DOCSLIB.ORG

Binomial System of Nomenclature ICBN B.Sc. Botany Hons. II Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Binomial System of Nomenclature ICBN B.Sc. Botany Hons. II Paper Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Vidyarthi Department of Botany Dr. L.K.V.D. College, Tajpur, Samastipur L.N. Mithila University, Darbhanga Binomial Nomenclature: Linnaeus for the first time proposed that every living being has bionomial name, i.e., a name with two epithets. One is generic and the other is specific epithet. If an organism has a variety also, then the name becomes trinomial. Linnaeus proposed some rules for generic names of plants in Fundamental Botanica (1736) and Critica Botanica (1737). A.P.de Candolle for the first time proposed rules for nomenclature of plants which are passed by International Botanical Congress at Paris (1867). For the first time it was a Swedish Naturalist Carolus Linnaeus who started naming plants in 1753 as Binomial names. It was published in his book “Species plantarum”. The generic name is always a noun showing colour, name or adjective, e.g., Sarracenia named after a scientist Michel Sarracin. Species is always an adjective, e.g., for white flower, it is alba., for edible one it is sativa, black colour- nigrum etc. These names are not used always. Species may be a Pronoun, e.g., americana, indica, benghalensis, etc. It may be shape of a leaf (character of plant), e.g., sagittifolia, name of other scientist to whom the plant is dedicated, e.g., Sahnii etc. Before the middle of 18th century, plant names were generally polynomial consisting of several words in a series. Linnaeus proposed the elementary rules in Philosophia Botanica in 1751. In 1813 A.P.de Candolle proposed details of the rules regarding plant nomenclature in Theorie elementaire de la botanique. Alphonse de Candolle son of A.P.de Candolle after a long time convened an assembly of botanists of the world to present a new set of rules. Candolle convened the first International Botanical Congress at Paris in 1867. Linneaus to Tourneforte to A.P.de Candolle made Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. In 1867 it was put before Paris Botanical Congress with principles of priority as Basic code with no exception. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biology 302-Systematic Botany
    Biology 302 – Field Systematic Botany “Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum” (If you do not know the names of things, the knowledge of them is useless) Summer II 2013 Linneaus Critica Botanica 1737 Instructor Dr. Ross A. McCauley Office: 447 Berndt Hall Office phone: 970-247-7338 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/mccauley_r/index.html Office hours: MWR 10:00 am-12:10 pm and by appointment Course information Meeting time and place: Lecture/Lab MWR 8:00–10: 00 am, Berndt 440; Field T 8:00 am – 4:30 pm. The lab and herbarium will be open and available for independent work until at least noon on all class days. Required texts: Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens and M. J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. ISBN: 978-0-87893-407-2 Weber, W. A. and R. C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora: Western Slope, 4th edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, CO. ISBN: 978-1-60732-142-2 Harris, J. G. and M. W. Harris. 2001. Plant Identification Terminology, 2nd edition, Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, UT. ISBN: 978-0-96402-216-4 Required Supplies (available at FLC bookstore – probably not shelved with textbooks – ask clerk for assistance) 10x handlens 1 Rite-in-the-Rain, Horizontal Line All-Weather Notebook, No. 391 Course Website: http://moodle.fortlewis.edu I will use Moodle as a repository for any lecture material and plant lists. Most of these will also be made available in class.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclatural Studies Toward a World List of Diptera Genus-Group Names
    Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus-group names. Part V Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart Evenhuis, Neal L.; Pape, Thomas; Pont, Adrian C. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Evenhuis, N. L., Pape, T., & Pont, A. C. (2016). Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus- group names. Part V: Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart. Magnolia Press. Zootaxa Vol. 4172 No. 1 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Zootaxa 4172 (1): 001–211 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:22128906-32FA-4A80-85D6-10F114E81A7B ZOOTAXA 4172 Nomenclatural Studies Toward a World List of Diptera Genus-Group Names. Part V: Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart NEAL L. EVENHUIS1, THOMAS PAPE2 & ADRIAN C. PONT3 1 J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Entomological Research, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] 3Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by D. Whitmore: 15 Aug. 2016; published: 30 Sept. 2016 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 NEAL L.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of the BLACK CUTWORM, <Em>AGROTIS IPSILON</Em> (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), and ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED T
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BLACK CUTWORM, AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN TURFGRASS Andrea Jeanne Bixby-Brosi University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bixby-Brosi, Andrea Jeanne, "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BLACK CUTWORM, AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN TURFGRASS" (2011). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 183. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/183 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Andrea Jeanne Bixby-Brosi The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2011 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BLACK CUTWORM, AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN TURFGRASS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Andrea Jeanne Bixby-Brosi Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Daniel A. Potter, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky 2011 Copyright © Andrea Jeanne Bixby-Brosi 2011 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BLACK CUTWORM, AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN TURFGRASS Components of successful pest management programs must be complementary and not antagonistic. This project examined interactions between natural enemies of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), an important turfgrass pest, and host plant resistance by endophytic grass.
    [Show full text]
  • The Species Problem
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets Journal Contents Back Issues Book Reviews Research Notes Careers Meetings Botany Resources The Species Problem Selected Definitions (Presented in Chronological Order) Compiled by Donald Ugent 3/28/96 John Ray. 1704. "Nulla certior occurit quam distincta propagations ex semine.'' (Nothing is more certain to distinguish species than the criterion that true species faithfully reproduce their kind by seed.) "Plants which derive their origin from the same seed, and again propagate themselves in sowing, we may consider as belonging to a single species...Thus as to plants of specific conformity: there is certainty that they came from the seed of the same plant, whether as species or individual. For those which differ as species preserve their species in perpetuity, and one does not arise from the seed of the other, or vice versa." (Historia Plantarum. Chapt XXI). Linnaeus, C. 1731. "All species number their origin first from the hand of the Omnipotent Creator: for species having been created, the Author of Nature has imposed the eternal law of generation and multiplication within the species itself...there is never a metamorphosis from one species into another." (Critica Botanica Sect. 271). "There are as many species as there were originally created diverse forms." (Classes Plantarum 1738). "That species of plants were created by God at the beginning of the world and do not change into other species, and are therefore natural, and that they remain unchanged to the present day no sane person will doubt; the confusion which would arise from the change of one species into another, to the detriment of mankind, would not be allowed by the most provident Maker." (Ortega's 1792 edition of Linneaus, Philosophia Botanica.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Imperialism'
    Title Linnaeus, Chinese flora and 'linguistic imperialism' Author(s) Cook, GA The 2009 Symposium of the University of Hong Kong Summer Institute in Arts & Humanities: 'The Appropriation of Chinese Citation Nature during the Enlightenment', Hong Kong, China, 14 July 2009. Issued Date 2009 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/123694 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License Linnaeus, Chinese flora and ‘linguistic imperialism’ Alexandra Cook Department of Philosophy HKU [email protected] Theses Linnaeus did not practice „linguistic imperialism‟ in naming Chinese plants; In naming Chinese plants, Linnaeus applied his rules less restrictively than is generally thought (Needham, Schiebinger); assigned a relatively small percentage of patronymic names; and offered a road map to many indigenous usages and names through his synonymies and materia medica. Some statistics 160 Chinese species determined by Linnaeus father and son; 100 of these in Species plantarum (1753): SP marks official beginning of modern botanical nomenclature Binomial names: Genus + specific epithet Total of 319 Chinese species known to L. and L. fil. Total genera named by Linnaeus: 1,313 23% of 286 economically-useful species named by Linnaeus have generic names referring to use contradicting his rules of 1737 (Crit. Bot.) Patronymics: 10% (i.e. 13) of 131 genera designations of Chinese plants by L. and L. fil. However, mine is primarily a qualitative, rather than a quantitative or statistical, argument. Critiques of Linnaean generic names Joseph Needham, with Lu Gwei-Djen and Huang Hsin-Tsung, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology, part I: Botany (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
    Taxonomy Prof.(Dr.) Punam Jeswal Head M.Sc semester II Botany Department Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Definition - Nomenclature is the art of naming of objects, which deals with the determination of a correct name to a known plant or to a known taxon. The names indeed correspond to the sentence, as both constitute meaningful collection of words. A name indicates a noun that helps in the quick identification, easy communication and economy of memory about the object to which it is concerned. Types of Names - The names according to their range of audience, language, territorial coverage and governance are of two types :- 1. Common or vernacular names. 2. International or scientific names. Common or Vernacular Names - These names are of the locals, by the locals, for the locals, in the local dialect. That is when a local plant is named by native people for the identification and communication to the other people of the same territory in their won local dialect, it is referred to as local or common or vernacular name. The fundamental demerits of this name are that they have limited audience, small territorial coverage and not governed under any set of principles or rules and even the same plant may have more than one name in the same locality. Another demerit of concern regarding these names is presence of synonyms in the languages therefore; the same plant may have a variety of names at different places in different languages. As for instance, mango(Mangifera indica) posses more than fifty names in Sanskrit only and lotus is known by more than two dozen names in Sanskrit and Hindi languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Cain on Linnaeus: the Scientist-Historian As Unanalysed Entity
    Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 239–254, 2001 Pergamon 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 1369-8486/01 $ - see front matter www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc Cain on Linnaeus: The Scientist-Historian as Unanalysed Entity Mary P. Winsor* Zoologist A. J. Cain began historical research on Linnaeus in 1956 in connection with his dissatisfaction over the standard taxonomic hierarchy and the rules of binomial nomenclature. His famous 1958 paper ‘Logic and Memory in Linnaeus’s System of Taxonomy’ argues that Linnaeus was following Aristotle’s method of logical division without appreciating that it properly applies only to ‘analysed entities’ such as geo- metric figures whose essential nature is already fully known. The essence of living things being unanalysed, there is no basis on which to choose the right characters to define a genus nor on which to differentiate species. Yet Cain’s understanding of Aristotle, which depended on a 1916 text by H. W. B. Joseph, was fatally flawed. In the 1990s Cain devoted himself to further historical study and softened his verdict on Linnaeus, praising his empiricism. The idea that Linnaeus was applying an ancient and inappropriate method cries out for fresh study and revision. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: A. J. Cain; Linnaeus; Aristotle; Essentialism; Systematics; Logic. The category to which the following belongs is not the history of systematics but the history of the history of systematics. I have just one small tale to tell, but I suspect there are similar tales scattered about unnoticed in the history of other sciences, and it seems to me they are worth uncovering.
    [Show full text]
  • Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: the Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History
    Journal of the History of Biology (2016) 49:135–189 Ó The Author(s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com 2015 DOI 10.1007/s10739-015-9410-y Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: The Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History JOERI WITTEVEEN Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Department of Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Abstract. ‘Type’ in biology is a polysemous term. In a landmark article, Paul Farber (Journal of the History of Biology 9(1): 93–119, 1976) argued that this deceptively plain term had acquired three different meanings in early nineteenth century natural history alone. ‘Type’ was used in relation to three distinct type concepts, each of them associated with a different set of practices. Important as Farber’s analysis has been for the historiography of natural history, his account conceals an important dimension of early nineteenth century ‘type talk.’ Farber’s taxonomy of type concepts passes over the fact that certain uses of ‘type’ began to take on a new meaning in this period. At the closing of the eighteenth century, terms like ‘type specimen,’ ‘type species,’ and ‘type genus’ were universally recognized as referring to typical, model members of their encom- passing taxa. But in the course of the nineteenth century, the same terms were co-opted for a different purpose. As part of an effort to drive out nomenclatural synonymy – the confusing state of a taxon being known to different people by different names – these terms started to signify the fixed and potentially atypical name-bearing elements of taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Flies and Flowers Ii: Floral Attractants and Rewards
    Journal of Pollination Ecology, 12(8), 2014, pp 63-94 FLIES AND FLOWERS II: FLORAL ATTRACTANTS AND REWARDS Thomas S Woodcock 1*, Brendon M H Larson 2, Peter G Kevan 1, David W Inouye 3 & Klaus Lunau 4 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1. 2Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1. 3Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, 20742. 4Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Abstract —This paper comprises Part II of a review of flower visitation and pollination by Diptera (myiophily or myophily). While Part I examined taxonomic diversity of anthophilous flies, here we consider the rewards and attractants used by flowers to procure visits by flies, and their importance in the lives of flies. Food rewards such as pollen and nectar are the primary reasons for flower visits, but there is also a diversity of non-nutritive rewards such as brood sites, shelter, and places of congregation. Floral attractants are the visual and chemical cues used by Diptera to locate flowers and the rewards that they offer, and we show how they act to increase the probability of floral visitation. Lastly, we discuss the various ways in which flowers manipulate the behaviour of flies, deceiving them to visit flowers that do not provide the advertised reward, and how some flies illegitimately remove floral rewards without causing pollination. Our review demonstrates that myiophily is a syndrome corresponding to elements of anatomical, behavioural and physiological adaptations of flower-visiting Diptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 14–16, 2010 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico
    the new mexico botanist Special Issue Number 3 October 2012 proceedings of the third Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 14–16, 2010 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico edited by William Norris Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University Richard Felger University of Arizona Herbarium and Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona 2012 Proceedings of the Third Natural History of the Gila Symposium, October 2010 / The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 3, October 2012 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Some Things Going On in the Gila National Forest That You May Find Interesting Richard Markley .............................................................................................. 2 For Birds: Dale and Marian Zimmerman Gene Jercinovic ............................................................................................... 6 Visions of Dulcinea Mike Fugagli .................................................................................................15 Box Canyon Road Sharman Apt Russell ........................................................................................17 Exploring the Late Prehistoric Occupation of the Upper Gila Region Through Preservation Archaeology Katherine Dungan, Deborah Huntley, Jeffery Clark, Robert Jones, and Andrew Laurenzi ..............20 Review of Tachinid Fly Diversity in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico James E.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblioqraphy & Natural History
    BIBLIOQRAPHY & NATURAL HISTORY Essays presented at a Conference convened in June 1964 by Thomas R. Buckman Lawrence, Kansas 1966 University of Kansas Libraries University of Kansas Publications Library Series, 27 Copyright 1966 by the University of Kansas Libraries Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66-64215 Printed in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., by the University of Kansas Printing Service. Introduction The purpose of this group of essays and formal papers is to focus attention on some aspects of bibliography in the service of natural history, and possibly to stimulate further studies which may be of mutual usefulness to biologists and historians of science, and also to librarians and museum curators. Bibli• ography is interpreted rather broadly to include botanical illustration. Further, the intent and style of the contributions reflects the occasion—a meeting of bookmen, scientists and scholars assembled not only to discuss specific examples of the uses of books and manuscripts in the natural sciences, but also to consider some other related matters in a spirit of wit and congeniality. Thus we hope in this volume, as in the conference itself, both to inform and to please. When Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian of the Library Company of Phila• delphia, and then Chairman of the Rare Books Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, asked me to plan the Section's program for its session in Lawrence, June 25-27, 1964, we agreed immediately on a theme. With few exceptions, we noted, the bibliography of natural history has received little attention in this country, and yet it is indispensable to many biologists and to historians of the natural sciences.
    [Show full text]