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The United Nations As a Permanent World Organization
THE UNITED NATIONS AS A PERMANENT WORLD ORGANIZATION By ERIK COLBAN Former Norvegian Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Even those of us, who stille are young, have lived in the time of the Yeague of Nations. We know that that attempt to create a lasting world organization for peace and friendly collaboration be- tween the peoples did not succeed. We now have the United Nations. Is there a prospect that this new attempt, with the same purpose, will prove more capable of surviving? To clear our minds on this question we should begin by con- sidering on general lines the tasks of the organization. We shall then be in a better position to see, how it must be constructed so as to be able. to perform these tasks and survive. The tasks are two-fold: political and non-political. Two world - wars made it natural to place the political task - to secure peace in the foreground both in the Covenant of the League of Nations and in the Charter of the United Nations. But both documents gave also the organization the task to solve economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. Let us first examine the political task: consideration and settle- ment of international disputes. On this subject the system embodied in the Charter of the United Nations is in general the same as that of the Covenant of the League of Nations: the Member States undertake to stand one for all and all for one against the State which violates the peace. The system failed in the days of the League, because the States which violated the peace were Great Powers and because the United States of America remained outside the orga- nization. -
1 Introduction
Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p. -
Scandinavian Journal of History, 44(4), 454-483
Coversheet This is the accepted manuscript (post-print version) of the article. Contentwise, the accepted manuscript version is identical to the final published version, but there may be differences in typography and layout. How to cite this publication Please cite the final published version: Gram-Skjoldager, K., Ikonomou, H., & Kahlert, T. (2019). Scandinavians and the League of Nations Secretariat, 1919-1946. Scandinavian Journal of History, 44(4), 454-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2019.1566170 Publication metadata Title: Scandinavians and the League of Nations Secretariat, 1919-1946 Author(s): Karen Gram-Skjoldager, Haakon A. Ikonomou & Torsten Kahlert Journal: Scandinavian Journal of History DOI/Link: 10.1080/03468755.2019.1566170 Document version: Accepted manuscript (post-print) General Rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. If the document is published under a Creative Commons license, this applies instead of the general rights. This coversheet template is made available by AU Library Version 2.0, December 2017 Scandinavians and the League of Nations Secretariat, 1919-1946 Karen Gram-Skjoldager, Haakon A. -
For Rettssikkerhet Og Trygghet I 200 År. Festskrift Til Justis
For rettssikkerhet og trygghet i 200 år FESTSKRIFT TIL JUSTIS- OG BEREDSKAPSDEPARTEMENTET 1814–2014 REDAKTØR Tine Berg Floater I REDAKSJONEN Stian Stang Christiansen, Marlis Eichholz og Jørgen Hobbel UTGIVER Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet PUBLIKASJONSKODE G-0434-B DESIGN OG OMBREKKING Kord Grafisk Form TRYKK 07 Media AS 11/2014 – opplag 1000 INNHOLD FORORD • 007 • HISTORISKE ORGANISASJONSKART • 008 • PER E. HEM Justisdepartementets historie 1814 – 2014 • 010 • TORLEIF R. HAMRE Grunnlovssmia på Eidsvoll • 086 • OLE KOLSRUD 192 år med justis og politi – og litt til • 102 • HILDE SANDVIK Sivillovbok og kriminallovbok – Justisdepartementets prioritering • 116 • ANE INGVILD STØEN Under tysk okkupasjon • 124 • ASLAK BONDE Går Justisdepartementet mot en dyster fremtid? • 136 • STATSRÅDER 1814–2014 • 144 • For rettssikkerhet og trygghet i 200 år Foto: Frode Sunde FORORD Det er ikke bare grunnloven vi feirer i år. Den bli vel så begivenhetsrike som de 200 som er gått. 07 norske sentraladministrasjonen har også sitt 200- Jeg vil takke alle bidragsyterne og redaksjons- årsjubileum. Justisdepartementet var ett av fem komiteen i departementet. En solid innsats er lagt departementer som ble opprettet i 1814. Retts- ned over lang tid for å gi oss et lesverdig og lærerikt vesen, lov og orden har alltid vært blant statens festskrift i jubileumsåret. viktigste oppgaver. Vi som arbeider i departementet – både embetsverket og politisk ledelse – er med God lesing! på å forvalte en lang tradisjon. Vi har valgt å markere departementets 200 år med flere jubileumsarrangementer gjennom 2014 og med dette festskriftet. Her er det artikler som Anders Anundsen trekker frem spennende begivenheter fra departe- Statsråd mentets lange historie. Det er fascinerende å følge departementets reise gjennom 200 år. -
FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, and the GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE by Umut Özsu a Thesis
FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE by Umut Özsu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Sciences Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Umut Özsu (2011) Abstract FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE Umut Özsu Doctor of Juridical Sciences (S.J.D.) Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2011 This dissertation concerns a crucial episode in the international legal history of nation-building: the Greek-Turkish population exchange. Supported by Athens and Ankara, and implemented largely by the League of Nations, the population exchange showcased the new pragmatism of the post-1919 order, an increased willingness to adapt legal doctrine to local conditions. It also exemplified a new mode of non-military nation-building, one initially designed for sovereign but politico-economically weak states on the semi-periphery of the international legal order. The chief aim here, I argue, was not to organize plebiscites, channel self-determination claims, or install protective mechanisms for vulnerable minorities Ŕ all familiar features of the Allied Powers‟ management of imperial disintegration in central and eastern Europe after the First World War. Nor was the objective to restructure a given economy and society from top to bottom, generating an entirely new legal order in the process; this had often been the case with colonialism in Asia and Africa, and would characterize much of the mandates system ii throughout the interwar years. Instead, the goal was to deploy a unique mechanism Ŕ not entirely in conformity with European practice, but also distinct from non-European governance regimes Ŕ to reshape the demographic composition of Greece and Turkey. -
Germany's Crimes Against Norway
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GERMANY'S CRIMES AGAINST NORWAY PREPARED BY THE ROYAL NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT FOR USE AT THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN TRIALS AGAINST THE MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS OF THE EUROPEAN AXIS BY MAJOR FINN PALMSTR0M Deputy Norwegian Representative on the United Nations* War Crimen Commission AND ROLF NORMANN TORGERSEN Secretary in the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Police. OSLO 1945 PRINTED BY GR0NDAHL & S0N, OSLO CONTENTS Foreword by M. Johan Cappelen, Norwegian Minister of Justice and Police 6 n I. Introduction II. Crimes against Peace 1. Preparations for the German war of aggression 9 2. Prelude to the attack on Norway on 9th April 1940 10 3. Conclusion III. Crimes against the Laws and Customs of War 13 1. The War in Norway in 1940 14 Attack without warning or declaration of War 14 The Unrestricted Air Warfare. The Luftwaffe's ravaging in Norway 15 Shooting and Abuse of the Civilian Population 16 Other Violations l' 2. The Attempts to Nazify Norway 17 The German Aim 1' The German Tools i8 Means employed by the Germans 19 Highlights of the Development 19 Conclusion 3. Results of the Attempts to Nazify Norway 22 A. Crimes against the Lives, the Bodies and the Health of the Norwegian Citizens 22 a. Murder and systematic Terrorism — Killing of Hostages 22 b. Arrest and torture of Civilians 24 c. Deportations of Civilians 25 d. Compulsory Labour by Civilians as Part of the Enemy's War Effort 25 B. Crimes against Norwegian Property 26 a. Wanton Ravaging and Destruction 26 b. Confiscation of Property 27 c. -
Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization, Including Annexes 9
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT HELD AT HAVANA, CUBA FROM NOVEMBER 21, 1947, TO MARCH 24, 1948 _______________ FINAL ACT AND RELATED DOCUMENTS INTERIM COMMISSION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION LAKE SUCCESS, NEW YORK APRIL, 1948 - 2 - The present edition of the Final Act and Related Documents has been reproduced from the text of the signature copy and is identical with that contained in United Nations document E/Conf. 2/78. This edition has been issued in larger format in order to facilitate its use by members of the Interim Commission. - 3 - FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT - 4 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment VII II. Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization, including Annexes 9 III. Resolutions adopted by the Conference 117 - 5 - FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, by a resolution dated February 18, 1946, resolved to call an International Conference on Trade and Employment for the purpose of promoting the expansion of the production, exchange and consumption of goods. The Conference, which met at Havana on November 21, 1947, and ended on March 24, 1948, drew up the Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization to be submitted to the Governments represented. The text of the Charter in the English and French languages is annexed hereto and is hereby authenticated. The authentic text of the Charter in the Chinese, Russian and Spanish languages will be established by the Interim Commission of the International Trade Organization, in accordance with the procedure approved by the Conference. -
Who's Afraid of Violent Language?
01 ANT 3-3 Cowan (JB/D) 7/8/03 1:03 pm Page 271 Anthropological Theory Copyright © 2003 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) Vol 3(3): 271–291 [1463-4996(200309)3:3;271–291;035238] Who’s afraid of violent language? Honour, sovereignty and claims-making in the League of Nations Jane K. Cowan University of Sussex, UK Abstract The peace treaties following the Great War dictated that certain nation-states accept, as the price of international recognition, agreements to protect the rights of their minority populations. Responsibility to ‘guarantee’ and ‘supervise’ the minority treaties fell to a novel and untried international institution, the League of Nations. It established the ‘minority petition procedure’, an unprecedented innovation within international relations that initiated transnational claims-making. Focusing on the supervision of agreements pertaining to the Macedonian region, I examine how the Minorities Section of the League of Nations Secretariat handled ‘minority petitions’ alleging state infractions of minority treaties. I consider, in particular, a preoccupation among both bureaucrats and states with ‘violent language’ in petitions. I argue that this preoccupation signalled anxieties about honour, sovereignty and legitimacy, about the ambiguous position of ‘minority states’ and about the potentially explosive effects of popular energies in the post-war international order. Key Words bureaucracy • claims-making • international institutions • League of Nations • minorities • minority treaties • petitions • rights • sovereignty • violent language The redrawing of European state boundaries at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1918–1919 had dramatic consequences for the inhabitants of the now disintegrated Ottoman, Hapsburg and Romanov empires. If the peace settlement gave 60 million ‘their own’ national state, more than half that number, who saw themselves, or were seen by others, as distinct from the majority population, confronted a different fate. -
En Norsk FN-Visjon?
En norsk FN-visjon? Norske forestillinger og opinionsdannelse om organiseringen av en fredelig verden 1941-1955 Anette Wilhelmsen Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) Universitetet i Oslo Våren 2008 ii En norsk FN-visjon? Norske forestillinger og opinionsdannelse om organiseringen av en fredelig verden 1941-1955 Anette Wilhelmsen Masteroppgave i historie IAKH UiO Våren 2008 iii FORORD Denne oppgaven har tatt mye tid og krefter de nesten to årene som har gått siden jeg startet, men det har vært utrolig artig. Mange mennesker skal ha takk for at oppgaven har fått sitt endelige resultat. Først og fremst vil jeg takke mine to veiledere Helge Ø. Pharo og Hanne Hagtvedt Vik for mange inspirerende veiledninger og samtaler. Dere har gitt god og solid veiledning, raske tilbakemeldinger og bidratt til at oppgaven har blitt stadig mer omfattende. Jeg vil også takke miljøet rundt Forum for samtidshistories fredstankeprosjekt for seminarer i regi av doktorgradstipendiatene. De regelmessige kollokviene med Astrid, Ingrid, Ingrid, Johanne og Therese har også i stor grad bidratt med gode innspill på kapittelutkast underveis. Ikke minst har dere bidratt med oppmuntring i tider når oppgaven har virket frustrerende. Min mor, Trine Suphammer, har også i stor grad bidratt med korrektur underveis. Jeg vil også benytte anledningen til å takke Anders Buraas og Gunnar Garbo som stilte opp til intervju. Personalet ved Nobelinstituttets bibliotek, FN-sambandets bibliotek, Nasjonalbiblioteket, Arbeiderbevegelsens Arkiv og Bibliotek og Riksarkivet må også takkes for rask og bra service. Takk til mamma, pappa og venner som har sørget for at jeg fortsatt vet at det finnes en verden utenfor arbeidet med masteroppgaven. -
CM} Rapportserle J'.T;POLARINS~' NR
6-11W.....8.-... ~ NORSK POLARINSTITUTT CM} RAPPORTSERlE J'.t;POLARINS~' NR. 54 OSLO 1989 TORE GJELSVIK: PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA NORSK POLARINSTITUTT RAPPORTSERlE NR. 54 OSLO 1989 TORE GJELSVIK: PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA Tore Gjelsvik Norsk Polarinstitutt Rolfstangveien 12 1330 OSLO LUFTHAVN PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA The mountain range Heimejrontfjella,in western Dronning Maud Land, is named in honour of the national resistance organizationswhich opposed the Nazi occupation of Norway from 1940 to 1945. These organizations had various functions: Milorg (the Military Resistance Organization) established secret military groups; Sivorg (the Civil Resistance Organization) was a conglomerate of groups, encouraging and guiding opposition to the Norwegian Nazi Party by organizing civil disobedience, the production of illegal (free) newspapers, and aiding imprisoned patriots and their families. Abbreviations such as HL (Heimefrontleiinga), KK (Koordinasjonskomiteen) and SL (Sentralledelsen) refer to the central bodies in charge of these activities. XV was the name of the largest organization for military intelligence, the most important and dangerous illegal activity during the occupation. The various geographic units in Heimefrontfjella are named after some of the many members of these organizations that made outstanding contributions to the Resistance. Many of them were arrested, tortured, confined in jails or concentration camps and even executed. Jf fortunate, they were able to escape to England or Sweden when hunted by the Gestapo. Particular attention is given to the pioneers of the Resistance. The Ungetoppane mountains (map sheets Schirmacheroasen (L4) and Starheimstind (M4» are named in honour of the members of a company of Norwegian commandos operating behind German lines in Norway during the Second World War. -
Historieglimt 5O
Historieglimt 58 Engstykket Engstykket er en av byens skjulte perler. Det stilrene huset i empire ligger i en hage med gamle trær øst for Lademoen kirkegård. Over en snipp av kirkegården kan en fremdeles se den fine alleen som gikk fra inngangen og ned mot jernbanen og til veien som går langs jernbanen. Veien blir av mange kalt «Cappelens vei». Engstykket var familiebolig for tidligere ordfører i Trondheim og senere fylkesmann Johan Cappelen og hans familie som kjøpte stedet i 1925. Idag er det datteren Hjørdis som bor der. Engstykket, Thomas Hirschs gate 21, gårdsnummer 9, bruksnummer 62, ble i 1843 utskilt fra Rønningen. Det var nok da et engstykke under Rønningen gård oppe på åsen. Fra 1844 var eieren kemner Paul Ulstad. Fra 1873 tilhørte eiendommen kjøpmann Rasmus Flor Kjeldsberg som hadde den som landsted eller lystgård. Han kjøpte til en parsell av Lilleby og anla alleen fra jernbanelinjen og opp til gården. I senere år er noe av grunnen utlagt til en del av kirkegården og til boligtomter. En kald og snørik marsdag i 1926 flyttet Cappelenfamilien fra byen ut til Engstykket som da ble regner for «å ligge langt ute på landet»! I 1930 ble huset oppusset og noe ombygd, men idag er innredningen bevart slik det var i far og mor Cappelens tid. Vi er så heldige å bli invitert til formiddagste hos Hjørdis Cappelen Asphaug og blir meget vennlig mottatt. Hun forteller gjerne om huset og livet som har vært der. To ganger har Engstykket hatt kongelige besøk. Da det nygifte kronprinsparet Märtha og Olav besøkte Trondheim første gang, inviterte daværende ordfører fra Frisinnede Venstre de kongelige til besøk. -
Supervisor, Facilitator and Arbitrator: UNIVERSITY of OSLO
Supervisor, Facilitator and Arbitrator: a Study of the Involvement of the Minority Section of the League of Nations in the Forced Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 Mads Drange Master’s Thesis in History Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History (IAKH) UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2017 II Supervisor, Facilitator and Arbitrator: a Study of the Involvement of the Minority Section of the League of Nations in the Forced Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 III Copyright: Mads Drange 2017 Supervisor, Facilitator and Arbitrator: a Study of the Involvement of the Minority Section of the League of Nations in the Forced Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 www.duo.uio.no Printing: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Summary In January 1923 in the Swiss town of Lausanne, Turkey and Greece agreed to a forced population exchange involving more than 1.4 million people. According to the agreement, all Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox religion, and all Greek nationals of the Muslim religion, were supposed to move, resettling in Greece and Turkey respectively. The agreement had come into being as part of the negotiations between the new Turkish republic and the Allied nations after the Greco-Turkish war and it represented a pragmatic attempt to solve the refugee crisis in the region at the time. To ensure that the exchange was executed in accordance with the provisions of the agreement, a Mixed Commission was established consisting of Greek, Turkish and neutral members. The neutral members were appointed by the League of Nations’ Council. This thesis studies the role of the League of Nations in the execution of the Greco- Turkish population exchange.