Volume 51 – Number 16 Wednesday – February 7, 2007 TechTalk S ERVING T HE M I T C OMMUNITY Reactivated gene shrinks tumors, MIT study finds Anne Trafton cancer treatments,” said David Kirsch of known whether such activity would actu- properly, it activates DNA repair mecha- News Office MIT’s Center for Cancer Research and ally reverse tumor growth in primary nisms and prevents cells with damaged Harvard Medical School, one of the lead tumors. DNA from dividing. If DNA damage is co-authors of the paper. The new MIT study shows that re-acti- irreparable, p53 induces the cell to destroy Many cancers arise due to defects in The study appeared in the Jan. 25 vating p53 in mouse tumors dramatically itself by undergoing apoptosis, or pro- genes that normally suppress tumor issue of Nature. It was conducted in the reduces the size of the tumors, in some grammed cell death. growth. Now, for the first time, MIT laboratory of Tyler Jacks, director of the cases by 100 percent. When p53 is turned off by mutation researchers have shown that re-activat- Center for Cancer Research, the David H. “This study provides critical genetic or deletion, cells are much more likely ing one of those genes in mice can cause Koch Professor of Biology and a Howard evidence that continuous repression of a to become cancerous, because they will tumors to shrink or disappear. Hughes Medical Institute investigator. tumor suppressor gene is required for a divide uncontrollably even when DNA is The study offers evidence that the P53 has long been known to play a tumor to survive,” said Andrea Ventura, an damaged. tumor suppressor gene p53 is a promising critical role in the development of many Italian postdoctoral associate in the Center In this study, the researchers used target for human cancer drugs. tumors—it is mutated in more than 50 per- for Cancer Research and first author of the engineered mice that had the gene for p53 “If we can find drugs that restore p53 cent of human cancers. Researchers have paper. See GENE function in human tumors in which this identified a few compounds that restore In normal cells, p53 controls the cell pathway is blocked, they may be effective p53 function, but until now, it has not been cycle. In other words, when functioning Page 4 U.N. paper: Human Team develops activity fuels nanoparticles for global warming chemo delivery Anne Trafton New particles mimic platelets News Office Elizabeth Dougherty Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Last week’s release of a widely antici- pated international report on global warm- ing coincides with a growing clamor within On a quest to modernize cancer treat- the United States to reduce greenhouse ment and diagnosis, an MIT professor and gas emissions and prevent the potentially her colleagues have created new nanopar- devastating consequences of global cli- ticles that mimic blood platelets. The team mate change. wants to use these new multifunctional “There’s more interest in this now particles to carry out different medical than at any time in the last 20 years,” says missions inside the body, from imaging to Ronald Prinn, TEPCO Professor of Atmo- drug delivery. spheric Sci- After years ences at MIT, of research, “we who was a lead still treat cancer author of the with surgery, report issued by radiation and the Intergovern- chemotherapy,” mental Panel on said Sangeeta Climate Change Bhatia, an asso- (IPCC). ciate professor The report in MIT’s Depart- issued Feb. 2 in ment of Electri- Paris, a 21-page cal Engineering summary of a and Computer much longer Sangeeta Bhatia Science and the Ronald Prinn study on the sci- Harvard-MIT ence behind cli- PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY Division of Health Sciences and Technolo- mate change, concludes there is a greater gy. “People are now starting to think more than 90 percent chance that greenhouse Molding light waves in terms of ‘Fantastic Voyage,’ that sci-fi gases from human activity are responsi- movie where they miniaturized a surgical ble for most of the steadily rising average An MIT team, including postdoc Peter Rakich (above), has developed a novel way team and injected it into someone.” global temperatures observed in the past to add the power and speed of light waves to traditional electronics. See story on The National Cancer Institute has rec- 50 years. page 5. ognized the value of Bhatia’s work and has “There’s clear evidence that green- awarded her a grant to continue this line of house gases have been increasing by very research. Bhatia and collaborators Michael large amounts since preindustrial times, J. Sailor, chemist and materials scientist at and the vast majority of these increases Microwaves designed for missile detection the University of California at San Diego, are due to human activity,” said Prinn, and Erkki Ruoslahti, tumor biologist at the whose specific task on the panel was to improve breast cancer treatment Burnham Institute for Medical Research, assess this issue. will receive $4.3 million in funding over This is the fourth climate report issued Elizabeth Thomson (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007), five years. by the IPCC since it was established by the News Office includes a discussion of promising results The grant will allow the team to contin- U.N. in 1988. Prinn, who is the director of from the latest clinical trials of the therapy. ue work on promising nanoparticle solu- MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, Treating cancer with heat is not a new tions that, while not quite miniature surgi- was one of more than 100 lead authors for A breast cancer treatment based on idea, but “researchers were having trouble cal teams, do have the potential to help the three-year study, which involved cli- MIT research originally intended for using it to treat tumors deep within the identify tumors and deliver chemotherapy mate researchers from around the world. detecting missiles is documented in a new body,” said Fenn. Further, it’s difficult to locally. For the first time, the IPCC provides book by Alan J. Fenn, an MIT researcher deliver the heat only to cancer cells with- One solution already underway involves and inventor of the technique. See GLOBAL WARMING The book, “Breast Cancer Treatment See TREATMENT See PARTICLES Page 6 by Focused Microwave Thermotherapy” Page 8 Page 2 NEWS RESEARCH HUMANITIES

UPOP ON TOP DEEP STORAGE THING ONE AND THING TWO Undergrad opportunity program celebrates five Storing CO2 below ground may prevent pollution MIT fetes all things Seuss. years, honors alumni service. above. Page 7 Page 2 Page 4 COPERNICUS’ CLOSET “WELLCOME” HOME WHEN SCIENCE MEETS SPIN IAP course offers hands-on lesson in clothing design Richard Hynes named scientific head of major U.K. The 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear plant crisis in the Middle Ages. charity. decoded. Page 8 Page 7 Page 7 PAGE 2 February 7, 2007 NEWS MIT Tech Talk UPOP 5th anniversary honors alumni service Professor fasts over Nancy DuVergne Smith providing trade order management and Brettman ’69, CEO and director of Dyno- tenure process MIT Alumni Association financial network services, says students gen Pharmaceuticals, encourages stu- can use UPOP to learn about the dynam- dents to expand their understanding of On Monday, Feb. 5, Associate Profes- ics of working with teams of people. For people different from themselves. He sor James L. Sherley began a fast on cam- Each January, about two dozen tech- him, the ability to communicate is the expanded his own intellectual horizons pus to protest both the decision not to pro- savvy alumni return to campus to help most essential skill that young profession- by earning S.B. degrees in biology and mote him to tenure and the outcome of his teach two weeklong boot camps, the als can acquire. UPOP uses boardroom Russian literature. His advice to UPOP previous grievance process. intensive training at the core of the Under- strategy sessions and mock interviews students: “It’s not just what you know, it’s In an e-mail to the community, Vice graduate Practice Opportunities Program to teach effective communication. “You how you communicate with people, how President for Institute Affairs and Secre- (UPOP). The alumni volunteers work with want to have a really clear picture of what you work with people and how you are tary of the MIT Corporation Kirk D. Kolen- more than 250 engineering sophomores the customer needs, what the company’s able to understand where they are coming brander expressed concern for the well- who are developing business and interper- doing and how you’re going to fulfill your from.” being of Sherley and his family. Noting sonal skills they will take to internships part,” he says. To learn more about UPOP, visit web. that President Susan Hockfield and Pro- next summer and, later, into professional Another 2007 alumni volunteer, Lee mit.edu/engineering/upop/. vost L. Rafael Reif had encouraged Sherley life. to seek other means to voice his concerns, To celebrate UPOP’s fifth anniversary he stated that MIT would uphold Sherley’s and honor its major sponsors, program right to express his views in a manner that leaders created the Desh and Jaishree did not disrupt the work of the Institute. Deshpande UPOP Service Award. Three In addressing a gathering of colleagues, volunteers, each with more than 1,000 family and friends outside Hockfield’s hours of UPOP service, received the first office on Monday, Sherley expressed his awards Feb. 2. Two alumni, Paul Edelman hope that the administration would put in ’78 and Mark Herschberg ’95, have vol- place processes by which to recognize and unteered as teaching assistants since the redress racism, when it occurs. program’s founding. Edelman, managing Kolenbrander urged members of the director of Edelman & Associates, an exec- community to continue to speak and act in utive search firm serving high-tech indus- the “spirit of mutual respect and dialogue tries, has worked in organization develop- that marks the Institute at its best.” The ment for AT&T and startups. Herschberg, situation raises “complex issues for many a consultant for New York area startups, in our extended community,” he wrote. To has managed engineering departments read the full text of Kolenbrander’s mes- and worked in fields as diverse as financial sage, please go to web.mit.edu/newsof- modeling and online video space. A third fice/2007/letter-kolenbrander.html. service award went to Susan Luperfoy, an In another message sent on Feb. 5, artificial intelligence expert who direct- Chancellor Phillip L. Clay asked that stu- ed Akamai’s data analysis and reporting dents respect both Sherley’s right to dis- department. The honorees have partici- agree publicly and one another’s views pated in boot camps and career develop- about Sherley’s statements. Clay also ment events, hosted summer interns and announced that opportunities would be mentored students. available soon to discuss the tenure pro- More than 110 alumni have participated cess and related matters. Reif outlined the process by which as UPOP volunteers and many more have PHOTO / TAMI JEAN SHINKAWA served as internship sponsors. Volunteer Sherley’s tenure case had been reviewed Steve Levy ’86, president and CEO of the Paul Edelman ’78 receives the first Desh and Jaishree Deshpande UPOP Service Award in a Jan. 29 message to the faculty. In it MacGregor Group, a software company from the Deshpandes. he affirmed that fairness and integrity in academic processes are of “fundamental concern to the Institute.” To read his com- plete statement, please go to web.mit.edu/ Walter A. Backofen, pioneer PARTICLES provost/letters/letter01292007.html. Continued from Page 1 of superplasticity, dies at 80 using nanoparticles for cancer imaging. Jensen will By slipping through tiny gaps that exist Walter Alan Backofen, retired profes- Engineers and the American Society for in fast-growing tumor blood vessels and head Chem.E. sor of metallurgy and materials science, Metals and Materials, and was elected to then sticking together, the particles create died at his Marblehead home on Dec. 2. membership in Tau Beta Pi and Sigma masses with enough of a magnetic signal Professor Klavs Jensen has been named He was 80. Xi. He was the first in his field to receive to be detectable by a magnetic resonance head of the Department of Chemical Engi- Backofen taught at MIT for 25 years, its three principal achievement awards: imaging (MRI) machine. “This might allow neering, effective Feb. 1. retiring in 1975. He designed new courses for teaching (Bradley Stoughton Award, for noninvasive imaging of fast-growing Jensen, the Lammot DuPont Professor and a new laboratory and became recog- 1958), research (Howe Medal, 1964) and cancer ‘hot spots’ in tumors,” said Bhatia. of Chemical Engineering, “is a noted chem- nized for bridging theory and practice professional leadership (Campbell Lectur- The team will continue this research by ical engineering researcher and educator,” over a wide range of real-life problems— er, 1973). He was a popular speaker in his testing the imaging capabilities in animal said Thomas Magnanti, dean of engineer- from automotive stampings to orthopedic profession and a pioneering popular-sci- models. ing, in announcing the appointment. implants and the Star Wars defense shield. ence lecturer on live television for Chan- Another solution, described in the Jan. Jensen has made “important contribu- A paper he wrote in 1964 on “super- nel 2 of Boston’s first broadcast from the 16 issue of the Proceedings of the National tions to a wide variety of arenas, including plasticity” identified the ability of metals, roller skating rink across Mass. Ave. from Academy of Sciences, is a novel “homing” microfabrication and testing and integra- temporarily given a near nano-size grain MIT. nanoparticle that mimics blood platelets. tion of microfluidics. He is well known for structure, to behave like silly putty. That During a sabbatical at Dartmouth Platelets flow freely in the blood and act his pioneering research on ‘chemical pro- paper was recognized for its seminal influ- College, he wrote a book on his techni- only when needed, by keying in on injured cesses on a chip.’ He has also investigated ence on a now-burgeoning global industry cal specialty, deformation processing, in a blood vessels and accumulating there to and taught broadly in areas such as mate- at an International Conference on Super- systems-analysis context that redefined an form clots. Similarly, these new nanopar- rials synthesis and processing, and mul- plasticity held in Chengdu, China, in June ancient field for modern times. ticles key in on a unique feature of tumor tiscale simulation of reactive processes,” 2006. In partnership with his wife, he started blood vessels. Magnanti said. Born in Rockville, Conn., on Dec. 8, Hill Farm, where they raised apples, blue- Ruoslahti had identified that the lining Jensen’s honors include membership 1925, he graduated as valedictorian from berries and Christmas trees, in East Plain- of tumor vessels contains a meshwork of in the National Academy of Engineering; Rockville High School in June 1943, field, N.H. They also ran an American art clotted plasma proteins not found in other appointment as a fellow of the Royal Soci- entered MIT within days, and soon enlist- and antiques business and founded the tissues. He also identified a peptide that ety on Chemistry (London); an honor- ed in the U.S. Navy. In February 1946 Lord Timothy Dexter Press, devoted to binds to this meshwork. By attaching this ary doctorate from the Danish Technical he graduated from MIT with an ensign’s exploring New Hampshire history. peptide to nanoparticles, the team created University; and the distinguished Colborn commission and bachelor’s degree in met- He is survived by his wife; a brother, a particle that targets tumors but not other Award from the American Institute of allurgy. Albert H. Backofen of Greenfield, Mass.; tissues. When injected into the blood- Chemical Engineers. By September 1946, he was back at and two foster sisters, Dolores Hoermann stream of mice with tumors, the peptide Magnanti thanked outgoing depart- MIT as a graduate student and instructor of Rockville, Conn., and Lois Shelly of Bel- sticks to the tumor’s clotted mesh. ment head Robert C. Armstrong, the in the Department of Metallurgy. In 1950 leaire, Fla. An unexpected feature of the nanopar- Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineer- he married Elizabeth “Lib” Wood Warren There will be no services. His ashes ticles is that they clump together and, in ing, “for his simply outstanding service... . of Orange, Mass., and received his doctor- will be scattered at Hill Farm. turn, induce more clumping. This helps to The department has thrived over the past ate with an appointment as assistant pro- Contributions in his memory may be amplify the effects of the particles. “One 10 (almost 11) years under his superb fessor in the Department of Metallurgy. made to the Upper Valley Humane Society, leadership. It has been a privilege to work Backofen belonged to the American 300 Old Route 10, Enfield, NH 03748, or See PARTICLES closely with Bob.” Institute of Mining and Metallurgical the Dartmouth College Library System. Page 4 —Elizabeth Thomson

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Permission is granted to excerpt or reprint any Printed on recycled paper Communications Assistant ...... Heather Manning material originated in Tech Talk. MIT Tech Talk NEWS February 7, 2007 PAGE 3 New microchip sieve speeds biomolecule sorting A new MIT microchip system promises to speed up the are larger molecules compared to proteins. However, “I shifted my attention from DNA into the area of pro- separation and sorting of biomolecules such as proteins. because of the vital role proteins play in almost all biologi- tein separation around 2002 with the shift to proteomics The work is important because it could help scientists cal processes, researchers began to focus their attention (the study of proteins),” Han said. “But the field was using better detect certain molecules associated with diseases, on proteins. But one obstacle has been the lack of good decades-old gel electrophoresis technology. There is a big potentially leading to earlier diagnoses or treatments. laboratory tools with which to prepare biological samples gap in the need for technology in this area.” The microchip system has an extremely tiny sieve to analyze proteins, said Han, who also has affiliations Han and Fu therefore devised the anisotropic sieve structure built into it that can sort through continuous in MIT’s RLE, Computational and Systems Biology Ini- streams of biological fluids and separate proteins accurate- tiative, Center for Materials Science and Engineering and See MICROCHIP ly by size. Conventional separation methods employ gels, Microsystems Technology Laboratories. Page 5 which are slower and more labor-intensive to process. The new microchip system could sort proteins in minutes, as compared to the hours necessary for gel-based systems. The MIT team’s results appeared in the Feb. 5 issue of Nature Nanotechnology. The new technology is an advance from a one-dimen- sional sieve structure reported by the same MIT group last year. The key to this new advance, called an aniso- tropic nanofluidic sieving structure, is that the research- ers have designed the anisotropic sieve in two orthogonal dimensions (at a right angle), which enables rapid contin- uous-flow separation of the biological sample. This allows continuous isolation and harvesting of subsets of biomol- ecules that researchers want to study. And that increases the probability of detecting even the smallest number of molecules in the sample. “With this technology we can isolate interesting pro- teins faster and more efficiently. And because it can proc- ess such small biologically relevant entities, it has the potential to be used as a generic molecular sieving struc- ture for a more complex, integrated biomolecule prepara- tion and analysis system,” said Jongyoon Han, the Karl Van Tassel Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and associate professor of biological engineering at MIT and head of the MIT team. Han’s coauthors of the Nature Nanotechnology paper are co-lead authors Jianping Fu, a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Reto B. Schoch, a postdoctoral associate in the Research Labora- tory of Electronics (RLE). Additional authors are Anna Stevens, a postdoctoral associate in the Harvard-MIT Divi- sion of Health Sciences and Technology, and Professor Steven Tannenbaum of MIT’s Biological Engineering Divi- sion. PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY Han noted that until the late 1990s, most advances in biological laboratory equipment were aimed at the Human Graduate student Jianping Fu, left, Professor Jongyoon Han and postdoctoral associate Reto Schoch have developed a Genome Project and discoveries related to DNA, which microchip that can sort proteins in the lab by passing them through a tiny sieve. Mrowka receives Veblen geometry prize PBS’ ‘Living Weapon’ film features CIS Professor of mathematics Tomasz and the motivating example for important expert on U.S. biological weapons program Mrowka received the 2007 Oswald Veblen further developments, most spectacularly Prize in Geometry, one of the highest hon- for Witten’s introduction of the so-called Stephanie Schorow researching the 1934-1945 Japanese bio- ors in the field of geometry, on Jan. 6. Seiberg-Witten invariants,” according to News Office Correspondent logical warfare program in Manchuria. Mrowka shares the award with Harvard the award citation. Guillemin praised the new documentary University professor Peter Kronheimer. The second paper proves the so-called for its timeliness and use of film footage The American Mathematics Society hon- “Thom conjecture” and was one of the first Decades before President Bush began and visuals to graphically highlight the ored the pair “for their joint contributions deep applications of the then brand new railing against Iraq’s weapons of mass ethical pitfalls of biological weapons. to both three- and four-dimensional topol- Seiberg-Witten equations to four-dimen- destruction, the United States had its own Q: Many of the points of the documen- ogy through the development of deep ana- sional topology. top-secret program to develop biological tary have been reported before. Why is it lytical techniques and applica- In a third paper pub- weapons of mass destruction. important to revisit the issues now? Are tions.” lished in 2004, Mrowka and From 1943 to 1969, U.S. scientists there any parallels to today? Mrowka received the Kronheimer used their earlier worked with pathogens such as anthrax A: I think the interest in having an award, which is given every development of Seiberg-Wit- and tularemia, seeking to develop deadly overview of the history of biological weap- three years, at the annual ten monopole Floer homol- bioweapons that experts say were meant ons has been building since the end of the meeting of the American ogy to prove the Property P for the mass slaughter of enemy civilians Cold War. Before the demise of the Soviet Mathematics Society in New conjecture for knots. “The as well as enemy combatants. Union in 1992, and before the Orleans. proof is a beautiful work of The time is now ripe for discovery of Iraq’s chemical Mrowka said of winning synthesis which draws upon a re-examination of this pro- and biological programs, we the award: “The list of past advances made in the fields of gram, say these experts, in the United States were not Veblen prize winners contains gauge theory, symplectic and including Jeanne Guillemin, really in a position to look many of my mathematical contact geometry, and folia- senior advisor in MIT’s Secu- back at our own program in heroes and teachers. To be tions over the past 20 years,” rity Studies Program and any reflective or critical way. included in this list is a singu- reads the citation. author of “Biological Weap- With a war that began on lar honor.” Tomasz Mrowka Mrowka joined the MIT ons: From the Invention of the premise that there were The award citation specifi- faculty in 1996. He served State-Sponsored Programs to nuclear, chemical and bio- cally mentions three papers Mrowka and as chair of the Graduate Student Commit- Contemporary Bioterrorism” logical weapons in Iraq, we Kronheimer wrote together in the past 13 tee from 1999 to 2002 and has chaired the (2005). have even more of a respon- years. One of the papers deals with Don- Pure Mathematics Committee since 2004. Guillemin was among sibility to consider our own aldson’s polynomial invariants, which have He is also on the editorial boards of sev- those featured in a PBS docu- role in creating threats and been used to prove a variety of results eral mathematics journals. mentary on biological weap- Jeanne Guillemin ask, “What have we as a about the topology and geometry and four- He received the S.B. in mathemat- ons, “American Experience: nation been doing for the last manifolds. ics from MIT in 1983 and the Ph.D. from The Living Weapon,” which 80 years or so in developing That paper, published in 1995, “gives the University of California at Berkeley in aired Monday, Feb. 5, on WGBH 2. The weapons of mass destruction?” a conceptual framework and an organiz- 1988. He taught at Stanford, Caltech and documentary looks at the years of secret We are also positioned very well now ing principle for some of the disparate Harvard before coming to MIT. testing, animal experiments and top-level, to consider the problem of secrecy in gov- observations and calculations of Donald- In 1993 he received an Alfred P. Sloan closed-door meetings as American scien- ernment. We have seen increasing govern- son invariants that had been made earlier Research Fellowship and a National Young tists attempted to turn some of the world’s ment secrecy since 2000 and especially … and it has been the point of departure Investigator Award. most potent germs into devastating weap- after 9/11, in the name of national security. ons. First driven by fears that Nazi Ger- The history of biological weapons offers many was developing the bioweapons, an example of an extremely dangerous Seager wins Warner Prize from AAS then by Cold War agendas, U.S. military secret program—the details of which were researchers raced to develop methods of not known to members of Congress or to Sara Seager, the Ellen Swallow Rich- for the award or is within eight years of dispersing lethal diseases in bombs and the public. We are in a very good position ards Associate Professor in the Depart- receipt of the Ph.D. degree. The recipient sprays. They even conducted open-air historically to look back and evaluate what ment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary must be a resident of North America or a tests (with harmless bacteria) on major were we doing in creating weapons that Sciences, has won the 2007 Helen B. War- member of a North American institution, American cities to make sure the systems kill civilians. That was the point of these ner Prize from the American Astronomical stationed abroad. would work. The program was ended in weapons, that they be a corollary to nucle- Society (AAS). Seager received the prize for develop- 1969 by President Richard Nixon. ar weapons for the mass murder of enemy The Warner Prize is normally award- ing “fundamental techniques for under- Guillemin, trained as a sociologist and civilians. That was the Cold War agenda. ed annually for a significant contribution standing, analyzing, and finding the atmo- anthropologist, has spent years study- Q: It is interesting that Richard Nixon to observational or theoretical astrono- spheres of extrasolar planets,” according ing issues of medicine, infectious disease stopped the program. Does that give us my during the five years preceding the to the AAS. and biological weapons. Her 1999 book, any reason to reevaluate Richard Nixon? award. Previous recipients of the Helen B. “Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly It is given to an astronomer who is not Warner Prize include Riccardo Giacconi, Outbreak,” documents a 1979 bioweap- See BIOWEAPONS yet 36 years of age in the year designated Allan R. Sandage and Maarten Schmidt. ons accident in Russia; she’s currently Page 6 PAGE 4 February 7, 2007 RESEARCH MIT Tech Talk Storing CO2 below ground may prevent polluting above Denise Brehm contributing to global warming. Studies have shown that the flow of the CO2 is subject to a safety mechanism that Civil and Environmental Engineering reducing carbon dioxide emissions or capturing and stor- will prevent it from rising up to the top just beneath the ing the emissions underground in a process called seques- geologic cap.” tration is vital to the health of our planet. But one of the Researchers have considered the possibility of seques- A new analysis led by an MIT scientist describes a biggest risks of any sequestration project is the potential tering CO2 beneath the Earth’s surface in at least three mechanism for capturing carbon dioxide emissions from leak of the injected gas back into the atmosphere through types of geologic formations: depleted oil and gas fields, a power plant and injecting the gas into the ground, where abandoned wells or underground cracks. unminable coal seams and deep saline aquifers. Juanes’ it would be trapped naturally as tiny bubbles and safely In a paper published in a recent issue of Water research dealt with the third category—porous rock for- stored in briny porous rock. Resources Research, MIT Professor Ruben Juanes and mations bearing brackish water that are ubiquitous under- This means that it may be possible for a power plant co-authors assert that injected carbon dioxide will likely ground. to be built in an appropriate location and have all its car- not flow back up to the surface and into the atmosphere, The study shows that carbon dioxide could be com- bon dioxide emissions captured and injected underground as many researchers fear. pressed as it leaves the power plant and injected through a throughout the life of the power plant, and then safely “We have shown that this is a much safer way of dis- well deep underground into a natural sublayer consisting stored over centuries and even millennia. The carbon diox- posing of CO2 than previously believed, because a large of porous rock, such as sandstone or limestone, saturated ide eventually will dissolve in the brine and a fraction will portion—maybe all—of the CO2 will be trapped in small with saltwater. Because of its buoyancy, the injected gas adhere to the rock in the form of minerals such as iron blobs in the briny aquifer,” said Juanes, a professor of civil and magnesium carbonates. and environmental engineering. “Based on experiments See CO2 Carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases and on the physics of flow and transport, we know that Page 8 PARTICLES Continued from Page 2 downside of nanotechnology is that you shrink everything, including the cargo,” said Bhatia. “You need particles to accumulate for them to be effective.” The assembly of these new particles concentrates them in a way that may improve on the tumor imaging capabili- ties the team described earlier. These particles also have the potential to be used as a means to cause clots big enough to choke off the blood supply to the tumor or to deliver drugs directly into the tumor. But there are challenges ahead. For one, the team must verify that these particles only accumulate where they are desired. Also, they need better ways to keep the nanopar- ticles in the bloodstream. The body naturally clears these foreign bodies through the liver and spleen. The team devised a means to temporarily disable this natural clearing system. They created a “decoy” particle that saturates this clearing system temporarily, allowing the active nanoparticles time to accumulate in the tumor tissue. These decoys, however, were toxic to some mice and also disable a system that normally protects the body, leaving it vulnerable to other invaders. This challenge dovetails nicely with Bhatia’s other work. Not only does she have expertise in liver functions, PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY she directs the facility at the MIT Center for Cancer and Nanotechnology Excellence that analyzes new materials Andrea Ventura, an MIT postdoctoral associate, works in the lab at the Center for Cancer Research. He and his col- for toxicity and is working to standardize the guidelines leagues have shown that by reactivating a certain gene, tumors in mice can be drastically reduced in size. for nanomaterial toxicity. “We need to be able to understand the whole system better to be able to move the field forward,” she said. In addition to Sailor and Ruoslahti, Bhatia’s co-authors GENE on the recent PNAS paper are Dmitri Simberg, Tasmia Continued from Page 1 effects,” said Ventura. Duza, Markus Essler, Jan Pilch, Lianglin Zhang and Aus- Possible therapeutic approaches to turn on p53 in tin M. Derfus, all from lead author Ruoslahti’s laboratories turned off. But they also included a genetic “switch” human cancer cells include small molecules that restore at the University of California at Santa Barbara; Robert M. that allowed the researchers to turn p53 back on after mutated p53 proteins to a functional state, as well as Hoffman, Ji Ho Park and Austin M. Derfus of the Univer- tumors developed. gene therapy techniques that introduce a new copy of sity of California at San Diego; and Meng Yang and Robert Once the switch was activated, p53 appeared in the p53 gene into tumor cells. One class of potential M. Hoffman of AntiCancer Inc. the tumor cells and the majority of the tumors shrank drugs now under investigation, known as nutlins, acts The research was supported by the National Cancer between 40 and 100 percent. by interfering with MDM2, an enzyme that keeps p53 Institute and the National Institutes of Health. The researchers looked at two different types of can- levels low. cer—lymphomas and sarcomas. In lymphomas, or can- In follow-up studies, the MIT researchers are looking cers of the white blood cells, the cancer cells underwent at other types of cancer, such as epithelial (skin) cancer, apoptosis within one or two days of the p53 reactivation. in their mouse model, and they plan to see if the same In contrast, sarcomas (which affect connective tis- approach will also work for tumor suppressors other sues) did not undergo apoptosis but went into a state than p53. of senescence, or no growth. Those tumors took longer This research was funded by the Howard Hughes to shrink but the senescent tumor cells were eventually Medical Institute, the National Cancer Institute, the cleared away. American Italian Cancer Research Foundation and the The researchers are not sure why these two cancers Leaf Fund. are affected in different ways, but they have started try- Other MIT authors on the paper are Laura Lintault, IMAGE COURTESY / GEOFFREY VON MALTZAHN, ing to figure it out by identifying the other genes that are (a research affiliate in the Center for Cancer Research), HARVARD-MIT DIVISION OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY activated in each type of tumor when p53 turns back on. Jamie Newman (graduate student in biology), former Sangeeta Bhatia and colleagues imagine a hypotheti- The study also revealed that turning on p53 has no MIT postdocs Margaret McLaughlin (Novartis), David cal system that uses their multifunctional nanoparticles damaging effects in normal cells. The researchers had Tuveson (Cambridge Research Institute, U.K.) and Jan to attack breast cancer. Two types of nanoparticles, with worried that p53 would kill normal cells because it had Grimm (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), Eliz- magnetic cores and different types of targeting receptors in never been expressed in those cells. abeth Reczek (a former graduate student in Jack’s lab, red and blue, might cluster in the tumor blood vessels and “This means you can design drugs that restore p53 now a postdoctoral fellow at Brigham and Women’s Hos- provide both imaging and drug therapy; or they might bind and you don’t have to worry too much about toxic side pital) and Ralph Weissleder (Harvard Medical School). to one another to choke off the blood supply to the tumor. Physicist recommends U.S. develop ‘portfolio of fuels, electricity and efficiency’ Deborah Halber The increased demand for energy will lead to even transportation fuels market is reasonable: The market is News Office Correspondent more concerns about security. “In every projection, depen- currently almost entirely dependent on oil. “If we have a dence on Middle East oil will more elastic market and more (nonpolluting) options for increase going forward,” Moniz running vehicles,” both security and environmental issues President Bush called on fuel makers to produce 35 bil- said. And oil itself will not go will improve, he said. lion gallons of alternative fuels a year by 2017. That’s not away as a fuel source, although The environmental imperative is serious. The atmo- going to happen using corn as the basis for ethanol, said fossil fuels will make up an sphere is currently carrying 750 gigatons of carbon and Ernest J. Moniz, director of the MIT Energy Initiative. increasingly small percentage at the current rate of increasing energy use, we will get to Moniz, the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics, of the overall energy picture. atmospheric overload—with alarming consequences—in spoke Wednesday, Jan. 24, at an IAP event on “Energy, We need to address energy 50 years. “The bottom line is, simple arithmetic tells you Security and Environment.” sources, energy security and it’s a 50-year problem…to look beyond 50 years, you’ve As part of the broad energy picture facing the United climate change to accomplish given up the game on the climate side,” Moniz said. “Fifty States and the world today, Moniz described the potential a “major transformation of the years is also the timescale for turning over the infrastruc- consequences of the predicted doubling of energy use energy system,” he said. Behav- ture so that we can stay where we are in CO2 emissions in the next half-century. This doubling will take place, he ioral changes, new technologies while meeting much greater demand.” said, even as we continue to improve efficiency. and government policies will be To do this, a combination of alternative energies will A lot of the growth will occur in countries with emerg- crucial for a workable solution, Ernest J. Moniz ing economies, where currently more than a billion people he said. See FUELS have no access to electricity. Moniz said that Bush’s emphasis on change in the Page 6 MIT Tech Talk RESEARCH February 7, 2007 PAGE 5 ‘Optics on a chip’ could revolutionize telecommunications

Deborah Halber Molding light waves side of the chip, where the split beams are also an important driver.” News Office Correspondent Microphotonics technology aims to rejoined. In addition to offering a breakthrough “mold” the flow of light. By using two dif- “These results represent a break- in polarization, the MIT chip also contains ferent materials that refract light different- through in permitting the processing and first-of-their-kind components in materials In work that could lead to completely new ly, such as silicon and its oxides, photons switching of arbitrarily polarized input meeting telecommunications specifica- devices, systems and applications in comput- can be trapped within a miniscule hall of light signals in tightly confined and dense- tions. ing and telecommunications, MIT research- mirrors, giving them unique properties. ly integrated photonic circuitry,” said “Our results illustrate the importance of ers are bringing the long-sought goal of The stumbling block has been that Ippen. The innovation means that optical academic research in nanofabrication and “optics on a chip” one step closer to market. microphotonics devices are sensitive to components can be integrated onto a sin- academia’s role in breaking new pathways In the January 2007 inaugural issue the polarization of light. gle silicon chip and mass-produced, cut- for the industry to follow,” Smith said. of Nature Photonics, the team reports a Light waves moving through optical ting costs and boosting performance and “Creating these devices was only possible novel way to integrate photonic circuitry fibers can be arbitrarily polarized to be complexity. due to the unique nanofabrication facilities on a silicon chip. Adding the power and vertical or horizontal, and microphotonic The advantage in integrating optics at MIT, enabling fabrication with extraor- speed of light waves to traditional electron- circuits don’t work well with that kind with silicon technology is that silicon fabri- dinary precision.” ics could achieve system performance of random input. This has meant that cation technology “is already highly devel- This work was supported by Pire- inconceivable by electronic means alone. devices used in photonic subsystems oped and promises precise and repro- lli Labs in Milan, Italy, and made use of The MIT invention will enable such and optical communication networks, ducible processing of densely integrated MIT’s Nanostructures Laboratory and integrated devices to be mass-manufac- for instance, couldn’t connect to the out- circuits,” Kaertner said. “The prospect of MIT’s Scanning Electron Beam Lithog- tured for the first time. Depending on side world without often having to be integrating the photonic circuitry directly raphy Facility, both within the Research the growth of the telecom industry, the assembled piecemeal and painstakingly on silicon electronic chips is ultimately Laboratory of Electronics. new devices could be in demand within by hand. five years, said co-author Erich P. Ippen, Like polarizing sunglasses, which use the Elihu Thomson Professor of Electrical vertical polarizers to block the horizontally Engineering and professor of physics. oriented light reflected from flat surfaces The new technology will also enable such as roads or water, the MIT method of supercomputers on a chip with unique integrating optics on a chip involves sep- high-speed capabilities for signal process- arating the two orientations of polarized ing, spectroscopy and remote testing, light waves. among other fields. “This breakthrough allows inter- and Splitting the difference intra-chip communications networks that The MIT researchers’ innovative solu- solve the wiring problems of today’s com- tion involves splitting the light emanating puter chips and computer architectures,” from an optic fiber into two arms—one said Franz X. Kaertner, a professor of elec- with horizontally polarized beams and one trical engineering and computer science. with vertical beams—in an integrated, on- In addition to Ippen and Kaertner, chip fashion. other members of the MIT team are Setting these two at right angles to one Tymon Barwicz (Ph.D. 2005), Michael another, the researchers rotated the polar- Watts (Ph.D. 2005), graduate student ization of one of the arms, also in an inte- Milos Popovic, postdoc Peter Rakich, grated way. The beams from the two arms, and Henry I. Smith, professor of electri- now oriented the same way, then pass IMAGE COURTESY / TYMON BARWICZ, MIT cal engineering and co-director of MIT’s through identical sets of polarization-sensi- Illustration of MIT’s solution to polarization sensitivity, which until now prohibited most real- Nanostructures Laboratory. tive photonic structures and out the other world applications of ‘optics on a chip.’ Initiative launched Postdocs’ series explores hype and hope of a hydrogen economy Stephanie Schorow supplies 37.7 percent of the world’s cell design, storage, distribution and trans- to assess minority News Office Correspondent energy, has only about 41 years of reserves portation. left. Natural gas (19.5 percent) has 63 The pair provided a glimpse of a tanta- years of reserves and coal (21.4 percent) lizing vision of the future, with a short film faculty issues The pint-sized model car sitting on a has 218, according to the pair. on the H2PIA project, a planned communi- classroom table in Building E13 encapsu- Miranda is studying material for hydro- ty in Denmark where citizens produce and Provost L. Rafael Reif and President lates the title of the store their own Susan Hockfield have announced that four-part IAP semi- hydrogen fuel, MIT will undertake a comprehensive, rig- nar held in Janu- running homes orous and systematic study of the effects ary: “Hydrogen: and cars on renew- that race may have in the hiring, advance- Hype or Hope?” able, pollution-free ment and experience of underrepresented The model car, energy. “It is pos- minority faculty at MIT. built from a kit by sible to transform The president and provost will consult the seminar pre- this into reality,” broadly with the MIT faculty and com- senters, MIT post- Miranda said. munity in framing plans for the new ini- doctoral associates H o w e v e r , tiative. Caetano Rodrigues Baletto noted, In a Jan. 29 letter announcing the Miranda and Fran- the very first step initiative, Reif told the faculty that he cesca Baletto, runs of a hydrogen and Hockfield are “deeply committed on hydrogen and economy—obtain- to removing barriers that may exist for represents the Francesca Baletto Hydrogen car model Caetano Rodrigues Miranda ing hydrogen— u nde r r e p r e - promise of a hydro- requires energy sented minor- gen-based econo- that has to be ity faculty my, with its lure of pollution-free, renew- gen storage and amorphous systems for “clean.” While hydrogen is plentiful in the members.” able energy. photovoltaic applications in the group of form of water, the process of hydrolysis— Hockfield, On the other hand, the car will run Gerbrand Ceder, professor of materials which separates the hydrogen from oxy- writing to the maybe five minutes at a time. The days of science and engineering; Baletto is look- gen—is currently done with gas- and coal- Institute com- a hydrogen-powered automobile that will ing at key processes in catalysis, energy powered processes that produce carbon munity on rival today’s gas-guzzlers are years in the storage and environmentally hazardous dioxide and other pollutants. For hydro- Feb. 2, noted future. chemical reactions in the Quasiamore gen energy to be “clean,” hydrolysis must that these are Yet, whether we like it or not, hydro- research group of Nicola Marzari, associ- run on renewable energy sources, such as “issues of con- gen may prove to be a boon to an energy- ate professor of computational materials solar or wind power. It’s “green hydrogen cern to higher starved world, because, as Miranda and science. Together, they explored the tech- e d u c a t i o n Baletto’s seminar made clear, “the end nical challenges of a hydrogen economy, See HYDROGEN nationwide,” of oil is coming soon.” Crude oil, which which include hydrogen production, fuel Page 6 and said, “We L. Rafael Reif owe it to our students and community to take a position of leader- ship on this issue.” MICROCHIP Hockfield pointed to the diversity of Continued from Page 3 to take two orthogonal paths. Each path cules in about a minute with the current new arrivals to the faculty and of this is engineered with different sieving char- device versus hours for gels.” year’s freshman class as evidence that that is embedded into a silicon chip. A acters. When proteins of different sizes Another advantage of the microchip “concerted institutional efforts can make biological sample containing different are injected into the sieve under applied is that it can have so many different pore a difference.” proteins is placed in a sample reservoir electric fields, they will separate into sizes, and unlike gels, it is possible to Reif noted that he has discussed these above the chip. The sample is then run different streams based on size,” Han design an exact pore size to increase issues with many members of the faculty through the sieve of the chip continuous- explained. At the bottom of the chip the the separation accuracy. That in turn since becoming provost. The new initia- ly. The chip is designed with a network separated proteins are collected in indi- can help researchers look for so-called tive will build on the efforts to date of of microfluidic channels surrounding vidual chambers. Scientists then can test biomarkers, or proteins that can reveal committees on minority faculty recruit- the sieve, and the anisotropy (directional the proteins. that disease is present, and thus help ment and retention he appointed a year property) in the sieve causes proteins of While other scientists have used simi- researchers develop diagnostics and ago. different sizes to follow distinct migra- lar continuous flow techniques to sepa- treatments for the disease. “Sample In developing plans for the new ven- tion trajectories, leading to efficient rate large molecules like long DNA, the preparation is critical in detecting more ture, the Institute will draw on the exam- continuous-flow separation. The current MIT team succeeded with the tinier biomarker signals,” said Han. ple offered by its pioneering work on sieve has an array of nanofluidic filters proteins. “This is the first time physio- Funding came from the National gender equity, which Hockfield noted has of about 55 nanometers, or billionths of a logically relevant molecules like proteins Science Foundation, the National Insti- had “lasting national and international meter, wide. have been separated in such a manner,” tutes of Health and the Singapore-MIT impact.” “The proteins to be sorted are forced said Han. “We can separate the mole- Alliance. PAGE 6 February 7, 2007 NEWS MIT Tech Talk Lauffenburger wins GLOBAL WARMING CLASSIFIED ADS Tech Talk runs classified ads in the 2007 Galletti award way to reduce those aerosols, which cause first issue of each month. Members of Continued from Page 1 the MIT community may submit one Professor Douglas Lauffenburger, head acid rain and are harmful to human health, ad each issue. Ads should be 30 words of the Biological Engineering Division, has extensive evidence of the regional signals could lead to greater future warming. maximum; they will be edited. Submit won the 2007 Pierre Galletti Award from of climate change, including rising conti- • For the first time, the IPCC has by e-mail to [email protected] or mail to the American Institute for Medical and nental-scale temperatures, rising sea lev- placed odds on the accuracy of its cli- Classifieds, Rm 11-400. Deadline is noon Biological Engineering. els, shrinking of Arctic summer sea ice mate predictions: The report offers sev- Wednesday the week before publication. The Galletti award, AIMBE’s highest and decrease in snow cover in the North- eral different greenhouse gas emissions honor, recognizes an individual’s “contri- ern Hemisphere. It also offers predictions scenarios and, for each one, predicts butions to public awareness of medical for how rising temperatures will affect the the likelihood of a certain temperature FOR SALE planet in decades to come. increase—for example, a two-thirds and biological engineering, and to the pro- Almost brand new: Sharper Image Ionic motion of the national interest in science, Taken as a whole, the report presents a chance that global temperatures will rise Breeze Quadra Air Purifiers $150 each, engineering and education.” strong case that the United States, which 2.4 to 6.4 degrees Celsius for one high- KitchenAid blender $30, Krups fruit juice Lauffenburger was cited “for training is responsible for about 25 percent of emissions scenario. extractor $25, space heaters $10 each, global greenhouse gas emissions, should Those odds will help policy-makers Hitachi boxed fan $30. Call 617-484- a generation of bioengineering faculty, 0308. establishing an innovative biological engi- take much more vigorous steps to curb its decide how much effort is needed to less- neering program at MIT, writing a seminal emissions along with the other major emit- en or adapt to the potential impacts of cli- Men’s jacket: size large, brown leather- text on receptors and exemplary service ters around the world, Prinn said. mate change, according to Prinn. look, below hip length, fleece lining, made “Overall, the scientific evidence for “I’m very pleased because this has in Italy, new $40. Ladies’ bathrobe: size to bioengineering societies.” medium, genuine chenille, long wrap- Lauffenburger will receive the award in human influence on climate has strength- been a quest by the climate researchers around style, rose color, excellent condi- late February at the President’s Dinner at ened significantly in the past half-dozen at the Center for Global Change Science tion $15. Call Rosalie at 781-391-1307. the National Academy of Science. years, and the case for decreasing green- and the Joint Program on the Science and house gas emissions is significantly more Policy of Global Change at MIT for more Like new: Italian black leather contempo- rary loveseat $130. Black/glass dining set compelling than it was six years ago,” he than a decade,” he said. “In order to help with leather chairs $120. Two authentic Geltner named ‘most said. make policy decisions, scientists have got Japanese 72x35 tatami mats $90. Two Greenhouse gases, which include meth- to provide the uncertainties on their key black club chairs $80. Call 617-484- influential’ researcher ane, nitrous oxide, ozone, chlorofluorocar- numbers.” 0308. David Geltner, director of the MIT bons and their replacements (hydrofluoro- In recent weeks, several climate change Center for Real Estate, has been named carbons) as well as the better-known car- bills have been introduced in Congress, the most influential researcher in the real bon dioxide, trap infrared radiation in the and Prinn anticipates that he and other VEHICLES estate field from 2000 to 2004, an honor Earth’s atmosphere, inhibiting the planet’s MIT researchers will be asked to testify on 1996 Dodge Ram Wagon, $3,500, 92K, that reflects his long-term productivity cooling capability. Burning of fossil fuels the scientific, technological and economic seats 8, huge cargo space, AM/FM/CD, investigating topics of interest to the real is a major contributor to greenhouse gas aspects of the proposed legislation. red, A/C, cruise control, in good shape. estate community. emissions, but agricultural activities and In late November, Prinn spoke to a Call 781-329-2359 (Dedham). The study, based on the number of deforestation also contribute. group of 36 newly elected members of 2006 Chrysler 300 Touring 4D Sedan, times an author’s work was referenced “It’s not just the highly industrialized Congress at Harvard’s Kennedy School 5,943 miles, color - magnesium pearl, by others, was published in the Fall 2006 nations that are involved here,” Prinn said. of Government. The representatives were $24,500/bst. Mint condition/must sell. issue of Real Estate Economics (REE), “To some degree, every person on the very interested in the topic of global warm- Call Frances, 617-387-0199. recognized as the leading journal in the planet is responsible, but some are much ing, he said. 1995 Toyota Camry 4-dr LE sedan,180K, real estate field. The REE study also more responsible than others.” In addition to reducing emissions, runs excellent, $3,500, remote start, new ranked MIT as the second most influen- There is now a near-universal scientific the world should also be thinking about tires, well maintained. Call 617-201- tial research institution in the field, based consensus that human activity is driving the need to prepare for and adapt to the 8926. on the number of citations referencing its climate change, but 10 years ago, Prinn effects of climate change, Prinn said. For 2000 Mitsubishi Mirage DE, 75K, $3500. researchers. The University of California himself was not convinced that that was example, it may not be wise to build new Automatic, A/C, AM/FM CD/stereo, power at Berkeley was ranked first. the case. But, as the evidence mounted, infrastructure in coastal areas that may windows/steering/door locks. Tires/bat- The publication of the study coincides Prinn concluded that the changes were too be inundated with rising waters, he said. tery replaced 6 months ago. Call 857- with the second edition of Geltner’s “Com- great to be explained by natural climate The IPCC report emphasizes that we are 523-0262. mercial Real Estate Analysis and Invest- variations. already committed to future warming due 2006 Forester Subaru. 4-wheel drive, 5 ments,” co-authored with Norman G. Mill- Other highlights of the report: simply to the greenhouse gases already in passenger, 5-dr wagon/small SUV. White er, Jim Clayton and Piet Eichholtz (Thom- • While global temperatures have risen the atmosphere. exterior, black roof rack, gray interiors. AC, son South-Western, 2007). significantly, the rise is less than expected Later this year, the IPCC will issue two CD/radio. 19/23 mpg. 14,500K. Perfect maintenance record. Breaking lease due Geltner and Miller are also the authors from the greenhouse gases alone, because more reports. One focuses on possible to relocating. $18,700 firm, payable to of “Real Estate Principles for the New of the cooling effect of sulfate aerosols, mitigation strategies, while the other will the bank. Concord MA. 978-340-8108. Economy” (Thomson South-Western, Feb- another type of pollutant caused by fossil address the impact of climate change on ruary 2004). fuel combustion. Efforts already under- global ecosystems and economies. HOUSING 3BR apt, in Everett on bus line; $1100/ month + utilities. Call Louanne Barisano, BIOWEAPONS HYDROGEN 617-947-5757. ency. We need to protect our population Continued from Page 5 Cambridge—Nr Kendall Sq. Walk to MIT. Continued from Page 3 3BR, 2 full baths. Huge kitchen. Study/ against health threats from any source. guest bedroom. Pine floors. Laundry. A: In many ways Nixon was able to We also need to include as many nations versus black hydrogen,” she explained. Enclosed yard. Walk to supermarket, cin- do things because he was a hawk. His as possible, including developing coun- The model car, for example, uses a solar ema, river, Galleria Mall, Red Line, Green agenda, which was very much influenced tries, within a normative legal frame- panel to separate hydrogen from oxygen. Line, bus to Harvard. No sec. deposit, by Henry Kissinger, was to make sure Also, while hydrogen power does not no fee. $2400. Avail. March 1 Contact work, with treaties and technological [email protected] or 781-729- that Europe was not the battleground sharing that fosters trust and openness produce carbon dioxide—the chief cul- 7725. Photos at groups-beta.google.com/ between the United States and the Soviet among nations and networks of scien- prit in global warming—as a byproduct, it group/94-2SS/web/pictures?hl=en. Union. He was able to accomplish a great does produce water vapor which, Miranda tists. 1BR, Watertown, walkable distance from deal because he was perceived as tough The real danger now is that innova- noted, is also a greenhouse gas. Watertown Bus Yard. $1000/mo. Washing and he was also under pressure to elimi- tions in biotechnology could be used for Other design challenges for a hydrogen machine hookup. No pets. Call Rita, 617- nate chemical weapons use in Vietnam. hostile purposes. That is a clear possibil- economy include: 924-7392. Q: Why was no one within the pro- ity and a threat that our lead scientists • Storage issues: Liquefied hydrogen gram “thinking rationally”? should be addressing. has lower energy density per volume than A: The U.S. program was extremely gasoline. “Huge storage tanks are needed MISCELLANEOUS secret—there was virtually no oversight. for very small cars,” Baletto said. Looking for Danish modern, Scandinavian One of the lessons for today is if you’re • Fuel cells: Hydrogen fuel cells, while & Eames style teak or rosewood fur- going to have heavy investment in mili- efficient, nonpolluting and silent, are com- niture from 1950s-1980s. Will give FUELS your furniture a good home. E-mail tary innovations aimed at civilians, you plex to operate, expensive and have low [email protected]. need oversight from agencies and Con- Continued from Page 4 durability, said Miranda. gress and you need public awareness and have to be developed. Electricity use in • Storage of hydrogen in a solid form: Wanted: exercise bike. Recumbent or upright. Old or new. Call Therese debate. Things can happen in secret that residential and commercial buildings is This requires material that is strong Henderson, 617-253-7492 or e-mail you could not believe. Afterwards one a big number, so “carbon-free” electricity enough to capture hydrogen atoms but [email protected] w/ description of bike. wonders, “What happened to the moral is a goal. This can be achieved to some weak enough to release the hydrogen compass there? How can these scientists extent through burning coal and seques- when energy is needed. sleep at night?” And the answer is very tering the released carbon, nuclear ener- A hydrogen economy would require VACATION simple: They worked within a closed gy and photovoltaics. massive changes in infrastructure, includ- Fort Myers, Fla.—Brand new condo- moral order, they never questioned out- The problem is that on a small scale, ing the creation of hydrogen filling sta- minium, minutes to Fort Myers Beach, side the particular goals of the techno- all these technologies, as well as Presi- tions. Refueling a hydrogen car may take Sanibel Island & Red Sox. 2BR condo is logical innovation they were dealing dent Bush’s call for ethanol, are attrac- up to an hour—not an attractive option for fully furnished, sleeps six. Monthly rental $3,200. Contact [email protected] 978- with. And they felt patriotic. tive and promising. On the large scale today’s drivers. 463-6671. Q: Is there any justification for cre- necessary to make a dent in energy Thus, is hydrogen more hype than ating nonlethal biological weapons, in needs, they get more problematic. Biofu- hope? Bethel Maine/Sunday River ski area: 4BR, 1.5 bath house in village. Sleeps 10. Walk which people just get sick, not die? els, for instance, will take a huge number Miranda is optimistic—he tends to to restaurants/bars/shops. Free shuttle A: No. To begin, there’s a problem of acres devoted to growing switchgrass favor a “Hollywood ending,” as he put it. to Sunday River Ski-3 miles away. Feb. with the term “nonlethal” when lethal- or other plants conducive to efficient con- His native Brazil, he noted, has been able vac. week $1500. Inquire about other ity can actually occur. It depends very version from cellulose to fuel, plus a lot of to switch to more use of ethanol instead dates. Pets welcome. 617-306-7553 or much who the object of the attack is. We water and fertilizer. of gasoline after the government heavily [email protected]. develop a notion of a nonlethal biological “This question of scale is critical,” subsidized ethanol’s use and distribution. Cape Cod/Craigville Beach. Fully fur- or chemical weapon based on the physi- Moniz said. “We each have nice fuzzy tech- Now it’s a free market. Hydrogen is “the nished home half mile from beach on quiet side street. $1100/wk Jul/Aug; cal reactions of a sturdy 22-year-old. nologies we love. It’s easy to love them best candidate for replacing oil in the long $700/wk Jun/Sep. [email protected]. Q: Realistically, is there anything when they’re small. It becomes harder to term,” he said. else the United States should be doing to love them when you grow them. When bio- Baletto, however, opts for a more “Euro- Ocean front summer cabin, Mount Desert Island, ME. 2BR/1BA w/living/kitchen protect us against a biological weapons fuels were small, water supply didn’t mat- pean movie ending,” in which obstacles area; picture windows, deck overlook- attack? ter. The same is true of carbon sequestra- take much longer to sort out and problems ing water; stairway to beach. Mins A: The best protection is a strong tion. There’s no silver bullet. We’re going remain. “Hydrogen is a possibility we have from Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor. public health system, coupled with inter- to get there only by having a portfolio of to explore. In any case, we have to start to $1,000/week June-Sept. Steve at 617- national efforts to increase transpar- fuels, electricity and efficiency.” change the way to produce energy.” 253-5757 or [email protected]. MIT Tech Talk NEWS February 7, 2007 PAGE 7 The Three Mile Seuss fans unite for ‘Cat in the Hat’ Island crisis—was Ruth Walker as “How warm is ‘luke’?” and “How big is children. Dr. Seuss urged parents to trust News Office Correspondent a nook?” (The concern here is that one’s their children. This was Seuss’ “permis- breakfast nook may actually be only big sive streak,” Jenkins said. Children who it a failure of enough to qualify as a “cranny.”) were listened to, whose imagination was Most people standing up to give a lit- But Seuss was not uninterested in the celebrated, would grow up to be the kind science or spin? erary reading announce the title of the important issues of life. He was a lifelong of democratic citizens the world needed, work they are about to share with their political progressive and outspoken anti- in Dr. Seuss’ view. Stephanie Schorow audience. Fascist. He contributed to the progres- The IAP program concluded, as the Not so Professor Henry Jenkins at News Office Correspondent sive magazine “PM.” During World War “Salute” has always done, with a showing MIT’s 17th annual “Salute to Dr. Seuss.” II, Geisel served in the U.S. Army and of the 1953 live-action movie musical, “The When he stood up before the capac- worked with Frank Capra on the “Why 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.” It’s apparently well ity crowd in Room 4-237 on Jan. 29 and We Fight” films commissioned by the U.S. on its way to cult status, at least at MIT. Since 1979, the words “Three Mile opened a copy of “The Cat in the Hat,” he government. The film, for which Dr. Seuss provided Island” have been synonymous with the just plunged in. Dr. Seuss was also an important voice story, screenplay and lyrics, might be words “nuclear disaster.” But does a care- He knew that virtually every one of his in the 20th-century debate on child-rear- thought of as “Leave It to Beaver” meets ful analysis of the timeline, aftermath and listeners would recognize the story. He ing, according to Jenkins. Dr. Spock urged “The Wizard of Oz,” by way of Marlene media coverage reveal that the accident at knew most of them would be able to pic- parents to trust themselves and their own Dietrich and “The Blue Angel,” with nods the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating ture the unforgettable Seuss illustrations. instincts as to what was right for their to Gene Kelly and “Lassie.” Station was really a public relations disas- And he knew that some would have to ter and not a technical failure? restrain themselves from reciting along That was the provocative question with him as he read. posed by Andrew Kadak, professor of the The “Salute to Dr. Seuss” is a campus practice of nuclear engineering, in his Jan. tradition going back to 1991, the year 22 two-part IAP seminar about five crucial Theodore S. Geisel (Dr. Seuss) died. Jen- days in March 1979 at the plant near Har- kins, director of the MIT Comparative risburg, Pa. Media Studies Program and the Peter de In the morning session of “Three Mile Florez Professor of Humanities, inaugu- Island—Colossal Failure or Colossal Suc- rated and has sustained the event each cess?” Kadak concluded there were fail- year. ures all around—except for the most Seuss, the creator of the fantastic tale important aspect: The melted nuclear core of the cat who drops in on a couple of chil- was contained and any radiation released dren while their mother is out, clearly had was minimal. Kadak’s arguments met with a home in the hearts of the MIT commu- lively opposition, as session participants nity. Jenkins added, “In a place like this, zeroed in on technical glitches. full of imagination and creativity, it’s not Just as lively was the afternoon session surprising that Geisel’s work should reso- on “Three Mile Island Communications— nate so.” Good, Bad or Ugly?” in which Kadak dis- Jenkins located Seuss at the intersec- cussed the role of local reporters, the plant tion of some important trends in pop cul- spokesperson, members of the Nuclear ture, politics and child-rearing. Regulatory Commission and Pennsylvania Geisel adopted his famous pseudonym Gov. Dick Thornburgh. as a student at Dartmouth. Banned from Kadak set the framework for analysis writing for “The Jack-O-Lantern,” the cam- by identifying four aspects of “failure”: pus humor magazine, he simply renamed technical, financial, perception and conse- himself “Dr. Seuss” and started writing quences. again. One of the key technical issues in run- Early on, Seuss focused on pseudo-sci- PHOTO / AL RAVENNA, NEW YORK WORLD TELEGRAM & SUN ning a nuclear plant is managing heat: entific discussions of such weighty issues Ted Geisel (Dr. Seuss) in 1957. radiation decay means that 7 percent of full heat continues even after the plant is “shut down,” he explained. The nuclear core has to be covered with water at all times. Hynes named On March 28, through a series of errors MIT Sloan hosts sports managers at around 4 a.m.—including a valve that was supposed to close but didn’t and a known scientific governor conference on role of analytics leak that led operators to conclude high temperatures readings were false—water of U.K. charity J.P. Ricciardi, senior vice president ments? escaped from the core, which began heat- of baseball operations and general man- McCourt, an MIT Sloan alum, ing up without a way to remove the heat. Professor Richard O. Hynes has been ager of the Toronto Blue Jays, and Jamie described the Sloan sports business con- Within a matter of minutes, things went named scientific governor of the United McCourt, president of the Los Angeles ference as an “important step in showcas- from bad to worse as operators continued Kingdom’s largest charity, the Wellcome Dodgers, are slated to serve as keynote ing the role of M.B.A.s and the use of ana- to believe water was circulating through Trust, effective Jan. 1. speakers at a pioneering conference to lytics in the industry. As (the L.A. Dodg- the core and they had a “bottled-up sys- Hynes, the Daniel K. Ludwig Professor explore the increasing role of analytics in ers’) president, I believe that hiring the tem.” for Cancer Research at the Center for Can- the sports industry. right people with the necessary analytical By 7 a.m. a site emergency was called; cer Research (CCR) and a faculty mem- Bill James, senior baseball operations skill set combined with excellent interper- by 7:30 a.m. a general emergency was ber in the Department of Biology, is also advisor for the Boston Red Sox and author sonal skills will result in a winning team called, amid concerns that a hydrogen a Howard Hughes Medical Institute inves- of “The Bill James Baseball Abstract,” will for fans and profitability for the franchise.” bubble had formed in the core. It had tigator. He has served as head of both the also be featured in the conference, which Moderators for the conference will not, Kadak said, although months later, department is sponsored by the MIT Sloan Entertain- include prominent sports journalists cleanup crews were astonished to see how and the CCR. ment, Media & Sports Club and will be such as Darren Rovell of CNBC; Michael much of the core had actually melted. “With $1 held Saturday, Feb. 10, from 8:30 a.m. to 5 Schrage of the Washington Post; John Hol- Reports that radiation had been billion annual p.m. at MIT. linger of ESPN.com; Rob Neyer of ESPN. released—later found to be inaccurate— spend [sic] Daryl Morey (M.B.A. 2000), former com; and Shira Springer of the Boston led Gov. Thornburgh to order a partial in science to instructor of the analytical sports manage- Globe. evacuation. A plant spokesperson, techni- improve human ment course at MIT Sloan, is conference For more information or to register for cally skilled but inexperienced in media and animal co-chair. The daylong event will bring the MIT Sloan Sports Business Confer- relations, gave the impression of a cover- health, it’s great together national sports industry leaders ence, please visit www.sloansportsconfer- up. Eventually a visit to the plant by then that the Well- who are already “integrating an analytical ence.com/. For more information on the President Jimmy Carter, who had studied come Trust can approach into their personnel decisions MIT Sloan Entertainment, Media & Sports nuclear physics, helped calm the public bring on board and business operations. In the sports Club, please visit sloanems.org. and the cleanup process began. a pre-eminent industry, competitive advantage is critical. The conference is also sponsored by As a result of the Three Mile Island U.S. scien- Our goal is to provide a unique opportuni- Stratbridge, a supplier of sports indus- incident, nuclear plant construction was Richard O. Hynes tist who will ty to meet and learn from top sports indus- try technology for teams in the NBA and halted throughout the United States, “kill- strengthen our try leaders who are creating advantage by NHL; the Parthenon Group, a boutique ing the nuclear industry for 30 years,” global perspec- using these methods,” Morey said. provider of sports industry management Kadak said, and many became convinced tive,” said Bill Castell, chair of the Wellcome Morey, who is assistant general man- consulting; and yOOnew, an online mar- nuclear energy was unsafe. Yet Kadak Trust. ager of the Houston Rockets and a former ketplace for futures contracts. said, despite ominous newspaper photos, Hynes’ research concerns the molecu- Boston Celtics senior vice president of radiation was “contained”—the supreme lar basis of cell adhesion and its involve- operations, noted that conference partici- goal of the design. Could that not be con- ment in cell behavior, including contribu- pants will also include Rich Gotham, chief sidered a success? tions to human disease. From his child- operations officer of the Boston Celtics; Not to Miklos Porkolab, MIT physics hood, Hynes gravitated towards science. Peter Chiarelli, general manager of the professor and director of the Plasma Sci- He chose science as a natural career and Boston Bruins; Mark Waller, senior vice ence and Fusion Center. “I would say they never looked back. president of NFL International; and Jes- were damn lucky,’’ he said. “It reminds me He once commented, “Science is intel- sica Gelman, conference co-chair and of my Pontiac.” That is, everything has lectually exciting and entertaining. It’s director of new business development and failed at one time or another. good to be employed to play at what you operational initiatives for the New England The bottom line: No one was killed do.” Patriots. in the accident and subsequent studies Hynes received a B.A. and M.A. in Participants will explore such key ques- have turned up no conclusive evidence of biochemistry from the University of Cam- tions as: Why are some sports teams and health problems. Three Mile Island could bridge and the Ph.D. in biology from MIT leagues more successful than others? How have been a huge disaster; because of in 1971. After doing postdoctoral work at does quantitative analysis factor into per- safety protocols, it was not, Kadak con- the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Labo- sonnel decisions such as drafting players cluded. The real hero, he argued, was ratories in London, where he initiated his and making trades? How should teams PHOTO COURTESY / MIT ALUMNI ASSOCIATION Gov. Thornburgh, who took the attitude, early work on cell adhesion, he returned determine the optimal ticket pricing strat- “I’m not going to do anything until I get to MIT as a founding faculty member of egy? Will rule changes be introduced to Daryl Morey (M.B.A. 2000), assistant the facts.” the Center for Cancer Research. counter the pace of technology improve- general manager of the Houston Rockets. PAGE 8 February 7, 2007 MIT Tech Talk IAP opens the institute of medieval clothing technology

Robin H. Ray precious value were intimately connect- News Office Correspondent ed with the women who made them. In “Beowulf,” which McCants teaches every year in a spring seminar, feuds are settled Technologies don’t have to be complex by “the giving of gifts, often in the form to be effective. Nor do they need to be of gold, or women, or women’s work—and complex to be difficult to master. These all three put together in many cases.” This were among the lessons made clear to is a hard sell to the students, however. students during the first-ever Independent “They can’t see textiles as the cutting-edge Activities Period class in making clothes technologies of their day, and they don’t the very old-fashioned way. think of these things as luxury goods,” she “The Distaff Arts: Medieval Cloth- observed. ing Technology,” taught jointly by Anne Until, that is, they try their own hands McCants, professor of history, history at the spinning wheel, or attempt to fig- graduate Miranda Knutson and Margo ure out the complex geometry of weaving Collett, administrative assistant to the his- using a waist loom. Said one student weav- tory faculty chair, introduced participants er in frustration, “I think I’m doing the to the whole range of ancient fiber technol- exact same thing every time, and yet I’m ogies, from washing, carding, dyeing and getting these mysterious stripe things.” spinning fleece, to weaving and construct- Many MIT staffers from a variety of ing simple garments. departments lent their expertise to the The course, held in the basement of project, which was aided by grant money the Tang Center, paired well with one that from the Class of ’51 Fund for Excellence McCants has taught for several years—”Old in Education. Collett has extensive expe- Food: Ancient and Medieval Cooking.” Both rience in knitting, spinning and dyeing, are in some sense spinoffs (no pun intend- and intervened frequently to untangle a ed) from her popular MIT course, “Medi- jammed spinning wheel or demonstrate eval Economic History in Comparative Per- the proper use of the Lazy Kate, a simple spective.” In the distaff arts course, refresh- but ingenious tool for winding spun yarn ments consisted of old foods: handmade into skeins. Valarie Poitier, assistant to the butter and olive oil drizzled over focaccia dean of student life, helped guide the weav- and wheat-berry bread, made with a sour- ing segments. “I have a 6-foot-by-8-foot dough starter that McCants first incubated loom in my living room,” she explained in Berkeley, Calif., in 1985. matter-of-factly. Standing in a kitchen pungent with Knutson, who has made the mastery of the smell of wet sheep fleece, McCants textile technology her focus since graduat- explained that the IAP class sprung from ing from MIT last year, moved from group discussions she has had over the years to group, offering advice and occasionally with students in her medieval economics turning for help to the pile of books she classes about the nature of human capital had accumulated over months of research, and the problem of defining skilled ver- with titles like “The Medieval Tailor’s sus unskilled labor. Students are inclined Assistant.” “I tried hard to find instructions to dismiss tasks like spinning and weav- for card-weaving online,” said Knutson, ing as unskilled and therefore fungible. If noting that everything she found was inad- it’s repetitive, they seem to think, it must equate or incomplete. “Google has failed; be unskilled. “But if you think of some- the library has won.” thing like hip-replacement surgery,” said Many of the students chose to under- McCants, “you can see that repetitiveness take the IAP distaff arts course because of a task is not a marker of something it looked like fun. “It’s a nice change from being skilled or unskilled.” At the same soldering,” said Finale Doshi, a second- time, she noted, students find it difficult year graduate student in robotics. Other to comprehend that textiles could make students were veterans of McCants’ medi- up a significant share of a person’s wealth eval economics class, drawn to the clothing in medieval society, that something like a technology class both by the subject mat- shirt could be a precious possession to be ter and by McCants herself. “She’s a great PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY itemized in one’s will. professor,” said Jeremy Hurwitz, who was In fact, she explained in a later e-mail, making himself a hooded cloak using a pat- Valarie Poitier, of the office of the dean for student life, spins at an IAP class taught by Anne textiles were “the engine of urbanization, tern of great antiquity and simplicity. McCants of history on the technology of clothes-making in 15th-century Europe. economic growth (of the high medieval Christine McEvilly, a history major who variety—think Gothic cathedrals, etc.), intends to pursue graduate study in intel- the jar until the butter separated: a vivid a daily basis,” said McEvilly as she careful- long-distance trade (to China and back), lectual history of the early modern period, demonstration that sometimes the sim- ly carded wool that had been dyed bright and significant technological change, reported that on the first day of the medi- plest technology makes the most sense for purple with indigo and madder. “You need in this case mostly wind and water mill eval economics class, McCants brought in getting a task done under a given set of to know how people lived to know how technologies.” Moreover, textiles and their a jar of milk. Students took turns shaking circumstances. “This is what people did on they thought.” TREATMENT CO2 Continued from Page 1 but did not receive the MIT treatment, four had cancer Continued from Page 4 cells at the surgical margins. out overheating normal tissue. This result is important for two reasons. First, addi- will form a plume and begin to rise through the permeable The microwaves in the new technique heat—and tional breast surgery is often recommended for patients rock. Once the injection stops, the plume will continue kill—cells containing high amounts of water and ions, or with cancer cells close to the edge of the lumpectomy to rise, but saltwater will close around the back of the electrically charged atoms. Cancer cells typically have a surgical margin. Second, there is a higher risk of local gas plume. The saltwater and CO2 will juggle for position high content of both, while healthy breast tissue con- recurrence of the breast cancer when cancer cells while flowing through the tiny pores in the rock. Because tains much less. The outpatient procedure uses a single are found at the surgical margins. Fenn noted that all the rock’s surface attracts water, the water will cling to tiny needle probe to sense and measure parameters dur- patients in both arms of the study received postoperative the inner surface of the pores. These wet layers will swell, ing treatment. Side effects appear to be minimal. radiation therapy to reduce the risk of local recurrence. causing the pores to narrow and constrict the flow of car- The first clinical study of the treatment involved Also presented in the new book are preliminary bon dioxide until the once-continuous plume of gas breaks 75 patients with early-stage breast cancer. Of the 34 results for a study of the treatment in combination with into small bubbles or blobs, which will remain trapped in patients who received the treatment prior to lumpec- preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer patients the pore space. tomy, none had viable cancer cells remaining at the sur- with large tumors. “In this small feasibility study of 28 “As it rises, the CO2 plume leaves a trail of immobile, gical margins. Of the 41 patients who had a lumpectomy patients, one of the principal objectives was to increase disconnected blobs, which will remain trapped in the pore tumor shrinkage with the combined use of focused space of the rock, microwave thermotherapy and preoperative chemother- until they slowly dis- apy,” Fenn said. solve and, on an even In this study tumors shrunk by approximately 50 per- larger timescale, cent more in women treated with both the MIT tech- react with rock min- nique and chemotherapy, versus women treated with erals,” said Juanes. chemotherapy alone. “It is a good example The results of both clinical studies will be present- of how a process that ed at the 17th Annual National Interdisciplinary Breast occurs at the micro- Center Conference in Las Vegas, from Feb. 25 to 28. scopic scale affects Another larger clinical study for patients with large the overall pattern of breast cancer tumors is expected to begin later this year IMAGE / RUBEN JUANES the flow at the geo- at six institutions in the United States and Canada. logic scale.” Other potential clinical studies for treating recur- Carbon dioxide could be injected Other co-authors IMAGE COURTESY / LINCOLN LABORATORY rent breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ and benign underground into the briny porous are Martin Blunt The image at left shows the process of detecting and breast lesions with the MIT thermotherapy treatment, rock below. Most of the CO2 gas of Imperial College as well as its use to enhance antiestrogen therapy for would be immobilized (light blue), London and Franklin destroying an enemy missile using MIT targeted radar. Mi- breast cancer prevention, are also described in the book. trapped as small bubbles (white) in Orr Jr. of Stanford crowave energy is fixed on a missile while simultaneously Celsion (Canada) Ltd. exclusively licenses the tech- the pore space of the rock (gray). University. The work nullifying enemy jammers. On the right, microwave energy nology from MIT. The company developed the clinical Only a small portion of the CO2 was funded by indus- is aimed at a cancerous tumor with a deep, focused beam thermotherapy system and is funding the clinical stud- (dark blue) will continue to flow up trial affiliates of the while simultaneously nullifying any energy that would over- ies. The Air Force funded Fenn’s original radar research towards the impermeable layer of Petroleum Research heat surrounding healthy tissue. at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. caprock (yellow). Institute at Stanford.