Jean-Baptiste Grenouille's Vanity-Driven

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

JEAN-BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S VANITY-DRIVEN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Fabiola Nimas Ayu Sukeswari

Student Number: 131214044

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

JEAN-BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S VANITY-DRIVEN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Fabiola Nimas Ayu Sukeswari

Student Number: 131214044

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

DEDICATION PAGE

Ibu, Bapak, Mbak Ajeng, Dik Adimas(†)and Dik Atha

and for all of the people

who have helped me in writing this thesis.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT Sukeswari, Fabiola Nimas Ayu. 2017. Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s Vanity-Driven Interpersonal Communication in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses Patrick Süskind’s novel entitled Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. The novel tells about the main character named Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s ability to smell scent and odor. This ability leads him to have an ambition to possess it, since his body is scentless. Grenouille’s interpersonal communication is influenced by his vanity in relation to his willingness to make his ambition come true. There are two problems answered in this study. The two problems are: (1) how vanity is described in Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, the main character in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer and(2) how vanity influences Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s interpersonal communication. This study uses psychological approach in analyzing the psychological aspect of the main character. The theories applied are theory of character and characterization, theory of vanity, theory of human motivation, and theory of interpersonal communication. The method used in this study is library research. In addition, books, articles, journals and online sources related to the topic are used in this study. Based on his behavior and thoughts, Grenouilleis described as a vain person. The conclusion is gained from the analysis on how Grenouille constantly thought about himself and how he was unable to adjust himself to life because of his desire to conquer everything.This vanity character traits unconsciously build the motivation to prioritize his desire but not his need.In conclusion, Grenouille put his vanity as a priority in order to do many things. The implications of the study are related to the value of vanity, interpersonal communication, and education. The first implication deals with how students can apply vanity wisely and positively to avoid the bad impacts of it. The second implication deals with the role of English language teachers in helping the students. The suggestions in this study are, first, other researchers could analyze the meaning of love in literature field, and help the teachers and teacher candidates to build better class atmosphere by understanding vanity character.

Keywords: interpersonal communication, vanity

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Sukeswari, Fabiola Nimas Ayu. 2017. Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s Vanity-Driven Interpersonal Communication in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Patrick Süskind yang berjudul Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Novel ini bercerita tentang kemampuan tokoh utamanya, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, yang bisa mencium segala bau dan wewangian. Kemampuan ini membuatnya berambisi untuk memiliki wewangian, terlebih karena ia tidak memiliki bau sama sekali. Gaya komunikasi interpersonal Grenouille pun dipengaruhi oleh ambisinya yang berkaitan dengan keinginannya untuk mewujudkan ambisinya. Ada dua permasalahan yang diangkat di skripsi ini, yaitu (1) bagaimana ambisi Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, tokoh utama Perfume: The Story of a Murderer dideskripsikan dan (2) bagaimana ambisi ini mempengaruhi kemampuan komunikasi interpersonal Jean-Baptiste Grenouille. Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi dalam menganalisis aspek psikologis dari tokoh utama. Teori-teori yang diterapkan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori ambisi, teori motivasi manusia, dan teori komunikasi interpersonal. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah studi pustaka. Sebagai tambahan, penulis juga menggunakan buku-buku, artikel-artikel, jurnal-jurnal dan sumber online yang berkaitan dengan skripsi ini. Berdasarkan perilaku dan pola pikirnya, Grenouille dapat dideskripsikan sebagai sosok yang ambisius. Kesimpulan ini didapat dengan mengumpulkan analisis mengenai bagaimana Grenouille selalu berpikir mengenai dirinya sendiri dan bagaimana dia tidak bisa menyesuaikan dirinya dengan kehidupan karena keinginannya untuk memiliki segalanya. Karakter ambisius ini secara tidak sadar membangun motivasi untuk memprioritaskan keinginnannya, tetapi bukan kebutuhannya. Kesimpulannya, Grenouille menjadikan ambisinya sebagai prioritas untuk melakukan banyak hal. Implikasi dari skripsi ini berhubungan dengan makna dari ambisi, komunikasi interpersonal, dan edukasi. Implikasi yang pertama berkaitan dengan bagaimana murid-murid dapat menerapkan ambisi mereka secara bijak dan positif untuk menghindari dampak negative dari penerapan ambisi tersebut.Implikasi yang kedua berkaitan dengan peran guru Bahasa Inggris dalam membantu murid- muridnya. Saran yang terdapat dalam skripsi ini adalah, pertama, para peneliti

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

dapat menggunakan novel ini untuk menganalisa arti cinta di bidang sastra, dan kedua untuk membantu para guru dan calon guru untuk membangun suasana belajar yang lebih baik denga nmemahami karakter ambisius.

Kata kunci: interpersonal communication, vanity

viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God and all those who gave me the strength to finish this undergraduate thesis. I would like to thank the people in charge of the English Language Education Study Program also Faculty of Teacher’s Training and Education Sanata Dharma University who gave me the chance to have some wonderful moments during my study. I am deeply indebted to Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M., my advisor. I am also indebted to Laurentius Krisna Septa Bernanda, S.Pd., who are willing to be my reader.

I would like to give my big thanks to my family, Pius Rakyan Mahakala

Mintaraga, Sylvester Natalia Lilik Saptawati Widyarini, Filumena Ajeng

Nastiti, Ferdinandus Adimas Panuntun (†), and Felicitas Athalia Sekar

Daniswara who always support me even though I could not spend much time with them during my study. I am also grateful to my friends: Widya Ayu

Anindita, Helena Vita Devina, Inge Bertha Anwiyant, Irene Melati, and to those of whom I cannot mention one by one for giving me their time, support, help, interest during all those months. My personal gratitude is given to Father

Krismanto for his attention and prayer. I also appreciate Junaedi Ghazali’s support when I was tired and stressed as well as giving me reminder to finish my the undergraduate thesis.

I thank The Peacock members for the ups and downs during the SPD until now. I also thank all members of Class B for always being funny and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

helpful. Also for the members of Miss Mita’s class, I thank them for being there and fighting together.

Last but not least, I thank those whose names cannot be mentioned one by one on this acknowledgements paper. Their help and support mean so much to me.

Fabiola Nimas Ayu Sukeswari

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii DEDICATION PAGE...... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xii FIGURE ...... xiv APPENDIX ...... xv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 4 C. Significance of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Psychological Approach ...... 9 2. Theory of Vanity ...... 10 3. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 11 4. Theory of Human Motivation ...... 13 5. Theory of Interpersonal Communication ...... 15 C. Review of Historical-Biographical Background ...... 18 D. Theoretical Framework ...... 19

xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...... 20 A. Object of the Study ...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 21

CHAPTER IV.ANALYSIS ...... 24 A. The Identification of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille ...... 24 B. The Influence of Vanity to Jean-Baptist Grenouille’s Interpersonal Communication ...... 29

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 36 A. Conclusions ...... 36 B. Implications ...... 39 C. Suggestions ...... 41

REFERENCES...... 43

APPENDIX...... 45

xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

FIGURE

Figure Page

2.1Johari Window……….……………...... 15

xiv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDIX

Page

Summary of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer …...... 45

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of background of the study, research questions, significance of the study, and definition of terms. In the background of the study, the writer explains the reason why Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, the main character in

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer becomes the objective of the study. Then, there are two research questions which becomes the focus of the study. The significance of the study explains the contribution of the conducted study for several perspectives and the development of knowledge. The last is definition of terms where the writer discusses about the meaning of the terms used

A. Background of the Study

Literature is a product created by people in order to express their feelings or thoughts. Literature’s base itself is made of people’s feelings and experiences. Sartre

(1998) stated that literature was about analyzing language’s symbol carefully to create a new world for readers.

Literature was about the world, readers were in the world; the question was not whether to be but how to be, and this was best answered by carefully analyzing language’s symbolic enactments of the various existential possibilities available to human beings (p.164). Literature was about creating a new world for the readers based on their imagination. The author created the world by using symbols of language in the novel

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

and the readers imagined the world through reading literary work. To understand the novel, the readers can analyze the symbols of language to help them understand the expressions reflected by the author. Therefore, the writer uses literature as the field of her undergraduate thesis because it is a reflection of humans’ feelings and expressions. The writer expects to analyze the language’s symbol to see the feelings or experiences described in the novel.

The writer uses novel as the media for this study. Laar and Schoonderwoerd

(1963) stated that a novel is an art which introduces human into a living world.

A novel is a work of art in so far as it introduces us into a living world; in some respects resembling the world we live in, but with an individuality of its own. To make a novel, we need to draw up the elements of it. They are the plot, characters, dialogue, style, and time and place. The novelist’s philosophy of life either stated in plain words or implied (p. 163). In order to write a good novel, we need to draw up the elements of it, which are plot, characters, dialogue, style, and setting of time and place. Warner (1998) stated that novel has its role as a medium for entertainment (p. 19). In the writer’s perspective, there are people who read novels to spend their leisure time for entertainment or for getting new perspective from the authors’ reflection. People can get new understanding through the character, the story or even from the way the authors tell the stories. Therefore, the writer chooses a novel as the object of study and the title is Perfume: The Story of a Murderer.

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a story about a man who does not have any scents. Not only he has a scentless body, but also a unique ability which is smelling every scent, for example, the smell of water, air, fruits, and oil. This ability PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

becomes his motivation to keep living and learn how to keep the scent. He wants to keep the scent because he wants to possess the scent as his. As described in the novel, his life is not easy to live. Not only being sold twice by the people who took care of him, but he also dumped by his mother. He has to work for a tanner, a person whose job is to tan animal skins to make leather, named Grimal, and also for a perfumer, named Giuseppe Baldini. Grenouille comes to Baldini to learn how to keep scent not how to mix perfumes or compose scent correctly; he thinks that the more he masters the tricks and tools of the trade, the better he will be at expressing himself in the form of perfume. Unfortunately, Grenouille gets more and more possesive to the scent around him and it brings him into an unexpected incident in his life. The incident is people who smell the scent of perfume, of which he had made, become attracted and obsessed to him.

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Süskind is an interesting novel even though people say that this novel is full of psychopathic themes. The main focus of this study are the main character named Jean-Baptiste Grenouille and his vanity.

People may understand that any rules serve to secure human existence must be arranged by the concept of the community and be appropriate to it. Sometimes, people call justice and righteousness, and consider most valuable in the human character, as essential to fulfill the conditions which arise in social needs. These condition could affect human’s love of truth, responsibility and loyalty. People can judge a character as bad or good only from the standpoint of the society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In this study, the writer analyzed the vanity from Jean-Baptiste Grenouille.

Most people are familiar with ambition but not vanity. Adler (1928) stated that ambition was a better-sounding word for vanity (p. 156). From the writer’s perpective, people are living with vanity in order to reach their goals or purposes of life. Vanity gives people willingness to fight for what they deserve. Adler (1928) stated that vanity is a condition achieved when someone loses his sense of reality (p.

165). The freedom of his action is inhibited through his lost of sense of reality. From the reasons above, the writer wants to analyze Jean-Baptiste Grenouille since his behavior is obviously different from the behavior of the people in common. His possessiveness to scents leads him to lost of sense of reality.

B. Research Questions

There are two research questions which become the focus of this research:

1. How vanity is described in Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, the main character in

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer?

2. How vanity influences Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s interpersonal

communication?

C. Significance of the Study

By doing this research, the writer expects that this study will be beneficial for some perspectives. As the writer had previously stated, people are living with vanity PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in order to reach their goals or purposes of life. Therefore, people are supposed to understand about vanity and the criteria of vain people.

First, the writer hopes that it can help readers to understand well about vanity and help them to know how to deal with their communication. Communication is needed by human being. People are not only delivering the thoughts but also expressing themselves through communication. Second, it can help teachers and teacher candidates to understand their students’ condition. By understanding the students’ condition better, teachers and teacher candidates can grab more attention in the learning process. The writer hopes that this study can help the readers, teachers, and teacher candidates to manage their emotion and help them to understand others’ emotion better. When teachers and teacher candidates understand about their students’ vanity, it will be easier for them to manage their class. Third, this study hopefully can help other writers who conduct further study interested in vanity and interpersonal communication.

D. Definition of Terms

1. Vanity

Adler (1928) stated that vanity is a condition achieved when someone loses his sense of reality (p. 165). From the writer’s perspective, vanity or ambition has good and bad effects to human life. We can see vanity through people’s attitude, in the way they speak, in their way they dress, and in their contacts with other people. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Character and characterization

The writer stated that a character is a person in literature whom is created by the author’s imagination based on their real life. Jackson (1979) stated in his journal that main character is the first requirement for a well written piece of fiction.

Kennedy (1999) stated that a character is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story (p.60). Kennedy also said that there are two types of characters, flat and round characters. Flat characters (static characterss) tend to stay the same throughout a story, but round characters (dynamic characters) often change.

3. Interpersonal Communication

For the writer, interpersonal communication is interaction between two or more people. It is based on Giffin and Patton (1976) who stated that interpersonal communication refers to face-to-face interactions between two or more people who are consistently aware of each other (p.11). They also stated that communication is the moment when people adjust themselves to their environment and adjust the environment for them (pp. 11-12).

4. Perfume

According to the writer’s understanding, perfume is a fragrance which is made using any animate being’s scent. Perfumes are used for enhancing the users’ charisma. Süskind (2006, p. 36) stated that “the purpose of perfumes was to create an intoxicating and alluring effect”. He also said that perfume brought the value of the individual’s essence. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In the review of related literature, there are four discussed sections. The first section consists of the related studies which give other perception on Perfume: The

Story of a Murderer. Then, the review of related theories which supports the process of data analyzing. The review on the historical-biographical background consists of the description of the situation of the 17th Century in Paris. The theoretical framework consists of related theories which functions as support to answering problem formulations of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is awarded as the most read German novel and breaks an international best seller (Adams, 2000). The main character of this novel is Jean-Baptiste Grenouille. There were several writers who conducted a study using this novel as a media. One of the studies conducted by Napitupulu (2012) from

Sanata Dharma University, undertakes an undergraduate thesis entitled Anti-social

Personality Disorder of the Main Character in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume, the Story of a Murderer. She found that Jean-Baptiste Grenouille experiences a psychological disorder known as anti-social personality disorder. Her findings were due to her research in identifying the characteristics of Grenouille and finding Grenouille’s symptoms that made him suffers the anti-social personality disorder. Therefore,

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Napitupulu conducted a psychological study in order to relate Grenouille’s characteristics with the criteria of anti-social personality disorder.

Another study was conducted by Karina (2014) from Sanata Dhama

University. She writes an undergraduate thesis entitled The Impact of Perfectionism on Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Condition as Seen in Patrick Süskind’s

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. The objectives of her study were to portray the characteristics of a perfectionist as seen in Jean-Baptiste Grenouille and to search the impacts of perfectionism on Grenouille’s psychological condition. From the study, she could conclude that Grenouille was a perfectionist. It could be seen from his characteristics which were neat, orderly, meticulous, persistent, critical, hard working, reliable, single-minded, anxious, and anti-social.

The writer, thus, uses Napitupulu’s and Karina’s studies as comparing materials. In this study, the writer aims to identify Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s vanity and how vanity influences Grenouille’s interpersonal communication. Contrary to the writer’s focus, Napitupulu puts focus on Grenouille’s past experience in examining his anti-social personality disorder while Karina puts focus on the impacts of perfectionism on Grenouille’s psychological condition. However, the findings of

Grenouille’s characteristics from Napitupulu and Karina are useful as the supporting source for the writer in identifying Grenouille’s vanity. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Psychological Approach

There are several approaches used in analyzing a literary work, according to

Kennedy and Gioia (1999) the approaches are called critical approach. They divided critical approach into five other approaches; those were formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach (pp. 3-15). The focus of the formalist approach is to comprehend the totality of the literary object. Formalist critic is focusing on the analysis on words of the text rather than facts about the author’s life in which it was written. Formalist critics believed that what gave a literary text its feeling as art in how all of its elements worked together to create the reader’s experience.

Biographical approach puts focus on the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of literary object. A biographical critic does not concern in recreating the record of the author’s life. Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate a literary work was in reference to the surroundings that produced it. In applying this approach, people should be careful because of the approach’s complexity. The application of this approach is on a narrow ethical system and it might lead people to judge literature only as good as what they believed to be true. Mythopoeic approach is an interdisciplinary approach that combined the ideas of anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion. It explores the character’s common humanity by tracing how an individual imagination uses myths. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The research questions in this study are focusing on vanity shown by Jean-

Baptiste Grenouille which influences his interpersonal intelligence. According to

Rohrberger & Woods (1971), psychological approach is involving the effort of the character to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. Using psychological approach can help the readers understand about the character’s thought and behavior

(p.13). Therefore, psychological approach is used to help the writer analyze

Grenouille’s motivation through psychological point of view.

2. Theory of Vanity

Based on Adler (1928, p. 133), character trait is the appearance of some specific expressions of human who is adjusting himself to the world he lived in.

Character trait is not expressions of inherited powers but they are acquired for the purpose of maintaining a particular habit in life. Adler (1928) also stated that the beginning of character development is usually marked by such active, aggressive traits.

According to Adler (1928), there are five characters of aggressive character traits. Those are vanity or ambition, jealousy, envy, avarice, and hate (pp. 155-184).

Vanity is evident in every attitude, in the way of speaking or in the way of contacting with others. It means that wherever one looks, one sees the pictures of vain. Vanity or ambition can be good or bad depending on the doer’s aim.

Human beings may also be divided into assailants and defendants (pp. 143-

147). Based on the writer’s perspective, being assailants or defendants are affected by PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

their experience of living. The assailant attitude is characterized by violent movements. Usually those who belong to assailants are those who have such great pain and repress all feelings of tenderness and softness, the reason is because such feelings often appear as the representative of their weakness. Those who become brutal and cruel actually have no ability to sympathize or cooperate. They tend to show their vanities not caring that they cause disharmony in relating with the world and also betray their whole character.

Adler (1928) stated several criteria of vain people (p. 155-176). First, vain people think constantly of themselves or only what other people think about them.

How someone set their purpose of life could also help us to identify whether he/she was a vain person. Vain person is usually unable to adjust him/herself to live because his/her life purpose is to become more than they already are. Last, vain people have the desire to conquer everything and everyone, which reflects in their every attitude.

3. Theory of Character and Characterization

From the writer’s perspective, main character is a crucial aspect in a novel because it usually brings the plot line of the story forward. Jackson (1979) stated in his journal that the main character is the first requirement for a well written piece of fiction. To develop a story, it will be better if the authors choose a main character that others want to know more about and give slight descriptions about the characteristics.

In conclusion, the more extraordinary the better it will be. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Kennedy and Gioia (1999, pp. 60-61) said that there are two types of characters, flat and round characters. Flat characters or static characters tend to stay the same throughout a story, but round characters or dynamic characters often change. Minor characters tend to be flat because if they are round they will distract the readers from the main characters. In conclusion, the distraction is not only confusing the readers from the main characters but also from the story line.

According to Murphy (1972, pp. 161-173), there are nine ways to describe characterization of characters in the novel. First, the authors describe the characters from their appearance and clothes. Then, the authors describe the characters through other characters’ opinion. It can be in form of how other characters think about the character. Third, the authors describe the characters through what they say. Fourth, the authors let the readers know the characters’ past life. The aim is to show some events that shaped the personality of the characters. Then, the authors give clues to the readers through the conversation of other people and what they say to the characters. Sixth, the authors also give description on how the characters react to various situations and events. The authors can describe the comment directly on the character. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what the character is thinking about. It is different from the real life because in real life we cannot know what others’ are thinking about. The last one is from the character’s mannerisms, habits or uniqueness. In conclusion, there are several ways that can be used by authors in describing characters in a novel. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4. Theory of Human Motivation

Maslow theories of personality were made based on basic assumptions about motivation (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2010, pp. 325-331). The first assumption is adopting the holistic approach to motivation. This theory stated that humans are continually motivated by one or more aspects which will lead to achieve the self- actualization. Second, motivation is usually complex; meaning it is possible for human to act in a certain way because of many unrelated motivation. Third, people are continually motivated by one or other category of needs. Usually, when human can fulfill one category of needs, then other needs category which have less fulfilled needs will appear. Fourth, people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs.

The last is because the needs can be categorized on their hierarchy.

As cited in Feist and Feist (2010, pp. 331-337), there are five category of needs that construct Maslows’s (1970) hierarchy of needs. Those categories are psychological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The most basic category of needs is physiological needs. It includes the need for water, food, oxygen, etc. Physiological needs is different from another needs categories because it is the one and only category which can be fulfilled and overly fulfilled; physiological needs also can appear or usually called as recurring nature.

Physical safety, stability, protection, dependency, and freedom from threatening things such as diseases or war are included in the safety needs. Safety needs is different from physiological needs because there is a possibility for safety PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

needs to not be fulfilled. When they cannot fulfill the safety needs, they will feel basic anxiety.

The needs to have a friend; the needs to have a partner of life; the needs to be a part of a family, an environment or a nation are included into the needs of love and belongings. People who need love and a place to belong are divided into three groups.

The first are those whom love and sense of belonging are fulfilled since they were a kid. Usually, they have no such self-esteem to be rejected. Second, those who never feel love and have sense of belonging; they tend to unable in sharing love and sense of belongingness for others. The last group consists of people who only receive a small amount of love and sense of belonging. Those who only receive small amount of love and sense of belonging need more love and sense of belonging than those who never receive love and sense of belonging.

Esteem needs includes self-appreciation, self-confidence, ability and knowledge. Maslow (1970) identified two levels of esteem needs. They are reputation and pride (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2010, pp. 335). Reputation is seeing a perception of prestige, acknowledgment, and popularity of someone from others perspective.

While pride is someone’s feeling about him/herself that he/she is important and needed by others. Usually, pride is influenced by others opinion.

Self-actualization, aware of self potentials and abilities, and needs to be as creative as possible are including to the needs of self-actualization. People who can actualize their selves will become independent people. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

5. Theory of Interpersonal Communication

For the writer, interpersonal communication is interaction between two or more people. While according to Giffin and Patton (1976), interpersonal communication focuses on face-to-face interactions between two or more people who are consistently aware of each other (p.11). They also state that communication is the moment when people adjust themselves to their environment and adjust the environment for them (pp. 11-12). The Johari Window (as cited in Giffin and Patton, in 1976, p. 13) which represents four different areas which categorizes people’s reason in having mutual interaction with other people.

Figure 2.1 Johari Window

Area 1 shows the categorization of means of which behavior and motivation are known to self and known to others. It shows the extent of the people can interact and share their experience together. The larger this area means the greater is the people’s contact with the real world and more available to adjust to self and others.

Area 2 shows the categorization of means of which behavior and motivation not known to self but known by others. It can be illustrated when people talk to others, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

they may demonstrate a need to dominate others and not be as aware of this need as others. It shows when people tend to say, “Do you know that? You know?”. Area 3 categorizes behavior and motivation which are open to self but keep “hidden” from others. Some people tend to do this because they do not feel safe in revealing their true selves and feelings. Area 4 represents categorization for the inner sphere of behavior and motivation which are not known either to self or others. This area is assumed that people may surprise him/herself for doing something that they do not even think that they are able to do it.

Giffin and Patton (1976) stated that in terms of specific objectives for students, interpersonal communication should contribute to personal development in three significant areas: functional intelligence, social decision making, and self expression (p.15). Functional intelligence enables students in converting personal experience, knowledge, and insight into value and utility for others. Social decision making enables students to process data and work with people through discussion and open exchange of ideas. Last, self expression which enables students in strengthening personal identity and social involvement through interpersonal communication.

There are several characteristics of interpersonal communication according to

Giffin and Patton (1976, pp. 16-18). First, in interpersonal communication, both the sender and the receiver of meaning must be present and aware of both parties involved. In one-way communication, we may write, read, record, and hear the message alone while interpersonal communication cannot be done without those aspects. Second, interpersonal communication requires constant adaptation and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

spontaneous adjustment to the other person in the form of verbal and non-verbal messages. Those requirements are needed to help the sender of the message select and use the symbols in order to send the message and get feed-back from the receiver.

Third, in interpersonal communication, the behavior of the sender and receiver in the process of communication are intertwined, therefore they cannot be separated. When two people interact, they try to predict how the other will respond.

This communication involves role-taking in order to merge self and others, therefore they are able to predict, anticipate, and behave with the joint needs of self and other.

Fourth, since interpersonal communication relies on behaviors, people must be satisfied with degrees of mutual understanding. In this point, people should distinguish between the actions that they can see and hear, and intrapersonal experience that are invisible. Like an iceberg, the behavior of someone may be the manifestation of a unique intrapersonal experience. Sometimes, people use the interpersonal perception, orientation, and relationship to shape their behavior. So, interpersonal communication can be the bridge of interaction between people.

Other people cannot see the experience or inner life of someone, and their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about him/her are simply a projection of their own experience. Thus, the impact which they have on someone consists of personal meanings they attach to themselves. Because of the reasons above, people are often defining meaning of the message on the behavior of the interpersonal communication partners. Last, interpersonal communication involves mutual needs to communicate, so people are forced to respond to a variety of signals. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Review of Historical-Biographical Background

This section explains the environment of the novel. As mentioned before, in order to analyze the novel, people have to understand its elements as a whole.

Therefore, this section is needed for giving the novel’s background knowledge to understand the novel further.

This novel was written by Patrick Süskind in 1985 and translated by John E.

Woods in 1986. Süskind was born in Germany. He moved to Paris on 1974, and he wrote Perfume: The Story of a Murderer there. The place setting in Perfume, the

Story of a Murderer was in France. While the time setting was in right before the transformation from absolute monarchy to revolution which was happening on the

17th century. The exact time setting in the story was in 1738 (p. 4) until 1766 (p. 253).

There were 2 wars happened in France during 1738-1766: Austrian Succession and

Seven Years’ War. Austrian Succession happened between 1745-1748 and Seven

Years’ War happened between 1756-1763. During most of that time, the royal finance had been in dangerous state. They were drained by the major wars of the century.

The process of transformation affected people’s way of thinking at that time.

The governments were changing from dictator into a more democratic government.

They allowed the citizen to learn about science and develop their knowledge. People developed their interests and wrote books on history, science, and philosophy. It was proved by the fact that the Philosophes were publishing Spirit of Laws (1748) and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences (1750). On the other hand, men were still considered to have higher status than women except those who were from nobility. Those who had higher status could colonize the lower status people.

The readers could see in the novel that Grenouille was sold by a tanner and a perfumer. Prestige was an important thing to protect; therefore Grenouille was used to help the perfumer, Baldini, to produce many formulas of great perfumes.

D. Theoretical Framework

The writer used several theories for supporting the answer to the research questions. Even though the problems had strong main theories which answered them, other theories which related to the topic were mentioned to help the writer made the basic concept of the problems. The theories were theory of psychological approach, theory of vanity, theory of character and characterization, theory of human motivation, and theory of interpersonal intelligence.

In answering the first research question the writer used theory of vanity and theory of character and characterization and for the second, the writer used theory of human motivation and theory of interpersonal intelligence. The influences could be revealed by analyzing the changes from the beginning point to the ending point. The writer chose the moment when Jean-Baptiste Grenouille was obsessed with the plum girl’s scent as the beginning point and the moment when he was died being eaten be the poor people as the ending point. These points were made in order to help the writer analyzed the novel. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer elaborates the novel itself to the way the writer solves the research questions. This chapter has two parts. The first part is object of the study. In this part, the writer explains the summary of the novel. The next part is approach of the study where the writer elaborates the approach she uses to analyze the problem formulation.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study was a novel with entitled Perfume: The Story of a

Murderer. It is a French novel written by a German writer named Patrick Süskind. It was originally written in German as Das Parfum and published by Diogenes Verlag,

Zurich in 1985. The novel was translated into English by John E. Woods and published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York in 1986. This novel consists of 4 parts, 51 chapters, and 255 pages. This novel was adapted as film in 2006.

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a novel with historical, mystery, and magical realism genre. The story focuses on Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, who had an extraordinary ability and his ambition to make a perfect perfume that would make everyone love and respect him. In order to create the perfume he murdered around 25 women who were later turned to be scent essences. He got a punishment, being

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

decapitated, because of his action. In the end of the novel, Patrick Süskind pointed out the message of his novel by mentioning the reason an action based on love.

B. Approach of the Study

In conducting this study, the writer used the psychological approach. This approach functioned as supporting media for the writer in analyzing a person through his or her psychology side; his or her character. By using this approach, the writer was expected to understand the motives of his vanity.

In 1972, Ary, Jacobs, and Ashgar asserted that research can be divided into two main types of research, those are library research and empirical research. Library research relies on finding documentation in a library or other archive, including online sources, then make summarize, analysis, synthesize, and evaluation of it.

Empirical research focuses on collecting data in some forms before summarizing, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating it. Kothari (1990) also stated that there are several basic types of research, such as conceptual and empirical research.

Conceptual research is related to make some abstract ideas or reinterpret the existing ideas. While empirical research relies on experience or observation which is conducted by the researcher (p. 4).

In conducting this study, the writer used library research. The writer used

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer novel to be analyzed because the condition and situation which happened to be captured and put as the evidence. The writer also used several books, studies and journals to help her find some theories related to the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

research questions to support the findings. After reading the novel and several theories, the writer made a speculation of Grenouille’s vanity could influence his interpersonal communication. Then, she analyzed the novel through the steps described below:

The writer conducted this study through some steps. First, the writer read the book five times. By this condition, the writer would be able to understand the plot line from the novel. After understanding the plotline, the writer found some important events and strong points to be analyzed. Then, the writer arranged important events chronologically. After that, the writer worked on the research questions. The findings helped the writer to make deeper understanding upon the studied topic and draw conclusions.

In the data analysis, the writer used the Adler’s theory on vanity character as guidance. It had some criteria to be analyzed but the writer only used the most dominant criteria. The writer stated several opinions about the findings of the problem formulation and also supported by the quotation from the novel in the data analysis. The most dominant criteria were (1) vain people thought constantly of themselves or only what other people thought about them, (2) vain people unable to adjust themselves to life because their whole purpose was to appear to be more than they are, and (3) vain people had the desire to conquer everything and everyone which reflected in every attitude.

After identifying the vanity character, the writer analyzed the influence of it to the interpersonal communication. The writer used Johari Window to help her analyze PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the motivations built in Grenouille’s interpersonal communication. Then after relating the theories, the writer opinions, and the situations happened in the novel, the writer drew a conclusion based on the analysis discussed in the study. The last one, the writer provided implications and suggestions for future researchers and readers.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter elaborates the research questions in the previous chapter. It is systematically divided into two main parts. The first covers the character identification based on the vanity by Adler. By identifying and analyzing the character, the writer is able to analyze the influence of vanity to Jean-Baptiste

Grenouille’s interpersonal communication.

A. The Identification of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille

Jackson (1979) stated in his journal that main character was the first requirement for a well written piece of fiction. Therefore, the identification of the main character was the primary step to reach the aim of this study. The writer would discuss the most dominant criteria from vanity of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille since the goal of this study was to reveal the vanity of the main character. This identification which highlights the main character was meant that the readers would focus on the main character only. The theory of vanity that was defined by Alfred Adler was used in analyzing the criteria of the main character. Patrick Süskind had described Jean-

Baptiste Grenouille as follows.

Vanity could be described through every attitude, in the way of speaking or in the way of contacting with others. It could also appear on the way of thinking. Adler

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(1928) stated that vain people thought constantly of themselves or only what other people thought about them. In the novel, Grenouille was often described as someone who constantly thought about himself.

She was so frozen with terror at the sight of him that he had plenty of time to put his hands to her throat. She did not attempt to cry out, did not budge, did not make the least motion to defend herself. He, in turn, did not look at her, did not see her delicate, freckled face, her red lips, her large sparkling green eyes, keeping his eyes closed tight as he strangled her, for he had only one concern-not to lose the least trace of her scent. When she was dead he laid her on the ground among the plum pits, tore off her dress, and the stream of scent became a flood that inundated him with its fragrance. (pp. 42-43) The evidence above indicated how Grenouille only thought about himself.

The evidence was taken from the moment when Grenouille killed his victim. He did not think about the victim’s reaction. Grenouille was only concerned with his needs rather than the girl’s life. His attention was on the thought of not to lose the girl’s scent. In sum, he did not care about the girl’s life. He did not care whether the girl was alive or not. He put his needs as his priorities and he would do anything as long as he could get what he wanted, including killing the girl.

Another evidence was taken from the moment when there was a wedding party and Grenouille attended the party. He felt superior there. He thought that he was not afraid of invitees. He thought that they were dumb and could be deceive by him.

He thought that he was better than those people and they were nothing. This evidence showed how Grenouille admired himself and constantly thought about himself. He did not consider other people equal with him. He did not care about what other people thought about him. The elaboration was proven by the evidence below: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Grenouille stood there like that in the bosom of the crowd for a good quarter of an hour, a strange child pressed sanctimoniously to his chest. And while the wedding party passed by-to the accompaniment of the booming bells and the cheers of the masses and a pelting shower of coins-Grenouille broke out in a different jubilation, a black jubilation, a wicked feeling of triumph that set him quivering and excited him like an attack of lechery, and he had trouble keeping from spurting it like venom and spleen over all these people and screaming exultantly in their faces: that he was not afraid of them; that he hardly hated them anymore; but that his contempt for them was profound and total, because they were so dumb they stank; because they could be deceived by him, let themselves be deceived; because they were nothing, and he was everything! (pp. 153-154) How someone set their purpose of life could also help us to identify whether he/she was a vain person or not. One of the criteria of vanity by Adler (1928) was that a vain person was unable to adjust him/herself to life because his/her whole purpose was to appear to be more than they were.

He was not particular about it. He did not differentiate between what is commonly considered a good and a bad smell, not yet. He was greedy. The goal of the hunt was simply to possess everything the world could offer in the way of odors, and his only condition was that the odors be new ones. The smell of a sweating horse meant just as much to him as the tender green bouquet of a bursting rosebud, the acrid stench of a bug was no less worthy than the aroma rising from a larded veal roast in an aristocrat’s kitchen. He devoured everything, everything, sucking it up into him. But there were no aesthetic principles governing the olfactory kitchen of his imagination, where he was forever synthesizing and concocting new aromatic combinations. He fashioned grotesqueries, only to destroy them again immediately, like a child playing with blocks-inventive and destructive, with no apparent norms for his creativity. (p. 37) From the evidence above, the writer found that Jean-Baptiste Grenouille had a purpose in his life which was to possess every odor in this world. The evidence was taken from the moment when Grenouille was reminisced his past. He remembered that the purpose of perfumes was to create an intoxicating and alluring effect. He also PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

remembered that the value of the individual essences comprised them. Even he had not differentiated the good smell and bad smell yet, he still wanted to possess the scent. Grenouille was possessed to forcefully take something that he did not have from that belong to someone else which were odors. Taking something which was belong to someone else like odor was impossible thing to do. People might be able to take someone else’s clothes, but they were not be able to ripped someone else’s scent.

Therefore, the writer identified Grenouille as a vain person because he was unable to adjust his purpose to his life.

An average perfumer would not have made any great progress with its few floral oils, colognes, and spices. Grenouille, however, recognized with the first inhaled sniff that the ingredients on hand would be quite sufficient for his purposes. He did not want to create a great scent; he did not want to create a prestigious cologne such as he had once made for Baldini, one that stood out amid a sea of mediocrity and tamed the masses. Nor was even the simple orange blossom scent that he had promised the marquis his true goal. The customary essences of neroli, eucalyptus, and cypress were meant only as a cover for the actual scent that he intended to produce: that was the scent of humanness. He wanted to acquire the human-being odor-if only in the form of an inferior temporary surrogate-that he did not possess himself. True, the odor of human being did not exist, any more than the human countenance. Every human being smelled different, no one knew that better than Grenouille, who recognized thousands upon thousands of individual odors and could sniff out the difference of each human being from birth on. And yet-there was a basic perfumatory theme to the odor of humanity, a rather simple one, by the way: a sweaty-oily, sour-cheesy, quite richly repulsive basic theme that clung to all humans equally and above which each individual’s aura hovered only as a small cloud of more refined particularity. (pp/ 148-149) The evidence above was taken from the moment when Grenouille realized that the unique part of perfume was human aura. The thing that he was looking for was the human aura in each individual. The evidence above explicitly elaborated that

Grenouille was unable to adjust himself to life because his whole purpose was to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

appear to be more than they were. He set his purpose beyond achievement; the reason was because copying someone else’s aura was impossible. There was no explanation on how human being was able to copy someone else’s aura. Therefore, the writer stated that Grenouille set his purpose beyond his achievement since it was appear to be more than he was.

Grenouille would not have been Grenouille, however, if he had long been content with a fatalist’s heroic feelings. His will to survive and conquer was too tough, his nature too cunning, his spirit too crafty for that. Fine-he had decided to possess the scent of the girl behind the wall. And if he lost it again after a few weeks and died of the loss, that was fine too. But better yet would be not to die and still possess the scent, or at least to delay its loss as long as humanly possible. One simply had to preserve it better. One must subdue its evanescence without robbing it of its character-a problem of the perfumer’s art. (p. 192) The writer used Adler’s theory which stated that a vain person had the desire to conquer everything and everyone which reflected in every attitude. The evidence above was taken from the moment when he remembered the memory of the plum girl’s scent. At first, he was terrified. His mind was full by the thought of running out of scent. He lost a scent once and he did not want to lose any again. The writer understood that Grenouille had the desire to conquer everything. The experience of losing the scent before built a strong desire to conquer the scent. The novel’s author stated clearly that Grenouille’s will to survive and conquer were too tough. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. The Influence Of Vanity To Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s Interpersonal

Communication

The previous part had discussed the identification of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille according to vanity. He was vain individual, analyzed from how he constantly thought about himself and how he was unable to adjust himself to life because his desire to conquer everything.

This part of analysis consisted of the influence of vanity to Jean-Baptiste

Grenouille’s interpersonal communication. The influences could be revealed by analyzing the changes from the beginning point to the ending point. The writer chose the moment when Jean-Baptiste Grenouille was obsessed with the plum girl’s scent as the beginning point; for the ending point, the writer chose the moment when he died being eaten be the poor people as the ending point. These points were made in order to help the writer analyzed the novel. The writer analyzed the influence to interpersonal communication. The following are the analysis of the process of influence seen in Grenouille.

In the Johari Window, there are several areas to help the writer analyze the interpersonal communication made by Grenouille. Area one in the Johari Window means that the behavior and motivation known to self and known to others. It shows the extent of the people could interact and share their experience together. It was proven by the evidence below.

“Tell me, maître, are there other ways to extract the scent from things beside pressing or distilling?” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Baldini, believing the voice had come either from his own imagination or from the next world, answered mechanically, “Yes, there are.” “What are they?” came the question from the bed. And Baldini opened his tired eyes wide. Grenouille lay there motionless among his pillows. Had the corpse spoken? “What are they?” came the renewed question, and this time Baldini noticed Grenouille’s lips move. It’s over now, he thought. This is the end, this is the madness of fever or the throes of death. And he stood up, went over to the bed, and bent down to the sick man. His eyes were open and he gazed up at Baldini with the same strange, lurking look that he had fixed on him at their first meeting. “What are they?” he asked. Baldini felt a pang in his heart-he could not deny a dying man his last wish- and he answered, “There are three other ways, my son: enfleurage à chaud, enfleurage a froid, and enfleurage a l’huile. They are superior to distillation in several ways, and they are used for extraction of the finest of all scents: jasmine, rose, and orange blossom.” “Where?” asked Grenouille. “In the south,” answered Baldini. “Above all, in the town of Grasse.” “Good,” said Grenouille. (p.104-105) The evidence showed that Grenouille and his maître, Baldini, understood

Grenouille desire to learn about several ways used to extract the scents. Baldini might not understand the real reason of why Grenouille wanted to learn about them, but he understood his desire. Therefore, he told him that there were several ways used to extract the scent in the south. The evidence above showed how Grenouille and

Baldini built the interpersonal communication by having conversation and understanding the motivation of the conversation they had.

Area two represents that the behavior and motivation not known to self but known to others. It can be illustrated when people talk to others, they may demonstrate a need to dominate others and not be as aware of this need as others. As the writer wrote in chapter two, Giffin and Patton (1976) said that in interpersonal PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

communication, both the sender and the receiver of meaning must be present.

Interpersonal communication required constant adaptation and spontaneous adjustment to the other person in the form of verbal and non-verbal messages.

Interpersonal communication also relied on behaviors. The behavior of someone might be the manifestation of a unique intrapersonal experience. Sometimes, people used the interpersonal perception, orientation, and relationship to shape their behavior. Those theories were applied in the explanation of area two.

No one knows how good this perfume really is, he thought. No one knows how well made it is. Other people are merely conquered by its effect, don’t even know that it’s a perfume that’s working on them, enslaving them. The only one who has ever recognized it for its true beauty is me, because I created it myself. And at the same time, I’m the only one that it cannot enslave. I am the only person for whom it is meaningless. When I was standing there at the wall below the garden where the plum girl was playing and her scent came floating down to me… or, better, the promise of her scent, for the scent she would carry later did not even exist yet-maybe what I felt that day is like what the people on the parade grounds felt when I flooded them with my perfume…? But then cast the thought aside: No, it was something else. Because I knew that I desired the scent, not the girl. But those people believed that they desired me, and what they really desired remained a mystery to them. Then he thought no more, for thinking was not his strong point, an then, too, he was already in the Orléanais. (p. 252) The evidence above was the proof of the intrapersonal experience in

Grenouille’s past. The experience of meeting the plum girl and desiring her scent made Grenouille thought that he desired the scent only. The meeting with the plum girl built a belief that she had the best scent. This belief built a behavior of how

Grenouille desired the scent and never thought that he desired the girl. Therefore, he kept murdering women and making them into extract until he met Laure Richis. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The little man in the blue frock coat, however, had suddenly simply been there, as if he had sprouted out of the ground, and he had had a little bottle in his hand that he unstoppered. That was the first thing that any of them could recall: that he had stood there and unstoppered a bottle. And then he had sprinkled himself all over with the contents of the bottle and all at once he had been bathed in beauty like blazing fire. For a moment they fell back in awe and pure amazement. But in the same instant they sensed their falling back was more like preparing for a running start, that their awe was turning to desire, their amazement to rapture. They began to push, to shove, and to elbow, each of them trying to be closest to the center. They tore away his clothes, his hair, his skin from his body, they plucked him, they drove their claws and teeth into his flesh, the attacked him like hyenas. (pp. 253-254) The evidence above was the proof of both the sender and the receiver of meaning must be present. The evidence showed that both Grenouille as the sender and the poor people as the receivers were present. They communicated through body movements. At first, they did not recognize Grenouille’s existence because they had been dealing with ghosts or angels or other supernatural beings. Usually, when there was a stranger, they would only feel curious and therefore became very touchy.

However, after Grenouille poured the perfume upon himself, they suddenly adored and desired him and, thus, they ate him alive.

In relation to motivation, Grenouille did not know why he poured the perfume upon himself. On the other hand, the people knew that Grenouille’s action was done based on love. And for the first time, the people felt moved by the act of love as it pushed them to eat him alive. At first they felt ashamed but proud to be doing their first act of love. The desire they had was not only a common desire but it was made out of love as proven by the evidence below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

When the cannibals found their way back together after disposing of their meal, no one said a word. Someone would belch a bit, or spit out a fragment of bone, or softly smack into the flames. They were all a little embarrassed and afraid to look at one another. They had all, whether man or woman, committed a murder or some other despicable crime at one time or another. But eat a human being? They would never, so they thought, have been capable of anything that horrible. And they were amazed that it had been so very easy for them and that, embarrassed as they were, they did not feel the tiniest bite of conscience. On the contrary! Though the meal lay rather heavy on the stomachs, their hearts were definitely light. All of sudden there were delightful, bright fluttering in their dark souls. And on their faces was a delicate, virginal glow of happiness. Perhaps that was why they were shy about looking up and gazing into one another’s eyes. When they finally did dare it, at first with stolen glances and then candid ones, they had to smile. They were uncommonly proud. For the first time they had done something out of love. (p. 255) Area three shows that behavior and motivation are open to self but kept

“hidden” from others. Some people tend to do this because they do not feel safe in revealing their true selves and feelings.

“You have, it appears, a fine nose, young man,” he said, once Grenouille had ceased his wheezing; and he stepped back into the workshop, carefully setting the candlestick on the worktable, “without doubt, a fine nose, but…” “I have the best nose in Paris, Maître Baldini,” Grenouille interrupted with a rasp. “I know all the odors in the world, all of them, only I don’t know the names of some of them, but I can learn the names. The odors that have names, there aren’t many of those, there are only a few thousand. I’ll learn them all, I’ll never forget the name of that balm, storax, the balm is called storax, it’s called storax…” (p. 73) For Grenouille, his ability to smell scents was hidden from others. In the evidence above, he told Baldini about his secret. He did this in order to made Baldini let him worked to Baldini. He tried to convince him that he had the best nose in the world. While he opened a secret to Baldini, he was keeping his actual intention from PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

him. Grenouille actual intention to Baldini was to learn how to make extract of scent.

It was proven by the evidence below.

Once he had learned to express his fragrant ideas in drops and drams, he no longer even needed the intermediate step of experimentation. When Baldini assigned him a new scent, whether for a handkerchief cologne, a sachet, or a face paint, Grenouille no longer reached for flacons and powders, but instead simply sat himself down at the table and wrote the formula straight out. He had learned to extend the journey from his mental notion of a scent to the finished perfume by way of writing down the formula. For him it was a detour. In the world’s eyes-that is, in Baldini’s-it was progress. Grenouille’s miracles remained the same. But the recipes he now supplied along with them removed the terror, and that was for the best. The more Grenouille mastered the tricks and tools of the trade, the better he was able to express himself in the conventional language of perfumery-and the less his master feared and suspected him. (p. 92) Area four represents the inner sphere of behavior and motivation unknown either to self or others. This area is assumed that people might surprise him/herself for doing something that they do not even think that they are able to do it.

How it was that Grenouille could mix his perfumes without the formulas was still a puzzle, or better, a miracle, to Baldini, but at least he had captured this miracle in a formula, satisfying in part his thirst for rules and order and preventing the total collapse of his perfumer’s universe. (p. 91) By this evidence, the writer found that how Grenouille was able to mix perfumes without the formulas was a mystery. Not only for Baldini, for Grenouille himself, did he not know how he mixed the perfume without formula. He just depended on his nose. He relied on what he smelled by his nose without thinking about formula or even how to treat perfume appropriately.

From what the writer analyzed area one and area two had the biggest parts of

Grenouille’s motivation in order to do something. Grenouille unconsciously built the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

interpersonal communication to fulfill his need which was to be able to make perfume. Even he did not make many relations with other people, he bravely asked

Baldini to let him work for Baldini. He also made a move by pouring the rest of the perfume he made to his body without understanding the real meaning of his act.

While area three and four were giving less motivation than the previous areas.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter contains the conclusions of the study and consists of three parts.

The first part is the conclusions. This part contains the statements or answers to the questions in the problem formulation. The second part is the implication of the study.

This part provides the reflections on the result of the study in relation with education.

Then in the third part, the writer proposes some suggestions for the future researchers who want to conduct studies on Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of a Murderer and also for the English language teachers.

A. Conclusions

Based on the analysis that has been done, there are some points to be concluded. The first point is about Grenouille’s vanity. The analysis of Grenouille’s vanity in the previous chapter is important. By discovering the vanity character in

Grenouille, the writer found out that it influenced Grenouille interpersonal communication.

First, the conclusion discusses about Grenouille’s vanity. In the story,

Grenouille is described as a vain person. It is proven with the statement that vain people thought constantly of themselves or only what other people thought about them. The statement is also proven by the evidence of Grenouille accidentally killed the girl in order to protect his secret of desiring the girl’s scent. Another criterion that

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

describes him as a vain person is one’s inability to adjust himself with life; vain people’s purpose in life is to become more than what they already are. It is shown by the evidence that he has a purpose of his life which was to possess every odor in the world. His purpose of life is unable to be applied in the world because human is not possible to forcefully take something that they do not have from that belong to someone else. Vain person also has the desire to conquer everything and everyone. It is reflected by the thought of Grenouille who is afraid that the girls’ scents are running out. He ever lost the scent once and he does not want to lose it again. The experience of losing the scent before built a strong desire to conquer the scent.

Second, it discusses the influence of vanity on Grenouille’s interpersonal communication. As the writer said, he is a vain individual. It is analyzed from how he constantly thought about himself and how he is unable to adjust himself to the environment because his desire to conquer everything. This vanity character unconsciously builds the motivation to put his desire, which is to mix perfume from the girls’ essence, first. By using Johari Window, the writer analyzed the behavior and motivation related to Grenouille and others. Area one in Johari Window shows that Grenouille can interact and share his experience of mixing perfume with Baldini.

Both, Grenouille and Baldini, understand Grenouille’s desire to learn several ways used to extract scents. Baldini might not know the real reason of why Grenouille wanted to learn about them, but he understood his desire.

While area two represents the motivation which is affected by intrapersonal experience. Intrapersonal experience can affect the behavior of someone. By this PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

behavior, interpersonal communication is also affected by the intrapersonal experience. The experience of Grenouille meeting the plum girl and desiring her scent makes him thinks that he truly desiring the scent only. He does not realize that he desires the girl too. He experienced how to love someone. Unfortunately, he does not realize it because his mind is focus on the scent only. Therefore, he also does not realize the real reason of why he pours the perfume he made to himself in front of the poor people. At first, the poor people also do not know why he pours the perfume to his body. After they eat him alive, they realize that what they do is based on love.

Area three shows the behavior and motivation that open to self but keep hidden from others. Grenouille may reveal to Baldini his ability to smell every scent and odor in the world, but he keeps his actual intention to himself. Grenouille actual intention to Baldini is to learn how to make extract of scent. Area four represents the unknown motivation either to self or others. Grenouille is able to mix perfumes without formulas. Grenouille, himself, does not know how it could be happen. What he does is just rely on his nose without thinking about formula or even how to treat perfume appropriately.

By those analyses, the writer could see that Grenouille’s vanity influence his interpersonal communication. His vanities lead him to fulfill his needs first. The writer could see that mostly the motivations of his interpersonal communication were in order to make his dream came true. Grenouille let Baldini knew about his secret ability in order to make Baldini let him learn about perfume. He had the desire to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

conquer everything, therefore he did not mind to reveal his ability as long as he got what he wanted.

Before Grenouille was obsessed to scents, he would choose to remain silent and stay away from people. He preferred to live in his own world rather than deal with other people. It was because other people would judge him as a weird person because of his ability. It was proven by the evidence below.

As he grew older, he was not especially big, nor strong-ugly, true, but not so extremely ugly that people would necessarily have taken fright at him. He was not aggressive, nor underhanded, nor furtive, he did not provoke people. He preferred to keep out of their way. (p. 23) After Grenouille was obsessed to scents, he chose to follow his vanity and reveal his ability to several people. This statement was proven by the analyses above.

Grenouille put his vanity as his priority in order to do many things. Therefore, the writer could see how he put his act, thought, and feeling based on his vanity.

B. IMPLICATIONS

The implications of the study are related to the value of vanity, interpersonal communication, and education. The first implication deals with how students can apply vanity wisely and positively to avoid the bad impacts of it. The second implication deals with the role of English language teachers in helping the students.

The novel, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, tells about Jean-Baptiste as a vain person. He has a goal in his life. He wants to be a great perfumer and make the most powerful and perfect perfume which is able to influence people’s behavior PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

towards the wearer. In all the time of his life, he has never felt how it is to be loved.

He does not have scent like a normal human should have. People rarely notice him.

He is a nobody for everyone. By making a perfect perfume that can control people’s behavior, he has a hope to make people love and respect him. He desperately needs attention from others. He will not stop until he gets what he wants. That is how vanity people are. He expects confidently that people would love him after he makes and wears the perfume. He often gets depressed when he cannot meet his standard. He has a dream that is difficult to reach, to make people love him using a perfect perfume.

Until one day he is successful in making perfume. Unfortunately, when he pours the perfume to his body and sees people’s reaction which shows that they madly love

Grenouille, he realizes that it is the perfume which makes people act nicely to him, not because of himself.

From the story, we can learn that having a purpose in life can motivate us to reach it. Having an ambition is not bad as long as we can control ourselves. We will understand that if we cannot control our behavior and have a high standard for our lives, we can be vain people. Nowadays, there are many people with ambition. For example, students who want to get best grades in the school. It is good to have an ambition of having the best grade in school, but they are supposed to know how to deal with the worst possibility which is when they cannot meet their standards. It is better if they know about vanity and how to positively apply vanity, so the possibility to suffer from being overwhelmed with the ambition is decrease. However, vanity PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

still has the good characteristics which can lead to successful lives. If they can manage themselves by using their ambition, they can even get the better results.

Through this study, English language teachers and teacher candidates can learn how to deal with vain students. Not only how to deal with vain students, but also how to build a good interpersonal communication with them. As teachers, we are supposed to know more about students’ condition. Therefore, we can build the atmosphere to learn easily. Some people may think that vain students will inhibit other students from expressing themselves in class. On the contrary, we can help the vain students and other students to be balanced by using interpersonal communication. Communicating things is a good habit to do. It is not only needed for students to students, but also for students to teachers, teachers to students, and teachers to teachers. Once we can build a good interpersonal communication, we can help the vain students to be understood to others and we can give understandings to the vain students that giving chance for other students will not make them lose.

C. SUGGESTIONS

After conducting the study on Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of a

Murderer, the writer proposes two suggestions. The first is for the future researchers.

The second is for the readers.

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Süskind is an interesting novel.

There are many surprising events in the novel. The ending of the novel is also unpredictable. Many people say that this novel is full of psychopathic things. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

However, there are many topics that can be discussed based on the story of the novel, especially about the main character, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille. In this study, the writer has analyzed the influence of his vanity to his interpersonal communication. For future researchers, the writer recommends them study the meaning of love for Jean-

Baptist Grenouille. It can be a topic of the discussion because it seems that Grenouille is not only looking for attention but he also looking for the meaning of love to himself.

For all the readers, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Süskind can be used as a media to understand students character. This novel will help us to deal with our own character too. It depends on how the readers want to reflect the event in the novel to them. This novel is full of personal lessons such as how to deal with our emotion, how to deal with other people, and how to fight to reach our goals.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

REFERENCES

Adams, J. (2000). Narcissism and creativity in the postmodern era: the case of Patrick Süskind’s das parfum. Taylor and Francis, Inc. Retrieved February 13, 2017 from http://www.westshore.edu/personal/mwnagle//Wciv/PerfumeAnalysis.htm

Adler, A. (1928). Understanding human nature. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Asghar, R. (1972). Introduction to research in education. New York: Holt Reinhart and Winston.

Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2010). Teori kepribadian. (Handriatno, Trans.) Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.

Giffin, K. & Patton, B. R. (1976). Fundamentals of interpersonal communication (2nd ed.). London: Harper & Row.

Jackson, L. A. (1979). A guide to more effective use of imaginative written language. Language Arts, 55, 280-281.

Karina, L. P. (2014). The Impact of Perfectionism on Jean-Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Condition as Seen in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Kennedy, X. J. & Gioia, D. (1999). Literature: An introduction to fiction, poetry, and drama (7th ed.). New York: Longman.

Kothari, C. R. (1990). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (2nd revised ed.). New Delhi: New Age International Publisher

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Laar, E. & Schoonderwoerd, N. (1963). An approach to English Literature. Hertogenbosch: L.C.G. Malmberg.

Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding unseens. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Napitupulu. D. K. (2012). Anti-social Personality Disorder of the Main Character in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Rohrberger, M. & Woods, S. (1971). Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House.

Sartre, J. (1998). What is literature?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Süskind, P. (2006). Perfume: The story of a murderer, 1986. (John E. Woods, Trans). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Warner, W. B. (1998). Licensing entertainment: The elevation of novel reading in Britain.California: University of California Press.

Internet Sources: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=kbb#ixzz4 sNF9NE3t

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDIX PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Summary of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer

The story in this novel begins with John-Baptiste Grenouille’s birth. He was born with scentless body. He also has a unique ability which smells every scents and odors. This ability becomes his motivation to keep on living and learning how to keep the scent. Not only being sold twice by people who took care of him, but he also dumped by his mother. He has to work for a tanner, a person whose job is to tan animal skins to make leather, named Grimal, and also for a perfumer, named

Giuseppe Baldini. Grenouille comes to Baldini to learn how to keep scent not how to mix perfumes or compose scent correctly because he thinks that the more he mastered the tricks and tools of the trade, the better he will be able to express himself in the form of perfume. Unfortunately, Grenouille gets more and more possesive to the scent around him and it brings him into an unexpected accident in his life.

Baldini’s technique to concentrate the scents does not fulfill Grenouille’s obsession to extract and collect more scents. He ends up getting sick because he is mad at Baldini and himself. Baldini who is shocked then suggests him to go to the

South to learn more about extraction. Baldini releases Grenouille under three conditions which are: (1) he is not allowed to produe any of the perfumes under

Baldini’s roof and not sell the formulas to third parties, (2) he must leave Paris and not enter it again as long as Baldini lived, and (3) he must keep the first two conditions absolutely secret. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Before Grenouille arrives at the South, he stays for few days around a mountain consists of a giant cone of blue-gray rock. He can smell purer air there. The more Grenouille gets accustomed to pure air, the more sensitive he is to human odor.

Then he realizes that he has no odor. He is questioning himself why he has no odor.

He is confused with his own mind and decided to continue his journey to the South.

During the way the South, he realizes that every human smell different. He thinks that aura is the important aspect to make a perfume because it represents the personal odor. He also thinks that he can deceive people by making a perfume which smell is like human odor. Then he tries to make a perfume that can build an aura according on his thought. After he uses his perfume, many people respect and admit his existence. He becomes a famous guy and no longer shy.

Grenouille comes to Paris secretly. He comes to learn about several techniques to better his scent producing. He comes to a warehouse and he smells the odors of a redhead girl named Laure Richis. He wants to keep her odor but he still does not know how to keep it. Therefore, he promises to himself that he will be back in two years to learn how to keep it then make the scent to his own.

Grenouille works to Madame Arnulfi, a perfumer and learns how to make the essence absolue, the basic to make a perfume. After learning how to distill jasmine and other flowers, he tries to fulfill his obsession. He tried Madame Arnulfi’s distillation technique on a puppy and a deaf-mute beggar woman. However, he is not happy with the result because their scents turn out to be the scent of meat. He is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

obsessed to the odor of human beings who love. He slowly kills several young and beautiful girls and makes perfume from the essence of their body.

He has collected scents of virgin women and he is going to distill the redhead girl whom he really desires to keep the scent. Antoine Richis, the father of Laure

Richis, knows that his daughter is killed and began spreading the rumor about his daughter. Everybody is looking for the murderer and no one can find Grenouille.

Madame Arnulfi checks Grenouille’s room and she finds the red hair of Laure Richis also the clothes and the hair of the other women. Many people look for him and finally Grenouille is caught.

He is punished to be hung after being tortured. In the execution day, he comes and he uses the perfume which was made from the virgin women scents. The perfume gives a miracle effect everybody suddenly denies that Grenouille is the murderer.

They sink to their knees and begin seeing Grenouille as they see God. They act like they are in ecstasy. Grenouille is shocked with what he sees and hates them so much.

Unfortunately, the more he hates them, the more they praise him. Then he lost his consciousness due to his shock condition.

Grenouille is on Laure Richis’s bed when he is awake. Grenouille run away from the town. He no longer has any scent because the miracle is over. While on his run, he thinks about his perfume which he made. He had the power of money or the power of terror or the power of death. He keeps walking while thinking about the perfume. He ends up where he was born. He sees many people who are poor and hungry. Grenouille pours the perfume to his body. The poor people come to him and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

try to be the closest to him. They end up eating them alive. They are ashamed at first of what they have done, eat a human being. Then, they finally smile because they are uncommonly proud for doing something out of love.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDIX

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Summary of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer

South to learn more about extraction. Baldini releases Grenouille under three conditions which are: (1) he is not allowed to produe any of the perfumes under

Baldini’s roof and not sell the formulas to third parties, (2) he must leave Paris and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

not enter it again as long as Baldini lived, and (3) he must keep the first two conditions absolutely secret.

Then he realizes that he has no odor. He is questioning himself why he has no odor.

He is confused with his own mind and decided to continue his journey to the South.

happy with the result because their scents turn out to be the scent of meat. He is obsessed to the odor of human beings who love. He slowly kills several young and beautiful girls and makes perfume from the essence of their body.

He has collected scents of virgin women and he is going to distill the redhead girl whom he really desires to keep the scent. Antoine Richis, the father of Laure

Richis, knows that his daughter is killed and began spreading the rumor about his daughter. Everybody is looking for the murderer and no one can find Grenouille.

Madame Arnulfi checks Grenouille’s room and she finds the red hair of Laure Richis also the clothes and the hair of the other women. Many people look for him and finally Grenouille is caught.

They sink to their knees and begin seeing Grenouille as they see God. They act like they are in ecstasy. Grenouille is shocked with what he sees and hates them so much.

Unfortunately, the more he hates them, the more they praise him. Then he lost his consciousness due to his shock condition.

hungry. Grenouille pours the perfume to his body. The poor people come to him and try to be the closest to him. They end up eating them alive. They are ashamed at first of what they have done, eat a human being. Then, they finally smile because they are uncommonly proud for doing something out of love.