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Lithological and Stratigraphic Analysis of Glacial Diamictons, Sturgis, Michigan

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Lithological and Stratigraphic Analysis of Glacial Diamictons, Sturgis, Michigan Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1997 Lithological and Stratigraphic Analysis of Glacial Diamictons, Sturgis, Michigan R. Christopher Gardner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Gardner, R. Christopher, "Lithological and Stratigraphic Analysis of Glacial Diamictons, Sturgis, Michigan" (1997). Master's Theses. 4428. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4428 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITHOLOGIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL DIAMICTONS, STURGIS, MICHIGAN by R. Christopher Gardner A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1997 Copyright by R. Christopher Gardner 1997 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Iwouldlike tothank Dr. Kehew for his continuous support and guidance for this project and throughout my graduate career. My committeeadvisors, Dr.Harrison andDr.Barnes, deserve recognition for theircritques,interest,andborrowedbooks.WithoutDr.Grace'spresence and instruction, ts project may have never gotten off the ground. Accolades to the Geology department staff which never held back in helping me with various problems, thus the research and writing kept moving along. LindaNicks deserves much thanks forsharing her knowledge of glacial geology at anytime without notice andbeing a comrade in the trenches.MostofallIneedtocommend my soon tobewife,SkyAtwood, forherlovesupportthroughout my collegecareer.Heractonswent well beyondmy expectations, without which, I could stll be in Kalamazoo today. R ChristopherGardner ii LITHOLOGIC AND STRATIGRAPIDC ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL DIAMICTONS, STURGIS, MICHIGAN R. Christopher Gardner, M.S Western Michigan University, 1997 Seven diamictons are identified in the subsurface glacial drift near Sturgis, Michigan using textural analyses and x-ray diffraction of clay minerals. The clay mineral content is quantified by comparing the 7-A/10- A peak height ratios from x-ray diffraction diffractograms of oriented clay­ size particle ( <2um) mounts. Two diamictons occur at the base of the drift. Unit 1 is gray , resembling the shale it overlies. The texture of Unit 1 is sandy clay loam to loam and average 7-A/10-A peak height clay mineral ratios of 0.446 ±0.069. Unit 2 is a yellowish-brown diamicton, it overlies Unit 1, and is a sandy loam to loam with average 7-A/10-A clay mineral ratio of 0.657 ±0.151. Diamicton Units 4 and 5 overlie a thick unit of sand and gravel on top of Unit 2. Units 4 and 5 have similar color and texture, however the 7-A/10-A ratios are 1.059 ±0.090 and 0.810 ±0.072 respectively. Unit 6 is a thin diamicton unit, leached of calcite, and x-ray diffraction suggests that there is a range of weathering horzins between borings. Unit 7 is loamy, whereas Unit 8 generally ranges from sandy clay loam to sandy loam with average 7-A/10-A ratios of 0.865 ±0.090 and 1.195 ±0.189. TABLE OF CONENS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................... Vll LIST OF PLATES................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Location and Regional Glacial Geologic Setting....................... 2 Laboratory Analysis......................................................................... 6 Textural Analysis Procedure ................................................ 6 Hydrometer Method........................................................ 8 X-Ray Diffracton of Clay........................................................ 11 Sample Preparaton and X-Ray Diffraction Procedure............................................................................ 16 X-Ray Diffaction Procedure........................................... 18 I. GEOL(Y ................................................................................................. 20 Bedrock Geology .............................................................................. 20 Glacial Geology................................................................................. 24 Surficial Geology of Southwest Michigan and Northern Indiana .................................................................... 24 Glacial History ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 iii Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER 7-A/10-A Variation of Diamicton Units............................. 33 Ill. RE SUL TS.............. .............................. ........................ .. ............................ 38 X-Ray Diffraction and Textural Analysis Results..................... 38 Unit 1 and Unit 2 ..................................................................... 38 Unit 3, Unit 4, and Unit 5....................................................... 45 Unit 6.......................................................................................... 46 Unit 7 and Unit 8 ..................................................................... 51 Correlation of Unit 8 to the Fulton Till of Monaghan and Larson (1986) ................... :............................ 56 Correlation to Unpublished Data......................................... 57 IV. DISCUSSION........................................................................................... 58 Unit 1 and Unit 2............................................................................. 59 Unit 4 and Unit 5............................................................................. 60 Unit6........................................................................................... ....... 60 Unit 7 and Unit 8............................................................................. 61 V. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 62 APPENDICES A. 7-A/10-A Ratio Statistics....................................................................... 66 B. Textural Analysis Results..................................................................... 69 C. W-46 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results.................................. 72 D. W-44 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results.................................. 76 iv Table of Contents-ontinued APPENDICE S E. W-45 Textural_ and X-Ray Diffraction Results.................................. 80 F. W-43 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results.................................. 83 G. Student-t Test Explanation................................................................... 85 H. Student-t Test Results Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Within Each Boring .... .. .............. ........................................................ .................. 88 I. Student-t Test Results Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Between Units and Landforms............................................................................. 91 J. Hydrometer Result Analysis................................................................ 93 K. Centifuge Extracton of Particles Greater Than Clay-Size From Solution......................................................................................... 95 BIBLIOG RAPHY.................................................................................................. 98 V LIST OF TABLES 1. Clay-Type and X-Ray Diffraction Properties......................................... 13 2. X- Ray Diffractometer Settings....................... _.......................................... 18 3. Student t-Test Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Between Borings, #1 ................................................................................................................... 41 4. Student t-Test Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Between Borings, #2 ................................................................................................................... 50 5. Student t-Test Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Between Borings, #3 ................................................................................................................... 54 6. 7-A/10-A Ratio Statistics.......................................................................... 67 7. Textural Analysis Results........................................................................ 70 8. W-46 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results..................................... 73 9. W-44 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results..................................... 77 10. W-45 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results..................................... 81 11. W-43 Textural and X-Ray Diffraction Results..................................... 84 12. Student-t Test Results Comparing 7-A/10-A Ratios Within Each Boring................................................................................................. 89 13. Student-t Test Results Comparing
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