THE COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN for SOUTH JOHORE, MALAYSIA Contents
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THE COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOUTH JOHORE, MALAYSIA Contents Management Issues and Problems Coastal and soil erosion Overuse of drinking water supply Water pollution Lack of regulations for scuba diving Conflicting uses of coastal resources Legal and Institutional Issues Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspxt Institutional aspect Area-specific Plans Desaru Offshore islands Lido Beach and Stulang Laut in Johore Bahru A1 ternative tourist sites Chapter 9. Management Plan for Fisheries Introduction Situational Analysis Current status Current fisheries management regime Management Issues and Problems Overfishing Conversion of mangrove areas Damage to fringing coral reefs Impact of pollution Destructive fishing techniques Lack of information on fish and shrimp stocks Socioeconomic problems Legal and Institutional Issues Legal aspect Institutional aspect Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Fisheries Habitat protection Educational program Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Recommendations for Further Re~arch Contents Chapter 10. Management Plan for Islands and Marine Protected Areas Introduction Situational Analysis Current status Government action Management Issues and Problems Sewage and solid waste management Beach degradation and coastal erosion Limited drinking water supply Overcrowding of some islands Introduction of exotic animals Poorly maintained coconut plantations Coral reef damage Presence of kelong Pen rearing of fish around islands Socioeconomic impacts Poor sea transport system Marketing of island resorts Unregulated scuba diving industry Legal and Institutional Issues Problems of multiple administrative and legal jurisdictions Lack of legal authority over development on the east coast islands Gazettement of the island state parks Gazettement of the marine parks and adoption of regulations Lack of scuba diving regulations Use of kelong as tourist accommodations Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines for island management General guidelines for marine park management Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Chapter 11. Area-specific Action Plans Introduction: Future Development Situational Analysis Developments associated with the second linkage to Singapore The proposed industrial estate at Tg. Langsat The proposed Desaru International Resort development Contents Recommendations for Management 267 For the second linkageassociated developments 267 For developments along the Sg. Johore estuary 270 For the Desaru tourism area 274 Annexes A. The scientists and their corfespondirig research tasks for the formulation of the integrated CRM plan for South Johore, Malaysia. B. The members of the CRM plan development team and their affiliation. C. The two main committees involved in the CRM planning process. D. Current conditions being imposed on federal licenses by the technical committee in approving offshore sand mining applications. E. Recommended operational conditions to be imposed on riverine sand mining operators. References LIST OF TABLES CRM problems and issues in South Johore. Summary of strategies, action plans and projects featured in the integrated CRM plan for South Johore. Summary of recommendations featured in the integrated CRM plan for South Johore. Land use (as of 1986) within forest areas (as of 1974) in the eastern part of South Johore. Extent of mangrove forest reserves and area losses in South Johore, 1960-1986. Extent of area (ha) excised for various uses/purposes in the mangrove forest reserves of South Johore, 1960-1986. Annual coupe in mangrove forest reserves, South Johore. Extent of some stateland mangrove forests in South Johore, 1986. Extent of nip forest in South Johore, 1986. General format for a working plan in the management of a productive forest. Size of area and number of compartments excised from the Sg. Pulai Forest Reserve for various conversion activities, 19G1986. Compartments in the Sg. Pulai Forest Reserve and size of area lost to erosion, 1970-1986. Felling intensity at varying distances from the river in the Sg. Pulai Forest Reserve. Estimated value of produce (in US$) from the Sg. Johore and Sg. Pulai Mangrove Forest Reserves, South Johore. Types of aquaculture practices and main species of shrimp and finfish currently cultured in Johore. Aquaculture developments in the districts of Pontian, Johore Bahru and Kota Tinggi, South Johore, 1987. Agencies to be consulted for offshore sand mining applications under the federal permitting process. Technical departments to be consulted for offshore sand mining applications undcr the state permitting process. Extent of coastal eroaon m South Johore. The river basins of South Johore, 1986. River sections requiring improvement of water quality, South Johore. Mean FC levels in the coastal waters of South Johore. Mean concentrations of heavy metals (p/l) in the coastal waters of South Johore. A comparison of heavy metal concentrations (pg/l) in different coastal waters. Mean concentrations (pg/g dry wt) of heavy metals in surface sediments, South Johore. xll List of Tables 7.7 A comparison of heavy metal concentrations (ug/g dry wt) in sediments collected in various marine areas of the world. 142 7.8 Format used in the classification of rivers according to their beneficial uses. 153 7.9 Suitability of the coastal waters of South Johore for existing beneficial uses and the corresponding actions to be taken. 156 7.10 Costs and phasing of the proposed Johore Bahru sewerage and drainage project at 1988 prices (in million M$),1990-1994. 181 7.11 Total expenditure for the propod Johore Bahru sewerage and drainage pro@. 181 LIST OF FIGURES South Johore, the CRMP pilot site, in its regional setting. 1 South Johore's coastal area and its major ecosystems. 2 Planned land uses and major developments in South Johore. 3 Demarcation of the CRMP pilot site. 14 1974 land use pattern in South Johore. 15 The proposed protected areas for South Johore. 18 Areas suitable for aquaculture, South Johore. 24 The CRM plan formulation team and the planning process. 37 Recommended uses of the CRM plan by various sectors. 41 Water catchment areas in South Johore. 43 1986 land use within forest areas (as of 1974), ~outheast'~ohore. 45 Development pressures within the Sedili Kechil river basin's forest area, South Johore. 47 Tourism development pressures within the coastal forest area of Desaru, South Johore. 50 Distribution of mangrove forests in South Johore, 1986. 57 Aquaculture development pressure in Southeast Johore. 60 Industrial development pressures in the Sg. Johore estuary, with the proposed setbacks. 61 Varying levels of coastal erosion in South Johore. 62 Changes in mangrove and nipa areas in Benut, 1%8-1986. 72 The mangrove forest in Benut (1986) and the proposed protected areas of mangrove. 72 Changes in mangrove and nip areas in Tg. Piai and P. Kukup, 1968-1986. 74 Existing and potential sites for cage and raft culture in Johore Bahru District. 90 Existing and potential sites for cage and raft culture in Pontian District. 90 Existing and potential sites for cage and raft culture in Kota Tinggi District. 91 Sea-based sand mining operations, Southeast Johore. 98 Current application approval process for sand mining on the fderal level. 102 Current application approval process for sand mining on the state level. 104 Land-based sand mining operations and potential sand source areas, South Johore. 107 Land use in potential sand source areas, South Johore, 1974. 108 The proposed application approval process for sand mining on the state level. 111 The proposed application approval process for sand mining on the federal level. 112 A cross-section of a traditional earth bund. 125 The proposed plan for coastal erosion control management on a muddy beach (west coast). 126 Llst of Flgures A cross-section of a rock revetment for direct bund protection. The proposed plan for coastal erosion control management on a sandy beach (east coast). The river basins of South Johore. Point pollution sources in South Johore, 1986. Classification of South Johore rivers based on water quality standards and criteria. Classification of South Johore rivers based on beneficial uses. Existing beneficial urns of South Johore's coastal waters. Existing uses and suitability for recreational purposes of South Johore's coastal waters. Existing uses and suitability for shellfish culture of South Johore's coastal waters, based on USEPA criteria. Existing uses and suitability for aquaculture of South Johore's coastal waters (Liong 1984 and Hassan 1989). A conceptual illustration of a buffer zone. Sites of developments associated with the second linkage project, with proposed construction setbacks, South Johore. A checklist of policies, plans and proposals for tourism development. Current and proposed tourism developments in Southeast Johore. Tourism development areas on the islands off Mersing. A checklist of the demands on coastal resources by various sectors of the tourism industry, South Johore. A checklist of the demands on coastal resources, by activity/ resource feature, in tourist resource areas in South Johore. A checklist of the basic amenitiedattractions offered by the tourism development area($ in each conununi~in South Johorc. 192 A checklist of the basic