three hundred and sixty years. Paradoxically, this elevation him by dint of a Pragmatic Sanction laid down by Charles even before her cost the town of Vienna dear, for now it could no longer harbour any hope of birth, in defiance of the ancient Salic law. As explained by Shakespeare's ever regaining the autonomy it had once enjoyed, along with cities such as tiresome Archbishop in Henry V, that law went back to 'certain French' in Nuremberg and Strasburg, by being subject only to the imperial crown. On his Saxony arrival, Ferdinand had installed a local bureaucracy to administer the city. The ... who, holding in disdain the German women A further loosening of censorship under Joseph led to a flood of pamphlets, For some dishonest manners of their life, brochures and 'sixpenny booklets', Austria's poor equivalent of the great works Establisht then this law, to wit, no female of prose and drama then emanating from Weimar and Jena, Hamburg and Should be inheritrix in Salique land. Berlin. In fact, though Charles's sanction was hotly contested and his daughter was finally confirmed merely as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary (while her husband and later her son were granted the imperial crown), nothing was further from Maria Theresia's life style than 'dishonest manners'. A benevolent and malleable, though bigoted woman, she led the Habsburg homelands into a period of prosperity, and of financial, judicial, administrative and educational reform; although she had to go to war more than once, her aim was always a peaceful settlement, especially with her main enemy, Friedrich the Great of Prussia. Maria Theresia hated unconverted Jews. When the banker Baron Diego D'Aguilar lent her money to help her finish the building of her castle, Schönbrunn, she denied him an audience, but sat behind a screen listening to the final clinching of the deal. Yet when, after his baptism, Liebmann Berlin, the descendant of a rabbinical family and teacher of oriental languages, pleased Maria Theresia's husband with his cabbalistic and alchemical studies, she ennobled him by granting him the title of 'von Sonnenfels'. Later she made his son Joseph - who had also been born in the old faith but received into the new one - her state councillor and influential consultant on home affairs. The younger Sonnenfels helped abolish torture as an instrument of the law, for which he is still commemorated by a statue in front of Vienna town hall. He also reorganized the police force, gained the merchants a certain freedom of trade and, as official censor, allowed into the country most of the writings of the French and English Enlightenment. His fight against the Viennese harlequin comedy in favour of German classical drama, however, was none too kindly received by theatre-goers in the capital. Not only Joseph von Sonnenfels, but also Count Kaunitz, Maria Theresia's foreign minister and most powerful intellectual mentor, admired Voltaire and the Encyclopedistes in France, thereby preparing the ground for the more drastic reforms of Joseph II, Maria Theresia's son and Austria's most enlightened if still absolute monarch. In his era, which lasted no more than a decade from 1780 to 1790 but gave rise to the liberal movement of the nineteenth century, a number of decrees were issued from the throne granting hitherto unheard-of concessions. These included religious freedom and tolerance for Jews and Protestants, a form of divorce, the secularization of monasteries and an end to serfdom. Yet 'All for the people, nothing through the people' was the motto of this idealistic (The ‘Great Formula’ used by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire of the German autocrat. People) Empire of the German People, which were to endanger, or at least to delay, its 'Now that we have gained freedom of the press, everybody scribbles as well entry into a more democratic age, and which further undermined its very he can,' complained an anonymously published Lament of the Gracious Ladies of existence once the forces of nationalism had begun to tear it apart. The first this Day and Age. Some minor poets and scholars were trying to follow the obsession was the emperor's belief, held by his ancestors and never abandoned flights of fancy of the poet and novelist Wieland or, for better or worse, they by the House of Habsburg, in the divine right of kings. It was laid down in the imitated the odes of Klopstock, a German theologian and writer of rhymed historic 'great formula' used by His Apostolic Majesty on every decree and epics which were more venerated than widely read. Others emulated French even now beginning with the words 'I, Franz I, by the grace of God Emperor playwrights or the comedies of Lessing.
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