Part of the Whānau: the Emergence of Takatāpui Identity He Whāriki Takatāpui
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Part of The Whānau: The Emergence of Takatāpui Identity He Whāriki Takatāpui Elizabeth Kerekere A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Te Kawa a Māui School of Māori Studies Victoria University of Wellington April 2017 2 KARANGA Karanga mai e ngā tūpuna takatāpui Anei tāu mokopuna E karanga atu nei i raro i te mana o Tūranganui a Kiwa Ko Ngāti Oneone rātou ko Te Aitanga a Māhaki ko Whānau a Kai, ko Rongowhakaata, ko Ngāi Tāmanuhiri Ahakoa ngā piki me ngā heke, ahakoa e rehurehu mai rā ō āhua E kore koutou e warewaretia He Whāriki Takatāpui tēnei mō koutou, hei whakamānawa i ngā taonga tuku iho E kore tēnei mahi e mutu, mā Te Roopū Tīwhanawhana te kaupapa e kawe Hei para i te huarahi mō ngā reanaga e whanake ake, e whanake ake Call to me, our takatāpui ancestors Here I stand, your descendant I call to you under the mana of Tūranganui a Kiwa Ngāti Oneone, Te Aitanga a Māhaki Whānau a Kai, Rongowhakaata and Ngāi Tāmanuhiri Although the journey has been difficult and your form sometimes indistinct You were never forgotten This Whāriki Takatāpui is dedicated to you, to honour the treasures you have passed down Although it may never end, Tīwhanawhana Trust will carry this work To clear a pathway for coming generations who will ever move onwards 3 4 ABSTRACT Since the early 1980s, Māori who are whakawāhine, tangata ira tāne, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex or queer have increasingly adopted the identity of ‘takatāpui’ - a traditional Māori term meaning ‘intimate companion of the same sex.’ As the first study on takatāpui identity and well-being, this is fashioned as a Whāriki Takatāpui; a woven mat which lays the foundation for future research and advocacy. Kaupapa Māori research provides the tools for this task while Kaupapa Māori theory ensures the harvest of Māori narratives is underpinned by te reo, tikanga and mātauranga - Māori language, culture and knowledges. The preparation of weaving materials is represented by Mana Wāhine; which considers whakapapa (genealogy), intersectional colonial oppression with an artistic approach to analysing whakataukī (historical metaphor). Mana Motuhake represents the design of the Whāriki; the colours and patterns emanating from the subjective experiences of six leaders who have embraced a takatāpui identity. Te Whare Tapa Whā represents weaving together takatāpui health and well-being in response to the issues and discrimination they face. Oral history interviews were held with takatāpui participants who reflected a diversity of iwi, geographical location, gender identities and sexualities and, at the time of interview, ranged from 17 to 68 years of age. In order to gain insight into the perception of whānau with takatāpui members, semi structured interviews were also held with two kuia (female elders) and 12 whānau members of the takatāpui rangatahi (young people) interviewed. In total 27 participants were interviewed in three stages over four years. Their responses were recorded, transcribed then analysed based on the elements of the Whāriki Takatāpui framework. Despite colonial efforts to remove historical trace, this study reveals new evidence of takatāpui behaviour within traditional Māori narratives. It finds that takatāpui identity is predicated on Māori identity with a spiritual connection to takatāpui tūpuna (ancestors) that is crucial in addressing the discrimination they may face within their whānau and culture. It identifies the range of issues that impact on takatāpui health and well-being while highlighting the creative and strength- based manner in which takatāpui build resilience and connection through identity. 5 6 CONTENTS KARANGA................................................................................................................................ 3 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 5 WE ROCKED THIS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................. 11 The Academy & The Community: ............................................................................................................... 11 Paying the Bills: Scholarships & Awards .................................................................................................... 11 Spreading The Word: Opportunities to Present ........................................................................................... 12 Putting It Into Practice: Key Projects ........................................................................................................... 14 And The Hard Core... ................................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1: MAHIA TE MAHI: THE WHY, THE WHO & THE WHAT ........................ 17 The Why: Putting Takatāpui on the Map ................................................................................. 17 Telling Our Stories: Updating the Record ................................................................................................... 18 Building Our Communities: Putting Research into Practice ........................................................................ 20 Leaving a Legacy: From Ancestors to Now ................................................................................................ 21 The Who: Takatāpui Speak for Ourselves ............................................................................... 22 A Line in the Sand: Defining Takatāpui ...................................................................................................... 22 Deeper Meanings: Reclaiming Gender ........................................................................................................ 23 I Remember When: Making Oral History .................................................................................................... 26 The Nitty Gritty: Thesis & Research Questions........................................................................................... 28 Owning Subjectivity: Putting Myself in the Picture .................................................................................... 29 The What: My Contribution to Mātauranga ............................................................................ 32 Maybe Next Time: What This Research is Not ........................................................................................... 35 Kaupapa Māori Research: Gathering The Tools ..................................................................... 40 Kaupapa Māori Theory: Harvesting Language & Culture ...................................................... 41 Te Reo Māori: A Genderless Language? ..................................................................................................... 41 Tikanga: Making Judgment ......................................................................................................................... 42 Mana Wāhine: Preparing to Fight Back ................................................................................... 43 The Other Side of the Family: Colonial Impact ........................................................................................... 44 Whakapapa: Reclaiming Our Histories ........................................................................................................ 46 Mana Motuhake: Designing Identity in a Colonised Land ...................................................... 47 Standing Out: Survival Through Identity ..................................................................................................... 47 In our Own Words: Takatāpui Colours & Patterns ...................................................................................... 48 Te Whare Tapa Whā: Weaving Health & Well-Being ............................................................ 51 Taha Wairua: Spiritual Realms .................................................................................................................... 51 Taha Hinengaro: Failing to Read Our Minds ............................................................................................... 52 Taha Whānau: Maintaining the Tension ...................................................................................................... 52 Taha Tinana: Embodying Identity ............................................................................................................... 53 Whakamutunga: Tying Up Loose Ends ................................................................................... 53 He Hononga ............................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 3: WHAKAPAPA: LEARNING FROM THE PAST .......................................... 57 Covering Up & Toning Down: The Other Side of the Family ................................................ 57 7 Trusting Whakapapa: Takatāpui Existence ............................................................................. 60 Putting it in Writing: Oral Narratives in Print ......................................................................... 62 Tradional Maori Narratives: What We Know ......................................................................... 63 Takatāpui: Tūtanekai & Tiki ........................................................................................................................ 63 Whakatane/Tangata Ira Tane: Wairaka .......................................................................................................