B 44491

DEMOCRACY: A READER Jl

Edited by Ricardo Blaug and John Schwarzmantel

EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS

Preface XI

Acknowledgements xni

Introduction: Democracy - Triumph or Crisis?

PART ONE: TRADITIONAL AFFIRMATIONS OF DEMOCRACY Introduction 21 1 Pericles, Funeral Oration 25 2 Aristotle, The Politics 28 3 Niccolo Machiavelli, The Discourses 34 4 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan 38 5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 44 6 James Madison (et al.), The Federalist Papers 53 7 John Stuart Mill, Representative Government 59 8 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 68 9 The Putney Debates 78 10 Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man 84 11 The National Assembly of France, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 88 12 Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address 91 13 Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 92

PART TWO: KEY CONCEPTS

Section 1: Freedom and Autonomy Introduction 100 14 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 102 CONTENTS

15 Immanuel Kant, On the Common Saying: 'This May Be True in Theory but It Does not Apply in Practice' 104 16 Benjamin Constant, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns 110 17 Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty 113 18 Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism 117

Section 2: Equality Introduction 120 19 John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government 122 20 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 126 21 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality 129 22 R. H. Tawney, Equality 132 23 Bernard Williams, The Idea of Equality 137

Section 3: Representation X^ Introduction 144 24 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 147 25 Edmund Burke, Speech at the Conclusion of the Poll, 3 November 1774 150 26 James Mill, Essay on Government 153 27 Hannah Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 157 28 Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence 161 29 Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference 165 30 Michael Bakunin, The Illusion of Universal Suffrage 169 31 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Parliamentary Isolation 172

Section 4: Majority Rule Introduction 174 32 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 176 CONTENTS

33 Richard Wollheim, A Paradox in the Theory of Democracy 179 34 John Stuart Mill, Representative Government 181 35 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 185 36 Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited 194 37 Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy, Participation and Opposition 199

Section 5: Citizenship Introduction 206 38 Aristotle, The Politics 208 39 T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development 211 40 W. H. Sewell, Jr, Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne 214 41 Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, The Return of the Citizen 220

PART THREE: CRITIQUES OF DEMOCRACY

Section 6: Marxist and Socialist Critiques Introduction 232 42 Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question 234 43 Karl Marx, The Civil War in France 240 44 Vladimir Ilich Lenin, The State and Revolution 244 45 R. Miliband, Marxism and Politics 248 46 C. B. Macpherson, Democratic Theory, Essays in Retrieval 253

Section 7: Conservative, Elitist and Authoritarian Critiques Introduction 260 47 Plato, The Republic 263 48 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France 269 49 Roger Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism 274 50 Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism 278 51 Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political 280 CONTENTS

52 Max Weber, Economy and Society 282 53 Robert Michels, Political Parties 287 54 Giovanni Sartori, Anti-Elitism Revisited 290 55 Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 294

Section 8: Feminist Critiques Introduction 300 56 Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman 303 57 Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory 313 58 Sheila Rowbotham, Feminism and Democracy 321 59 Susan Mendus, Losing the Faith, Feminism and Democracy 324

PART FOUR: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Section 9: Rational Choice Introduction 336 60 Amartya Sen, The Possibility of Social Choice 338 61 Kenneth J. Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values 342 62 Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy 344 63 Brian Barry, Political Participation as Rational Action 348

Section 10: The Market Introduction 360 64 F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism 362 65 Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 367 66 David Beetham, Liberal Democracy and the Limits of Democratization 373 67 Hilary Wainwright, Arguments for a New Left 377 CONTENTS

Section 11: Nationalism Introduction 382 68 Ghia Nodia, Nationalism and Democracy 384 69 David Miller, On Nationality 387 70 John Schwarzmantel, Two Concepts of the Nation 390

Section 12: Multiculturalism Introduction 396 71 Charles Taylor, The Dynamics of Democratic Exclusion 398 72 Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship 401 73 Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference 407 74 Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract All

Section 13: Beyond the West Introduction 418 75 Amartya Sen, Democracy as a Universal Value 420 76 Bhikhu Parekh, The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy 424 77 J. Silverstein, The Idea of Freedom in Burma 430 78 Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy 435

Section 14: Participation Introduction 440 79 Geraint Parry and George Moyser, More Participation, More Democracy? 442 80 Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy 447 81 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin and Sara M. Shumer, On Participation 452 82 Michael Walzer, A Day in the Life of a Socialist Citizen 458 83 Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign 462 CONTENTS

84 Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory 469

Section 15: Civil Society Introduction 476 85 Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory 478 Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone 483 87 Paul Hirst, Associative Principles and Democratic Reform 486

Section 16: Deliberation Introduction 492 88 Ricardo Blaug, New Developments in Deliberative Democracy 494 89 B. Manin, On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation 501 90 Jtirgen Habermas, The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article 509 91 J. S. Fishkin, The Dialogue of Justice: Toward a Self-Reflective Society 515

Section 17: The Future of Democracy Introduction 524 92 Chantal Mouffe, Radical Democracy: Modern or Post-modern? 526 93 Barbara Epstein, Radical Democracy and Cultural Politics: What about Class? What about Political Power? 530 94 John Stewart, Thinking Collectively in the Public Domain 542 95 Barry N. Hague and Brian D. Loader,

Digital Democracy: An Introduction 551

Bibliography 558

Index 565