Index

Symbols 280, 282, 284, 290, 291, лесбиянка/lesbiyanka 69 293, 295–297, 300, 308, Стекло/Steklo 65, 66, 68 343–345, 349, 355, 357, 364 тема/tema 54, 68 Activist(s) v–viii, 52, 53, 59–61, 69 тусовка/tusovka 54, 57 Agency 72, 213, 219, 224 Это Происходит Рядом с Вами 67, Agender 290 70 AIDS 244, 245, 258 AIDS-activism 356 Alexa, Visarion 200 A Alliance for Family 195 Abortion 186, 189, 193, 194 All-Ukrainian Council of Churches 190, 192 and Religious Organizations Aces 290, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301 (AUCCRO) 167, 172 Acquis communautaire 164 Americanization 246 ActiveNews 196 American LGBT movement 273 Activism v–ix, 79, 94–97, 102, American media 52 106, 110, 117, 118, 120, American nationalism 33 121, 188, 190–192, 266, American Tinker 196 267, 269–271, 273, 279, Amsterdam 163

© Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive license 379 to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2020 R. Buyantueva and M. Shevtsova (eds.), LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20401-3 380 Index

Anonymous donor insemination Asexual Visibility and Education 319, 320, 335 Network (AVEN) 290, 294, Anthropological research 25, 315 296, 297, 301, 303, 304 Antidiscrimination law 168 Asylum seekers 53, 58 Antidiscrimination legislation Asylum seeking 56 164–166, 169, 176, 191 Atshan, Sa’ed vi Antidiscrimination policy(ies) 166, Azarov, Mykola 165 173, 345 Anti-discriminatory legal regulations 271 B Anti- discourses 59 Backlash viii ‘Anti-gay propaganda’ bill 79–82 Backlash against LGBTIQ+ visibility Anti-“gay propaganda” law 211, 224 52 Anti-gender campaign 254 Backwardness 58, 62 Anti-homosexual propaganda law Bad gay 109 51, 215 Bad nationalism 41 Anti-immigration sentiment 36, 38 Bakhmetjev, Y. 102, 105, 106, 118 Anti-LGBT+ logic 190 Baltic countries 13 Anti-LGBT+ organizations 193 Baltic region vi Anti-LGBT+ rhetoric 192 Baltic republics 240 Anti-LGBT+ rights movements 204 Banach Nagy, Milán 322 Anti-war activism 42 Batričević, Milica 301 Aromanticism 295 191 Aromantic people 294 Belonging 84 190 Bill on same-sex civil partnership Article 48 186, 198 250 Artifcial insemination 319, 320, Binary categories of sex and gender 325, 328, 330, 332, 335 141 Asex-nationalisms 306 Biological reproduction of the nation Asexual activism(s) 290, 291, 294, 175 295, 297, 302, 303, 307 Biopolitical control 91 Asexual Awareness Week 297 Bi Party 351 Asexual Education Network 294 354, 365 Asexual experiences 297 Bisexual activists 355 Asexual groups 354 Bisexual communities 354 Asexual identifcation 300 Bisexual(ity) 14, 15, 104, Asexual(ity) 14, 290–308, 370, 376 106–108, 120, 290, 292, as a Social Movement 299–301, 308, 341–365, 299, 300 370, 376 Index 381

Bisexuality connoted closet 349 Catholic nation-state 291, 306 Bisexual lived experiences 355, 360 CEE countries 369, 370, 372, 373, Bisexual organising 355 375, 377 Bisexual porn 341, 342 Celebration of sexual subjectivity Bisexual representations 342, 343, 293 361, 364, 365 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Bisexual women 350, 352, 354, 365 1–5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8–10, 12, Bodily performance 55 26–28, 318, 321, 342, 344, Bodnar, Adam 194 347, 352, 355, 361, 370, 377 Borgos, Anna 345, 346, 353–355 Central Statistical Bureau 257 Breitbart 196 Cerankowski, K.J. 297 191 Cernea, Remus 192 Week 191 Charter of Fundamental Rights 163 Buciumul.ro 197 Chechnya 105, 219, 230 Pride 317, 354, 359, 363 Children 404 10, 78, 83, 84, 88, 90, Festival 354 93, 95, 96 Buhrots, Leonīds 245 Christian beliefs 375 Butch 63, 65, 68 Christian dualism 300 Butler, Judith 79, 84, 224 Christian homophobic discourse 189 Buvinger, Birgit 248 Christianity 205, 251 Buyantueva, Radzhana v, ix, 95, 102, Church 302, 303 114, 217, 219, 226, 228, 229 Church leaders 249, 253, 258 Church’s attitude to asexuality 303 Citizenship 129, 130, 132–134, 137, C 142, 143, 147–149, 373 Campaign of Hate 10, 89, 90, 94, Civil Initiative for the Family and the 96, 97 Rights of Children 195 Canada 78, 84, 90, 91, 96 Civil partnership 190, 192, 198, Capitalism 255 204, 266, 271, 277, 279, 285, Capitalist-consumerist ideas of sexual 286 availability 346 Civil partnership law 256, 259 Capitalistic values 266 Civil partnerships act 289 Capitalist social order 282 Civil rights 132, 134 Catholic Bible 299 Civil society 187, 188, 194, 242, Catholic 303 246, 261, 266, 271, 272, 275 Catholic Church 302–305 Class 30, 31, 33, 342–344, 349, Catholic discourse 302 350, 354, 356–359, 361, Catholicism 294, 302, 304–306 363–365 382 Index

Cluj-Napoca 191 Contraceptives 194 Coaliţia pentru Familie 185 Cooper, Daniel 292, 293 Coaliţia pentru Vanilie 202 Co-parenting arrangements 329, Coalition for Family (CfF) 186–188, 333, 336 192–206 Core-periphery scheme 32 Cohabitation Law 241, 252 Council of Churches 167, 172 Cohen, Cathy 291, 292, 294 Council of Europe 87, 165, 174, Colbert, Stephen 225, 226 228, 241, 245 Collective actions 267, 268, 270– Te Council of Europe Convention 273, 276, 277, 279, 281, 282, 253 286 Cracow 269, 278, 284 Collective activities 271 Crimea 257 Colonial self-love 344 Criminal Code 239, 245, 247 Come Out Organization 323 Criminal Code of Soviet Latvia 239 53, 56, 95, 105, Criminalization 240 110–112, 121, 134, 136, 343, Critical feminist post-socialist studies 356, 358, 360, 363 343 Commercialisation 345 Critical sexuality studies 292 Commercialised networks of sex 346 Critique of sexual objectifcation 346 Commission for the Review of the Croatia 194 Constitution 193 Cross-border activism vii Communication tools 187 Cruising 351 Communist Party 216 Cruising areas 345 Communist regime 188, 190 Cultural capital 269 Communist society 282 Cultural liberalization 153 Comparative politics 2 Cultural mainstream 114 Complexity of identities viii Cultural self-determination 162 Compulsory sexual expression 299 Cultura vieţii 196 Compulsory sexuality 14, 291–293, Curentul.net 197 296, 297, 306–308 Currier, Ashley vii Conspiracy theory 251 Cuvântul Ortodox 196 Consumerist desires 348 Cvetić, Andrej 301 Contemporary Poland 265 Czechoslovakia 6 Contentious politics 213, 221, 225 Contestation of LGBTI rights 154, 169 D Contestation(s) 210, 221, 274 Daily Signal 196 Contested political technology 213 Dating and cruising sites 344 Index 383

Dating sites 349, 351–353, 363, 365 Divorce 200 Dave, Naisargi 296 Documentary(ies) 77–80, 82–86, Decline in demographics 200 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 371 Decriminalization 190 Dombos, Tamás 319, 321, 322, Decriminalization of 324–327, 330, 334 223, 228 Domestic homophobic discourses 92 Decriminalization of male same-sex Domestic policy change 166 relationships 240 Domestic power 176 Decriminalizing male homosexuality Dominance 215, 217 245 Dominant forms of masculinity 104, Defensive tolerance 279 110 De Lappe, Joseph 297 Dugin, Alexandr 218, 220 Democratisation 271, 345 Duma 101, 118, 222 Depoliticization 30 Desiring subjects 292 Development assistance programs E 156 Eastern Europe 25, 27, 43, 53, 59, Deviance 216, 240 80, 92 Deviant homosexual 106, 108, 109 Eastern European countries 31, 39 Digital citizenship 129, 139, 148, Eastern Europeans 34 149 Eastern European sexualities 27 Digital social movement 297 Eastern European states 193 Dimensions of citizenship 132 Economic inequalities 266, 281, Disciplining power of the state 57 282, 285 Discourse 267, 268, 275, 277 Economic transition 267 Discourse analysis 78, 79, 188 Efeminate behaviour 103 Discourses on sexuality 213 Emancipation 9 56, 57, 71, 130, 140, Emasculate 215, 219 154, 161–163, 165, 169, 172, Emasculation 217, 224 265, 266, 271, 273, 280, 281, Emasculinization 216 283, 321, 322, 334, 336 Embedding 158, 176 Discursive regime 215, 216, 221, Employment Directive 163 224 Equal access to citizenship 272 Discursive violence 223 Equality 3, 13, 267, 271, 272, Diversity 13, 267, 268, 271, 272, 275–281, 283–286, 375 274–279, 281–283, 285, 286, Equality frame 268, 276–278 341, 343, 354, 375 Equality Marathon 277 Diversity frame 275 Equality Rights to Love Festival 277 384 Index

Equal 266, 279, 285 Euro Pride 248, 258, 260 Equal parenthood 319 Euro Pride march 256 Equal rights 273, 275, 277–279, 286 Eurovision Song Contest 172 Equal treatment 272 Exclusion(s) 265, 271, 281, 283, Te Equal Treatment Act 130 294, 308, 343, 376 Era homosexual politics 215 Externally imposed celibacy 303 E-residency 373 Extreme right movements 187 Eroticisation of same-sex encounters 346 Essig, Laurie 26, 218, 223, 224, 227, F 230 Facebook 96, 196, 201, 202, 205, E-State 129 321, 351, 355, 357, 358 Estonia 2, 5, 6, 10, 127–131, Fahs, Breanne 306 134–140, 142, 145–149, 240, Faludy, György 350, 361 261, 373, 374 Family 313, 315, 318, 319, 321, Estonian citizenship 149 322, 324, 326–329, 332, Estonian LGBT Association 131 334–336 Estonian parliament 131 Family frame 268, 281, 284, 286 Ethnic minorities 283 Family planning services 194 Ethnographic interviews 315, 331 Family traditions 375 EU countries 129 Family value 284 EU Gender Equality Index 129 Far-right political parties 90, 92 EU institutions 271 Female 344, 346–350 EU integration 166 Female same-sex attraction 54 Eurasianism 39, 218 Female sexuality 54 Euromaidan 11, 168–171 Feminine naked body 350 Europe 3–7, 7, 8, 8–10, 10–12, 186, Femininity 103, 345, 346 187, 190, 193, 195, 198, 204, Feminist 343, 346, 351, 355, 364, 277 365 European Commission 36, 356 Feminist engagements 293 European Council 163 Feminist perspectives on citizenship European Court of Human Rights 132 261 Feminist research 297 Europeanisation 277 Fieldwork 314, 315, 322, 323, 329 European norm(s) 165, 373 FILO 270 (EU) 2, 128–130, First World 31 162–166, 168–170, 174, 189, Fischer, Iván 358–361 190, 261, 271, 275, 277, 356, Fluidity of 330 369, 373 Foreign funds 321 Index 385

Foreign homosexual infuence 121 Gay propaganda law 57, 58, 61, 372, Former Soviet countries 5 374 Forms of citizenship 130, 135, 147, Gay rights 210 149 Gay rights movement 154 Forms of misrepresentations 63 Gayropa 7, 90, 163 Foundation for Rainbow Families Gay(s) 101, 102, 104–109, 112– 314, 322, 326, 332 114, 119–121, 160, 165, 175, Frame analysis 267, 269, 272, 285 242, 243, 245–247, 251, 252, Frame of personal development 268 256, 258, 269, 270, 273, 274, Frames 267, 268, 270–272, 275– 276, 278, 290, 292, 293, 296, 278, 281, 282, 284–286 298, 300, 301, 308, 341, 343, Frameworks 267, 268, 272, 281 345, 346, 349–352, 354, 356, Framing 270, 276, 277, 281, 286 357, 359–361, 363, 365 Framing processes 268, 270 Gay tourists 351 Friedman, M. 61, 62 Gei Men 108 Fundacja Trans-Fuzja 289 Gender 25, 26, 35, 36, 103, 104, 108–110, 117, 120, 129–132, 134, 135, 141–143, 148, 149, G 317, 318, 322, 331, 332, Gay activists 174, 175 334–336, 342, 344, 347, Gay clown image 210, 217, 227 353–355, 363, 364 Gay clown meme 211, 212, 214, Gender and sexual order 278 226, 228, 229 Gendered and sexed bodies 148 Gay community 247 Gender equality 270 Gay couples 144 161, 164, 266, 271, Gay fathers 331 272, 285 Gay-friendly legislation 359 Gender-normative privilege 55 Gay identities 213 Gender norms 104 Gay liberationist activism 327 Gender reassignment 139, 141, 143 politics 57, 67 Gender roles 55, 88, 189 52, 57, 60, 144 General Assembly or the Council on Gay men wishing to co-parent with Human Rights 161 331 Georgia 90 Gayness 215, 216 Gessen, Masha 83, 86, 90 Gay parades 109, 116, 117, 121, 372 Global capitalist sexual discourses 52, 53, 64, 209 344 Gay propaganda 82, 91, 94, 95, 223 Global context 146 “Gay propaganda” bill 77–79, 84, Global culture 156 85, 87–89, 92–94 Global demands viii 386 Index

Global difusion 156 Heteronormative 214, 215, 221– Global heterosexist sex market 350 224, 226 Global hierarchies 342 Heteronormative boundaries 102 Global institutionalization of LGBTI Heteronormative gender conceptions rights 155 and arrangements 334 Globalization 32, 37, 59, 89, 90 Heteronormative-homophobic oppo- Globalization of culture 187 sition politics 214, 219 Global justice or anti-capitalism Heteronormative ideas 143, 144 movements 282 Heteronormative perception of Global LGBTQ discourses 353 kinship 336 Global liberalization 157 Heteronormative regimes of sexual Global norm difusion 157 citizenship 221 Global norms 155, 157, 158 Heteronormative reproduction 291 Genderqueer 290, 298 Heteronormative sexuality 270, 273 Global activism vi Heteronormative state 214–216, Global South 53, 57 221, 224 GLOBSEC Policy Institute 195 Heteronormative state policy 148 Good gay 109, 116 Heteronormative understanding of Greek Catholic Church 172 citizenship 373 Grupa Stonewall 294 293 55 Heterosexual couples 258, 259 H Heterosexual family 81, 313, 318, Háttér Legal Aid 314, 322, 324 334 Hawkins Owen, Ianna 305 103, 106, 269, 289, Healey, Dan 86, 102, 107, 254 299, 300, 304, 306 Heat Street 196 Heterosexual life styles 352 Hegemonic grammar 79, 84, 85, 88, Heterosexual majority 103, 109, 121 89, 92 Heterosexual masculinity 103 Hegemonic masculine legitimacy 220 Heterosexual men 15, 55, 189, 363 Hegemonic masculinity 103, 104, Heterosexual privilege 133 109, 121, 372 Heterosexual relationship 319, 320, Hegemonic values 110, 112 329, 334 Heterofemininity 348 Hicks, Stephen 189 Hetero-nationalist hegemonic dis- 86 courses 229 Home insemination 319, 320 Heteronationalist value structure 224 homelessness 266, 283 Index 387

Homo- and transphobic violence Homosexual behavior 65, 66 369 Homosexual desires 352, 358 vi, 8, 14, 27–31, Homosexual identities 121, 372 33–36, 38, 39, 41–44, 230, Homosexuality 77, 82, 87–89, 94, 293, 306, 308, 370, 371 101–104, 106, 110–112, 115, Homonationalist discourse 226 120, 130, 131, 157, 162–164, homonationalist subjects 35 166, 167, 171, 177, 189, 190, Homo-neoliberalism 33 196, 199, 205, 210, 214–218, Homonormativity 30, 35 220, 222–224, 239, 243, 245, 241, 256 249, 251, 254, 258, 289, 299 4, 6, 13, 15, 52, 55, Homosexuality acceptance 157 57, 60–62, 68, 70, 71, 79, 85, Homosexual men 102–105 86, 88, 92, 93, 95, 102, 106, Homosexual propaganda 101, 102, 111, 113, 121, 129, 134, 164, 115, 200 166, 169, 170, 173, 212, 215, Homosexual relations 130, 345 240, 241, 245, 254, 258, 289, Homosexual rights 344 291, 342, 363, 376 Homosexuals 77, 92, 211, 230 Homophobic activism 60 Homotolerant 51 Homophobic attitudes 94, 345 Hormone replacement therapy 139 Homophobic discourse(s) 67, 187, Hormone therapy 266 220, 230, 299 Hroysman, Volodymyr 169 Homophobic environment 109 Human rights 64, 70, 82, 92, 118, Homophobic groups 186, 192 187, 190, 202, 204, 206 Homophobic hate crimes 93 Human rights activism 314 Homophobic legislation 160 Human Rights Commission 162 Homophobic narrative 85 Human rights discourses 53 Homophobic nationalist right-wing Humboldt University xviii governance 356 Hungarian bisexuality(ies) 343, 358 Homophobic policy 117 Hungarian bisexual representations Homophobic politics 37 343 Homophobic propaganda 187 Hungarian Constitution 193, 313 Homophobic propaganda campaign Hungarian LGBTQ activism 343, 116 344, 348, 349, 352, 355, 357, Homophobic rhetoric 92 359, 363–365 Homophobic society 78 Hungarian LGBTQ community Homophobic speech 251 315, 317, 329, 330 Homophobic value system 112 Hungarian LGBTQ online forums Homophobic violence 84, 92, 94 353 388 Index

Hungarian LGBTQ public dis- Individualism 282 courses 342 Indričāne, Astra 248 Hungarian socialism 347 Inequalities 270, 278, 282 Hungarian society 361, 364 Informal groups 270, 276, 281 1, 2, 4, 6, 15, 313–316, Information Center of 318–322, 325, 330, 334–336, Homosexuality 250 341–344, 346, 347, 350, 353, INGOs 157, 158 355, 357, 358, 361 Injustice 267, 270, 271, 278, 282, Hunted: Te War Against Gays in 283, 285 Russia 77, 78, 82, 87 Institutes of monopolized violence 34 Hybrid masculinities 104 Institutional discrimination 141 Hyper-heteronormativity 220 Institutional inclusion 134 Hypermasculinity 214–216 Institutional inequality 134 Institutionalization without mobili- zation 270 I Institutionalized homophobia 89 Iancu, Gheorghe 200, 201 Inter Alia 322–325, 327, 328, Ideal citizen(s) 129, 134, 148, 149 330–333 Identity 26, 28, 34, 36, 37, 39–41, Inter Alia Foundation 314, 322 106–108, 112, 117 Internal diversity of the movement Identity discourses 154 271, 272 Identity politics 107, 282 Internalized homophobia 102, 106, Iesbophobia 54 111 Iklāva, Ārija 249 International activism 292 ILGA-Europe 6 International contestation of a liberal ILGA Latvia 250 sexual citizenship 176 ILO 162 International Day Against Imperialism 31, 42 Homophobia 219 Implementation 373 International human rights discourse Imre, Aniko 187 160 Incitement to violence 251 International and Gay Inclusive legislation 204 Association (ILGA) 161, 167 Inclusiveness 274, 280 International norms 158 Inclusive practices 276 Internet 357 Inconsequentiality of women’s desires Internet meme 210 363 Interpretative schemes 268, 270, Independent media 85, 93 273, 275, 278, 281 In-depth interviewing 269 Intersectional approach 267 Individualisation 284 Intersectional claims 281 Index 389

Intersectionality 267, 272, 276, 285, L 286 Labelled sexual orientation 107 Intimate citizenship 133, 314–316, Labor code 165, 169, 172 318, 323, 334 Labrisz Lesbian Association 323 Intimate partnership violence 350 Latent homophobia 113 Intimate relationships 316 Latvia 4, 5, 13, 239–242, 245–255, Invisibility 118, 266, 345 257–259, 261 Iohannis, Klaus 194 Latvian Association of Sexual Iron Curtain 6 Equality (LASE) 247–249, Islamophobia 29 251, 256 Istanbul Convention 241, 253 Latvian citizens 13 Latvian LGBT activism 13, 240, 248, 254, 256, 257, 260, 261 J Latvian LGBT movement 246, 260 Jagose, Annamarie 246 Latvian public discourse 240, 253, Jay, David 290 254 Jews 305 Latvian Roman Catholic 249 Johnson, Eric 350 Latvijas Avīze 259 Lavrikovs, Juris 245, 247, 250 Law on Life Partnership 195 K Lazarev, Sergey 95 Kaktiņš, Aivars 243 Leftist feminist approach to sexuality Kampania Przeciw Homofobii 342 289 Legal Aid service 314, 321 Kazakhstan 3 Legal discrimination 15 Kinship 13, 14 Legal partnership 192, 204, 205 Kiselyov, Dmitry 223, 224, 228 Legal protection 113 Klimova, Elena 78, 84 Legal regulation of same-sex relation- Kondakov, Alexander 93, 95, 109 ships 136 Kon, Igor 94, 105, 106, 113, 242 Legal regulation of same-sex unions Kovács, Fanni 350 148 Kremlin 254 Legal rights 131, 134, 135, 139 Krétakör 323, 324 Legislative change(s) 15, 168 Kulpa, Robert 92 Legitimacy 156, 159, 162, 176, 177, Kurov, Askold 83 210 Kyiv Pride 27, 36, 165, 170, 172, Lesbian community 54, 57, 66, 68, 173, 175 70, 71 Kyrgyzstan 3 Lesbian couple 62 390 Index

Lesbian existence 67 116, 240, 246, 248, 249, 251, Lesbian identity 58, 63 253, 255, 256, 260, 261 Lesbianism 243 LGBT+ discourses 187, 188 Lesbian lifestyle 57, 66 LGBT+eam 191 Lesbian representations 67 LGBT flm festival 295 Lesbian(s) 14, 95, 115, 118, 134, LGBTI+ 289–296, 298–301, 307, 136, 143, 144, 160, 165, 175, 308 243, 244, 246, 247, 251, 256, LGBTI+ activisms 289 269, 273, 274, 284, 290, 292, LGBTI activists 33, 36, 40, 42, 160, 293, 296, 299–301, 308, 313, 168, 172, 173, 176 317, 319–323, 325, 326, 329– LGBTI advocacy 155, 174 334, 336, 341, 343, 345–347, LGBTI advocacy groups 155 349, 350, 354, 365, 371 LGBTI+ community 301 Lesbian self-representation 65, 67, LGBTI community(ies) 33–44, 371 71 LGBTI+ identifcation 293, 295 Lesbian sexuality 67 LGBT identity 246 Lesbian spaces 365 LGBTI groups 169 Lesbian subculture 65, 68 LGBTI initiatives 36 Lesbian victimhood 58 LGBTI issues 154, 163, 173 Les Sisterhood 191 LGBTI movement 30, 33, 35, 37, Leveraged pedagogy 53, 54 38, 41, 43, 156, 160, 161, LGBT+ 186–192, 195, 197, 202, 166, 170 204, 205 Ukrainian LGBTI movement 27, LGBT activism 77, 86, 102–105, 36, 38 116–118, 120, 121, 240, 241, LGBTI organizations 41, 42, 161, 246, 255, 260, 314 164, 167, 174 LGBT+ activism 213, 217, 222, 227 LGBTI people 28, 34–38, 42, 154, LGBT+ activist communities 218, 161, 171, 174–176 219 LGBTIQ+ 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67 LGBT activists 96, 102, 103, 120, LGBTIQ community 67 240, 241, 249 LGBTIQ+ harassment 52 LGBT+ activists 225, 227, 228 LGBTIQ+ identities 53 LGBT advocacy 117, 121 LGBTIQ+ identity discourses 53 LGBTA People 290 LGBTIQ+ rights activist 60 LGBT citizens 91 LGBTIQ+ rights organizations 53 LGBT+ community 217, 218, 224, LGBTI rights 28, 36, 159–164, 166, 228 169, 177 LGBT community(ies) 78, 83, 85, LGBT+ issues 188, 190 95, 102, 103, 105–107, 114, LGBT issues 102, 119, 131 Index 391

LGBT movement 246, 248, 252, LGBTQ identities 267, 275 254, 256 LGBTQ+ identity v LGBT+ movements 221 LGBTQ infrastructure 355, 363 LGBT organizations 95, 131, 325 LGBTQ issues 271, 273, 321 LGBT Parenting Workshop(s) 322, LGBTQ+ issues 2, 7 326, 329, 331–333 LGBTQ+ movement politics viii LGBT people 77, 78, 83–86, 88, 91, LGBTQ+ movements 1–5, 8, 12, 95, 273, 274, 281 13, 369, 370, 375, 377 LGBT+ persecution 219 LGBTQ movement(s) 265, 266, LGBT+ persons 219 268, 269, 272, 276, 285, 342, LGBT persons 259 353, 357, 363, 364 LGBT+ pride parades 213 LGBTQ organizations 266, 277, LGBTQ 314, 316–319, 321, 328, 279, 314, 320, 321, 323, 333, 330, 333–336, 376 335, 376 LGBTQ activism 315, 327, 343, LGBTQ+ organizations 376 345–347, 351–353, 356, 363 LGBTQ people 265, 267, 271, 272, LGBTQ+ activism 1–5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 277, 286, 314–317, 321, 322, 16, 130, 135, 369, 371–377 327, 334, 336 LGBTQ+ activists 3–7, 15, 370, LGBTQ+ people vi, 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 371, 373–375 9, 15, 127, 128, 130–132, LGBTQ activists 267, 268, 353, 363 134–137, 139, 140, 145–149, LGBTQ+ citizens 137, 139, 146 369, 371–374, 377 LGBTQ+ citizenship 143, 148 LGBTQ+ politics v, vi, viii, ix LGBTQ community(ies) 266, 267, LGBTQ rights 266, 267, 272, 273, 273, 275, 276, 279, 285, 314, 275, 283, 345, 356, 362 317, 320–322, 325, 328, 329, LGBTQ+ rights 2, 3, 6–8, 10–12, 335, 351, 356 127–130, 135 LGBTQ+ community(ies) 56, 66, LGBTQ+ rights abuse 369 127, 131, 137, 139, 145–149 LGBTQ rights activism 314 LGBTQ discourses 361 LGBT rights v, vii, 79, 82, 83, 86, LGBTQ equality 277 87, 90, 97, 118 LGBTQ events 344 LGBT+ rights 187, 189, 190, 192, LGBTQ experiences 272 203, 204, 210, 213, 218, 220, LGBTQ family practices 328 222, 226, 228 LGBTQ festivals 322 LGBT+ rights-centered protest 229 LGBTQ groups 346, 358 LGBT Russians 78, 83, 93 LGBTQI 10 LGBT teenagers 78, 89 LGBTQI citizenship 10, 11 LGBT youth 83 392 Index

Liberal activists 40 Marriage 313, 314, 316, 317, 330, Liberal democracy 266 334 Liberal norm 11 Marriage equality 127, 130, 136, Liberal values 240, 268, 282 137, 142, 266, 277–279 Liberation 282 Marriage equality campaigns 317 Librăria Sophia 196 Martsenyuk, Tamara 167, 168, 173 Liepiņa, Mirdza 243 Marxist ideology 37 Life Site News 196 Masculinity(ies) 103, 104, 210, Lithuania 80, 240 215–217, 219–221, 224, 229 Lobbying 131, 314, 321, 325, 327, Mass culture 240 329, 331, 335, 336 Mass media 242, 246, 248, 249 Localization dynamics 155 Media campaign 195 Local perspective 27, 371 Media depictions of LGBT individ- Łódź 277 uals 90 Loks 247–249 Media discourse 88, 210, 215, 226, Loparev, Pavel 83 228 Love against Homosexualism 166, Media representation of homosexu- 170 ality 88 Low sexual desire disorders 297 Media spectacle 57, 58, 223 Lucas, Michael 78, 82, 83 Medical diagnosis 297 Lumea Credinţei 196 Medvedchuk, Viktor 166 Men’s bisexual practice 349 Mental health 290 M Mental illness 239 Mainstream approach 276 Middle-class 269 Mainstream heterosexual culture Migrants 283 357 Migration 143, 146 Mainstream media 346, 349, 351 Milanović, Zoran 195 Mainstream media culture 344 Military violence 42 Male aggression 61 Milks, M. 297 Male homosexuality 345 Milonov, Vitaly 69, 70, 83, 86, 95, Male homosexual relationships 239 97 Male sexual desire 351 Ministry of Justice 210, 211, 226, March of Equality 278 227 Marginalization 308, 376 Minority 343, 360 Marginalized communities viii Minority groups 267 Marginalized masculinities 104 272, 275 Marginalized sexual orientation and Minors 106, 115, 119, 121 identity 14 Misrepresentation 35 Index 393

Mobilization 278, 282, 284–286 Nation-state 132, 146 Mobilization of queer iconographies Negotiation 267, 271, 274, 286 229 Neo-colonialism 90 Mobilization of state 80 Neo-conservative values 64 Modernity(ies) 30, 31, 348 Neoliberal discourse(s) 140, 284 dominant form of modernity 30 Neoliberal ideologies 282 Mole, Richard 4, 188, 189, 241, 258 Neoliberal marketization 347 Morality 251, 258 Neoliberal values 266 Moscow 79, 91, 93, 94, 105, 211, Neo-protestant organizations 193 218, 221, 227 Netherlands 34 Mozaīka 250–252, 256, 261 Nochnye Snaipery 63, 65 Muslim 29, 34 Nonaction 217 Muslim people 305 Non-binary 269, 289, 290, 298 Non-discrimination 154 Non-Governmental Organisations N (NGOs) 155, 156, 185–187, Nádasdy, Ádám 359–361 191–194, 197, 202, 269–271, Narrative distance 110 281, 315, 323, 345, 353, 354, National census 302 356, 357 National Council for Combating Non-heteronormative identities 134 Discrimination 192 Non-heteronormative sexualities and National Front of Latvia 242 identities 7, 11, 13, 14 National Human Rights Strategy Non-heterosexual bodies 223 169 Non-heterosexuality 6, 15, 16, 88, National identity 155, 171, 177, 342, 343, 346, 361, 363 187, 189 Non-heterosexual life styles 344, Nationalism 2, 11, 51, 91, 188, 189, 356, 364 251, 255 Non-heterosexual people 55–57, Nationalist discourse 34 316 Nationalistic groups 34 Non-heterosexual practices 343, 344 Nationalist organizations 246 Non-heterosexual relations 223 Nationalist sentiment 40, 253 Non-heterosexual sexualities 197 National Liberal Party 194 Non-institutional practices of exclu- National reproductive heteronorma- sion 316 tivity 346 Non-normative belonging 54 National Romanian Television 200 Non-normative bodies 63 National self-determination 177 Non-normative citizens 134 National values 51 Non-normative genders 71 394 Index

Non-normative sexuality(ies) 53, 67, Online participation 188 240, 242, 257, 260 Online spaces 297, 307 Nonsexuality 292 Open relationship 352 Non-traditional sexualities 82 Opportunities for sexual self-organi- Non-traditional sexual relations 64 sation 346 Non-traditional sexual relationships Opposition Politics 214 80, 81 Oradereligie.ro 197 Non-visibility 52, 55, 57, 67, 71, 72 Orban, Viktor 3 Non-Western academics 44 Organized activism 372 Normalization 138, 240, 254–257, Orientalism 29, 59 260 Orthodox Church 60, 101, 165, Normalization of same-sex relation- 167, 172, 222 ships 240 Orthodox Parental Committee 166 Norm antipreneurs 11, 154, 155, Other(ing) 25, 28–30, 34, 39, 61, 159, 166, 168–170, 172, 173, 62, 87, 88, 91 176, 177 Outing 88 Normative gender scripts 104 Normative sexuality 93 Norm contestation 157 P Norm difusion and localization 177 Pabriks, Artis 252 Norm entrepreneurs 154–160, 163, Palestine vi 164, 166, 167, 172, 176, 177 Pansexual 300 Norm localizers 155 Parental rights 132, 144, 148 Norms 153, 155–159, 161–163, Parenting 144, 146, 148 165, 166, 171, 172, 176, 177 Parenting practices 144 Norms of gender and parenting 336 Parents of Russia 82, 89 North America 86, 154, 317 Parliament 203 Northern American context 29, 30 Participant observation 269, 315, Nuclear family 88 323 Partnership equality 128 Passive political behavior 217 O Passive resistance 57 Objectifying sexualisation 350 Pathologization 240 Occupy Paedophilia 82, 87 Pathology 240, 243 O’Dwyer, Conor 3, 4, 6, 271, 277 Patriarchal culture 217 OECD 128, 129 Patriarchal social relations 342 Online forms of organizing 295 Patriotic homosexuality 214, 217, Online organizing 297 218, 223, 228 Index 395

Pedophiles 197 Political subjectivity 33, 37, 38, 44, Penthouse 350 371 People with disabilities 283 Politicizing homophobia viii Perestroika 239, 242, 255 Politics of 242 Performance 210, 220, 227 Ponta, Victor 193 Performative sexuality 216 Pop art aesthetic 213 Peripheral country 33 Populist politics 240, 260 Persecution 79, 92 Pornographic male gaze 54 Persson, Emil 79, 84, 86, 222, 223 Poroshenko, Petro 169 Pinchuk Art Center 175 Positionality 109 Pinkwashing 30 Positionality of sex repulsion 299 Planned rainbow families 319, 320, Postcolonial epistemology 44 322, 331, 334 Postcolonial perspective 31 Pokrovsky, Vadim 244 Post-socialist context 4 Pokrovsky, Valentin 244 Post-socialist countries 333, 353 Poland 2–4, 6, 14, 266–268, 271, Post-socialist 44 272, 275–277, 279, 282–285, Post-socialist sexual activism 343 289–291, 294, 297, 300–302, Post-socialist societies 44 305, 306 Post-socialist space v–vii, ix, 25–27, Polarization 186 372 Polish context 290, 291, 294, 295, Post-socialist states 187–189 300, 304 Post-Soviet countries 27, 30 Polish queer movement 272 Post-Soviet history 101 Political activism 300 Post-Soviet Russia 222 Political activists 40 Post-Soviet space vii, 213 Political and cultural exclusion 104 Post-Soviet visual culture 212 Political and economic order 32 Post state-socialist Poland 290 Political awareness 102 Poznan 277 Political critique 213 Poznań Pride Week 294 Political discourses 189, 190 Practices of citizenship 127 Political elite(s) 2, 4, 6, 85, 88 Presa liberă 196 Political homophobic campaigns 86, Presidential elections 219, 226 88 Pride Festival 323 Political iconography 212 Pride March(es) 27, 36, 42, 79, 170, Political motivations 82 202, 227, 345, 352, 355, 357, Political noninvolvement 217 358, 361 Political opposition 89, 215, 216 (s) 60, 72, 105, 131, Political portraiture 212 218, 219, 221 396 Index

Pride politics 54 Putin’s regime 12 Privileged groups 129 Putin, Vladimir 12, 59, 77, 85–87, Professionalisation of the movement 90, 91, 105, 118, 209–221, 283 223–230, 374 Professionalization 284 Pro-gay EU discourse 362 Prohibition of homosexual propa- Q ganda 165 Queer 27–30, 33, 35, 42, 44, 341, Pro-LGBT+ activist nationalism 221 343, 355 Pro-LGBT+ social movements 218 Queer actions 266, 278 Promiscuity 353 Queer activism 267, 270, 272, 281, Propaganda 115, 116, 119, 121 370 Propaganda ban 106 Queer activists 267, 271, 272 Pro-religious consensus 36 Queer agenda 34, 37, 40 Pro-Russian NGOs 170 Queer collective actions 265 Pro-Russian orientation 170 Queer community(ies) 66, 195 Prostitution 351 Queer critique 317 ProVita 197 Queer disability 57 Prună, Raluca 194 Queer groups 265, 269, 283 Psychiatry 240 Queer identity(ies) 187, 215, 300 Psychological violence 200 Queer imagery 215 Puar, Jasbir 28–31, 33, 35, 38, 42, Queer issues 185 291, 293, 294, 308 Queer kinship 267, 268, 272, 279, Public awareness campaigns 168, 174 281, 284, 285, 375 Public campaigns 186 Queer liberation ix Public debate 267, 270, 275, 282 Queer models of activist involvement Public discourse(s) 239, 242, 247, 296 249, 259, 266, 273 Queer movement(s) 38, 42, 267 Public homophobia 371 Queerness 29, 34, 188, 189, 292 Public moral order 11 Queer people 241 Public opinion 186, 203 Queer politics 293, 294 Public participation 53 Queer Romanian families 200 Public queer sociology 268, 269 Queer Romanian identities 11 Public space 84, 85 Queer space(s) 54, 293 Public sphere 215, 222, 223 Queer struggle 272, 285 Pūce, Juris 252 Queer studies 2 Pujats, Jānis 249 Queer visibility 54, 55 Index 397

R Religious dimensions of asexuality Race 29, 30 295 Racial confict 27, 29, 30 Religious heteronormative subject- Racialization 38–40, 293, 298, 305 hood 307 Racialized subjects 38, 39 Religiously-motivated celibacy 302, Racializing discourse 39, 40 303 Racializing distinction 39 Religious marriage 198 Racist nation-state 293 Religious nation-state 306, 308 Rainbow Europe 2016 index 258 Renninger, Bryce 296 Rainbow families 14, 15, 313–315, Representations of bisexuality 343, 318–323, 325, 328, 331, 344, 346, 347, 350, 353, 357, 333–336 359 Rainbow fag 211, 228 Reproductive rights 200 Rainbow Russia 94 Reproductive violence 55 Reactive activism 187 Reshaping 158, 176 Recognition of same-sex partnerships Resistance 56, 57, 70, 72 127, 128, 131, 135, 144, 147, Rhetorical strategies 219 148 Rhetoric of conservatism 87 Reconstructed rainbow families 320, Riga city 248 329–331, 336 Riga City Council 256 Red Flag News 196 Riga Pride 240, 248, 250–252, 256 Referendum 185, 186, 188, 193– Rights-based approach 336 195, 197, 200, 202, 203, 206 Right Sector 170 Refexivity 269 Right-wing discourses 185, 202 Registered Partnership Act (RPA) Right-wing entities 200 127, 128, 130, 131, 136–139, Right-wing groups 37, 186, 189 142, 143, 145, 146, 148 Right-wing NGOs 185 Registered partnership for same-sex Right-wing political movement 186 couples 313–314 Right-wing radicalisation 283 Registered partnership(s) 137, 147, Rise OUT 191 313, 345, 359 Risk of exposure 56 Regulation of sexual relationships Roman Catholic Church 167 156 Romania 1–4, 6, 11, 12, 185–192, Regulation of the same-sex partner- 195, 200, 202, 204, 205, 360 ship 147 Romanian Civil Code 186 Religion 222 Romanian Constitution 186, 193, Religiosity 292, 295 203 Religious communities 290 Romanian Constitutional Court 192 398 Index

Romanian context 187, 193 S Te Romanian Government 203 Săftoiu, Adriana 194 Romanian mass media 187 Saint Petersburg 105, 219 Romanian media 205 Saint Petersburg Pride 94 193 Same-sex couple(s) 115, 127, 131, Romanian society 204 144, 145, 147, 148, 185, 192, Roma people 305, 349 195, 197, 203, 204, 266, 271, Roskomnadzor 96 277, 279, 285, 313, 314, 319, Russia 2–7, 9, 10, 12, 26, 38–40, 320, 345 51, 53–55, 57–59, 61–64, 66, Same-sex desires 348, 352, 360 67, 69–71, 78–80, 82–97, Same-sex desiring women 54 101, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, Same-sex erotica 347, 363 111, 113–117, 119–121, 162, Same-sex marriage(s) 30, 160, 162, 163, 166, 170, 171, 175, 176, 166, 167, 170, 186, 195, 198, 209–211, 214–222, 224–228, 248–250, 252, 254, 261, 230, 371, 373, 375 355–357 Russian Federation (RF) 77–79, 81, Same-sex parenthood 259, 315, 317, 96, 105, 209–211, 224, 227, 320 230 Same-sex parents 143, 313–315, Russian foreign and domestic poli- 317, 321–327 cies 64 Same-sex parents’ rights 315, 316 Russian government 9, 11 Same-sex partnership(s) 128, 131, Russian identity 87, 91 137, 138, 145, 167, 169, 192, Russian lesbian lives 55, 62, 63 250–252 Russian lesbians 52, 72 Same-sex relationship(s) 154, 187, Russian LGBT activism 117 189, 202, 243, 244, 248, 256 Russian mainstream culture 63 Samsonov, Artem 216 Russian media 84, 85, 88, 90, 93 Sándor, Bea 322, 326, 328, 330–332 Russian Ministry of Justice 211 Satori 256 Russian Orthodoxy 58 Second-parent adoption 319, Russian politics 213, 215, 216 324–326, 328–330, 332, 334 Russian queer experiences 102 Second World 30 Russian 26 Sejm, Polish parliament 289 Russian social media 210, 211 Self-acceptance 111 Russian state 54, 210, 215, 221, Self-expression 275 224, 229 Self-help actions 270 Russian television 87 Self-identifcation 342, 360 Russian traditionalism 91 Self-improvement 280 Russia-oriented nationalists 37 Self-normalization 42, 43 Index 399

Self-preservation 57, 72 Sexual minority populations 14 Self-representation 371 Sexual nationalism 35 Self-shaming 102, 106 Sexual non-normativity 344, 358, Semiological reading 214 364 Semiotic analysis 210 Sexual normativity 274 Sex-based relationship formations Sexual objectifcation 346, 347, 349, 298 361 Sexist statements and behaviours 280 Sexual orientation 14, 56, 61, 67, Sex reassignment 134, 148 103–108, 113, 114, 121, 130, Sexual attraction 290, 292, 293, 297 134–136, 161, 162, 164, 168, Sexual citizenship 10, 11, 64, 128, 173, 210, 212, 216, 244, 271, 133, 134, 139, 146–148, 154, 272, 285, 297, 300–304, 306, 157, 159, 162, 164, 167, 169, 308, 319, 322, 326, 330, 334, 176, 177, 216, 218, 220, 225, 336 227, 230, 316, 317 Sexual perversion 90 Sexual deviancy 217 Sexual politics 12, 54, 210, 221 91 Sexual practice 342, 349, 360, 363, Sexual exceptionalism 29 364 Sexual experimentation 346, 348 Sexual representations 346 Sexual identity(ies) 26, 105, 108, Sexual rights 133, 134, 154, 156, 133, 134, 148, 156, 274, 290, 161, 162, 168, 173 295, 307, 355, 361, 364 Sexual stratifcation 93 Sexuality 25, 26, 28, 29, 102, 104, Sexual temporalities 26 106, 107, 109–111, 114, 116, Sexual vulnerability of women 350 117, 130, 133, 134, 136, 142, Shevtsova, Maryna v, ix 143, 149, 210, 212, 215, 216, Shtorn, Evgeny 93 219, 220, 224, 225, 239, 240, Sieć Edukacji Aseksualnej (SEA) 242, 252–254, 260, 261, 272, 294, 295, 298, 300–302, 305 273, 278, 281, 344–347, Single parent families 194, 199 349–351, 355, 357, 360, 361, Sledzinska-Simon, Anna 194 363, 365 Slovakia 194 Sexualized spheres of public and Soboleva, I. 102, 105, 106, 118 private life 212 Social acceptance 139, 290 Sexual liberalization 154, 157 Social activism 246 Sexual liberation 342, 344, 350 Social attitudes 138 Sexual minorities 14, 159, 165, 167, Social campaigns 268 172, 174–176, 290, 298, 303, Social change 265, 267, 269, 270, 308 282 Sexual minorities’ rights 204 Social classes 41 400 Index

Social conservatism 40 Solidarity 9, 13, 14, 116–118, 267, Social exclusion 266 268, 272, 275, 276, 281, Social identity 107, 108 283–285, 308 Social inclusion 334 Solidarity actions 52 Social inclusionism 53 Solidarity frame 268, 272, 281, 283, Social inequalities 78, 269, 282 284 Social isolation 290 Soviet era 215 Social justice 267, 282 Te Soviet Union 5, 25, 39, 40 Socially acceptable homosexual USSR 39 identity 103 Sperling, Valerie 216, 220 Social markers 110 Spolītis, Veiko 252 Social media 104, 105, 114, 211, State legitimacy 222 219, 229 State power 213 Social movement(s) 277, 282, State recognition of same-sex rela- 295–297, 304 tionships 128 Social movement studies 270, 282 State-sanctioned homophobia 79 Social norms 292 State-sponsored homophobia 52 Social order 372 Stella, Francesca 102, 118, 218, 219, Social perception 273, 274 222, 223, 227 Social racism 40 Stereotypes 104, 112 Social recognition 270, 285 Ştiri pe surse 196 Social stratifcation 33 STOP HOMOFOBIA 211, 213, Social theory 268 229 Social transformation 327 Stowarzyszenie Lambda Warszawa Societal acceptance 54 289 Societal change 103 Street activism 168, 173 Societal discourses 103, 109, 115 Streips, Kārlis 242, 243, 245 Societal dividend of heterosexuality Structural violence 32, 33 104 Stukuls Eglitis, Daina 255 Societal homophobia 79, 80 Submission 217 Societal narratives 110 Subordinated masculinity(ies) 118, Societal repression 79 121 Societal stereotypes 105, 112 Subordination 216 Sociological institutionalism 156 Suicide 244 Sociological neoinstitutionalism 155, Support network 111 158 Supreme Council 245 Sociology 269 Supreme Council of the Republic Sociopolitical calculus 212 of Latvia 245, 247 Index 401

Surrogacy 320, 325, 326, 328, 329, Transnational activism vii 331, 333, 335 Transnational community 158 Surrogate 319, 326, 327 Transparent closet 55, 66, 67, 72, Surveillance 79 371 Swedish International Development 289, 291, 373, 376 Agency 167 Trans rights 266 Symbolic boundaries 270 (ity) 115 Symbolic production of gayness Transvanilla 314, 323, 330–332, 334 215 Transylvania 360 Symbolic visibility 267 Trolling strategies 206 Szulc, L. 336 Turkmenistan 5

T U t.A.T.u 63 Ukraine 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 26, 27, Tabooization 35 31–33, 35–43, 80, 82, 90, Tallinn 131, 135, 136, 144 154, 155, 159, 164–169, 171, Terrorist Assemblage 33 172, 174, 175, 177 Tird World 28, 42, 44 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Treesome 342, 347–350, 352, 365 167 Tolerance 54, 59, 62, 64, 114, 277, Ukrainian nationalism 167, 169, 278 170, 176, 177 Traditional family 198, 240, Ukrainian parliament 169 257–259 UNAIDS 162 Traditional notions of citizenship UNCHR 161, 162 130, 133 Uncle Sam’s Misguided Children 196 Traditional Romanian identity 190 Unconventional forms of families Traditional social values 156 144 Traditional values 85, 90, 92, 102, Underground activism 117 162, 167, 169, 171, 240, 253, UNDP 162 254, 257, 258 UNESCO 162 Transformation 266, 267, 270–272, UNHCR 162 282 UN High Commissioner for Human 341, 343, 354 Rights 162 Transgender activists 274 United Kingdom (UK) 213, 317 Transgender identity 139 United Romania Party 191 Transgender politics 354 United States (US) 29, 120, 229, Transition 142 304, 373 402 Index

Universal Declaration of Human W Rights 161, 198 Waitt, Gordon 241, 248, 256 University of Newcastle xvi Warner, Michael 296 Urban subculture 347 Warsaw 270, 274, 275, 277, 283 USSR 239–242, 244, 245, 255 Warsaw Homosexual Movement 270 Uzbekistan 5 Te Washington Post 225, 226 Te Well of Loneliness 243 Western academia 2 V Western artistic traditions 213 Vakara Ziņas 249 Western capitalism 37 Vállald Magad Egyesület 323, 324, Western countries 38, 43, 94, 95, 326, 327 130, 145 Valocchi, Stephen 273 Western culture 187 Values 34, 36, 39, 40 Western discourses 370 Vernacularization 155, 158 Western donors 369 Victimization 62 Western Europe 86, 154, 277 Vienotība 252 Western feminism 31 Vigilante group 87, 89 Western forms of representation 52 Violence 52, 53, 55–57, 60, 61, 63, Western gaze 62 64, 70, 72, 283 Western hegemony of visibility 62 Virtual movement 297 Western imperialism 344 Visa liberalization 165 Western infuence 6, 7 Visibility 4, 6–10, 13, 14, 52–56, Westernization 37 58, 61–63, 65, 66, 71, 84, Western liberalization process 154 85, 131, 139, 148, 206, 240, Western male superiority 61 247, 249, 251, 252, 272–274, Western media 102 281, 282, 285, 286, 344, 345, Western model of tolerance 52 347–349, 357, 370, 371, 375 Western models of representation 52 Visibility frame 268, 272–275, 278 Western modernity 87, 90, 92 Visibility oriented activism 52 Western neoliberal discourse 14 Visibility politics 52, 301 Western politics 300 Visible forms of bisexuality 347 Western scholars 370, 371 Visual activism 96 Western sexualities 26, 27 Visuality 210 Western values 241 VKontakte (VK) 89, 96, 104, 211 Western visibility paradigm 63, 67, Voluntary self-colonisation 344 371 Index 403

White nation-building 294 Y Whiteness 291, 293, 305, 306, 308 Yanukovych, Viktor 166 Wiener, A. 159 161, 321 Women as an exploitable economic YouTube 95, 96 resource 351 Women’s homosexuality 345 Women’s objectifcation 350, 363, Z 365 Zemfra 63 Women’s rights 154, 156, 159, 270 Zimmermann, L. 155, 158, 172 Workers Solidarity Movement 283 Working-class LGBTQ people 317

X Xenophobia 34, 36