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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments The idea to write a book about the historical origins of Russia’s natural gas exports and Europe’s energy dependence was born in connection with the much-publicized Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis in January 2006. My colleague Arne Kaijser and I had just completed a book on the internationalization of electricity markets, and were in the early phase of another research project addressing the globalization of the nuclear fuel cycle. Western Europe’s highly internationalized gas supply seemed to have the potential to become an excit- ing addition to our research on international energy relations in historical perspective. Shortly afterward, two important calls for research applications opened. The first was launched by the Swedish Energy Agency and was for general energy systems studies. It helped us secure funding for a project on the ways in which the Swedish energy system has developed links to foreign ones. A major part of it took the form of a PhD project on the history of Sweden’s natural gas supply, carried out by Anna Åberg. Her thesis is currently being finalized and can be regarded as an interesting complement to R ed Gas. The second call, “Inventing Europe,” was launched by the European Science Foundation (ESF) in cooperation with several national research councils, and was for collabora- tive research projects with a transnational scope in the history of technology. Our group in Stockholm joined forces with seven other universities in six European countries, which resulted in a major grant for a project addressing the emergence and governance of Europe’s critical infrastructures, EUROCRIT, with Arne Kaijser as project leader. Funding for the EUROCRIT project from ESF and the Swedish Research Council (VR) made the research underlying this book possible. I am indebted to all EUROCRIT participants for fruitful and stimulat- ing discussions on Europe’s evolving natural gas dependence as well as on the dynamics of Europe’s critical infrastructures more broadly. From 2007 to 2010, our international team gathered for a series of intense workshops held in Rotterdam, Utrecht, Stockholm, Lisbon, Helsinki, Athens, and Sofia. Without the insights gained through this unique European cooperation, this book would hardly have seen the light of the day. In a similar vein, R ed Gas has profited from countless discussions with my fellow historians of technol- ogy in the “Tensions of Europe” network. In Stockholm, the Division of History of Science, Technology, and Environment at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) has been a great base for writing a book of this kind. I would like to thank both my students and my colleagues and, in particular, the participants in the Swedish Energy Agency project and the Stockholm node in EUROCRIT. Apart from Arne, Anna, and myself, this group initially included Björn Berglund. The two projects 237 238 Acknowledgments produced an important spin-off in the form of a new graduate course at KTH, “Energy and Geopolitics,” which from 2009 offered excellent opportunities to test new ideas and discuss preliminary research results linked to the East-West gas trade. In the final phase of writing, Arne Kaijser, Vincent Lagendijk, Paul Josephson, and an anonymous reviewer provided very useful comments and suggestions. I would like to thank the helpful personnel at the Russian State Archive of the Economy (Moscow), the Central State Archive of the Highest Organs of Government and Administration of Ukraine (Kiev), the Austrian State Archives (Vienna), the Federal German Archives (Koblenz and Berlin), the Political Archive of the German Foreign Office (Berlin), the Bavarian State Archives (Munich), and the Archives of the United Nations Office at Geneva. Likewise, smooth access to old issues of several key specialist journals at the libraries of KTH and Chalmers University of Technology, much cited in this book, saved me a great of pain in the research process. Many thanks also to the Oil and Gas Journal, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, and OMV for permis- sion to reproduce a number of maps and photographs. Tommy Westergren at KTHB helped me process a large part of the illustrations. I dedicate the book to my wife, Liu Yuanyuan. PERR HÖGSELIUS Stockholm , September 2012 Notes 1 Introduction 1 . For example, Umbach 2009 ; Webb and Barnett 2006 . 2 . For example, Goldthau 2008 ; Solanko and Sutela 2009 ; Fernandez 2009 . 3 . IEA 2011 , pp. 159–165; Söderbergh 2010 . 4 . Misa and Schot 2005 . 5 . Stent 1981 ; Von Dannenberg 2007 ; Rudolph 2004 . 6 . The main source of inspiration for these studies has been Thomas P. Hughes, who in his book Networ ks of Power: Electrification in the Western World 1880–1930 (1983) used the case of electricity to develop a historical theory of what he called Large Technical Systems (LTS). 7 . Hughes 1983 . 8 . See, for example, Misa and Schot 2005 ; Van der Vleuten and Kaijser 2006 ; Badenoch and Fickers 2010 . 9 . Luhmann 1995, p. 187. 10 . For a theoretically interesting discussion of formative periods in the evolution of energy systems, see Thue 1995. 2 Before Siberia: The Rise of the Soviet Natural Gas Industry 1 . Bokserman to Sedin, April 24, 1944, Russian State Archive of the Economy (RGAE) 8627–9–272. 2 . Akt Pravitelstvennoi komissii po priemke v ekspluatatsiyu magistralnogo gazo- provoda Dashava-Kiev, December 21, 1948, Central State Archive of the Highest Organs of Government and Administration of Ukraine (TsDAVO Ukrainy) 2–7–800; V. S. Chernovol, “10 let raboty gazoprovoda Dashava-Kiev,” Gazova ya promyshlen- nost, January 1959, p. 35. 3 . Derzhavnyi komitet naftovoi, gazovoi ta naftopererobnoi promyslovosti Ukrainy 1997, p. 147; Dinkov to Medvedkov, January 20, 1971, RGAE 458–1–2526. 4 . Bokserman 1958; Gazovaya promyshlennost, September 1960, p. 2. 5 . N. Talyzin, “Gazifikatsiya gorodov k 40-i godovshchine sovetskoi vlasti,” Gazova ya promyshlennost, November 1957, p. 4. The (mis)quote appears again in an article in the same journal’s October 1967 issue, p. 18. 6 . Pravda quoted in Oil and Gas Journal, June 6, 1955, p. 89; Runov and Sedykh 1999, p. 46; Mawdsley and White 2000, p. 145f.; O il of Russia, International Quarterly Edition, no. 2, 2006; O il and Gas Journal, June 6, 1955, p. 89. 7 . A. K. Kortunov, “Gazovaya promyshlennost k 40-letiyu velikogo oktyabrya,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, November 1957, p. 2. 8 . Runov and Sedykh 1999, p. 35. 9 . Ibid., p. 37. 10. Kortunov, “Gazovaya promyshlennost k 40-letiyu velikogo oktyabrya,” p. 2. 239 240 Notes 11 . Bokserman 1958; Kortunov, “Novyi etap v razvitii gazovoi promyshlennosti,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, April 1958. 12 . Khrushchev cited in Gazovvaya promyshlennost, January 1960, p. 2. 13 . Gazovaya promyshlennost, September 1960, p. 3. 14 . Kortunov, “Gazovaya promyshlennost nakanune XXII syezda KPSS,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, October 1961, p. 5. 15 . Gazovaya promyshlennost, July 1964, p. 1. 16 . Gazovaya promyshlennost, November 1961, p. 2. 1 7 . See, for example, Slavkina 2005, pp. 148–151. 18 . Yu. I. Bokserman, “Razvitie transporta gazov po magistralnym gazoprovodam v SSSR,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, November 1957, p. 16; For a detailed study of Estonia’s shale gas, including “exports” to Leningrad, see Holmberg 2008. 19 . For details on the construction of the Dashava-Minsk-Vilnius-Riga system, see A. P. Yanchenko, “Gazifikatsiya Belorusskoi SSR za 1959–1961 gg.,” Gazovaya promy- shlennost, October 1961, pp. 37–39; K. K. Smirnov, “Gazoprovod Dashava-Riga,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, October 1962, pp. 1–3. 20 . Diordina and Bodyul to Kortunov, October 14, 1966, RGAE 458–1–103. 21 . A. M. Abdullaev and A. A. Narimanov, “Razvitie gazovogo khozyaistva Azerbaydzhanskoi SSR za 1959–1961 gg.,” Gazova ya promyshlennost, October 1961, pp. 29–31; Z. Piriashvili, “Gazifikatsiya Gruzinskoi SSR za 1959–1961 gg.,” G azovaya promyshlennost, October 1961, p. 32; I. G. Papiev, “Gazifikatsiya Armyanskoi SSR za 1959–1961 gg.,” G azovaya promyshlennost, October 1961, p. 33; A. Kochinyan (secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Armenia) and B. Muradyan (chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Armenian SSR) to the Soviet Council of Ministers, April 29, 1966, RGAE 458–1–101. 22. G azovaya promyshlennost, January 1960, p. 2; “Russians Push Work on Giant Gas Lines,” Oil and Gas Journal, May 29, 1961, pp. 118f. 23 . Gazovaya promyshlennost, January 1960, p. 3, and September 1960, p. 3. 2 4. For example, Gazovaya promyshlennost, January 1965, p. 3. 2 5 . Bokserman, “Tekhnicheskiy progress—osnova uspeshnogo razvitiya gazovoi pro- myshlennosti,” Gazova ya promyshlennost, January 1960, p. 9. 26 . Ibid., p. 10; Bokserman 1958, p. 90f. 27. Rudolph 2004, pp. 157ff. and 197; Stent 1981, p. 101. 28. Stent 1981, p. 101. The imported amounts of 1020 mm pipes were very large if seen in relation to the total pipe demand for the Seven-Year Plan launched in 1958, which amounted to 1.7 million tons of 1,020 mm gas pipes for the period 1959–1965. 29 . Bokserman 1958, p. 97. The Gorky compressors were seen to be justified for pipe- lines with an annual transmission capacity of around 2–3 bcm only. 3 0. Ibid., p. 98f. 31 . Kortunov, “Gazovaya promyshlennost v 1960 godu,” Gazovaya promyshlennost, January 1960, p. 4. 32. Gazovaya promyshlennost, June 1958, pp. 34f.; Sidorenko to A. M. Lalayants (deputy chairman of Gosplan), March 5, 1966, RGAE 458–1–112. 33. Gazovaya promyshlennost, December 1960, p. 54, July 1964, p. 8; November 1965, p. 2, and October 1969, p. 2f. 34. Bokserman, “Tekhnicheskiy progress—osnova uspeshnogo razvitiya gazovoj pro- myshlennosti,” p. 10; Gazova ya promyshlennost, February 1963, p. 53. 35. Gazovaya promyshlennost, August 1960, p. 1; O il and Gas Journal, August 28, 1961, p. 60. 36. Gazova ya promyshlennost, August 1960, p. 1. 37 . William R. Connole, “Russian Pipelining Is More than a Little Different,” Oil and Gas Journal, August 14, 1961, p. 86, William R.
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