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Resistance to Marssonina Coronaria and Alternaria Alternata Apple

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Resistance to Marssonina Coronaria and Alternaria Alternata Apple HORTSCIENCE 47(9):1241–1244. 2012. is obvious but resistance of rootstocks is also of interest. Disease-resistant rootstocks would be beneficial to nurserymen who grow root- Resistance to Marssonina coronaria stock liners and need to have disease-free materials. There is also some evidence that and Alternaria alternata Apple when grafted, rootstocks may be able to confer resistance to scions (Cristinzio et al., 2001; Pathotype in the Major Apple Cultivars Jensen et al., 2003, 2012). The development of such genotypes is expected to improve both fruit quality and and Rootstocks Used in China production efficiency (Gao et al., 2011; Wan Yan Li et al., 2011). However, breeding new culti- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, vars and rootstocks is complex as a result of their highly heterozygous genetic back- China ground and long generation times (Gao et al., Peter M. Hirst 2011; Janick et al., 1996; Wan et al., 2011). Therefore, careful selection of breeding par- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, ents is essential. West Lafayette, IN 47907 Marssonina coronaria (Ellis and J.J. 1 Davis) [also known as Diplocarpon mali Yizhen Wan , Yingjiao Liu, Qian Zhou, and Hua Gao (Y. Harada & Sawamura)], a causative agent College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi of Marssonina blotch, and Alternaria alter- 712100, China nata apple pathotype [previously known as A. mali (Roberts, 1924)], a causative agent of Yunzhong Guo alternaria leaf blotch, are fungi causing the College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi two most important diseases that devastate 712100, China apple production in China (Lee et al., 2011; Shou et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2011). In China, Zhengyang Zhao, Leicun Wang, and Mingyu Han the annual loss of apple production caused College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, by M. coronaria is 12.4% to 28.7% and to China A. alternata apple pathotype is 15.9% to 30.1% (Shou et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2011). Additional index words. apple breeding, disease resistance, Malus 3domestica These two diseases primarily occur in Asian countries and seriously affect their apple in- Abstract. A comparison of field tolerance of 25 apple (Malus 3domestica) cultivars and 39 dustries (Lee et al., 2011; Sharma and Sharma, apple rootstocks to the pathogens Marssonina coronaria and Alternaria alternata apple 2006). Symptoms of M. coronaria appear as pathotype was performed. Although most apple cultivars grown in China were susceptible round or oval small brown leaf spots that later or highly susceptible to both pathogens causing two diseases, considerable variation in the become black, enlarged, and may coalesce. level of resistance to both pathogens was observed. Only three cultivars, Qinguan, Jiguan, Eventually, leaves become chlorotic around and Xiangyanghong, exhibited resistance to both pathogens. Among the rootstocks tested, the sites of infection and abscise. Symptoms 30 of 39 (77%) were susceptible or highly susceptible to M. coronaria and 32 (82%) were of A. alternata apple pathotype appear as susceptible to the A. alternata apple pathotype. Four rootstocks, ‘P.22’, ‘SH12’, ‘Za’ai 76’, small, gray leaf spots with chlorotic margins and ‘Qingdao598’, were resistant to both pathogens. The correlation between resistance thatlaterextendintograypatches.Finally, to both pathogens was highly significant in the 74 apple cultivars and rootstocks tested the area surrounding the lesions withers and suggesting common genetic resistance factors to these two pathogens. Data represented leaf abscission occurs (Harada et al., 1974; horizontal resistance in the germplasm. The resistant local germplasm should be used in Lee et al., 2011; Sharma and Sharma, 2006; disease resistance breeding programs. Shou et al., 2009; Tamietti and Matta, 2003; Zhao et al., 2011). In epidemic years, these two diseases can cause serious defoliation China is the largest apple producer in the (Gao et al., 2011). In addition, apple breeding and reduce tree growth, flowering, fruit qual- world, accounting for 44% of world produc- has accelerated in China and several cultivars ity, and yield (Harada et al., 1974; Lee et al., tion in 2009 (FAO, 2011). Apple production and rootstocks have been released in the last 2011; Sharma and Sharma, 2006; Zhao et al., in China has increased 7-fold in the last two few decades (Gao et al., 2011). Currently, 2011). decades to 31 million tonnes in 2009 (FAO, 90% of apple orchards are planted with To date, there have been few reports 2011; Gao et al., 2011). In recent years, many wild non-dwarfing standard seedlings of spe- concerning evaluation and identification of apple cultivars and rootstocks have been in- cies such as M. sieversii, M. baccata,and resistance to these two fungal pathogens in troduced to China from foreign countries M. prunifolia used as rootstocks and culti- apple cultivars and rootstocks commonly used vars as scions (Gao et al., 2011; Wan et al., in China. This study is the first to evaluate field 2011). A minority of orchards use ‘‘semi- tolerance to these two pathogens in 74 apple dwarfing’’ trees: wild non-dwarfing seedlings cultivars and rootstocks to provide basic in- Received for publication 14 May 2012. Accepted as rootstocks with dwarfing interstems (e.g., formation for the apple industry and apple for publication 30 July 2012. ‘M.26’) and commercial cultivars as scions disease resistance breeding programs. This research was supported by the Program QN (Gao et al., 2011; Rong et al., 2011; Wan 2009-13 of Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, et al., 2011). The industry is transitioning to Materials and Methods China and the earmarked fund for Modern Agro- a greater use of dwarfing rootstock clones as industry Technology Research System (CARS-28), both rootstocks and interstems (Rong et al., Materials were obtained from the apple the Modern Apple Industry Technology System (MATS), and the 2012-Fund for Returnees Sci- 2011). Researchers throughout China are de- cultivar and rootstock repository of the entists from Foreign Study in Shaanxi Province veloping cultivars with high quality and root- Baishui Apple Experiment Station of the (A289021201). stocks with high performance, both with disease Northwest A&F University, Baishui, Shaanxi 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; resistance (Gao et al., 2011; Wan et al., 2011). Province, China. Resistance to Marssonina e-mail [email protected]. The importance of disease resistance of scions coronaria and Alternaria alternata apple HORTSCIENCE VOL. 47(9) SEPTEMBER 2012 1241 pathotype in 35 apple cultivars grafted on Table 1. Susceptibility indices and level of resistance rating to Marssonina coronaria and Alternaria ‘M.26’ rootstock and 39 rootstocks growing alternata apple pathotype for the major 35 apple cultivars used in China under natural conditions in on their own roots was evaluated under natural 2008 to 2010. conditions from 2008 to 2010. Trees were Susceptibility indices 7 to 9 years old and planted at a spacing of M. coronaria A. alternata apple pathotype 1.5 3 2.5 m. Each genotype had five rep- Cultivarsz 2008 2009 2010 Avgy RLx 2008 2009 2010 Avgy RLx licates. The genotypes were classified into two DeliciousW 46.2 43.7 39.2 43 S 47.8 46.1 38.7 44.2 S groups based on their derivation: ‘‘Asian’’ or FujiA 46.2 32.4 20.4 33 S 35.2 27.4 46.2 36.3 S ‘‘Western’’ sources. All genotypes received GalaW 53.5 45.7 30.2 43.1 S 40.3 32.6 18.7 30.5 S the same field management such as pruning Golden DeliciousW 45.7 30.5 34.7 37 S 46.2 34.1 30.6 37 S and standard insecticide and herbicide ap- HanfuA 47.3 42.5 50.8 46.9 S 43.6 57.2 60.2 53.7 HS Hokkaido No. 9A 80.3 72.6 68.4 73.8 HS 78.3 63.2 70.2 70.6 HS plications, but no fungicides were applied. A In Baishui, the rainy season spans from Hokuto 85.2 62.4 60.6 69.4 HS 85.4 59.3 62.1 68.9 HS HongbaoshiA 35.7 20.3 16.9 24.3 R 35.2 26.8 16.8 26.3 S May to October with an annual rainfall of 500 HuaguanA 49.1 53.2 43.1 48.5 S 44.6 46.1 41.3 44 S to 800 mm. Under natural conditions, symp- HuayuA 66.2 50.3 44.2 53.6 HS 60.2 54.1 46.2 53.5 HS toms of Marssonina coronaria appear in late JiguanA 29.3 10.2 14.6 18 R 15.7 4.8 7.2 9.2 R May or early June and peak from late July to JonagoldW 50.1 39.8 20.5 36.8 S 30.4 36.9 21.5 29.6 S the middle of August, whereas Alternaria JonathanW 43.2 47.8 30.5 40.5 S 65.3 54.2 45.7 55.1 HS alternata apple pathotype symptoms have KiazshiA 53.2 44.7 65.7 54.5 HS 45.2 36.7 57.9 46.6 S two peaks per year in the middle of June and KorinA 48.9 45.2 29.7 41.3 S 50.2 51.1 46.8 49.4 S KuihuaA 53.6 30.1 43.6 42.4 S 46.7 36.8 39.1 40.9 S again in the middle of September. For this A reason, evaluation of resistance to these two Mato1 37.8 46.3 56.9 47 S 30.6 43.7 54.1 42.8 S MegumiA 36.4 27.4 19.2 27.7 S 30.4 18.4 15.2 21.3 R pathogens was conducted from the middle MianhongA 32.5 28.4 15.6 25.5 S 32.4 25.6 16.8 24.9 R of July and to the middle of September, MutsuA 67.2 45.3 60.2 57.6 HS 67.3 46.8 54.1 56.1 HS when their symptoms were fully developed.
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