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Walking to Olympus: an EVA Chronology

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Walking to Olympus: an EVA Chronology Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology David S. F. Portree and Robert C. Treviño Monographs in Aerospace History Series #7 October 1997 Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology David S. F. Portree and Robert C. Treviño NASA History Office Code Z NASA Headquarters Washington DC 20546 Monographs in Aerospace History Series #7 October 1997 Foreword One of the most significant activities conducted in space takes place when human beings depart their spacecraft and travel about and perform work in a spacesuit. Extravehicular activities (EVA) require some of the most complex technical skills, sophisticated technologies, and human capabilities of all missions undertaken in space. The first of these EVAs took place on 18 March 1965 during the Soviet Unions Voskhod 2 orbital mission when cosmonaut Alexei Leonov first departed the space- craft in Earth orbit to test the concept. In June of 1965, during the flight of Gemini 4, Edward White II, performed the first EVA by an American. Since that time hundreds of hours have been amassed by humans conducting EVAs in both Earth orbit and on the lunar surface. Between that time and April 1997, when Jerry Linenger conducted an EVA with Vladimir Tsibliyev as part of International Space Station Phase I, 154 EVAs have been undertaken. These total EVAs have not only accomplished significant work in space, work impossible through any other means, but also yielded enormous knowledge, skills, and experience among the astronaut and cosmonaut corps about how to perform meaningful work beyond the confines of Earths atmo- sphere. Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology, by David S.F. Portree and Robert C. Treviño, is a comprehensive chronicle of all of the EVAs conducted since the dawn of the space age. Because history is so important in helping to chart the direction for the future, this monographs publication is especially significant because the building of the International Space Station near the end of this century will require many more hours of EVA than has been previously undertaken altogether. One of our goals for publishing this monograph at this time is to help inform officials and the general public of what EVAs have been done before, what they accomplished, and what hurdles had to be surmounted to accomplish them. This is the seventh publication in a new series of special studies prepared by the NASA History Office. The Monographs in Aerospace History series is designed to provide a wide variety of investigations relative to the history of aeronautics and space. These publications are intended to be tightly focused in terms of subject, relatively short in length, and reproduced in an inexpensive format to allow timely and broad dissemination to those interested in aerospace history. Suggestions for additional publications in the Monographs in Aerospace History series are welcome. ROGER D. LAUNIUS Chief Historian National Aeronautics and Space Administration September 11, 1997 iii Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... ix The Chronology .................................................................................................................................. 1 Index ................................................................................................................................................ 131 v Acronyms and Abbreviations A7L Apollo suit, 7th model, International ELSS Extravehicular Life Support System Latex Corporation EMU Extravehicular Mobility Unit A7LB Apollo suit, 7th model, International ERA French deployable space structure Latex Corporation, B variant ESA European Space Agency ACCESS Assembly Concept for Construction ESEF European Space Exposure Facility of Erectable Space Structures Eureca European Retrievable Carrier ALSA Astronaut Life Support Assembly EVA Extravehicular Activity ALSEP Advanced Lunar Scientific Experi- F Fahrenheit ment Package FAS Fixed Airlock Shroud AMU Astronaut Maneuvering Unit fps feet per second ASEM Assembly of Station by EVA Methods FSM Functional Service Module ASIPE Axial Scientific Instrument Protec- ft foot, feet tive Enclosure g gravity, gravities ATDA Augmented Target Docking Adapter G4C Gemini suit, 4th model, by David ATM Apollo Telescope Mount Clark Company BET Beam Erection Tether GHSP Goddard High Speed Photometer BLSS Buddy Life Support System GRO Gamma Ray Observatory BOSS Soviet visible light communications GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center system HHMU Handheld Maneuvering Unit btu British thermal unit hr hour(s) C centigrade HST Hubble Space Telescope CDR commander HST SM-01 HST Servicing Mission-01 CETA Crew and Equipment Translation HST SM-02 HST Servicing Mission-02 Aid HUT Hard Upper Torso CLIP Crew Loads Instrumented Pallet ISC instrument-science compartment cm centimeter(s) in inch(es) CM Command Module ISS International Space Station CMP Command Module pilot IV Intravehicular COSTAR Corrective Optics Space Telescope JSC Johnson Space Center Axial Replacement kg kilogram(s) CPD Crew Propulsive Device km kilometer(s) CSR Crew Self Rescue KRT-10 Soviet space-based radio telescope deg degree(s) kW kilowatt(s) dia diameter lb pound(s) DCM Display and Control Module LCG Liquid Cooling Garment DM Docking Module LCVG Liquid Cooling and Ventilation DTO Development Test Objective Garment EASE Experimental Assembly of Struc- LEVA Lunar Extravehicular Visor Assem- tures through EVA bly EASEP Early Apollo Scientific Experiment LM Lunar Module Package LMP Lunar Module pilot ECC Electronic Cuff Checklist LRV Lunar Roving Vehicle ECU Electronic Control Unit m meter(s) EDFT EVA Development Flight Test M Modified vi MEEP Mir Environmental Effects Payload tive Enclosure MESA Modular Equipment Stowage RSU Rate Sensing Unit Assembly SSA Space Suit Assembly MET Modularized Equipment Transporter SADE Solar Array Drive Electronics MFR Manipulator Foot Restraint SAFER Simplied Aid for EVA Rescue mi mile(s) SALC Special Airlock Compartment min minute(s) sec second(s) MIRAS Mir Infrared Atmospheric Spec- SEVA stand-up extravehicular activity trometer SIM Scientific Instrument Module mm millimeter(s) SIR-B Shuttle Imaging Radar-B MMS Multimission Modular Spacecraft SM Service Module MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit SNAP Space Nuclear Applications Pro- mo month(s) gram MOMS Mir Optoelectrical Multispectral SPK Sredstvo Peredvizheniy Scanner Kosmonavtov (cosmonaut maneu- MPESS Mission Preculiar Equipment vering equipment) Support Structure SPT Science Pilot mps meters per second SSF Space Station Freedom MSC Manned Spacecraft Center STS Space Transportation System MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center T Transport MSRE Mir Sample Return Experiment TGIF Thank God It’s Friday MSS Magnetic Sensing System TM Transport Modified mW megawatt(s) TPAD Trunnion Pin Attachment Device NASA National Aeronautics and Space TREK space particle collector Administration TsUP Tsentr Upravleniya Polyotami NPO National Production Organization (Soviet/Russian flight control ODU Salyut main propulsion system center) OKB-1 Special Design Bureau-1 TV television ORU Orbital Replaceable Unit URI Universalny Rabochy Instrument or PE Principal Expedition Universalny Ruchnoj Instrument PFR Portable Foot Restraint (Universal Hand Tool) PGA Pressure Garment Assembly URS Soviet deployable assembly device PIE Particle Impact Experiment USAF United States Air Force PLSS Portable Life Support System UV ultraviolet PLSS Primary Life Support System VDU thruster package on Soviet Mir PSA Provisional Stowage Assembly station psi pounds per square inch VE Visiting Expedition PWP Portable Work Platform WETF Weightless Environmental Training Facility rev revolution(s) WFPC Wide Field/Planetary Camera RKK Russian Space Corporation wk week(s) RMS Remote Manipulator System rpm revolutions per minute yr year(s) RSA Russian Space Agency RSIPE Radial Scientific Instrument Protec- vii Introduction Spacewalkers enjoy a view of Earth once reserved for Apollo, Zeus, and other denizens of Mt. Olympus. During humanity’s first extravehicular activity (EVA), Alexei Leonov floated above Gibraltar, the rock ancient seafarers saw as the gateway to the great unknown Atlantic. The symbol- ism was clear - Leonov stepped past a new Gibraltar when he stepped into space. More than 32 years and 154 EVAs later, Jerry Linenger conducted an EVA with Vladimir Tsibliyev as part of International Space Station Phase I. They floated together above Gibraltar. Today the symbolism has new meaning - humanity is starting to think of stepping out of Earth orbit, space travel’s new Gibraltar, and perhaps obtaining a new olympian view - a close-up look at Olympus Mons on Mars. Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology chronicles the 154 EVAs conducted from March 1965 to April 1997. It is intended to make clear the crucial role played by EVA in the history of spaceflight, as well as to chronicle the large body of EVA “lessons learned.” Russia and the U.S. define EVA differently. Russian cosmonauts are said to perform EVA any time they are in vacuum in a space suit. A U.S. astronaut must have at least his head outside his spacecraft before he is said to perform an EVA. The difference is based in differing spacecraft design philoso-
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