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Mécanismes Moléculaires Associés À L'induction De La Mécanismes moléculaires associés à l’induction de la pathogénicité chez Streptomyces scabies Thèse défendue par Samuel Jourdan le 26 septembre 2016 En vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur en Sciences Promoteur : Docteur Sébastien Rigali Jury de thèse : Professeur Jaques Dommes (Président) Université de Liège, Belgique Professeur Pierre Cardol (Secrétaire) Université de Liège, Belgique Professeur Anne Legrève Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgique Docteur Marc Ongena Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULg), Belgique Docteur Philippe Delfosse Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann (LIST), Luxembourg Docteur Sébastien Rigali (Promoteur) Université de Liège, Belgique Les recherches présentées dans cette thèse ont été financées durant quatre années par le FRS-FNRS par l’intermédiaire d’une bourse d’aspirant FNRS. Je dédie ce travail à mon père, José Jourdan, pour qui j’ai la plus grande estime. Puisque dans nos Ardennes natales éprouver un sentiment s’apparente à une marque de faiblesse, je serai faible en te disant que je suis fier de t’avoir comme papa. Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier le FNRS de m’avoir accordé une bourse d’aspirant de 4 ans m’ayant permis de réaliser ce travail. Je remercie également le professeur Moreno Galleni, directeur du centre d’ingénierie des protéines (CIP), de m’avoir permis de réaliser ma thèse au sein du centre. Je remercie également l’ensemble des membres de mon comité de thèse de m’avoir suivi ces quatre années, mais également les membres du jury d’avoir accepté de lire ce manuscrit. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Séba qui m’aura finalement suivi durant toutes les étapes de mon parcours scolaire. En effet, après avoir supervisé mon mémoire de graduat en 2009 puis mon mémoire de master en 2012, tu auras finalement supervisé le plus imposant et le plus important travail de mon parcours académique, cette thèse. Bien plus qu’un « boss », tu es un véritable leader pour le groupe « Strepto ». Tes qualités scientifiques et humaines engendrent une dynamique et une ambiance de travail qui font de la « Strepto team » un groupe idéal pour réaliser une thèse. La liberté de recherche que tu m’as accordée toutes ces années est une chance et un luxe dont je serai très certainement nostalgique d’ici peu. Enfin, je te remercie de la confiance que tu m’as accordée toutes ces années. J’espère de mon côté avoir été à la hauteur de tes attentes. Plus qu’un promoteur, tu es devenu un ami avec lequel j’apprécierai toujours avoir de longues discussions autour d’un verre, et sur lequel je pourrai toujours compter en cas de chute dans les bois de Tilff ;-). Je remercie également l’ensemble des membres passés : Matthias, Antho, Steph et présents Marta, Loic, Aymeric, Elo, Delphine, Benoit et Sinaeda de la « Strepto team » que j’ai eu la chance de côtoyer. At the time of writing these lines, I have a special thought for my favourite Polish girl, Marta, who is currently managing the preparation of her wedding, writing her last papers and her thesis. Marta you are the embodiment of kindness, it was a real pleasure to work with you the last four years and I really hope that we will stay in touch ;-). I wish you all the best and to be happy with Chris, you deserve it more than anyone. Loic, tu m’emmerdes, je vais devoir te remercier à chaque point, d’abord ami et collègue de Master, puis coloc, partenaire de squash et enfin de nouveau collègue de doctorat…dois-je commencer à longer les murs? Je tiens aussi à remercier mes deux compères Max et Antho avec lesquels nous avons bravé tous les temps et toutes les saisons sur notre petit balcon du 1er (Max il serait d’ailleurs temps que tu viennes le nettoyer ;-)). Je vous attends pour le prochain « European Poker Tour 2016 » et les suivants . Antho, promis on passera 99 luftballons pour ne pas te dépayser ! Max, je regretterai nos soupers de Noël du CIP où nos déguisements de renne, lutin, lapin ou autres, ont fait de nous les vedettes d’un soir! Je remercie également l’ensemble des membres du CIP (que je ne citerai pas au risque d’en oublier par inadvertance) qui font de cet établissement un environnement de travail des plus agréables. Je pense particulièrement à Caro, toujours fidèle à la pause café et au repas de midi et qui veille sur nous comme sur ses propres enfants. Ce fut un réel plaisir de te côtoyer au quotidien! Merci aussi à tous les autres doctorants et étudiants que j’ai pu rencontrer ou avec lesquels j’ai eu la chance de travailler, notamment Madeleine, à qui les frappes sur l’épaule et les remarques désagréables vont bientôt manquer . Ton rire plus que facile va certainement me manquer aussi! Je tiens aussi à remercier Fred qui m’a enseigné les rudiments et la frustration de la cristallo, qui m’a permis de vivre les nuits blanches au synchrotron, et qui a également passé de nombreuses heures à tenter de résoudre la structure de CebE. Je remercie également JMF (ou Dieu) pour m’avoir sorti des galères rencontrées lors de la détermination des constantes de liaison et d’enzymo. La facilité avec laquelle vous pouvez transformer un problème biologique en équation mathématique est presque écoeurante. Je suis très heureux et fier d’avoir pu côtoyer l’entité scientifique que vous êtes. Un tout grand merci à Emi et Nic d’avoir accepté de relire ce manuscrit dans la précipitation des derniers jours précédant l’impression de cette thèse. Je remercie mes parents, Papa et Maman qui m’ont toujours laissé l’opportunité d’effectuer mes propres choix de vie et d’études. Si je suis ce que je suis aujourd’hui (pour le meilleur et pour le pire !?) c’est aussi grâce à vous. Je remercie également mes frères Nicolas et Benjamin, mes belles- sœurs Kathleen et Amandine, mais aussi mes neveux Mathéo et Diégo pour tous les excellents moments passés en votre compagnie et qui rendent mes retours dans nos Ardennes (malheureusement moins fréquents que je ne le voudrais) encore plus agréables. J’aurai enfin une pensée émue pour mon papy Camille, ma mamy Gilberte et enfin ma bonne maman Anne-Marie qui nous ont quitté durant mon doctorat. Je remercie également tous mes amis : François et Catharina, Guillaume et Céline, Thomas et Catherine, Loic et Émilie et enfin Aurélie et Manu qui m’ont fait l’honneur de devenir le parrain de leur petite Suzy. Vous êtes mes amis, vous savez ce que vous représentez pour moi, je n’ai donc pas besoin de vous faire de longs éloges ;-). Je suis fier de vous avoir. Je remercie tous les colocs avec lesquels j’ai eu la chance de partager le même toit: Yolaine, Thibaud, Loic (encore toi !), Lucas, Céline, Pierre, Pierre-Alain, Rachel et Stéphane. Je remercie aussi Trey Parker et Matt Stone pour avoir créé la meilleure série de tous les temps ainsi que les membres du groupe In Flames pour les orgasmes auditifs qu’ils m’ont procuré. Enfin, la plus belle trouvaille que j’ai pu faire durant cette thèse s’écrit certes avec quatre lettres, mais ne se trouvait pas au fond d’un gel d’agarose, d’une cuvette en quartz ou encore à la sortie d’une colonne de purif, mais bien dans un couloir du CIP. Nora, tu es sans nul doute ma plus belle découverte. Je te remercie pour tous les bons moments passés à tes côtés, pour ta sollicitude (mise à rude épreuve en août 2015 ;)), mais également pour ton soutien et ta patience ces dernières semaines. Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 3 LISTE DES ACIDES AMINÉS ................................................................................................................................ 6 LISTE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... 7 LISTE DES TABLES ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 CARACTÉRISTIQUES GÉNÉRALES DU GENRE STREPTOMYCES ................................................................................ 12 1.1.1 Génétique ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1.2 Rôle des Streptomyces dans la nature............................................................................................. 12 1.1.3 Métabolisme secondaire ................................................................................................................. 14 1.2 CYCLE DE VIE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT ................................................................................................................ 18 La phase de transition .................................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 Les gènes impliqués dans le développement des Streptomyces ...................................................... 20 1.3 MÉTABOLISME DU CARBONE ......................................................................................................................
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