DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
WATER QUALITY (RIVER) MONITORING SYSTEM/PROGRAMME AND POLLUTION CONTROL By: MR. HASHIM DAUD DIRECTOR, WATER & MARINE DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION TO DOE Environmental Quality Act (EQA) - gazetted on 14 March 1974
1 April 1975 – EQA came into force
15 September 1975 – Establishment of Division of Environment under Ministry of Local Government & Environment
1 March 1976 – Division of Environment placed under Ministry of Science, Technology & the Environment
1983 – named as Department of Environment
27 March 2004 – Department of Environment placed under the newly formed Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment. 2 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Policy Statement: FOR CONTINUOUS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROGRESS & ENHANCEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MALAYSIANS, THROUGH ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
3 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT Objec tives
A clean, safe, healthy & productive environment for present & future generations;
Conservation of the country’s unique & diverse cultural & natural heritage with effective ppparticipation by all sectors of society ;
Sustainable lifestyles & patterns of consumption & production
4 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT 8 Principles
Stewardship of the Environment Integrated Decision-Making
Conservation of Nature’s Vitality & Role of the Private Sector Diversity
Commitment & Accountability Continuous Improvement in the Quality of the Environment Active participation in the International Community Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
5 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT 7 Green Strategies
Education & Awareness Strengthening administrative & institutional Effective management of mechanisms natural resources & the environment Proactive approach to regional & global Integrated development environmental issues planning & implementation
Formulation & PtiPrevention & contltrol of pollution & environmental implementation of Action degradation Plans 6 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 • 37 subsidiary environmental regulations introduced to deal with specific issues ranging from - agro-based and manufacturing industries, - air emissions from stationary & mobile sources, - noise from motor vehicles - management of scheduled wastes - environmental impact assessment. • Planning, design, operation, waste
generation & disposal 7 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT Areas of coverage, include:
Enforcement Environmental Monitoring Pollution Prevention and Control Waste Management Environmental Planning Environmental Information and Education Coordination with States/Countries
8 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL Enforcement Programme Environmental Monitoring Programme:- - Air Quality - River Water Quality - Marine Water Quality - Ground Water Quality Pollution Prevention/Abatement Programme - Environmental Impact Assessment - Preliminary Site Evaluation / Site suitability Evaluation (PAT) - Written Approval - Written Permission 9 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF THE ENVIROOQUNMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
• Environmental management in MlMalaysi a became focused wi ihth the gazettement of EQA 1974 on 14 March 1974.
• The Department of Environment’s main role is to prevent, control and abate pollution through the enforcement of the EQA 1974, and its 37 subsidiary legislations.
11 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
List of Regulations and Orders in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 Related to Water Pollution : ACTIVITY - Control of Agro-Based Water Pollution: Environmental Quality ( Licensing ) Regulations 1977 Environmental Quality ( Prescribed Premises ) (Crude Palm Oil ) Regulations 1977 Environmental Quality ( Prescribed Premises ) ( Raw Natural Rubber) Regulations 1978 Environmental Quality ( Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil ) Order 1977 Environmental Quality ( Prescribed Premises ) (Raw Natural Rubber) Order 1978 12 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT List of Regulations and Orders in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 Related to Water Pollution : ACTIVITY - Control of Municipal and Industrial Waste Water Pollution
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979
Environmental Quality (Prohibition on the Use of Controlled Substance in Soap, Synthetic Detergent and Other Cleaninggg Agents) Order 1995
13 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
OBJECTIVE OF MONITORING PROGRAMME
Fulfill the requi rement for DOE to pu blis h an annua l repor t on environmental quality
To classify the environmental resources - Planning for development and utilization of a water resource necessary to classify rivers according to its quality and prospective uses.
Collection of base-base-lineline data - To collect necessary data regarding the natural quality of water in order to indicate changes over long duration which may interfere with the present and planned uses of the water resources
15 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Quality Surveillance - To assess the effectiveness of wastewater management programmes in the river basins.
Investigating cases of pollution event and providing effective corrective measures - The information collected may then be used to warn other users of the particular water body about any potential hazard.
16 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
Started in 1978 to establish baselines and to detect water quality changes in river water qualit y and has since been extended to identifying of pollution sources as well.. well
Water samples are collected at regular intervals from designated stations for inin--situsituand laboratory analysis to determine its physicophysico--chemicalchemical and biological characteristicscharacteristics..
Water quality monitoring activities were privatized to ASMA (Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd) on 1st January 1995 Î both manual & automatic monitoring
18 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
RIVER WATER MONITORING PROGRAMME (a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme - In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins were monitored (Thorough review of river basins & monitoring stations in 2004) -Samppgling Freqqyuency =4to12x/yr/station.
(b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme
19 Sabah
Sarawak Peninsular Malaysia
146 River Basins Monitored by DOE 20 Distribution of DOE Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Peninsular Malaysia
Red flag = stations
21 Distribution of DOE Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia
Red flag = stations
22 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING (MWQM) PROGRAMME
Parameter for in-situ measurement – DO (%), DO (mg/l) - Turbidit y (NTU) - Conductivity (Us/cm) - Salinity (ppt) -pH - Temperature
Parameter for lab analysis - BOD, COD, SS, NH3-N, pH, DS, TS, NO3-N, Cl, PO4-P, O&G, MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na. [ 24 chemical and biological parameters ]
23 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING
15 Automatic water quality monitoring stations on major rivers (Sg. Klang, Sg.Lingg i, Sg.MlkMelaka, Sg.SkSarawak, Sg.Terenganu,Sg.Skudai, Sg.Keratong, Sg.Selangor, Sg.Perak, Sg.Perai, Sg.Labu, Sg.Rajang, Sg.Putat & Sg.Batang Benar).
Currently installed at sensitive locations including upstream of water abstraction points.
24 A Typical Diagram of Continuous Water Quality Monitoring A Typ ical Di agram of C on tibesidenuous the River WQM Bank b esid e a Ri ver B ank
MILD STEEL CABIN
Gate Electrical parts board Gate Autosampler Data acquisition Signal cable to system (DAS) Autosampler Rail guard Au tosamplertosampler PVC conduit bottles Platform Wall plug Telephone line Electricity conduit Lock conduit Sonde cable Sampler tubing
Sonde rope Earth
Slot Stainless steel Gravel in metal C O N C R E T E B A S E bracket net
PVC casing R I V E R Metal force W A T E R Slot multiparameter sonde
Galvanised iron Stainless steel rod frame
25 ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS THROUGHOUT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA-13 STATIONS
Perai River Kuala Terengganu George Town Terengganu River
Ipoh
PkRiPerak River
Kuantan
Selangor River Klang River, Keratong River, Shah Alam Kuala Lumpur
Langat River Batang Benar River, Ser em ban Labu River Linggi River
Malacca River Putat River
Malacca
Skudai River, Johore Bharu 26 ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS THROUGHOUT EAST MALAYSIA-2 STATIONS
Sibu Rajang River
Sarawak River Kuching
27 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
To de tec t c hanges in r iver wa ter qua lity on a con tinuous bas is.
Parameters monitored: D.O. ,,gMg & % , NH4, NH3, Conductivity, Turbidity , Salinity, pH, Temperature, Time.
Water quality levels exceeding the ambient standard for specific parameters will be transmitted real-time to DOE.
Imme diat e inspecti on will be cond uct ed at suspect ed sit es.
Continuous monitoring is vital for early detection of pollution influx. In 2006 – 21 incidences of distinctive pollution influx were observed.
28 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
TYPES OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATION
(a) Baseline stations – located upstream of the catchments / basin, undlddeveloped area or miiinimum actiiiivities.
(b) Ambient stations – far away, downstream from point/non-point pollution sources. Generally indicates the actual quality of river water.
(c) Impact stations - for enforcement purposes (not included in WQI calculation)
29 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY
Using Water Quality Index (WQI).
WQI -a metho d that com bined numerous water quality parameters into one concise and objective value representing the state of water quality trends in a river.
The WQI can be defined as a number on a scale from 0 to 100 that is used to show the water quality.
31 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) Water Pollution Index -comppp;uted based on 6 main parameters ;-
(i) Total Suspended Solids – as a measure of suspended particulate in rivers;
(ii) Biochemical Oxygen Demand – as a measure of organic pollillution resu lilting from agro-bdbased and other industries;
(iii) Ammoniacal Nitrogen – as a measure of organic pollution from sewage and animal waste; sewage (human and livestock)
32 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
(iv) Chemical Oxygen Demand – as a measure of chemical pollution;
(v) Dissolved Oxygen - construction / mining; DO level should not be below 1ppm.
(vi) pH – measures the amount of acid in water. pH level of 5.5 and lower are particularly at risk
33 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT WATER QUALITY INDEX
WQI = ( 0.22 x SIDO ) + [ 0.19 x SIBOD ] + [ 0.16 x SICOD ] + [005.15 x SIAN ] + [ 006.16 x SSSSISS] + [ 0.12 x SSpIpH ]
SIDO Sub-Index DO (in % saturation) SIBOD Sub-Index BOD SICOD Sub-Index COD
SIAN Sub-Index NH3N SISS Sub-Index SS SI HpH SbSub-IdIndex pH
34 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI Status of the river water quality will be given according to the indexrange
Parameter Index Range Clean Slightl y Poll ut ed PlltdPolluted
Water Quality Index 81-100 60-80 0-59 (WQI)
Biochemical Oxygen 91-100 80-90 0-79 Demand (BOD)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen 92-100 71-91 0-70 (NH3-N)
Suspended Solid (SS) 76-100 70-75 0-69 35 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (NWQS) (MALAYSIA) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
NWQS used for classification of rivers or river segments based on 5 classes of water quality
NWQS helps DOE to identify problem areas & develop appropriate strategies for water quality management.
37 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATION River water quality is classified into 6 classes according to the beneficial uses of the river. CLASS USES Class I Conservation of natural environment Water Supply 1 – practically no treatment necessary Fishery – very sensitive aquatic species Class IIA Water Supply II – conventional treatment required Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species Class IIB Recreational use with body contact Class III Water supply III – extensive treatment required Fishery III – common, of economic value, and tolerance species; livestock drinking Class IV Irrigation
Class V None of the above 38 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (NWQS) Class I II III IV V Parameter BOD <1 1-3 3-6 6-12 >12 COD <10 10 -25 25 -50 50 -100 >100 NH3N <0.1 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.9 0.9-2.7 >2.7 DO >7 5-7 3-5 1-3 <1 pH >7 6-7 5-6 <5 >5 SS <25 25 -50 50 -150 150 -300 >300 WQI >92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.5 31.0-51.9 <31.0
39 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
DATA PROCESSING
About 5,256 samples were taken annually , generating over 157,600 water quality data each year.
Data processed and used to calculate Water Quality Index.
Water quality status of each river basin were determine by averaging the WQI from the total stations & sampling frequency every year.
40 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
STATUS OF RIVER WATER QUALITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS (EQR, 2006)
146 River Basins:
Clean - 80 basins(55%) Slig htly Poll ut ed - 59 bas ins (40%) Polluted - 7 basins (5%)
42 Malaysia : River Basins Water Quality Trend ( 1990 - 2006) (Note : Number of basin monitored changed in 1998) 100 Clean 90 Slightly Polluted Polluted 80 80 80 74 73 71 72 70 68 64 61 60 63 60 59 58 59 55 53 52 53 51 50 48 48 47
ER OF BASIN 44 43 42
MBMB 40 37 38 NU 35 35 34 32 33 30 25 24 25 20 16 14 15 14 14 13 13 12 13 11 9 9 10 7 7 7 6
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 YEAR 43 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTED RIVER BASINS (DOE, 2006)
1. Sg. Juru 2. Sg. Pinang 3. Sg. Buloh 4. Sg. Segget 5. Sg. Tebrau 6. Sg. Danga 7. Rivers in Pasir Gudang Area
44 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT Perlis Map 1 Malaysia: Water Quality Status for River Basins of Peninsular Malaysia, 2006 U Pengkalan Chepa Kedah Kemasin S Mer bok Golok Semerak Muda Besut Perai Kluang Pinang Setiu Kluang Ibai Bayan Lepas Terengganu Juru Kerian Marang Kelantan Jejawi Landas/Merchang Perak Sepetang Perak Dungun Kerteh Raja Hitam Chukai Deralik Pahang Kemaman Bernam Kuantan
Tengi Selangor Buloh Bebar /Merchong Klang Sepang Langat Kesang RiR omp in
Muar Linggi Mersing Melaka Polluted Endau Duyong Batu Sedili Besar Merlimau PhtP ahat Sedili Kecil Kesang Johor Slightly Polluted Benut Skudai Air Baloi Tebrau Clean Danga Kaw. Pasir Gudang45 Segget DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
U Map 3 Malaysia: Water Quality Status for River Basins of Sarawak, 2006 Lawas Terusan S
Brunei Polluted Miri Limbang Sli g h tly Polluted Kabuloh Clean Niah
Balingian Suai Similajau Batang Baram Mukah Oya KemenaKemena
Tatau Kayan Sarawak / Samarahan Sungai Rajang Sadong Kerian Sar ibas
SungaiSungai Lupar Lupar DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
U Bengkoka Bingkongan S Polluted Kedamaian RkitR a kit Paitan Slightly Polluted Tuaran/Membakut Clean Sembulan Sugut Inanam Se galiud & TlikT e lipo k Mounad Lab u k/ Liwagu Moyog Papar
Membakut Segama Kinabatangan Padas Silabukan Menggalong
Tingkayu Pensiangan Kalabakan Tawau Kalumpang Merutai Besa r Umas-Umas Brantian 47 Map 2 Malaysia: Water Quality Status for River Basins of Sabah, 2006 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
RIVER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (PROGRAM PENCEGAHAN PENCEMARAN DAN PENINGKATAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI - PPPPKAS) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
The objectives of this programme are:
To identify the sources of pollutions and determine the pollution load and its impact in the entire river basin.
Preparation of action plans to improve the water quality from slightly polluted to clean (Class II) for beneficial use
To conserve and maintain river water quality status at clean level
49 RIVER BASIN SELECTED UNDER THE RIVER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (9th MP)
--
Btg Rajang
50 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
PPPPKAS COMPONENT
Detailed study on selected river basins Output: (i) Inventory of pollution sources and pollution loads (ii) Decision Support System (Water Quality Modeling & Spatial Database of pollution sources) (iii) Action Plan for Pollution Prevention & Water Quality Improvement for the selected river basin
Implementation of Action Plans
Inventory, Enforcement and Awareness Programme
51 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRYMinistry OF NATURAL of Natural RESOURCESResources & Environment & ENVIRONMENT
THANK YOU.
52