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Evaluation of 110 Apple Cultivars for Resistance to Alternaria Blotch

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Evaluation of 110 Apple Cultivars for Resistance to Alternaria Blotch HORTSCIENCE 54(8):1268–1274. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13841-18 eastern Asia, including Japan (Saito and Takeda, 1984; Szewc-McFadden et al., 1996) and Korea (Lee and Lee, 1972). The Evaluation of 110 Apple Cultivars for fungus infects leaves and fruits and causes 60% to 80% defoliation, as well as extensive Resistance to Alternaria Blotch Caused premature fruit drop (Filajdic and Sutton, 1991). In China, where almost one-half of by Alternaria alternata Apple Pathotype the world’s production of apples occurs, great economic losses have occurred (Brown, Ying Li1 2012). College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, Accurate characterization of resistance/ 210095, China susceptibility to apple blotch of existing cultivars is essential for breeding programs, Xiao-Li Hu1 patent protection, and nursery disease con- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 trol. Selecting cultivars with high disease resistance as parents is the most important Robert N. Trigiano strategy for breeding new disease-resistant Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, cultivars. Several molecular markers associ- ated with disease resistance screening have Knoxville, TN 37996 been developed, including RFLP (restriction Herbert Aldwinckle fragment length polymorphism), RAPDs, AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymor- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14450 phism), and SSRs (or microsatellites) (Peace, Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng2 2017). RAPD primers target many anony- mous sequences (Shehata et al., 2009) and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, may produce confusing, often uninterpret- 210095, China; and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, able results, although occasionally one of the Knoxville, TN 37996 amplicons may be linked to a specific trait. In contrast, SSRs target specific sequences Additional index words. apple blotch, disease resistance, germplasm evaluation, molecular and are highly reproducible, codominant marker, RAPD, SSR markers, in which a single pair of polymerase Abstract. Apple blotch caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype is a severe disease chain reaction (PCR) primers flanking the of apple (Malus 3domestica Borkh) occurring throughout the world, especially in eastern repeated sequences produces polymorphic pat- Asia. Phenotypic and genetic information about resistance/susceptibility of apple terns among alleles and often can be associated germplasm to this disease will be extremely valuable for selecting and developing new with phenotypic traits (Peace, 2017), such as disease resistant cultivars. In this study, 110 apple cultivars obtained from the USDA disease resistance. Molecular markers associ- apple germplasm in Geneva, NY, were evaluated for their resistance/susceptibility to ated with independent resistance genes against apple blotch by field surveys, and inoculation of detached leaves with a suspension of the same pathogen can be used to estimate the germinated conidia of A. alternata apple pathotype. Disease incidence were different possible relationship among various, apparently among the cultivars and categorized into resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), or unrelated resistance sources as well. susceptible (S). Two molecular markers, S428, a random amplified polymorphic DNA Zhao et al. (2008) analyzed F1 population · (RAPD) marker associated with disease resistance, and a simple sequence repeat (SSR or of ‘Qinguan’ ‘Fuji’ and identified a RAPD microsatellite) marker CH05g07, linked to susceptibility were used to correlate the marker, S428, which was linked to resistance phenotypes expressed in field surveys and laboratory inoculations. The detection using to apple blotch. Li et al. (2011) reported one either the S428 marker or the CH05g07 marker in 50 common breeding cultivars was SSR marker, CH05g07, that was related to consistent with R or S traits except for ‘Bisbee’ and ‘Priscilla’. These two cultivars were susceptibility to apple blotch, by analyzing MR to apple blotch through phenotyping. However, SSR markers were detected, but an F1 population derived from a cross be- RAPD markers were not and therefore were considered susceptible. Combined with the tween ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Huacui’. The record of resistance to fire blight from Germplasm Resources Information Network molecular markers mentioned earlier can be (GRIN), ‘Dayton’, ‘Mildew Immune Seedling’, ‘Puregold’, and ‘Pumpkin Sweet’ were used to identify cultivars as resistant or highly resistant to both diseases and considered as the best choices of parents for stacking susceptible to apple blotch. However, only resistance to multiple diseases in breeding program. one kind of molecular marker was used for screening in these two previous studies (Li et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2008). We hypoth- esized that these two markers are linked to · Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one susceptibility and resistance loci in an in- Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng designed the research. of the most important temperate fruit trees. dependent population for a given single Ying Li conducted the experiments in field and lab. Improving fruit quality and enhancing the Ying Li and Xiao-Li Hu wrote the manuscript. genotype, and therefore both markers could ability to resist multiple diseases remain the not coexist within an individual. Using two Ying Li, Xiao-Li Hu, Robert N. Trigiano, Herbert primary goals in apple breeding programs Aldwinckle, and Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng revised independent markers to evaluate a germ- and proofread the manuscript. All authors have worldwide (Aldwinckle et al., 1997). Fireb- plasm collection for specific traits should read and approved the final version of the manu- light, induced by the Gram-negative en- help to eliminate false-positive or false- script. terobacterium Erwinia amylovora, infects negative individuals in the disease prescreen- This research was supported in part by Jiangsu primarily species in the Rosaceae and poses ing process. In this study, we used several High Priority Project for Higher Education and by a great economic threat to apple production methods to evaluate the resistance to Alternaria the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station around the world (Khan et al., 2006). Apple alternata of apple cultivars collected from Project TEN00491 Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng. Ying blotch caused by Alternaria alternata is Li and Xiao-Li Hu were supported by the Chinese U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Scholarship Council. We thank Gan-Yuan Zhong another severe disease of apple. It was first apple germplasm, including field survey, and William Srmack for their assistance. reported in the United States (Filajdic and inoculation trial in lab and test by molec- 1These authors contributed equally to this research. Sutton, 1995; Tsuge et al., 2016). This ular markers. Our aim was to identify 2Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. pathogen occurs worldwide, especially in potential apple cultivars which could resist 1268 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(8) AUGUST 2019 | BREEDING,CULTIVARS,ROOTSTOCKS, AND GERMPLASM RESOURCES Table 1. Evaluation for resistance levels to Alternaria alternata apple pathotype by detached-leaf method, evaluation of the disease incidence at field and fire blight resistance levels among 110 apple cultivated apple accessions. 2011 2012 Detached Detached leaf Field Mean leaf inoculated Field Mean inoculated Resistance No. USDA inventory Cultivar survey score evaluation survey score evaluation to fire blight 1 PI 588958 Akin R 0 R R 0 R 5 2 PI 589883 Arkansas Black R 0.3 R R 0.2 R 5 3 PI 588952 Arkansas R 4.2 S S 4.3 S 5 4 PI 589141 Autumn Arctic S 2.3 S R 0.6 R 5 5 PI 589884 Baldwin R 1.5 MR S 2 S 5 6 PI 589429 Barry R 0.2 R R 0.6 R 5 7 PI 589885 Beacon R 1.7 MR R 2.4 S 5 8 PI 588953 Barkley Rome S 4.7 S S 4.5 S 4 9 PI 589120 Benoni R 0 R R 2.7 S 5 10 PI 589886 Beverly Hills R 0.4 R R 0.6 R 4 11 PI 588790 Bisbee S 3.4 S R 0.8 R 1 12 PI 589178 Black Ben Davis MR 1.5 MR MR 1.5 MR 2 13 PI 588973 Black Gilliflower R 0 R R 0 R 4 14 PI 157052 Black Oxford R 0.6 R R 0.8 R 4 15 PI 589888 Blaxtayman R 0.3 R R 0.6 R 5 16 PI 589889 Britemac R 0 R R 0 R 1 17 PI 588961 Boller Mclntosh R 0.4 R R 1.1 MR 4 18 PI 588946 Bonum R 0 R R 0 R 5 19 PI 588835 Burgundy R 0.2 R R 0.5 R 5 20 PI 589075 Cleopatra MR 4.4 S S 4.7 S 5 21 PI 589348 Charlotte S 3.8 S S 3.6 S 4 22 PI 589071 Chautauqua R 0 R R 0 R 5 23 PI 589890 Chehalis R 2.8 S S 3.2 S 2 24 PI 588803 Chestnut Crab R 0.4 R R 0.5 R 2 25 PI 392306 Crimson Gold R 0 R R 0 R 3 26 PI 589853 Clear Gold R 0.7 R R 0.8 R 1 27 PI 589191 Cathay S 2.1 S R 2.5 S 5 28 PI 589160 C.P. Close R 0.3 R R 0.3 R 2 29 PI 589330 Close R 0 R R 0 R 3 30 PI 589188 Coombs Wealthy R 0.9 R R 0.6 R 5 31 PI 588848 Cortland R 0.6 R R 0.3 R 3 32 PI 589215 Crandall R 0.2 R R 0.5 R 4 33 PI 589196 Crow Egg R 0 R R 0 R 5 34 PI 589223 Dakota R 0.1 R R 1.3 MR 5 35 PI 590183 Dayton R 0 R R 0 R 1 36 PI 588985 Deacon Jones R 3.7 S S 3.5 S 4 37 PI 590147 Delawine R 4.6 S S 4.3 S 3 38 PI 588797 Delcon R 0.4 R R 0.7 R 2 39 PI 589015 Early Harvest R 0 R R 0 R 5 40 PI 613816 Empire S 2.2 S R 2.7 S 2 41 PI 589023 Early Mclntosh R 0 R R 0 R 5 42 PI 590148 Erickson R 0.3 R R 0.6 R 3 43 PI 588785 Fall Russet S 2.7 S R 2.5 S 1 44 PI 588954 Fireside R 4.3 S S 4.4 S No Record 45 PI 589047 Farmer Spy R 0.6 R R 0.5 R 5 46 PI 589182 Frostproof R 0 R R 0 R 3 47 PI 589034 Gallia Beauty R 0.9 R R 0.5 R 5 48 PI 589176 Garrison R 0.7 R R 3.3 S 5 49 PI 589078 Gideon R 0.4 R R 0.2
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