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Twentieth-Century American Women on the Edges of Exploration

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Twentieth-Century American Women on the Edges of Exploration University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Mimic-Women: Twentieth-Century American Women On The dE ges Of Exploration Michele R. Willman Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Willman, Michele R., "Mimic-Women: Twentieth-Century American Women On The dE ges Of Exploration" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2381. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2381 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MIMIC-WOMEN: TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICAN WOMEN ON THE EDGES OF EXPLORATION by Michele Rae Willman Bachelor of Arts, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN, 1993 Master of Arts, North Dakota State University, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2017 Copyright 2017 Michele R. Willman ii PERMISSION Title Mimic-Women: Twentieth-Century American Women on the Edges of Exploration Department English Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in her absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Michele R. Willman 27 July 2017 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING WOMEN AS MIMIC-MEN ...............................1 Exploring Women “On the Move” ............................................................. 8 Exploring Women in a “White Man’s Game” .......................................... 11 Why Twentieth-Century Americans? ....................................................... 16 Critical Approach ...................................................................................... 20 Chapter Overview ..................................................................................... 25 II. PERFORMING EXPLORATION: THE BODY IN SPACE .................................29 The Traveling Body and Domestic Space ................................................ 34 The Transformation of Unfamiliar Domestic Space .................38 The Transformation of the Familiar as Domestic Space ...........43 Self-Effacement and Erasure .................................................................... 49 Incompetence and False Modesty .............................................49 Erasure of the Self .....................................................................59 Clothing and Accoutrements..................................................................... 63 v III. SHARING THE LIMELIGHT: THE SELF AND THE OTHER .........................78 Traveling Companions .............................................................................. 85 Colleagues .................................................................................87 Annie Smith Peck and her unreliable companions ........... 88 Louise Arner Boyd and resident experts ........................... 96 Husbands ...................................................................................99 Delia Akeley and the frail male ...................................... 101 Harriet Chalmers Adams and Anne Morrow Lindbergh and the use of “we” .......................................................... 111 The Foreign Other ................................................................................... 119 IV. AMATEUR OR PROFESSIONAL?: EXPLORING WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES ...........................................................................................................130 Botany and Beyond: Exploring Women Working in Natural Sciences .. 137 Personal Experience as a Marker of Authority ....................................... 145 Louise Boyd, Establishing Experience ....................................146 Delia Akeley, De facto Expedition Leader .............................150 Explorer or Traveler?: Labels and Affiliations of Exploring Women .... 156 Professional Societies ..............................................................162 Linking Science and Imperialism ........................................................... 167 vi V. EXPLORING WOMEN SEE THE WORLD .......................................................170 Exploring Women Adopt the Imperial Gaze .......................................... 174 Annie Smith Peck and the view from the promontory ............179 Harriet Chalmers Adams from peaks and windows ................182 Delia Akeley and the observer who is observed .....................194 VI. EXPLORING WOMEN BRING THE WORLD HOME ...................................200 Specimen Collecting: Exploring Women Add to the Archive ................ 207 Botanical collecting .................................................................210 Big game collecting .................................................................212 Collecting for Preservation ......................................................215 Knowledge Collectors as “Good Colonizers” .........................220 Mapping and Naming: Collecting Geographic Space ............................ 224 Mapping as Collecting .............................................................226 Naming as Collecting ..............................................................228 VII. AFTERWORD: MODERN-DAY EXPLORERS AND THE LEGACY OF WOMEN’S EXPLORATION .............................................................................232 WORKS CITED ..............................................................................................................240 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincerest appreciation to those who supported and believed in me through this endeavor and who helped me see it through to the end. My deepest gratitude to Dr. Rebecca Weaver-Hightower who took me under her wing and who believed in me through it all. Without her support, I would not have gotten this far. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Michael Beard, Dr. Chris Nelson, Dr. Sarah Mosher, and a special thank you to Dr. Gary Totten who has always been available to provide advice and support from my early days as a graduate student and who has served as a role model for me with his professionalism and dedication to learning. viii For my family, Jeff, Elana, Cady, Solvei, and Beckett, who stood by me (and sometimes managed without me) through the many hours and years of work that went into this project. ABSTRACT Women have been involved in exploration as adventurers, discoverers, mountaineers, and botanists for centuries. Yet, women have largely been unrecognized as explorers. This project shows that women in exploration have had to practice physical and rhetorical strategies to overcome historical and traditional gender biases in exploration and its related fields. Expanding on Homi Bhabha’s explanation of colonial mimicry, I argue that twentieth-century American women explorers practiced a form of gender-based mimicry to make their presence in exploration possible. At times, they mimicked their male explorer-counterparts such as when they inhabited the imperial gaze. At other times, they employed gendered rhetorical strategies, such as the use of self-effacement. Taken together, these strategies allowed women of the time to work in the male- dominated field of exploration while carving out a place in the field for the women who followed. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING WOMEN AS MIMIC-MEN Modern day outdoor enthusiast, explorer, travel writer, meteorologist, and climate scientist Felicity Aston wrote two articles for Geographical magazine in 2006, lamenting the women’s outdoor clothing market’s lack of attention to women’s garments. In the end, she concedes that clothing makers are beginning to manufacture weather-appropriate and properly-fitting clothing and gear for women and congratulates them for moving in the right direction. Despite what she sees as a promising trend, however, Aston admits that in her experience “many women, including myself, abandoned women’s products altogether and made do with men’s outdoor gear instead. It didn’t fit perfectly, but it was reliable and up to the job” (“Outdoor Clothing for Women” 88). In the twenty-first century, as Aston points out, women’s outdoor clothing continues to be inadequate for the difficulties and challenges of exploration, particularly polar exploration. Her observations and complaints
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