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Kollaboration Und Bürgerkrieg: Zur Wiederherstellung Der Politischen Kontinuität Qadäya Fikriya

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Kollaboration Und Bürgerkrieg: Zur Wiederherstellung Der Politischen Kontinuität Qadäya Fikriya Herausgeber §&Wfi>ufg1f.S§tff1àfls§àf]ah hu de ts I 999 Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte ozıa gesc ıc e es . Y I1 1' Schamflhßf des 20. und 2|. Jahrhunderts Schanzenstraße 75 2000Hambufgßf› 6. jahrgang, April I99 I, Heft 2 Telefon (040) 43 72 32 (Geschaftsstelle) (040) 43 70 98 (Publizistik) Telefax (040) 439 22 28 Verlag Volksblatt Verlag Postfach 25 04 05, 5000 Köln 1 Redaktion Arne Andersen, Angelika Ebbinghaus (verantwortlich) Sergio Bologna, Ludwig Eiber, Heidrun Kaupen-Haas, Christiane Rothmaler, Heinrich Senfft, Manfred Steinkühler, Klaus Weinhauer, Ludger Weß, Thomas Wohlleben, Birgit Wulff-Georg Buchbesprechung: Karl Heinz Roth, Irmgard Schrand Frauengeschichte: Rita Bake, Bernhild Schrand Wiss. Lektorat: Karl Christian Führer Koordination: Klaus Mellenthin Anschrift der Redaktion Sehanzenhof Schanzenstraße 75 2000 Hamburg 36 Bestellung beim Verlag Volksblatt Verlag POStfaCl'1 250 405, 5000 Köln l Tclcføn (0221) 31 70 87 Satz und Druck Satz: DTP Service Hartwig + Runge, Köln Druck: Prima Print, Köln Erscheinungsweise vierteljährlich: Januar, April, ]uli und Oktober Preis Einzelheft: DM 18,-. Abonnement: DM 15,-. Das Abonnement ist nach Ablauf des vereinbarten Bezugszeitraumes jederzeit kündbar. Im Buchhandel erhältlich. ISSN 0930¬9977 I l jonathan Saunders Across all frontiers. International support lnhak for the miners' strike 1984/85, angezeigt von Franck Düvell Martiin Broszat/Kiaas Schwabe Die deutschen Eliten und der Weg in den 2. Weltkrieg, besprochen von Heinrich Senfft Winfried Schaize Deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft nach 1945, besprochen von Frank Borris Kommentar Karl Heinz Roth Die Mythen deutscher Historiker 7 Gilbert Badia Histoire de l'Allemagne contemporaine, besprochen von Manfred Steinkühler Forschung Kari Christian Fiihrer Solidarität und Magenfrage - Abigaii B. Ba/ean Ideology and Class Conflict in Jamaica, Arbeitslosenproteste und Arbeitslosenräte in Hamburg 1918-1923 11 angezeigt von Marcel van der Linden Zissis Papadirnitrioii/Georg Paschos Kollaboration und Bürgerkrieg: Zur Wiederherstellung der politischen Kontinuität Qadäya fikriya. Die ägyptische Arbeiterklasse. Hg. von in Griechenland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg 34 Mahmoud Amin Ai Alirn, besprochen von Khaled Fawzi und Irmgard Schrand Andreas Wojafe ››Ik mut opereert worden heed' dat. De hemm dat nich seggt, worum.<< NS-Zwangssterilisationen in einem Ingrid Strobi ››Sag nie, du gehst den letzten Weg<<, besprochen niedersächsischen Dorf 59 von Thomas ]anssen Diskussion Drei Jahrgänge der Zeitschrift für Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte Birgit Rommeispacher Rechtsextreme als Opfer der des Sports, besprochen von Christiane Eisenberg Rısıkogesellschaft - Zur Täterentlastung in den Sozialwissenschaften 75 Marcus Plehn Verbandstoff-Geschichte. Die Anfänge eines neuen Industriezweiges, angezeigt von Hans Radandt Heinz Engelstadter Der Aufbruch neofaschistischer Gruppen in der ehemaligen DDR 1 gg Mar/e Wal/eer Die Uranmaschine, Mythos und Wirklichkeit der deutschen Atombombe, besprochen von Joachim Radkau. Bericht aus dem Ausland Ferraccio Garnbino In Memory of George P. Rawick: Sizing up Voiher Elis Piigrirn Adieu Marx, besprochen von Till the Magnitude of Dismantling Racism 104 Schelz-Brandenburg Buchbesprechung Werkstatt Archivalische Quellen zur Geschichte der chemischen Arne Andersen Arbeitskreis Geschichte der IG Metall Bremen Industrie, besprochen von Gerlinde Grahn 110 Entgegnung On the Line Essays in the History of Auto Work Edited b Eberhard Wachtier Gedanken beim Lesen von Joachim Nie son Liic tenstein0' and Stephen Meyer, angezeigt~ von' MarcelY Radkaus »Revoltierten die Produktivkräfte gegen den real van der Linden 112 existierenden Sozialismus?<< (1999, Heft 4/1990) Aspekte der Kollaboration. Behandelt werden erstens die konkreten hi- Zissis Papadimitriou / Georg Paschos storisch-politischen Bedingungen der Kollaboration während der Besat- Kollaboration und Bürgerkrieg: Zur zungszeit und zweitens die Grundtendenzen beim Umgang mit den Kollaborateuren im Nachkriegs-Griechenland im Kontext von Antikom- Wiederherstellung der politischen munismus und Bürgerkrieg. Kontinuität in Griechenland nach dem ll. Weltkrieg Von der Metaxas-Diktatur zur Besetzung Griechenlands Am Vorabend des II. Weltkrieges herrschte in Griechenland das autoritäre Regime des Generals Ioannis Metaxas. Die Diktatur von Metaxas wurde am 4. August 1936 errichtet. Vorausgegangen war ihr ein mißglückter Putsch republikanischer Offiziere irn März 1935, der das Ende der 1924 eingeführten griechischen Republik besiegelte.1 Die Royalisten nahmen DIE Periode 1940-1950 ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die diesen Putsch zum Anlaß, um das Militär endgültig von republikanischen politische Entwicklung Griechenlands in der Nachkriegszeit gewe- Offizieren zu säubern und die Monarchie wieder einzuführen. Im Plebis- sen. In diesen Jahren erlebte das Land eine tiefgreifende Krise. Es war zit vom 3. November 1935 wurde über die Staatsform entschieden, und unmöglich, einen Konsens zur Lösung grundsätzlicher Probleme zu fin- König Georg II. kehrte nach Griechenland zurück. Um ihre Macht par- den. Umstritten waren etwa Fragen der nationalen Unabhängigkeit, der lamentarisch zu legitimieren, ordneten die Royalisten die Durchführung Staats- und Regierungsform, des sozialen Systems und des Verhältnisses von Wahlen an, die im Januar 1936 stattfanden; sie brachten 143 Sitze für zu den Großmächten. Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung dieser Jahre die konservative Volkspartei, 141 für die Liberale Partei und 16 Sitze für wurde durch den »autoritären Liberalismus<<, der das Land nach dem die kommunistisch dominierte Volksfront. Bürgerkrieg beherrschte, erheblich erschwert. Die Publikationen aus die- Die Liberalen und die Volksfront schlossen ein geheimes Abkommen ser Zeit bestehen hauptsächlich aus Pamphleten, Broschüren und autobio- und wollten den Vorsitzenden der Liberalen Themistoklis Sofoulis zum graphischen Werken, in denen das kommunistische bzw. antikommuni- Ministerpräsidenten wählen. Doch die Royalisten der Volkspartei drohten stische Pathos jede Objektivität verhindert. Erst nach 1974 - dem im Falle einer Wahl von Sofoulis mit einem Militärputseh. Er sah sich unter Zusammenbruch der Militärdiktatur - entstanden in Griechenland die diesen Umständen gezwungen, seine Kandidatur zurückzuziehen. In neu- erforderlichen Voraussetzungen für ideologisch weniger belastete For- en Verhandlungen, diesmal zwischen der Liberalen Partei und der Volks- schung. So sind seitdem eine Reihe von interessanten Arbeiten erschienen, partei, konnte sich letztere durchsetzen. Neuer Ministerpräsident wurde die bemüht sind, sich objektiv mit der Besatzungszeit und dem Bürger- ein Vertrauensmann des Königs Georg II., der General Ioannis Metaxas. krieg auseinanderzusetzen. In diesen Arbeiten taucht zwar die Frage der Metaxas erschien am 23. April 1936 vor dem Parlament und stellte die Kollaboration auf, sie ist aber noch kein eigenständiges Forschungsthema gewesen. 1 Spätestens 1916 hatte sich Griechenland anläßlich der Frage nach der Haltung des Landes im I. Weltkrieg in zwei politische Lager gespalten, und zwar in ››Venize_listen<< (Anhänger der Liberalen Der vorliegende Aufsatz befaßt sich mit der Kollaboration während und Partei von Eleftherios Venizelos) und in ››Royalisten<< (Anhänger der Monarchie und der Volks- nach der Besatzungszeit in Griechenland, ohne jedoch den Anspruch zu partei), die sich unerbittlich bekämpften. Beide Lager bedicnten sich des Militärs, um ihre politi- schen Ansichten durchzusetzen. So putschtcn venizelistisch-republikanische Offiziere für die erheben, dieses Thema erschöpfend zu behandeln. Dies hängt nicht zu- Republik, royalistische für die Erhaltung der Monarchie. Allein in den zwanzigerJahren haben elf letzt mit der Materiallage zusammen. Die historischen Materialien sind Militärputsche stattgefunden. Über die politische Entwicklu ng Griechenlands in der ersten Hälfte unseres Jahrhunderts und die Rolle des Militärs im politischen Leben des Landes siehe: Thanos noch nicht systematisch erfaßt worden. Es fehlt vor allem an Quellen, die Veremis, Gesellschaftliche Transformation und militärische Intervention, Athen 1977 (griechisch); eine sozialgeschichtliche Darstellung der Kollaboration erlauben würden. Pavlos Petridis, Iiremde Abhängigkeit und nationale Politik 1910-1918, Thessaloniki 1981 (grie- chisch); George Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Partystrategies in Greece Der Aufsatz beschränkt sich folglich auf die politikgeschichtlichen 1922-1935, University of California Press 1983. 34 1 9 9 9 Heft 2/91 35 Vertrauensfrage. Angesichts einer Streikbewegung der Arbeiter, die das durch die totale Mobilmachung des griechischen Volkes zunächst zurück- Land erschütterte, und der Angst, das Militär könnte erneut putschen, geschlagen werden konntef” ' Metaxas starb mitten im griechisch-italienischen Krieg im Januar 1941. gaben die bürgerlichen Parteien Metaxas ihre Stimme und ermächtigten Kriegsentscheidend wurde das Eingreifen der deutschen Wehrmacht, die ihn, per Erlaß zu regieren. Im Anschluß daran vertagte sich das Parlament am 6. April 1941 zur Unterstützung der Italiener in Griechenland einmar- auf fünf Monate. Es sollte sich erst nach dem II. Weltkrieg wieder versam- schierte. Die Kapitulation der griechischen Truppen erfolgte am 20. April meln, denn Metaxas nutzte die Gunst der Stunde und errichtete mit 19417 Trotz der Entschlossenheit vieler Soldaten, den Kampf gegen die Einwilligung des Königs und der ››Schutzmacht<< England eine Diktatur, Wehrmacht fortzusetzen,
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