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Grecia Y España De Las Dictaduras a La CEE (1974-1985): Procesos De Democratización, Representaciones Y Relaciones Bilaterales

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Grecia Y España De Las Dictaduras a La CEE (1974-1985): Procesos De Democratización, Representaciones Y Relaciones Bilaterales UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Grecia y España de las dictaduras a la CEE (1974-1985): procesos de democratización, representaciones y relaciones bilaterales MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Sethelos Isidoros Balios DIRECTOR Antonio Moreno Juste Madrid © Sethelos Isidoros Balios, 2019 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA MODERNA E HISTORIA CONTEMPORÁNEA GRECIA Y ESPAÑA DE LAS DICTADURAS A LA CEE (1974-1985): PROCESOS DE DEMOCRATIZACIÓN, REPRESENTACIONES Y RELACIONES BILATERALES Memoria para optar al grado de Doctor presentada por Sethelos Isidoros Balios Bajo la dirección del Dr. Antonio Moreno Juste MADRID, 2019 DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD DE LA TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR D. /Dña. Sethelos Isidoros Balios, estudiante en el Programa de Doctorado, de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, como autor/a de la tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Doctor y titulada: Grecia y España de las Dictaduras a la CEE (1974-1985): Procesos de democratización, representaciones y relaciones bilaterales, y dirigida por: Dr. Antonio Moreno Juste. DECLARO QUE: La tesis es una obra original que no infringe los derechos de propiedad intelectual ni los derechos de propiedad industrial u otros, de acuerdo con el ordenamiento jurídico vigente, en particular, la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (R.D. legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, modificado por la Ley 2/2019, de 1 de marzo, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes sobre la materia), en particular, las disposiciones referidas al derecho de cita. Del mismo modo, asumo frente a la Universidad cualquier responsabilidad que pudiera derivarse de la autoría o falta de originalidad del contenido de la tesis presentada de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico vigente. En Madrid, a 3 de julio de 2019 Fdo.: _______________________________ Esta DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD debe ser insertada en la primera página de la tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Doctor. AGRADECIMIENTOS Aunque la elaboración de una tesis doctoral es un proceso principalmente solitario, me hubiese sido imposible llevarlo a cabo sin la ayuda de las diversas personas que han colaborado a lo largo de los casi cuatro años que ha durado mi investigación. Por este motivo, me gustaría dedicar unas líneas a todas estas personas. Primeramente, tengo que agradecer a mis padres y a mis hermanos por su ayuda durante todos estos años que he pasado inmerso en los estudios. A ellos les quiero dedicar esta tesis. En segundo lugar, quiero darle las gracias a mi tutor y gran amigo, Antonio Moreno Juste, que dirigió mi TFM y esta tesis doctoral durante los últimos cinco años. De igual manera, quiero agradecer a mis profesores del periodo en que era estudiante de grado en la Universidad Panteion de Atenas, Christina Koulouri y Stefanos Pesmazoglou, que siempre han estado disponibles para ayudarme y ofrecerme su orientación para cualquier problema que haya tenido durante mi investigación. También quisiera agradecer a Raimundo Bassols, Theodoros Pangalos, Gerasimos Notaras y Angelos Zaharopoulos, que aceptaran entrevistarse conmigo, siendo su testimonio muy importante para la conclusión de mi tesis doctoral. De la misma forma, agradezco mucho al embajador Javier Jiménez-Ugarte y a Sarántis Antiochos, por haber compartido conmigo sus archivos personales. Sería una omisión imperdonable no dar las gracias a todas y todos los funcionarios de los archivos donde he investigado a lo largo de estos años, tanto en España, como en Grecia. Aprovecho la ocasión para agradecer al historiador Christos Anastasiou, de la Fundación Konstantinos Karamanlís, su apoyo y disponibilidad durante el tiempo de mi investigación allí. Mención especial merecen los compañeros de los Archivos de Historia Social Contemporánea (ASKI), Anta, Polina, Ioanna, Aggeliki, Alexandra, Stathis, Thanasis y Kostis, por hacerme sentir como en casa durante mi estancia allí. También, gracias a Magda Fitili y Sotiris Rizas, por haber comentado mi investigación en profundidad en el seminario de MNIMON y al Centro de Estudios Bizantinos Neogriegos y Chipriotas en Granada, del cual he utilizado su valiosa biblioteca, y al Segger Center for Hellenic Studies de la Universidad de Princeton por la oportunidad de visitar el centro e utilizar su biblioteca. Del mismo modo, gracias a Víctor Fernández Soriano, Kostis Kornetis y Leonidas Empeirikos, por sus comentarios y observaciones, y a Ruth Montero Gómez por haber editado el texto de la tesis y por su paciencia. Gracias a Mari Paz, Enrique y Javi, por todo lo que han hecho por mí y por tener siempre su casa abierta en Alcalá de Henares. Gracias a Kyriaki, Raquel y Aida, ya que todos estos años nos hemos acompañado durante nuestras investigaciones y también, gracias a Christina, Lydia, Myria, Guillermo, Eirini, Ana Loutsi, Maria, Lina, Dimitris, Elisa, Jorge, Jesús y Mario, por su apoyo todo este tiempo. Índice SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS .......................................................................................................... 1 RESUMEN (ESPAÑOL) ............................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT (ENGLISH VERSION) ................................................................................................ 7 ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ (RESUMEN EN GRIEGO) ....................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 13 Diseño de la investigación. ................................................................................................. 14 Objeto de estudio. .......................................................................................................... 14 Marco teórico. ................................................................................................................. 15 Metodología. ................................................................................................................... 18 Fuentes primarias. .......................................................................................................... 20 Organización y estructura del trabajo. ........................................................................... 23 Grecia y España, de las dictaduras a la CEE (1974-1985): cuestiones metodológicas para un estudio historiográfico comparado. .............................................................................. 30 Los sistemas políticos actuales y sus orígenes. .............................................................. 30 Los estudios de la «transitología», los historiadores y la «Historia del Tiempo Presente» en Grecia y España. ....................................................................................... 38 Grecia y España de las dictaduras a la CEE desde un punto de vista historiográfico. .. 48 CAPÍTULO 1: EL PROCESO DE LA TRANSICIÓN DEMOCRÁTICA EN ESPAÑA Y GRECIA ............ 55 1.1 El tardofranquismo y la incompleta democracia griega. ............................................. 56 1.2 Los coroneles y la «agonía de Franco». ....................................................................... 63 1.3 El comienzo de las transiciones. ................................................................................... 74 1.4 Los inicios del proceso democratizador: entre la reforma y la ruptura. ..................... 84 1.4.1 En búsqueda de legitimidad. ................................................................................. 87 1.4.2 Hacia las primeras elecciones democráticas: viejos y nuevos protagonistas. ..... 96 1.5 El desarrollo de la nueva legalidad y el tratamiento del pasado. ............................. 111 1.5.1 Las nuevas Constituciones y la Corona. .............................................................. 113 1.5.2 La herencia del pasado: hacia una democracia emancipada. ............................ 133 CAPÍTULO 2: REPRESENTACIONES DE LOS PROCESOS DE CAMBIO POLITICO ENTRE GRECIA Y ESPAÑA (1974-1982) ............................................................................................................. 155 2.1 Percepciones españolas de la democratización en Grecia (1974-1981). .................. 161 2.1.1 El colapso de la dictadura y la vuelta de Konstantinos Karamanlís. .................. 162 2.1.2 Las primeras elecciones democráticas. ............................................................... 168 2.1.3 ¿Monarquía o república? .................................................................................... 175 2.1.4 Grecia republicana. .............................................................................................. 180 2.1.5 Los socialistas griegos (PASOK) en el poder. ...................................................... 183 2.1.6 Grecia de 1974 a 1981: un paso por delante de España..................................... 195 2.2 Percepciones griegas de la democratización (1975-1982). ....................................... 196 2.2.1 Visita en Atenas. .................................................................................................. 197 2.2.2 Cuando Franco muere, ¿Qué? ............................................................................
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