Dhananjayarao Gadgil Library 1I1I111IVII1I11IlmllllllllllilMIIIB GIPE-PUNE-00349I

DEMOCRACY· IN ~UROPE.

SECOND VOLUME. LONDON: PRINTBD DY BPOTTlSWOODJII AND CO., OW-STREET SQUABB AND PAllLIAliENT STURET · . DEMOCRACY IN· EUROPE:

A HISTORY.

BY

SIR THOMAS ERSKINE MAY, KC.B., D.C.L.

AtrrROR OJ! • THB CON8TITOTlOJl'AL BIS'l'Onr 01' ENGLAND SINCE TBB AOCBBBJOlr OJ' GHOBaB ,m., 1760-1871.'

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1877. WL~- !>J7 h77,L .. , lfcr/ CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. - CHAPTER. X.

THE NETHERLANDS. PA.GE Character of the country • 1 Dutch sailors 2 Early races of the Netherlands 3 Feudalism and the Church 4 Growth ot cities {) The burgomB8ter and the baron 9 Influence of trade guilds • 18 The nobles 8S citizens • 14 Military prowess of the towns 15 Confederation of towns, 1328 Hi James Van Artevelde 16 'Philip Van Artevelde . 17 Guilds of the Flemish cities 17 Improved culture in the Netherlands 19 Guilds of rhetoric 19 Dutch and;F1emish painters • 20 The cities represented in the estatee ro Increesing power of the sovereigns" 21 House of Burgundy . 21 The great privilege 28 The Archduke Maximilian 24 Philip the Fair 25 The Emp~ror Charles V .. 25 Former liberties in Spain 26 Decay of Spanish liberties 27 The Netherlands under Charles V. 28 llebellion of Ghent • . • " 20 VI CONTENTS OF

PAGE Its punishment 29 The liberties of the Netherlands in abeyance 30 Fortunes of Italy and the Netherlands compared 30 Impending struggle for religious liberty . 31

CHAPTER XI.

THE NETHERLANDS--C(}ntinued.

OaRrIes V. and the Reformation 32 Persecution of Protestants in the Netherlands 33 Religious persecution a political crime 33 Philip II. of Spain 35 Regency of the DucheBB Margaret 35 William Prince of Orange 36 Spread of the Reformation 37 Severities of Philip 38 Efforts of nobles and people 39 Lea Gueux • 39 The Iconoclasts 40 The Duke of Alva 40 Outlawry of the Prince of Orange 43 Revolt of the NetherllUJds 44 Prince of Orange retires to HolllUJd ~ 45 Don Luis de Requesens 46 The siege of Leyden • 47 AllegilWce to Philip renounced 48 The • Spanish fury' . ,- 49 Pacification of Ghent , 49 New union of Brussels 51 The Prince of Parma , 52 The Union of Utrecht 53 Attempts to seduce the Prince of Orange 53 His Ilxcommunication by the king 54 The prince's' apology' , S4 lIe declines the government 54 Independence of the Provinces proclaimed 55 Attempted llSS8SSi.nation of the prince 56 He becomes count of HolllUJd 56 The • French fury , , 57 The prince again refuses the government 57 His &BBassination 57 The prince the apostle of civil and ~gious liberty 58 Events succeeding his death 59 THE SECOND VOLUME.

PAGB Negotiations with Frauco 60 And with England . 60 Aid given by Quoan Elizabeth 61 The Spanish Armllda . 61 Prince Maurice 62 Decline of the Spanieh power 63 Death of Philip of Spllin 63 Prosperity of the republic 64 State of the Spanish provinces 65 The twelve years' truce 67 Religious tolerlltion prayed for Oatholics 67 Recognition of the republic . 60 Union of freedom and commerce • 69 Domestic history of the Dutch republic 7I The Stadtholder and Barneveldt 72 Ware of the republic 72 The house of Orange 73 England and Holland 74 The Perpetual edict, 1667 75 William lll. ascends the English throne 76 Declining fortunes of Holland 77 Revolution proclaimed by the French in Holland 79 Oonstitutional monarchy, 1818 80 Sepllration of Belgium from Hollllnd 81 Ultramontaniem in Belgjum • 82 Oontinued freedom of the Netherlands 83

CHAPTER XlI.

FRANCE.

The country and the people of France 85 The Franks and feudalism '; 86 Growth of the monarchy • 87 Misery and discontent of the people 88 The Jacquerie • 88 Stephen Marcel 89 Municipal liberties 90 States·generlll 92 Provincial assemblies 98 The parliaments . 94 The monarchy absolute under Louis XIV. 95 CentraliSlltion in France 96 The cornis of justice . 97 CO.NTENTSOF

PAGE The court.of Louis XIV. 98 High offices monopolised by nobles 100 Sale of offices 101 Exemptions of nobles .• 102 Burthens upon the pellBantry ;. 102 Effects of non-residence of nobles· 103 Peasant proprietors 105 The game laws • 106 Burthen80me taxes 107 The militia 107 Famines and bread riots 108 The provincial towns 109 Impoverishment of the nobleS 109 Rise of other clllBses; official nobles. 110 Oapitalists . 111 Men of letters . 112 The bourg~oisie 112 Oivic notables 113 The clergy 114 The lawyers 115 The new philosophy 115 Voltaire • 117 Roueseau 118 Diderot and the' Encyclop6die' 119 The Ohurch and public opinion • 120 The Huguenots • 121 Absence of healthy public opinion 123 Political failures of Louis XIV. 124 Reign of Louis XV. 125

CHAPTER XIII. FRANCE-continued. Accession of Louis XVI. • '. . 127 The reforms of Turgot • 128 Opposition of the privileged classes 128 'rhe war of American independence 130 Necker's compte rend" 131 An assembly of notables, 1787 132 The states-general convoked 133 Hazard of the experiment • 134 Meeting of the states-genel'al 136 Rights of the three orders. 137 THE SECOND VOLUME. ix

PAGE The nationalaseembly 138 Union of the ordel'B . 139 DiBmi.ssal of Necker 140 Taking of the :&stile 140 Renunciation of privileges, August 4 143 Oondi tion of Paris • 145 The clubs ]47 The invasion of Versailles by the mob 149 The king at Paris • • 149 New constitution proclaimed, July 12, 1790 150 Foreign aid invoked by the court . 151 The king's Hight to Varennes • 153 Relations of the king to the revolution 154 National legislative assembly 156 Position of the king , 157 War with Austria 158 Riotous mob of petitionel'B, June 20, 1792 159 Duke of Brunswick's manifesto. 160 IDswTection in Paris, August 10, 1792 • 161 The commune of Paris 162 The September maseecres 163 Abolition of the monarchy 165 The Girondists 165 The Mountain . 166 Revolutionary propaganda 167 Trial of the king J68 His dignified conduct . 170 His execution; and character 172

CHAPTER XIV. FRANCE-continued.

Triumph of the Mountain . 173 The coalition against France . 173 Measures of defence • 174 The committee of public safety 175 Arrest of the Girondists . 176 The convention and the people 177 The invasion; France in arms 178 Men of the revolution • 181 Triumph of French arms . 183 Cruelties of the Mountain; Lyons, &c. . 183 Execution of Marie Antoinette . 186 x CONTENTS OF

PAUE And of the Girondists , 186 Heroism of the revolution, 187 The worship of reason , 187 Ascendency of Robespierrb 188, The Revolutionary tribunal 189 Decline and fall of Robespierre , 191 Reaction 193 Proceedings against the terrorists 195 Insurrections 196 Royalist reaction 197 New constitution 198 Defence of the convention by Napoleon Bonaparte 199 France under the Directory , 200 The republican army, 203 Return of Bonaparte from Egypt 206 Coup-d'6tat, 18 Brumaire, 1799 206 Disregard of liberty throughout the l'ewlution 209 Bonaparte First Consul " 209 Constitution of Sieye~ 210 The rule of Bonaparte 211 Peace of Amiens , 211 Bonaparte at Notl'e Dame, 212 First Consul for life 213 Napoleon emperor 213 Napoleon and the revolution , 215 His military domination 216 His divorce and marl'iage 217 Decline ot his fortunes 218 His abdication at Fontainebleau 219 Results of the revolution , 220 Effects of the revolution upon Europe 221

CHAPTER XV. FRANCE-continued.

Conditions of the restoration 22.,1 Charter of Louis XVIII, 225 Return of Napoleon from Elba , 225 Second restoration 226 'Vealrness of the monarchy 2:36 Political parties , 227 Violence of the royalists , 229 COllp-d'6tat, SElptember 5, 1816 230 THB SECOND VOLUME. Xl

PAGE The king opposed to the royalists 231 Roy"list reaction •. 232 Accesaion and character of Charles X. 235 Unpopular measures 236 Dissolution, June, 1827 237 The Polignac ministry • . . 238 Dissolution and coup-d',stat, May,l830 239 Insurrection in Paris, July, 1830 • 241 Abdication of Charl~ X. . . 242 Louis Philippe, king of the French ... 244 Influence of the revolution of July, 1830, upon foreign States 244

CHAPTER XVI. FRANCE-continued.

Difficulties of Louis Philippe's position 246 State of parties 247 Oontrast between 1789 and 1830 249 Abolition of hereditary peerage 250 Insurrections • 251 Marshal Soult's ministry 253 Corruption 254 Attempts to I1888ssinste the king 255 Ministry of Thiem, 1836 • 255 Louis Napoleon at Strasburg . 256 Marshal Soult's second ministry . 256 Insurrection of Barbas, 1839 256 Agitation for reform • 258 Thiel'S restored to power 259 Louis Napoleon at Boulogne 259 Marshal Soult's third ministry' 261 Discontents of the working cl8SSCS· 261 Reform agitation, 1840-1842 262 The Spanish marriages, 1846 265 Reform banquets,I847-1848. 266 Tumults, February 22, 1848 268 Ministry of Thiel'S and Odillon Barrot 269 Abdication of the Iring 270 Failures of Louis Philippe's reign . 271 State of Europe fl'om 1830 to 1848 • 272 Social changes • 273 Intellectual progress • 273 Effects of the revolution of 1848 upon Europe 274 xu· CONTENTS OF

CHAPTER XVII.

FRANCE-Continued. PAGE The republic of 1848 280 National workshops 282 Red republicans, socialists, and communists 282 Firmness of Lamartine • 285 Invasion ofthe Hotel de Ville • 287 Storming of the BBsembly 288 Oavaignac dictator 290 Louis Napoleon elected president 291 The president and the assembly: 295 The coup-d'etat, December 2, 1851 301 The mBBsacre on the boulevards 303 Measures of coercion 305 Louis Napoleon after the coup-d'etat . 307 The second empire 308 The imperiaJ. court 310 Principles of government 311 Wars of the empire • 311 Domestic policy • 313 The war with Prussia 316 Its fatal issue; the emperor deposed. 317 Fate of the first and second empires compal'ed 318 The govel'mnent of National Defence 319 National assembly at Bordeaux. 320 TheOommune 321 Progress of socialism 323 Oommunist outrages 327 Paris in flames • 329 The Oommune suppressed 328 The republic under Thiere • 329 The royali~ts and the Oomte de Ohambord 329 Marshal MacMahon president 330 The 16th May, 1877 • 332 The future of France. 333

CHAPTER XVIII.

ENGLAND. lIistory of England, that of liberty, not of democracy 334 Character of the country . , 335 The Oelta • 337 THE SECOND YOLUME. xiii

PAGE The Romans. 337 The Angl~axons 339 The DBOes 343 The Norman conquest 345 The Crown, the ba.rons, and the people . 346 Repreeentation of the commons, 1265 347 Politic&1 BOd soci&! progress in the fourteenth century 349 Decay of feud&!ism • 350 Wat Tyler's insurrection 352 Reaction against the commons 352 'Var8 of the Roses 353 Absolutism of Henry vm. 354 The Reformation • 355 The reign of Elizabeth 357 Soci&1 changes j nobles and country gentlemen 358 The Puritans 361

CHAPTER XIX.

ENGLAND-continued.

Accession {)f James I. 367 His tre&tment of the commons 367 And of the PuritBDs . 368 The king Bnd the Church 369 His contests with parliament '. 371 Close of his reign • 373 Charles I. BOd his parliaments 374 Resolves to govern without B parlisment 379 Taxes by prerogative 379 Ship-money • 380 The Star Ch&mber BOd High Commission courts 380 Laud'BOd Stra1ford 381 Rebellion in Scotland, 1639 382 Short parlisment of 1640 383 The long parliament, 1640 . 385 Remedi&! measures 385 Impeachments • 386 Attainder of Stra1ford 887 Parlismentary excesses 388 The king and the long parliament . 392 Arrest of the five members '006 The Militia bill 391 XIV CONTENTS OF

CHAPTER XX.

ENGLAND-continued. PAGE The civil war 398 The solemn league and covenant 400 The Independents 401 Oliver Oromwell . 402 Self-denying ordinance 403 The king given up by the "Scots " 404 Fall of the Ohurch of England. 405 Presbyterians and Independents 406 The king, the ro'my, and the parliament 407 Growth of republican opinions 413 Trial and execution of the king . 416 Oontemporary opinion, and judgment of posterity 416

CHAPTER XXI. ENGLAND-Continued.

Provisional government 419 Republican theories 420 Oromwell's supremacy 422 Oromwell protector 424 Vigour of his rule 426 Aspires to a crown 428 His death, 429 His character 430 Richard Oromwell protector 431 General Monk, and the Restoration 433 Effects of the civil war upon the monarchy 435 Reaction under Oharles ll. 436 James ll, , 437 Revolution of 1688 438 Securities for public liberty 439 Oharacteristics of the Revolution 440 William Ill. 440 The representation 442 Power of the aristocl'acy 448 From the revolution to the accession of George lll. 444 Ascendency of the Orown, the Ohurch, and the land, '" "44.'; THE SECO!l.'1) VOLUME. xv

CHAPTER XXII. ENGLAND-continued. PAGE First years of George nI. 448 The war of American Independence 449 Effects of the French revolution 450 Social changes 451 Growth of towns, commerce, and manufactures . 452 The Church and dissent 454 Political education . 455 Political MSOCiations 457 The Catholic Association . 460 Agitation for Parliamentary reform, 1830-1832 462 Repeal agitation 463 The Chartists 464 The 10th April, 1848 465 Anti-com law league 466 Meetings in Hyde Park 467 Moral of political agitation 468 Trades unions • 470 Chtmges in the representation 472 J ncrea.se of popular influence and remedial legislation 473 Democratic opinions ." 475· . Layalty • 476 Reign of Queen Victoria • 479 TIlness and recovery of the PI'ince of Wales 479 Conservative elements of society • 480

. . 483 INDEX.

liB AltA ARAU, Peace of [SID;'" COIt/eu- Alkmaar, the siege of, ii. 45 A.. ration] Alps, the, scenery of, and its influence Absolutism, evils of, ii. 98; of the on man, i. 334 French Republic, 183 Alva, the Duke of [Netherland" Achaian League, 'the, its services to the] Greece, i. 129; one of the earliest American War of Independence, the, examples of a federal State, 129; !'. prelude ~ revolution in Europe, compared with democracy of 11. 130; alliance of France with Athens, 129, 130 the colonists, 130; stimulates the popular movement in England, Act of Mediatiou [SlDu, Con/cu­ 449 ; and in France, 449 ration] Amiens, peace of, ii. 211 Advertisement duty repealed, ii. 456. . Amphictyonic Council, the, i. 49 Alfre, Monseigneur, archbishop of Paris, killed on the barricades, ii. Amsterdam, attempts of William II. 290 of Orange to seize, ii. 13 Agitation, political, in England, 451- Anabaptists, the, i. 210; in England, 468; t.he moral of, ii. 468 their ideal, ii. 421 Agora, the, its beneficial inftuences, Anglo-Saxons, the [.&glandJ i.45 AnjOll, the Due d', sovereign of the Agrarian law, of spurius Cassius, i. United Provinces, except Holland 144; of Licinius, 111; continually and Zealand, ii. 55; his match with demanded in Rome, 112; of Tibe­ Queen Elizabeth broken off, 56; rius Gracchus, 115, 116 takes the oath to observe the char­ ters and constitutions, 56; his Agricultural communities, conserva­ treason, 56, 51; his departure and tive, but with elementa favourable death, 51 to freedom, Introd. xxxvi. xxxvii.; different classes of cultivators, Anti-Corn-Law League, the, its xxxvii. ; the Metayer system, action and triumph, ii. 466; moral­ xxxvii.; general character of, xxxix.;' of the agitation, 467 in Greece, i. 61; in Rome, 150, 166, Antinomians, the, ii. 422 . 111; in the dark ages, 221; in . S· h' Italy, 215; in Switzerland, 331, AntI-Slavery oCiety, t e,lts success, S39-3U, 356; in the Netherlands ii. 464 ii. 2 j in France, 88, 102-108; u: Antwerp, burnt, and its citizens mas- England, 336, 368, 446, 480 sacred by the Spaniards, ii. 49; Albigenses, the, i. 266 ,. ii. 88 raid of Anjou on, i7 j capitulates to Prince of Parma, 59 Albizzi, the [Flor/17&C8] Arabs, the [Saracem] Alfred the Great, arrests the progreBS Aragon, liberties of the Cortes, ii. 26 ; of the Danes in England, ii. 343 insurrection in, 21 I I 2 484 INDEX. AQU ATB Aquin8ll, St. Thomas,. his political tions, i. 39; their civilisation at­ views, Introd. xxiii. n. tested by their language, 40; con­ tributed to European liberty, 40, n. Archons, government of, at Athens, i. 67 ; office thrown open by Aristides, Associations [Political Associations] 74; election by lot, 74; deprived of Athens, contrasted with Sparta, i., 66 ; judicial functions, 75 the intellectual centre of Greece, Areopagus, the, its powers, i. 74; 67; an oligarchy, government by obnoxious to the democratic party, Archons, 67 ; constitution of Solon, 74; stripped of its powers, 75 68; council of Four Hundred, 69; Ecclesia, 69; encouragement of Aristocracy, one of the first forms of commerce, 69; suspension of free­ government, Introd. xxvi.; its in­ dom under Peisistratusand his sons, fluence surviving its exclusive 70 ; constitution of Cleisthenes, 70 ; power, xxviii.; the natural consti­ division into ten tribes, 70; Senate tution of a pastoral State, xxxvi. ; of Five Hundred, 71; the Ecclesia, aptitude of, for government, liv.; 71 ; ostracism, 72; changes in con­ conflicts with the people, Iv.; con­ stitutionof Cleisthenes, 74; reforms flict of, with democracy, i. 56 and n. ; of Pericles; the Areopagus, 74; the united with monarchy and popular dicasteries, 75; scrutiny of magis­ institutions at Sparta, 63 and n.; trates, 77; restraints upon the de­ the Roman pat ricians, 136,137,143, mocracy, 78 j increased power of the 1440; fusion of old and new, at Ecclesia, 78; the Council of Five Rome, 152, 153; political reaction Hundred, 79 ; introduction of pay­ of Roman, 165; ascendency of, ment for public services, 80, 81, 82 ; after fall of the Gracchi, 181; the popular amusements provided at novi lwmincs, 191; relations of, with expense of the State, 83; distribu­ the Church of R'lme, 239; the feudal, tion of profits of mines of Laurium 242; of Venice, 291, 8qq.; conflict among the citizens, 83, n.; public of, with democracy at Genoa, 295 ; work!> promoted by Pericles, 83; at Florence, 304, sqq.; growth of a the Theoricon, 84; example of a new, at Florence, 309; the com pure democracy, 86; ambassadors mercial, 312, 313; of Berne, 351; received by the assembly, 87; her of Fribonrg, 352; of France, ii. 99 ; democratic influence, 88 ; overthrow in England, '345, 347, 358; power of the democracy by Peisander, 88 ; of, after the Revolution, 443 overthrow of the oligarchs, 89; a polity established, 90; democracy Armies, standing, the formation of, restored, 90: humiliation and sur­ a check to the development of de­ render of the city to Lysander, 90 ; mocracy, Introd. lviii.; injurious rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 91 ; pro­ effects of, lix.; consequences of, in scription, 91; rescued by Thrasy • . Rome, i. 166; danger of, under bulus, 92; the democracy restored, Marius, 182; organised under the 92; decline of her ascendency, 92; empire, 208; governed Rome, 218 ; her orators and philosophers, 93; approach to establishment of, by Macedonian conquest, fall of the Swiss Confederation, 359; raised by democracy, 93 Charles the Bold, ii. 22 - Her greatness under the demo-. Arnold of B,rescia [.Rome] cracy, 94 ; coincidence of enlighten­ Art.evelde, Ja'lles van, becomes leader ment and freedom, 94; her warlike of t.he Flemings, ii. 16; sovereign spirit, 95; her great victories, 96 ; ,of Flanders, htl! exploits, 16; his employment of mercenary troops, death,17 96; its bad effects, 97; her political ~ Philip van, his exploits and death, activity,97; her leaders, 99; influ­ ii.17 ence of birth, 99, 100; disparage­ ment of the • demagogues,' 100; Arlmdel, Earl of, committed to the good and bad dema.,O"Qgues, 101; Tower, ii. 375 study of oratory, 102 ; the sophist s, Aryans, their original seat and mi~- 102; freedom of speech, the natural INDEX. ~85 ATH BEB growth of Athenian life, lOt; at­ Barbes, bis insurrection, ii. 256; its tempt tD restrict it, 104, n.; licence object, 257; resisted by Lamartine, of the Btage, 105; Socrates an ex­ 286 ; member of provisional govern­ ample of Athenian tDleration, and of ment, arrested, 289 it. breach, 105; the drama, music, Barehone's Parliament [England] 106; means of cultnre, 107 and n. ; smallness of Athens as a State,108 ; Bameveldt, Jan van Olden, supports ,rudeness of its form of government, Prince Maurice, ii. 62; his peace 109 ; need of representation, 110 ; policy, 68; his illegal arrest and the Greek religion, Ill; slavery, execution, 12 114; selfishness of Athenian policy, Barras, ii. 199, 205 115 ; Athenian franchise, 116; Barrot, Odilon, bis opposition to re­ lowering of the franchise, 117; pressivemeasures of LonisPhilippe, lowering of the character of the ii. 254; leads agitation for reform, democracy, 118; its power in­ 258, 266; minister with M. Thiers, creased, 118; bnrthens npon the 269; first minister, 210; his minis­ rich, and npon the poor, 119; patriot­ try dismissed by Lonis Napoleon, ism nndermined by payments for 294; invited tD form a·ministry, attendance,119,120; paid advocates, 121 ; popular judicature, 122; the 297 Sycophants"122; public amuse­ Basle, I/o mnnicipal republic, i. 342; ments at cost of the State, 123; the its mixed constitution, 353, 354; system completed by Eubulos, 124 ; peasant war, 371; revolution at, misappropriation of money, 126; 379; the bishopric annexed to corruption of generals and envoys, France, 379; domination of tbe 126 ; efforts of Demosthenes tD re­ town over the conntry, 381 form aboses, 127; poor laws, 127; Bavaria, abdication of King Ludwig, public life in, compared with Rome, ii.277 162; Athenian democracy compared with Roman, 210 ; their judicatures Belgium, Celtic settlers in, ii. :I; compared, 211; compared with occupied by the Franks, 4; insur­ Florence, 298 rection in, 81; made a separate kingdom nnder Leopold I., 82; as­ Athens, the Duke of [FlorMIC~] cendency of mtramontanism, 82; progress of, 1830 to 1848, 272; Angsburg, Diet of, allows rulers to remain.q at peace in 1848, 278 determine the faith of tbeir sub· [Netkerltuuls, and Neth61"lturuh, jects, ii. 34, n. kingdom (If the] Angnstns [OcttwiUl] Berlin, insurrection at, 1848, ii. 277 Austria, the German Emperor signs Bernadotte, elected King of Sweden, Declaration of Pilnitz, ii. 154; joins ii. 217 witb Prossia in declaration of war against France, 161; Francis II. Berne, a municipal republic, i. 342; renonnces title of Emperor of Ger­ privileges of its burgbers, 342; many, 217; insurrections in Italy forms alliance with Frihourg, against ber role (1848), 274: dis­ Bienne, and NeufcMtel, 343; its turbances at Vienna, abdication of aristocratic constitution, 351, 352 ; the Emperor, 275; new constitu­ corruption of the rolers, 365 and tion, 275,276 n.; peasant war in, 371: becomes an oligarchy, 373; intervenes against the burghers of Geneva, AILLY, Mayor of Paris, ii. 148; 375; again, with Ziirich, France, B resigns, 156 ; executed, 186 and Savoy, occupies the town, Imd suppresses its liberties, 376; beavy Ball, John, his bold social doctrines contributions levied by the French, ii.351 , ' 383: oligarchic role restDred, 387 ; Ballot, the, used in Rome, i. 174· revolution of 1830, 388 I concili­ adopted in England, 1812, ii. 413 ' ation of parties, 395 486 INDEX. IlER CAL Berri. the Duc de, assassination of, ii. Brahmans, the, interpreters and ad. 232 ministrators of the law, i. 4; pride Bianchi and Neri, the, at Florence, . of caste, 5 i. 307 Bright, Mr., one of the leaders of the Bible, the English, its influence on Anti·Corn·Law League, ii. 466 English society, ii. 363 Bruges, the central mart of the Han· Billaud·Varennes, ii. 182 n., 194,195 seatic League, ii. 6; its insurance Bishops, in England, nominated by chamber,7; expelstheFrenchgarri. the king, ii. 355; proposal of the son, 15; victory over the French at Commons to deprive them of their Courtrai, 15; joins in war against seats in the House of Lords, 394 ; Count of Flanders, 15; resists the bill passed, 397; reinstated at Philip the Good, 21; seizure and the Restoration, 436 imprisonment of Archduke Maxi· milian by the townsmen, 24; they Blanc, Louis, Socialist leader, ii. 283 ; extort a treaty' from him, 24; attempts to organise national work· unsuccessfully attacked by Duke of shops, 284 and n.; resisted by Anjou,57 Lamartine, 286; takes part in inva­ sion of the Hotel de Ville, 287; in Brussels, capitulates to Prince of storming of the Assembly, 289; Parma, ii. 59; capital of the new member of provisional government, kingdom of the Netherlands, 8.1 arrested, 289 Buckingham, Duke of, proceedings Blanqni, takes part in the insur­ against him threatened, ii. 375; rection of Barbes, ii. 256; leader of the parliament dissolved to avert the Red Republicans in invasion of them, 375; impeachment voted, the Hotel de Ville, 287; member again saved by a dissolution, 375 of provisional government,arrested, Buddhism, freedom unknown to, i. 3 289 Bugeaud, Marshal, commander of Bohemia, provisional government Paris, ii. 269 proclaimed at Prague, ii. 215 Bureaucracy, growth of, at Rome. i . . Boissy d 'Anglas, his firmness as presi. 208 dent of the Convention, ii. 196 Burgundy, House of, acquires sove· Bologna, the head of the confedera­ reigntyof the Netherlands, ii. 21 tion of cities south of the Po, i. Bussolari, Jacob dei, his enterprise at 300; joins the Lombard Lea!(ue, Pavia, i 317 301; staunch to the Gue1phic party, 303 ADIZ, capture and sack of, by Bonaparte, Jerome, made King of Dutch and English fleets, it 63 Westphalia, ii. 217 C Cresar, C. Julius, one of the leaderS -, Joseph, made King of the Two of the Roman democracy, i. 194; Sicilies, ii. 217; king of Spain, 217 bids for popularity, 195; Pontifex -. Lonis, made King of Holland, and Maximus, 196; alliance with Pom­ deposed, ii. 217 pey, 197; his popular measures, -, Napoleon [NapolM/& Btmaparle] 198; military commands, 198; victories, 199 ; triumvir, 200 ; Bordeaux, under the Reign of Terror, rivalry with Pompey, 201; crosses ii. 185; meeting of National As· the Rubicon, 202; master of Rome, sembly at, 320 202; his powers and policy, 203; Borromean League, the, alliance of his constitutional and remedial seven Catholic Cantons of Switzer. laws, 204; slain,205; the assassins land, i 366 . justified by Montesqnieu, 205, n.; Bourbons, the, fruitless attempts at routs the Helvetii, 336 fusion of the two houses, ii. 331 Calendar, reformation of the, ii. 187 Bourgeoisie, the, the middle class in Calonne, ii. 130 i his measures, 132; France, ii. 112, 113 his fall, 133 . 487 CAL CIU Calvin, John, hislCheme of church go­ Celts, the, their early condition, In­ v.mmen~ i. 271; hil influence in trod. xlv.; state of countries peo­ reformation of Switzerland, 366; pled by, xlv.; settlers in Belgium, his rule in Geneva, 368; moral inOu­ ii. 3; in England, 837 eDele of his religions discipline, 368 ; Censorship of the Press, in France, hil doctrines and polity embraced partially removed, ii. 229 ; removed, by many in England, ii. 362 231; revived, 232; abolished, 235; Cal vinilts, the supporters of political restored, 237; abolished, 238; in liberti8ll, Introd. lxii. [l'rw-ita-u] England, under Cromwell, 426 Capital punishment, for political Centralisation, in France, ii. 96, 97. offences abolished in France, ii. 98 281 Chambord, Comte de, his resolute Capitaliats, a class of, created at adhesion to the white Bag, ii. 330 ; Rome, i. 167; in France, become a failure of attempts at fusion, 331 power in the State, ii. III Changarnier, General, prevents storm­ Capponi, Florentine statesman, i. 325 . ing of the Hotel de Ville, ii. 288; superseded in command of Paris, Carrier, at Nantes, ii. 185, 194 296 Carthage, its republican constitution, Charlema"o-ne, his schools, i. 253, 254 ; i. 30; democratie elements, 31; reduces the Frisians, ii. 4; his ap­ growth of an oligarchy, 81; ana­ pointment of municipal officers in logy with constitution of Venice, the Netherlands, 7 Sl ; the Punie wars, 157; invasion of Italy by Hannibal, 167; colony Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a~ founded by Cear, 205 thrice defeated by the Swiss, i. 347 ; gives up Li~ge to pillage, ii. 22; Caste, in India, i. 5 j in Persia, 14 j his tyranny in the Netherlands, 22 in Egypt, 26 Charles X. of France, his accession, Castile, liberties of, the Cortes, ii. ii. 235; his character, 236 and n. ; 26; the king deposed, 26 ; remon­ under priestly inftuence, 235, 236 strance of the holy j ..1It4 rejeeted [France] by Charles V., 27; insurreetion under Padilla, suppressed, and Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, Padilla put to death, 27 begins the war for Italian unity, ii. 275 Catalonia, the king deposed by the people, ii. 26 Charles V., Emperor, becomes sove­ reign of the Netherlands, ii. 26; Cathelinean, Vendean leader, ii. 182 enlarges powers of the Spanish Cath~lic Association, the, formed, ii. crown, 27; suppresses iilsurrections 460; Aet for suppression of, passed, and overthrows ancient liberties of 460; meetings prohihited, 461 Spain, 27, 28; his rule in the Ne­ therlands, 28; his hostility to the Catholic Emancipation, conceded, ii. Reformation, 32; his cruel perse­ 461 cution of Protestants in the N ether­ Catholics [Church of .lWm6) lands, 33; abdicates, 35 Catiline, L. Sergins, his conspiracy, i. Charles L of England, his character, 196 , ii. 874; his bad faith, 377; resolves Cato, the censor, i. 169 to govern without a Parliament, 379; convokes another, 383; dis­ Cato, M. Porci ns, leader of senatorial solves it, 384 ; summons a council party, i. 196; his tactics, 198, n. of peers at York, 384; summons Cavaignac, General, appointed Dic­ the Long Parliament, 386; assents tator, suppresses Socialist insurrec­ to attainder of Strafford, 387; his tion at Paris, ii. 290; his measures rights infringed by Act against 291 ; candidate for the Presidency' dissolution of parliament, 393; at­ 291 ' I tempts to arrest the live members. 488 .INDEX. CRA CHU 396; refuses assent to the Militill ropean civilisation, i. 229; its pre ... · Bill, 391; leaves London, 398; cepts, 230; addresses itself to the prepares for war, 398; his adherents, individual, 230, n. j appealed to in 399; divided counsels, 399; sum­ support of opposite'systems, 230, mons a parliament at Oxford, 401; 231, nn.; its propagation, 232; cor­ negotiations at Uxbridge, 401; de­ ruptions of churches, 233; church feated at Nas~by, 404; takes refuge government, 234; growth of power with the Scots, 404,405; given up of bishops and priests, 234 [Okwre4 by them, 405; seized and taken to of Rome] the camp, 401; in captivity, 401; Church of England, the revival in rejects the propositions of the the, Introd. lx.; the royal su­ armY', 408; escapes from Hamp­ premacy established by Henry ton Court, 409; imprisoned in vrn., ii. 355; reformation effected Carisbrook.CastIe, 409; treats with by the king, 356; its doctrines and the parliament, 409; his secret' ceremonies mainly Lutheran, 362; treaty with the Scots, 410; ac­ revolt of the Puritans against, 362 ; cused of treachery and treason; attempts of Queen Elizabeth to his trial demanded, 411; his trial repress divisions, 364; rise of non- and execution, 416; contemporary • conformity, 364: Catholic reaction sentiments, 416, 411; the judgment under Mary, 365; illegal canons of of posterity, 411 Convocation sanctioned by James Charles, Prince of Wales, proclaimed L, 368; exalts prerogative, 369; King in Scotland, ii. 422; defeated passive obedience taught, 318; by Cromwell at Worcester, 422; its policy directed by Laud, 381 ; restoration of, 434; his rule, proceedings of the Long Parlia­ 431 ment against the clergy, 389; Chartists, the, in England, organisa­ episcopacy assailed by the Puritans, tion of, ii. 464; their methods of 396; the Presbyterian polity intro­ action, 464 ; the procession to West­ duced, the Episcopal clergy ejected, minster of April 10, 1848, pro­ 405; held sacred the memory of hibited aud prevented, 465; weak­ • King Charles the Martyr,' 411; ness of their cause, 465 restored to ascendency at the Restoration, 436; persecutes the China, early civilisation of, t 15; Puritans, 436 ; resists the encroach­ theoretical principles of its govern­ ments of James II., 438; its repose ment, 16; Confuoius and Mencius, in the 18th century, 445 ; disturbed 16; restraints upon the power of by Wesley and Whitefield, 454; the emperor, 11 ; superiority of its affected as the church of the people, jurisprudence, 18; functionaries, 454: her policy threatened, 455 18; boards and other offices, 18; [Bislwpl, Presbyteria,tS, Puritam] vices of administration, 18; the censors, 19; extensive system of Church of Rome, her hold on culti­ education, 19; learning the sole vated minds shaken by modem road to power, 19; influence of free thought, Introd. lix.; partial the literati upon public opinion, recovery of her power, lix.; the' 20 ; frequency of insurrections, 20 ; revival accompanied by supersti­ village communities, 20; simplicity tious doctrines and practices, lx.; of the State religion, 21; industry the pontiff, i. 235; infiuence of, of the people, 21; causes of the upon freedom, 235; the ascetic absence of freedom, 22; absence of spirit, 235; its teaching adverse to wealthy and middle classes, 22; freedom, 236; the church and civi­ density of population, 23; 'moral lisation, 231 : the priesthood, 231 : condition of the people, 23; their its salutary moral influence, 238; unsocial isolation, 23 i t8 relations to the poor, 238 ; to the aristocracy, 239; to kings, 239; Chivalry, institution of, its refining claims of the Pope, 239; its spiritual influences, i, 243 and secular power & check to free­ Christianity, infiuence of, upon Eu- dom, 241; represses free inquiry, INDEX. 489 CIC COM 260 ; itB influence impaired by Introd. l[l[l[ii.; tropical, conducive growth of modem languages, lI61; to despotism, =ni.; temperate, conflictof, with freedom of thought, conduci ve to freedom, =nii; of 265; itB mrity threatened by here­ India, i. 7; of Palestine, 32; of sies, 266; the Inquisition, 261; Greece, 42; of Italy, 135 ; of Swit­ growth of opposition to, 268 : its zerland, 335; of the NetherlandS, claim of supreme dominion, 268; ii. 1a; of France, 86 ; of England, the Protestant Refonnation, 269; 335 Catholic reaction, 211; ascendency Clubs, political, at Athens, i. 88 ; of, maintained in Belgium, ii. 82; enter into plot of Peisander, 88; in France, originally a source of at Rome, 150; revival of, proposed weakness to the crown, 81; resistB by Clodius, 199, n.: at Geneva, the new philosophy of France, 121 ; 375 ; reVOlutionary, at Paris, con­ her teaching unchanged, 121; ex­ federation of, ii. 148; their im­ pulsion of the HuguenotB, 121; portance, 166, n.; their confedera­ when exposed to criticism, unequal tion suppressed, 194; reopened in to the strife, 122; re-established in France, 282; join in inciting to France by Bonaparte, 212; strife insurrection, June 1848, 290; sup­ of Henry VIII. with, 354, 355 ; pressed by Cavaignae, 291 Catholic reaction in Europe, 365 ; Cobden, Mr., one of the leaders of persecution of Catholics by James the Anti-Com Law League, ii. 466 L,369 Collotd'Herbois, ii.182, 184, 194, 195 Cicero, !rL Tullius, wins popularity, Colonisation, Greek, i. 131, 132; re­ 195; discovers Catiline's con­ i. lations of colonies to mother spiracy, 196; banished, 199; re­ country,1.31, n.; Roman, in !tILly, called, 200 154 ; beyond the Alps, proposed by Cimon, rival of Pericles, his largesses Marius, 183 ; British colonies under to the people, i. 82; takes part in responsible government, ii. 474 fortifications of Athens, 83 Columbus, Christopher, i. 265 Cinn&, L. Com., his reversal of Bulla's Comitia, the, at Rome, admission of policy, i. 181: with Marius, takes the pleb, to, i. 143; checks npon, , Rome, 188; consul, 189; ,slain, 189 151; vote by ballot introduced, Ciompi, the [Flormw8] 174; order of voting changed, 178; Cisalpine republie, the, created, ii. changes under Bulla, 192; daily 201; made a kingdom, 216 report of its proceedings ordered by Cesar, 198; controlled by Civilis, Batavian chief, resists the Octavius, 206,207; fall into disuse, Romans, ii. 4, 208; irregular action of, 214 Ci vilisation, its connection with free­ Committee of Public Safety [~encl£ dom, Introd. m. l[l[ii.; contrasts Revolution] between Eastern and Western, i. 1 ; Commons, the House of, acquires in­ inferiority of Eastern, 1-3; its un­ dependent place in the legislature, progressive character, 2; arrested ii. 348; its growing powers, 349; by wars, 2; freedom unknown to reaction against, 352 ; under Henry it, 3; Greek, 132; European, pro­ vm. nominees of the crown, 356 ; moted by influence of traditions of claims freedom of speech under Rome, 221, 228; by the church, Elizabeth, 358; contests the pre­ 237 ; by chivalry, 243; Byzantine, rogative under James l., 370; characterised, 256; Saracen, 251 ; presents a remonstrance to the influence of the Jews on European, king, 371; Charles I. and his Par­ 259 ; ancient, recovered, 261 liaments, 374-387; interferes with Cleisthenes, constitution of, i 70-74 the.House of LordS, 390; restrains freedom of debate and right of -Clients, class of, at Rome, i. 161 petition, 391; presents the Grand Clodin,s, demagogue at Rom." i 189 Remonstrance to the king, 394 and Climate, effects of, on freedom, n.; arrest of the five members, 396 j 4!JO ~J)EX. COM: DAN passes the Militia Bill, 397; ap­ Country gentlemen, their position and points High Court of Justice for infiuenoe in England, ii.. 34l1, 353, trial of Charles I., 413; declares 446,481 itself supreme, 413; management Couthon, ii. 184, 189 of, by gift of places and pensions, an art of statesmanship, after the Crassus, U. Licinius, one of the Revolution, 443 [ParlUMnent] chiefs of ·the oligarchy, i.I93 ; joins the democracy, 195; his wealth and Commonwealth, the [England] influence, 196; Triumvir, comman­ Commune, the [France, Paris] der in Syria, 200; death, 201 Communists, the most mischievous Critias, author of the proscription at fanatics of democracy, Introd. Athens, i. 91 ; his death, 92 lxiv.; decry 'individualism,' lxv.; Cromwell, Oliver, one of the leaders tyranny of communism, its depres­ of the Independents, ii. 402; his sion of higher natures, lxv.; pro­ character and infiuence, 402 ; under scription of higher aims of society, the self-denying ordinance, super­ lxvi. and n.; its dreams realised in sedes the Presbyterian generals, France, lxvi.; culmination of its 403; defeats Charles L at Naseby, dangers in the Paris Commune, 404; assumes chief command, 407 ; 1871, lxvii.; a revolt a.,oainst capi­ • overcomes the Parliament, 407 ; re­ tal, lxvii.; overcome by the second presses political a.,oitation in the French empire, lxvii; in France, army, 410; with his generals re­ conspiracy of Babceuf, ii. 200 aud solves to bring the king to justice, n.; under republic of 1848, 283 410; repels invasion of the Scots, [InilJ'l"1U1,t;Wnal A88uciation, Social­ 411 ; 'Pride's Purge,' 412; declines ists] to advise trial of Charles I., 412 Condottieri, the, i. 314,; Swiss, 362 and n.; as captain-general, virtually Confucius, i. 16 supreme, 422; dissolves the Long Parliament, 423; nominates Bare­ Conscience, freedom of, proclaimed bone's Parliament, 423; dissolves by William, Prince of Orange, ii. it, 424; declared Protector for life, 68; progress of the struggle for, 424: his electoral reform Act, 425 ; in Europe, 69 his authority questioned by the new Conscription, the, introduced in. Parliament, 425; dissolves it, 425 ; France, ii. 204 governs with the .rmy, 426; vigour Constantinople, saved amidst wreck of his rule, 426; threatened with of Europe, i. 256; oriental charac­ assassination, 427; calls another ter of its civilisation, 256; arts of, Parliament, 421; his ambition, the 256; its literary treasures, buried, crown offered to him, 428; and re­ 267 fused, 429; confirmed as Protector, Constitnent Assembly [FrencA Re­ 429; dissolves the Parliament, 429 ; tIOhdWn] his death, 429; his eharaeter, 430 ; his toleration, 431 Consuls, chiefs of Roman Republic, i. 139 ; their simple state, 140; office Cromwell, Richard, succeeds his fa­ suspended and military tribunes ther as Protector Of the Common-· appointed, 148; restored, first ple­ wealth, ii. 431 ; reaigns, 432 beian elected, 148; canvassing for Crusades, the, i. 244; their influence the consulate forbidden, 149; their upon European enlightenment, 244, check upon the Comitia, 151 ; form 246; upon feudalism, 246, 246;· of consulate preserved under the upon the enfranchisement of com­ empire,208 munes, 246 Corday, Charlotte, ii. 178 ANTE, banished tram Florence, i. Cordeliers' Club, the, ii. 148, 166 D 307 . Cortes, the,of Spanish kingdoms, ii. 26 Danton, ii.. 148, 168; leader of t.he Corvee, foh .. , in France, ii. 102 Commune of Par~ 163, 164 and n. ; INDEX. 491 DAB DES 166; weary of bloodshed, 188; Switzerland, 333 ; simplest form of, overthrown by Bobespierre, 189 ; 193 in the Forest Cantons, 340, 341; in Dark Ages, the, i. 221, 223, 223, 240 ; the 'Grisons, 355; in the rural can­ life of man in, 263, n. tons, conservative, 357; primary De Brienne, exiles the Parliament of doctrine of a pure democracy, 397 ; Paris, and 18cals it, ii. 133; arrests maintained in Swiss institutions, d'Espremenil and Goislart, 133; 397 ; instructive study of, afforded by the Swiss Confederation, 402; resigns, 134 twofold illustration of, in history • Defensional,' the [Sn>iu Ctmfed8ro,.. of the Netherlands, ii. 1; Dutch tUm] refugees catch the spirit of French • Delinqnents,' ii. 388 and n.; 889; democracy,· 18; late growth of, in sequestration of their estates, 406 France, 85; the Jacquerie, 88; Democracy, development of popular Stephen Marcel, 89; represented power a natural law, Introd. xxix. in 14th century by Rienzi, Marcel and n.; illustrations from English and the Van Arteveldes, 90; de­ history, and from French history, mocratic basis of the French %xx., %XXi.; democratic tendencies Empire, 213; spread of, by cam­ of town populations, xlii. ; its power paigns of revolutionary France, increased by events following the. 221; its principles and character Protestant Reformation, xlvii. ; and changed, 222; reaction against it, the French revolution, xlvii.; free­ in Europe, 223; advances of, in dom the firmest barrier against it, France, 232; impulse from the re­ 1viii.; its development arrested by volution of July, 245; held in check formation of great standing armies, in Germany, 278 ; freedom the safe­ 1viii, ; and checked by ecclesiastical guard against it, 279; asce~dency revival, lix,; relations of infidelity of, in France, 280 and n. ; universal with, lxii., Wii.; its excesses in reaction against,291 ; new develop. Europe, lxiii.; irreverence and in. ment of, in Recond French Empire, tolerance of the extreme party, 811 ; combination of, with Im­ lxiii.; highest ideal of, lxiv.; its perialism, attempted by Napoleon ideal decried by Communists, lxv.; IlL, 317; in England, represented its probable future progress, lxx., by Puritanism, 395, n.; the Inde­ lxxi. and nn.; element of, in republic pendents, first democratic party in of Carthage, i. 30; in Jewish tbeo­ England, 401 ; bears small share in cracy, 84, 35; in Greek republics, revolution of 1688, 438, 439; its 43 ; in the Agora, 45 ; ad vance of, in principles maintained by specula­ Greece, 62; moderate, preferred by tive writers, but without inIlnence Aristotle, 63, n. and 65, n. ; varieties on practical government, 441 ; of, 64; advanced by growth of. symptoms of, in first years of towns, 69; democratic institutions George m., 448; fostered by at Sparta, 64 ; most fully developed American War of Independence, at Atbens, 67; scheme of, consum· 449 ; democratio movement in Eng. mated by introduction of payment land, 450; re,Pressed by Parliament for public services, 82; evils of and public opinion, 450 ~ becomes a Athenian, 86; lowering of its cha­ great political force, 451 ; advances racter, 118; general principles illus· towards it, by changes in the repre­ trated by study of Greek democracy, sentation, 472, 413; spread of de· 128; growth of, in Rome, 146; mocratic opinions in England, 475; Roman compared with Athenian, democratic aspects of the English 210; its share in the overthrow of government,476 [EnglanuJ"FliYrence, the republic, 213 Prance, Greece, Italian Republics, - Extinguished during the dark Nctkerlanih, Rome, Switzerkllnd,4'c. ] ages, i 223; Greek and Teutonic, Demosthenes, i. 93; his efforts to re­ contrasted, 250; germ of, in Cal· form abuses, 119, 125, 121 vin's theocracy, 271; of the Italian republics, 277; the basis of Savona­ De.reze, defends Louis XVI. on his rola's reform, 327; examples of, in trial, ii. 170 492 JlIil)EX. DES ENG Desmoulins, Camille, ii. 188 of, founded in France, by the Con­ De Witt, John; pensionary of Holland, vention, 178; general diffusion of. i i. 75; procures the passing of the in Europe, 274; progress of, in Perpetual Edict, 75; murdered, England, 349, 350, 361, 457; pro­ with his brother Cornelius, 76 moted by cbeap literature, 457 . Dicasteries, the, of Athens, i 71; Egmont, Count [NetlMrland8] constitution and jurisdiction of, 75, Egypt, its religion and polity of 76; a field for cultivation of ora­ Eastern origin, i. 25; division of tory, 76; contribute to intellectual society into castes, 26; enlighten-­ development of the citizens, 77 ment confined to the miers, 27; Diderot,aud the EucyclopMie,ii, 119; despotic government, supported by its doctrines, borrowed from Eng­ physical conditions of the country, lish philosophers, 119, 120; their 27; and confirmed by Turkish con­ prevalence in Europe, 120: society quest, 27 ; introduction of European penetrated by them, 123 civilisation, 27; the Khedive abso­ lute, 28 j captivity of Israelites in, 33 bigges, Sir Dudley, committed to the Tower, ii. 375 Eliot, Sir John, committed to the Tower, ii. 375; again, 379; refuses Directory, the [Prance, PrOIlO" submission, and dies in the Tower, RevolutibT~ ] 379; the judgment reversed by Dissent, progress of, in England and House of Lords, 379 Wales, ii. 4540 [lalt-ini8ts, Noneon­ Elizabeth, queen of England, refuses /O'1"11I.i8tB, PuMtana] aid to the United Provinces, ii. 48; Doge, _the, of Venice, first election promises aid, 52; sovereignty of and powers of, i. 289; limitations the Netherlands offered to her, 60; of his power, 291,292; of Genoa, 295 declines it, but sends troops, 61; Dumouriez, General, ii. 174 her views, 61; her reign the tum­ ing point in the political fortunes AST, the [Aryans, Ootrthage, Ohina, of England, 357; maintains her E Civilisation, Eg1Jpt,India. Japan, prerogatj.ve, 358 J1J11J8, PtJ'I'M; Phmtticiana, T'IM'key] Empire, the French, first and second Ecclesia, of Athens, the sovereign [France, l\apoletJ'/i Bonaparte, political power, i. 71; extension of Napol«m, Lmi.Y] its powers, 78 ; payment for attend­ Encyclopedie, the [Ditlerot) ance introduced, 81 ; receives am­ bassadors, 87, n.: range of its England, her aid sought by - the powers and functions, 87 - Dutch, ii. 60, 61; ties between England and Holland, 74; joins Edward the Confessor, the old line of the coalition against France, Ii4 native kings restored in him, ii. 344 and n.; her relations with France Edward I., n.,m,IV. [Parliamellt] disturbed by intrigues of Louis Education, extensive system of, in Philippe about the 8panish mar­ China, i. 19; ideal of Greek, 106 ; riages, 265; opposition in their means of, at Athens, 107; free foreign policy, 265; state of, 1830 under Roman empire, 219; ob­ to 1848, 272; secure amidst revolu­ stacles to, in the dark ages, 241 ; tions of 1848, 278; her history revival of learning, 253; promoted that of liberty, not of democracy, by Charlemagne; his schools and 334 ; character of the country, 335 ; universities, 253,254; promoted hy the climate, the soil, 335; the the Saracens, the schools of Bagdad, scenery, 336; minerals; 337; the 257; and in Spain, 258; the Scho- . Celts, the Romans, 337; Roman lastic system, 260; interference of towns, 338 ; influence of Rome upon the Jesuits with, in Switzerland, later times, 339; resemblance be­ 390, 391 ; high standard of, in the tween ancient Rome and England, Netherlands, ii. 19; universality of, 339; the Anglo-Saxons, 339, 340; in Holland, 70; national 6,fstem their conquests, 340 and n. i Tell- INDEX. 493 ENG ENG tonic laws and customs\ntroduced, power of constituencies, 878; close 841; free in8titutions, 3411 and n. ; of James's reign, 373; first parlia­ the witenagemot, 342, 343; the ment of Charles I., 374; limited Danes, 343; the Norman Conquest, grant of tonnage and poundage; .3U; policy of William the Con­ dissolution of parliament, 375; the queror, 844; Norman feudalism, a king's relations with the new par­ military organisation, 345; politi­ liament, 375; taxes levied without cal changes, 346; the crown and consent of parliament, 376; forced the people, 346; measures of Henry loans, 376; another parliament L and Henry n., 346; the barons summoned, 376; the Petition of and the people, 347 ; Magna Charta, Right; 317; the king's bad faith, 3n ; increasing power of parlia­ 377; duties of tonnage and pound­ ment, 348; deposition of Edward age, 378; the king's determination IL and Richard n. by the parlia­ to govern without a parliament, ment, 348, 349; political and social 379; committal of Sir John Eliot progrees in the fourteenth century, and other members, 319; taxes by 849; WycliJfe and religious inquiry, prerogative, 379; ship-money, 380; 350; the Lollards, 350; decay of tyranny and severity of the Star feudalism, 350, 351 ; statntes of la­ Chamber and High Commission bourers, 351; popular discontents, Courts, 880 ; the king's policy 851; Wat Tyler's insurrection, 352 ; directed by Laud and t;trafford, reaction against the Commons, 352, 381; persecntion of the Pw\tans, 353; Wars of the Roses, feudalism 381; their emigration, 382; grow­ crushed, 353 and n.; increase of ing discont.ent, 382; rebellion in kingly power, 3H; absolutism of Scotland, 382; the king's embar­ Edward IV., of Henry Vll., and rassment, 382; the short parlia­ Henry vm, 354; Heury VllI. ment of 1640, 383; character of effects the Reformation, 355; his the new House of Commons, 383 ; supremacy, 356; the parliaments' do dissolution, 384; the Scots in re­ his bidding, 366; increased power bellion, invasion of England, 384;' of the crown, 356; course of the the long parliament, 385; remedial Reformation, 367; Catholic re­ measures, 385, 386; impeachments, action under Queen Mary, frequent 386, 887; rashness of the court, changes of religion, 357 ; reign of 396; arrest of the five members, Elizabeth, 357,358; social changes, 396; the militia bill, 397 nobles and country gentlemen, 358, - The civil war, 400; fruitless nego­ 859; their conservatism, 859; rise tiations for peace, 401; Oliver Crom­ of a powerful middle class, 860; well, 402; the self-denying ordi­ COmmerce and manufactures, 360 ; nance, 403; new modelling of the intellectual progrees, 361 ; Gram­ army, 404; its religious enthusiasm, mar schoolll, 361 ; religious move­ 404; the battle of Naseby, 404; fall ments, 362; character and posit.ion of the Church of England, 405; of the reformed church, 362; Cal­ severities of the parliament, 406; vinista, 362; the English Bible, invasion by the Scots, 410; growth 363 ; the Puritan character, 363; of republican opinions, 413 ; repub­ Elizabeth and the Puritans, 365 licanism in the army, 413; the - Accession of the Stuarts, 366; Levellers, 414; piety and regicidt', James I., 367; the king and the 414; execution of the king, 416; church, 368, 369; canons of 1604, the Commonwealth, Council of 369 I Gunpowder plot, 369 ; levy of t;tate appointed, 419; abolition of taxes by prerogative, 370; dissolu­ the monarchy and the House' of tion of first parliament of James I., Lords, 419; republican theories, 371 ; a second summoned and dis­ 420 and n., 421 and n.; Cromwell's solved, members committed- to supremacy, 422; the long parlia­ prison, 371; /!'ovemment without a ment dissolved, 428; Barebone's parliament, 37t!; third parliament Parliament, 423, 424; the Pro­ meets, and is dissolved by the king, tectorate. 424; its constit1ltion, 372; fourth meets, 373; increasing 424, . 426; the new parliament, 494 INDEX. ENG EUR 425 ; governmellt by the army, loyalty of the English, 476, 477, military districts formed under 478,479 j no professions of repub­ major-generals, 426; commanding licanism, 480; conservative ele­ position of the Commonwealth, ments of society, 480,481; sound con­ 427 j death of Cromwell,429 j ditions of society, 481 [Com_, Richard Cromwell Protector, 431 j Independents, LiNda, POJrliOll1umt, his resignation, 432 j 'the Rump,' Presbyteritvn8, Pwrita7l8, Reform] 432 j a committee of safety, 432; anarchy, 433 j intervention of Ephialtes, democratic leadez at General Monk, 433; a new parlia­ Athens, i. 75 j effect of his scrutiny ment, 434; the Restoration, 434 j of magistrates, 78 effects of the civil war upon the Ephors, council of the, i. 62, 64 monarchy, 435 j reaction under Charles II., 436 ; elements of future Europe, its physical conditions favour­ freedom, 437; James II., 437, 438 j able to freedom, Introd.xxxv. j later the Revolution of 1688, 4038 j its developments of democracy, xlvi­ principles, 439; securities' taken xlix. j disorganisation of society in, for public liberties, 439 j character­ after fall of Western empire, i. 221 ; istics of the Revolution, 440 j reign barbarian conquests, 221; the dark of William ill., 440, 441 j the ages, 222 ; the feudal system, 223 ; political writings of the time, 441, causes of social and political im­ 442; the representation, 442 j provement, 223; rude freedom of • management' of the Commons, Teutonic invaders, 224 j their cus­ 443 j power of the aristocracy, 443 j toms introduced into Italy· and influence of the press, 444; agita­ elsewhere, 225; relations of chiefs tions against Unpopular measures, and vassals, 226; influence of tra­ 444; ascendency of the crown, the ditional institutions of Rome, 226, church and the land·owners, 445 ; 227; feudalism ruinous to towns, the nobles, 445, 446 j the country 227; great monarchies favoured by gentlemen, 446 traditions of Rome, 228; Roman - First years of George 1Il., 448; laws, jurists, 228,229; Christianity effects of American War of Inde­ and the Catholic Church, 229; six pendence, 449; democratic move­ centuries of darkness, 240 j some ment, 450; effects of the French schoolmen favourable to liberty, Revolution, 450 and 451 n.; the 240, n.; growing refinement of the Six Acts, 451 j social changes, barons, 242 j minstrelsy, 242 j chi­ 451; growth of towns, commerce valry, 243 j enthusiasm of the Cru­ and navigation, 452; the land in sades, 244 j their influence upon its relations to trade and manu­ European enlightenment, 244; upon factures, 453 j the Church and feudalism, 245; upon the enfran­ Dissent, 454; the policy of the chisement of communes, 246 j re­ church and the land threatened, vi val of towns, 247 j decay of feu­ 455; political education, 455; free­ dalism, 249; Imperial and free dom of the press, 456; education, cities of Germany, 250; growth of 457 j political associations, 457; European constitutions, 253; revi­ dangers of vast assemblages, 459 j val of learning, 253; schools and the Catholic association, 460 ; universities, 253; influence of mo­ Catholic meetings, 461; Catholic nasteries, 254;255; introduction of emancipation, 461; Reform Bill, Saracen culture, 258; influence of 1832, 462 j Anti-slavery Society, Jewish culture, 259; of the school­ 464; the Chartists, 464, 465 ; Anti­ men, 260; growth of modem Euro­ Com-Law League, 466; meetings pean languages, 261; recovery of in Hyde Park,467, 468 j the Match classical learning, 261; the revival Tax, 468; minor agitations, 469 j of learning, 262; scientific disco­ Trades Unions, 470; changes in the veries, 264; churchmen supplant­ representation, 472; Ballot Act, ing nobles in the service of the 473 j increase of popular influence, State, 265; heresies and schisms, 473 j continuity of reforms, 474; 266 j first struggles for civiI and INDEX. 495 FA! FLO religious liberty, 261; the InquiBi­ Feuillauta' Club, tpe, at Paris, ii. 148, tion, 261; the Protestant Reforma­ 156,157 • tion, 269; prerogative increased by Fieschi; his attempt to assassinate Lutheranism, 270; Calvinism, 271 ; Louis Philippe, ii. 255 Cat bolic reaction, 271; prevalence Fifth Monarchy Men [MiZlenariam] of the new philosopby in Europe in the 18th century, ii. 120; the church Five Hundred, Council of, at Athens, and public opinion, 120, et INJ.; I. 11 ; its proceedings watched by slateof,atthe period of the French assessors, 78; its functions and de­ Revolution, 1789,153; effectaofthe ficiencies, 79 Revolution, 221; altered position Florence, its favoumble position, i. of kings, 222; political reaction in, 298; compared with Athens, 298; 223; infiuence of Revolution of its IlOnstitution, 299; Guelph and July, 1830, on States of, 246; state Ghibelline, 299; a foreign podelfta of, from 1830 to 1848,272; social chosen, 299, n.; democratic move­ changes, 173; intellectual progreaa, ment in, election of the Signoria, 273; sudden effects of the Revolu­ 304 ; ita vigorous policy,the Guelphic tion of February 1848, 2H nobles recalled, war against the Ghibelline cities, 304; taken pos­ session of, by Ghi belline army, 304 ; AIRFAX, Sir Thomas, appointed new democratic constitution, 304 ; F generai of the parliamentary army, ascendency of the mercantile class. ii. 403 ; takes part in repelling 305; exclusion of nobles from the Scottish invasion, 411 Signoria, 301i; first appointment Favre, Jules, his circular to the of the gonfalonier of justice, 305; foreign representatives of Fmnce, an oligarchy established, 306 ; feuds ii. 319 ; his sudden dismissal, 332 and factions, 307; jealous spirit of democracy, choice of rulers by Federalism; the Achaian League, i. lot, 307; constitution of 1328, 129; the Lycian League, 131; Free 307; the leader of free republics, cities of Germany, 250; the Hanse­ 308; aims at a balance of power in atic and Rhenish Leagues, 252; in Italy, 308; resists John of Bohe­ Switzerland, 343, S45, 347, 396; mia, 308; rule of the Duke of confederation of towns of Flanders Athens, 308; drives him away, 309 ; and Brabant, ii. 15 growth of a new aristocracy, 309; Feudal system, the, i. 223; ruinous rivalry of old and new families to towns, 227; refining influence of (fourteenth century), 309; ~e chivalry, 243; decline of, promoted Medici, 310; revolt of the Ciompi, by crusades, 245; ita decay, 249; 310; Michael de Lando proclaimed alliance of feudal lords in Italy gonfalonier, and soon afterwards with the burghers, 275; in Switzer­ exiled, 311 ; overthrow of the Ciom­ land, 336, 350; in the Netherlands, pi, and subjection of the democracy, ii. 4, 5; successfully resisted by 311; democratic spirit of the re­ the Frisians,5; the b8!On and the public, 311; conspiracy of the burgomaster, 9; resolute hostility Pazzi, assassination of Julian de' of the Dutch burghers, 11, 12 aJld Medici, 323; condition of, in the n. ; established in Fmnce by the fifteenth century, 323 ; popular rule Franks, 86; overthrown by Ricbe­ of the Albizzi, 324; their rivals and lien, 87; struggles against, in 14th successors, the Medici, 324; the century, 88, 89; feudal rights and • parliaments' ready instruments privileges renounced by French of revolution, 324; Cosmo de' Me­ Constituent Assembly, 143; Nor­ dici,324, 325; prosperity under his man feudalism, 345; in England, rule, 325; Peter de' Medici, Lo­ weakened by measures of Heury II., renzo de' Medici, 326; change in 346, 347; Wat Tyler's insurrection, the constitution, 326; and in foreign a revolt against, 352; crushed by relations, 327; Savonarola, his reli­ Wars of the Roses, 353; the kingly gions and political reforms, 327, power rising upon its ruins, 354 328; expulsion of the Medici, 327 ; 496 INDEX. "FOR FRA election of a gonfalonier for life botM'geoUie, a race of place-bunters, with dictatorial powers, 328 ; Peter U2, U3; civic notables, their pre­ Soderini first chosen, 328; the Me­ tensions and disputes, U3; the dici recalled, and again expelled, clergy, their sympathies with the 328; fall of the republic, 328; poor, U4; multitude of lawyers, Alexander de' Medici, 328,329 114; political and social condition Forest Cantons, the [&t-ituorland] of the country, U5; the new phi­ losophy, U5, 116; prohibition of Four Hundred, Council of, at Athens, political discllSSion, U6; Voltaire, i. 69: converted by Cleisthenes into his aims and influence, U7; Rous­ Council of ~'ive Hundred, 71 ; estab­ seau, his philosophy,U8; Diderot, lished by Peisander, 89 ; deposed, 89 and the Encyclbpedie, U9 and n. ; France, bigoted policy of the Lea"ane, the churcb and pnblic opinion; ii. 60; Henry m. declines offer of 121; the Huguenots, 121; the sovereignty of the Netherlands, lower classes unsettled by the new 60; anarchy in, 62; conquest of, doctrines, 122, 123; absence of projected by Philip II., 62; late healthy public opinion, 123; influ­ growth of democracy in, 85; the ence of classical learning, 124; country and the people, 85, 86; political failures of Louis XIV., conquest of the Gauls by the 124, 125; reign and policy of Louis Franks, 86; establishment of fen­ XV., 125, 126 dalism, 86 ; growth of the monarchy, - Louis XVI., 127; reforms of 87; overthrow of the feudal chiefs, Turgot, 128, 129; recognition of 87; the church, 87; supreme power American independence and war of the crown; 87; misery and dis­ with England, 130, 449; expenses of contents of the people, 88; the the war, 130; provincial assemblie,\ Jacquerie, 88, 89; democratic ClIo­ revived, 131; Necker's compie rendlt, Teer of Stepben Marcel, 89; rebel­ 131; power of public opinion. 132 lion in Paris, 90; municipalliber­ and n.; an assembly of notables, ties, 90; the states-general, first 132; Calonne, 132; De Brienne, convened hy Philip the Fair, 92; exile of parliament of Paris, 133 ; provincial assemhlies; 93; the par­ the stales-general demanded, 133; liaments, 94; the monarchy abso­ convoked, 134; events of the revo­ lute under Louis XIV., 95 ; central­ lution, 135-199; France under tbe isation, 96; functions of the in­ Direetory, 200; the war, 200, 201 ; tendants, 96, 97; the courts of royalists in the councils, 201; justice, 97; concentration of power measures of the Directory, 202; in Paris, 97, 98 ; evils of absolutism, cor.p d'etat of 18 Frnctidor, 202; 98; court of Louis XIV., 99; evils ruled by the sword, 202; proscrip­ of the court, 99, 100; high offices tion of the royalists, 202; the re­ monopolised by the nobles, 100, publican army, 203; expedition to 101; sale of offices, 101; exemp­ Egypt, 203; to Switzerland, 203, tions of nobles, 102; burdens upon 204; propaganda of the Revolution, the peasantry, 102, 103; effects of 204; renewal of the coalition, 204 ; non-residence, 103, 104, n.; resident the conscription introduced, 204; proprietors, 104; peasant proprie­ troubles of the Directory, 204 ; the tors, 105, 106, n.; the mitayl!'1'I, 106; new Directory, 205; return of Bona­ the game-laws, 106; weight of parte from Egypt. 206; _po" taxes, 107 ; the militia, 107; 110 d'itat, 18 Brumaire, 206 ; the Coun­ agricultnral middle-class, 108 ; cil of Ancients, 207; the Council famines and bread riots, 108; beg­ of Five Hundred dispersed, 208, gars, 109 ; impoverishment of 209; disregard for liberty through­ the nobles, 109, 110; abdication out the revolution, 209; Bonaparte of their duties as a governing first consul, 209; constit·ution of class, 110; rise of other classes, Sie~, 210; the plebiscite intro­ official nobles, UO; 111 ; capitalists duced, 210 n.; general reaction, I/o power in the State, Ul, U2; in­ 210.211 fluence of men of letters, U2; the The rule of Bonaparte, 211 i INDEX. 497 FBA. FIlA. Peace of Amiens, 211; the Lafitte," of Casimir Perier, 249; Catholic church re-established, abolition of bereditary peerage, 212; Bonaparte first consul for 260; discontents and insurrections, life. tha empire, 213; the imperial 250, 261; insurrection in PariS) court, the coronation of N apoleop, 251 ; the king obliged to exeeed 214; the revolution renounced, the law, the , red republic,' 252; Mar­ . 216 ; Napoleon and the revolution, shal Soult's ministry, 253; creation 216; repudiation of republica, 216 ; of new peers, 253; relation of the hereditary nobility. restored, 216; king to parties, 253; repressive the invasion of Rnssia, battle of measures resisted, 254; corruption, Leipsic, 219; discontenta in the 254; attempts to assassinate the country, 219; the legislative as­ king, 265 and n.; ministry of sembly, 220; abdication of Napo­ Thiers, 256; attempt of Louis Na­ leon, 220; results of the revolution, poleon at Strasburg, 256; conflict of 220, 221; Louis XVllI. restored, parties, creation of new peers, 256; 22.; conditions of the restoration, Soult's second ministry,256; insur­ 224; his charter of 1814, 226; re­ rection of Barb~s, 256; its objects, turn of Napoleon from Elba, 226 ; 257; parliamentary parties, 257, 258; second restoration, foreign occupa­ agitation for reform, 258 ; conserva­ tion, 226; weakness of the monarchy, tism of the king,258; second ministry 226; decay of loyalty, 227; France of Thiers, 259; Louis Napoleon at transformed, 227 and n.; political Boulogne, 260; fall of Thiers, 260 ; parties, 228; exercise of prero­ third ministry of Soult, 261 ; dis­ gati ve, 229 ; violence of the content of the working classes, royalists, 229; t10up d'etat, 1816, 261, 262; agitation for electoral 230; defeat of the royalists, 230 ; reform, reform banquets, 262 ; electoral law of 1817, 231; liberal Polish banquet prohibited, 262; measures, 231 ; the king opposed to· electoral reform resisted by the the royalists, 231; creation of new government, 263; death of the peers, 231 ; increasing strength of Due d'Orl~ans, 264; continued op­ the democratic party, 232; royalist position to reform, 264; escape of reaction, 232; the Villele ministry, Louis Napoleon, 264; the Spanish 233; formation of secret societies, marriages, 266; est.rangement of 233; the Spanish war, 234; death England, 265; exposure of corrup­ of Louis XVIII., 234; accession of tion, 266; revived agitation for Charles x.., 235; the king sur­ reform, reform banquets, 266 ; rounded by priests and Jesuits, 236; socialist agitation, 267, n.; reform unpopular measures, discontents, banquet, Feb. 1848, 267; the pro­ 236; dissolution of the Chamber of cession abandoned, 268; tumults, Deputies, 237; creation of new 268; defection of the National peers, 237; the De Manignac minis­ Guard, 269; ministry of Thiers try, 237; liberal measures of the and Odilon Barrot, 269; insurreo­ new chambers, 238; the P-olignac tion in Paris, 269 ; military occupa­ ministry, 238; want of confidence tion, the troops withdrawn, 270. in it, 239 ; another dissolution, 239 ; abdication of the king, 270; the wup d'H4t, 239; the ordinances, 239, Duchess of Orleans and her sons, m; want of preparation, 240 ; in­ 270; the provisional government, surrection in Paris, July 1830, 241 ; 271 ; a republic proclaimed, 271; the liberal leaders, 242; the king failur~s of LouisPhilippe's reign,271 deposed, 242; his abdication and _ The republic of 1848, democracy tlight, 243; Louis Philippe, king of in the ascendant,280; watchwords the French, 244; infl uence of the" of the revol ution, precedents of 1792 revolution on foreign States, 246 followed, 281 ; national workshops, - The king's difficulti~ 246; state 282; the Carde Mobile, Red Repub­ of parties, 247; reliance upon the licans, 282 ; Socialists and Commu­ middle classes, 248 and n.; so­ nists, 283; organisation of labour, cialism, 248; contrast between 284 . and n:; new taxes, 285; na­ 1789 and" 1830, 249 i lDinistry of tional assembly convoked, 286; in- VOL_ II. X X 498 IYDEX. FRA FRE vasion of the HOtel de Ville by 328; 'executions of Communist., Socialists and Red Republicans, 328; the repUblic, under Thiers, 281; an insurrection thwarted, 288 ; 329 ; the royalists and the Comte de meeting of the Assembly, 288; Chambord, 329, 330; the conflicts storming of the Assembly, 289; So­ of parties, 330; Marshal MacMahon cialist insurrection of June 1848, president, 331; the Septennate 290; General Cavaignac dictator, decreed, 332 ; the new constitution, the insurrection suppressed, 290; 332; the republican ministry dis­ reaction against the revolution, 291 ; missed, the Chambers dissolved, 'new constitution decreed, 291; Louis 332; political future of France, Napoleon elected president, 291; 332, 333 [FreTUJh Revolution, Na­ significance of his election, 292 ; re­ poleon Bonaparte, Louia Napoleon, sistance of parties to his aims, 293 States-General] and n. ; difference and jealousy be­ Franks, the, subjugate Switzerland, i. tweeu the president and the As­ 336; conquer the Gauls, ii. 86 sembly, 294, 295 aud nn. ; change of ministry, 297; revision of the con­ Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, at­ stitution, 297; a conflict imminent, tacks the cities of North Italy, i. 299 and n.; the coup d'etat in pTe­ 300; deprives them of their liber­ paration, 300; accomplished (Dec. ties, 300; his rivalry with the 2, 1851), 301; dissolution of the Pope, 300; resisted by the Lam­ Assembly, 302; arrest and im­ bard League, concludes a truce, prisonment of members of the As­ 301; concludes treaty of Constance, sembly, 302, 303; the high court 301 of justice closed by force, 303 ; the Freedom, its connection with civili­ 'massacre on the Boulevards, 304, sation, Introd. xxi. xxii.; moral. 305, n.; measures of coercion, 305, social. and political causes of, xxii. 306; the departments in a state of sqq. ; its obligations to statesmen siege or under martial law, 306; and thinkers, xxiii.; doctrines of the pMlJiscitB, Louis Napoleon ab­ Aquinas, xxiii. n.; of Marsilio of solute master of France, 307; pre­ Padua, xxiii. n.; influence of su­ parations for the second empire, perstition, xxiv.; influence of a 308; the empire established by higher religion, xxiv.; popular en­ plilJiscite, 308; the emperor's mar­ lightenment its foundation, xxv.; riage, 309 ; the nobles, 309 and n., social causes of, xxvii.; influence 310; the imperial court, 310 and of physical laws, xxxi.; influence nn.; principles of government" of the graudeur and terrors of 311 ; wars of the empire, 312, 313 ; nature, xxxiv.; physical conditions domestic policy, 313; corruption, of Europe favourable to, xxxv.; 314; employment of labour, 315; its elements wanting in a pastoral war with Prussia (1870), 316; a state, xxxvi.; and partially want­ liberal ministry, 316; fatal issue of ing in agricultural countries, the war, Sedan, 317; deposition xxxvi.; influenoe of mountains, of the emperor. the republic pro­ xxxix.; influence ot the sea, xl. '; claimed, the Government of Na­ of navigable rivers and lakes, xli. ; tior:al Defence appointed, 318; of minerals, xlii.; of cities and fate of the first and second em­ towns, xlii.; of race, xIiii.; Eng­ pires compared, 318; resistance land the historic home of, xlv.; . continued by the Government of influence of the Protestant Refor­ National Defence, 319; fall 6f mation, xlvi.; the subsequent re­ Paris, 320; the National Assembly volutions, xlvii.; constitutional. , at, Bordeaux, 320; rigorous condi­ acquired by revolutionary move­ tions of the peace, 321 ; deposition ments, xlix.; influence of, upon of the emperor confirmed, 321 ; the enlightenment,1. and notes; upon Commune, 321, 322,323 and n.; its science, Ii.; advantages of union principles, 326 and n.; Communist of old institutions with popular outrages, 327; Paris in flames, franchises, Iii. Iiii. and n. ; a safe­ 3~8; overthrow of the Commune, guard agaiIll't democracy, ·lvii. Jl\"'DEX. 499 rRE i'RE lYiii. [DeIIIDL'MC1/, Eng14lul, Snit­ 164; abolition of the monarchy, ur14nd, .fe.] 165; the Girondists, 165, 166; the Freeholders, & class of, formed at Mountain, 166; the rival parties, Rome, i. 156; mauy destroyed by 167; revolutionary propaganda, wars, 171; in England, introd. 168, 169; trial of the king pro­ xxxviii.; ii. 349, 353,360. [P~fUant jected by the Mountain, 169; dis­ Proprietor.] cussions thereupon, 169; the trial, 170, 171; the king condemned, Free-Trade, doctrines of, victorious 171; his execution, 172 in England, ii. 466, 467 _ The coalition against France, • French Fury,' the, ii. 57 173; measures of defence, 174; French Revolution (1789), its effects Committee of Public Safetyestab- in 8witzerland, i. 377 ,qq.; state of liabed, 175; strife of parties, 175; parties, ii. 135; concentration of the Convention invaded by the mob, troops at Versailles andParis,140; 176; arming of the mob, 176; dismissal of Necker, taking of the arrest of the Girondists, 176; con- Bastile, 140; the king. at Paris, tact of the Convention with the HO; alarming disorders, HI and people, 177; its debates, 177 and n.; the Constituent Assembly, its n. ; its useful measures, 178 and n.; deliberations, 141, 142; unregu- insurrections in the provinces, 178 ; lated proceedings, 142; leading invasion of France, 179; new con- men, 143; renunciation of privi- stitution, 179; France in arms, leges, 143; hopes of a moderate 179: revolutionary Yigour, 180; constitution, 1 H; parties in the men of the revolution, 181; law Ati8embly, 1H; the clubs, 148; re- against suspected persons, 182; action attempted by the court, triumph of French arms, 183; ab- 148; banquets of the body guards, solutism of the republic, 183; 149; march of women on Versailles, cruelties of the Mountain, 183; 149; the king at Paris, 149; other severities against insurgents, 184, measures of the Assembly, 150; 185; execution of Marie An- new constitution proclaimed, 150; toinette, 186; of the Girondists, foreigu aid invoked by the nobles, 186; absolute power of the Com- 151; emigration of the nobles, mittee of Public Safety, 186; 151, 152andn.; confederacy against heroism of the re'lolution. 187; France, 153 i restraints upon the reformation of the calendar, 187 ; king, 153; Bight and arrest of the Worship of Reason, 187; as- ~he king, 153, 154 i relations cendencyof Robespierre, 188; the of the king to the Revolution, Committee of Public Safety, 189; 154; Declaration of Pilnitz, 155; a republic of the virtues pro- elections for the new Assembly, claimed, 190; Robespierre its high 155 and n. ; National Legislative priest, 190; increased fury of the Assembly, 156; parties in it, 156; tribuna!, 190; decline of· Robes- its relations with the king, 157; pierre's power, 191; attack upon con1lict between them, 158; a the Convention, 9 Thermidor, 192; Girondist ministry, 158; war wit.h fall of the Triumvirs, execution of Austria, its object, 158, 159, n.; Robespierre, 192, 193; reaction, disasters of the war, 159 ; riotous 193; the followers of Robespierre, mob of petitioners, 159, 160; par- 194; jeune,g8 dtw'e, 194; proceed. tial reaction, 160; the country de- ings against the Terrorists, 195; clared in danger, 160; manifesto. sufferings of the people, 195; in- of the duke of Brunswick, 161; surrections, 196; invasion of the insurrection in Paris, attack on Convention, 1 Prairial, 196; the the Tuileries (August 10), 161 i sections disarmed, 197; France National Convention convoked, victorious in the wars, 197 . 162; the Commune of Paris, 162 ; royalist reaction, 197; royalist massacres of September 1792, excesses, 198; new constitution, the Reign of Terror begun, 163, the Directory, 198; royalist insur- 164 r military spirit of the nation, rection, 199; defence of the COli- IX~ 500' IYDEX •. FBI GRE vention by Bonaparte, 199; ·the of the Hanseatic League, 252; the two councils elected, end of the Rhenish League, 252; state of, Convention, 199 [F1'/wee, Gentma, 1830 to 1848, ii. 272; effects of NapoleollBonaparte,StfEte8- General, French revolution of February BwiBs Oonfederation] 1848, 276, 277; National Assembly Fribourg, i. 339; its alliance with at Frankfort, 277; revolutionary Berne and other towns, 343; its movements, 277 aristocratic constitution, 352, 353 ; Ghent, rival of Bruges, ii. 15; takes becomes an oligarchy, 373; insUr­ the lead in Flemish politics, 16; rection suppressed, 374; heavy the White .Hoods of, 18; resists contribution levied by the French, Philip the Good, and is conquered, 383, 387; revolution of 1830, 388 22; rebels against Cbarles V., 29; its punishment, 29 ; congress of Pro­ vincial Estates at, 49; pacification AMA, Vasco de, i. 265 of, 49, 50; capitulates to Prince of G Gambetta, M., continues the war Parma, 59 [Artevelde, James van, against Prussia, ii. 319; leader of and Philip van] the republican party, 332 Girondists, the, ii. 156, 158-162 ; their Game-laws in France, ii. 106 ideal, 165,166. 167; endeavour to save the king from trial, 169, 170 ; Games, public, in Greece, ·character their weakness, 172-174, 175 ; and effects of, i. 46, 47, 123, 124 arrested, 176; exec.uted, 186 Garde Mobile, the, organised in Paris, Gladiators at Rome, i. 168, n. ii.282 Gonfalonier of Justice [Flurence] Gemblours, ba.ttle of [1\'etl!61'land8] Gracchus, Caius, tribune, 1'17; intro- Geneva, its early constitution, i. 354 ; duces practice of distributing com, the reformation in, 367; attains 118 ; alters method of voting of the self-government in civil affairs, comitia, 118; his democratic mea­ 367; rule of Calvin, 368; rise of sures, 118, 119; his policy, 179; an aristocracy, 374; struggle of deference to the people, 180; his cIasses, 375; intervention of Berne overthro~ and death, 180, 181; and Ziirich, a new constitution, proscription of his party, 181; 375; political clubs, 375; a demo­ honours paid to him, 181 cratic constitution, 376; its liber­ Gracchus, Tiherius, tribune, hi~ mea­ ties crushed by a foreign occupa­ sures, i. 175 ; his agrarian law, 116; tion, 376; effects of the French vengeance of the nobles, 176; his revolution in, 378; annexed to death, J11; honours .paid to him, l!'rance, 383; anti-Jesuit revolution, 181 3111; discords allayed, 395 ; general Grammar Schools, foundation of, in assemblies of citizens at, 398 England, ii. 361 Genoa, government of, i. 294 ; scheme Granvelle, Cardinal, the real ruler of of legislation by jurists, 294; the the Netherlands under Duchess nobles, 295; the Doge, 295; sub­ Margaret, ii. 36; his character and mission to the lord of Milan, 296 aim, 36; driven away, 38 Greece. the Greeks the highest type George [.E1'9lantl] m. of European races, i. 41; contrast Gerard, assassinates William, Prince between them and Eastern nations, of Orange, ii. 58 42; influence of climate, 42, n. ; Germany, European birthplace. of mutual confidence between the Teutonic races, !ntrod. xlvi.; be­ people and their rulers, 43; royal gins revolt against Church of Rome, authority in the heroic ages, 43; xlvi.; imperial and free cities of, relations of the people with the i. 250; their representatives in tbe. State, 44 ; public administration of Diet, 251; their contests with the justice, 45; public life characteristic barons, 251 ; formation and extent of Greek society. 45; ~mportance I~DEX. 501 'GBE .HAU of orarory, 46 ; th~ rhapsodists, 46 ; , ROman conquerors, 169; early Greek spirit of freedom promoted by the and Teuronic customs compared, public games, 46; evil conseqll8nces 225; Greek and Italian republics of the games, 47; respect for women, compared, 283; independence of 48; division inro small states, 48 ; modem, ii. 272. [Atken.t, Sptvrlia, its effects, 48; distribution of 4"0.] Hellenic races favourable ro their Grotius, imprisonment of, by Prince culture, 49; the Amphictyonic Maurice, ii. 72 council, 49; decay of monarchies, 49; changes of government in the Guelph and Ghibeline parties, i. 299, numerous States nearly contem­ 300, 302, 303; their distinctive porary, aud the result of general principles, 303; constant wars and causes, 1i0; a constitution gained, tumults, 303 [Florence, Italian Ii 1; political reaction, the Tyrants, .Republica] iiI; advance of democracy, 62; aris­ Gueux, Les [Netkerland8] tocracy, 1i2; oligarchy, 1i2; timo­ Guilds, Trade, organised in the Ne­ cracy, 1i3; polity, 63; varieties of therlands, ii. 8 ; trained ro arms, 8; democracy, 64; ochlocracy, 64; contribute to early oi vilization of limitation of the ruling class in all towns, and promote civil liberties, democracies, 61i; the State formed 13 ; in Flemish cities, strife among eltclll8i vely of citizens, 66; confiict them,17,18; positionof,inFrance, between arisrocracy and democracy, 113 66" n.; violence and injustice of the contest, 67; difference between , Guilds of rheroric, in the N ether­ agricultural and town popula­ lands, their liberties and political tions, 1i7; between Laced~monians inliuence, ii. 19 and Athenians, 1i8; maritime and Guiz<>t, M., ii. 238, 241, 242, 243; town popUlations in Attica, 68; minister of the interior, 247 ;.mem­ Thessaly and other pasroral coun­ ber of Soult's ,ministry, 253; dif­ tries, 1i8; growth of rowns,' 1i9 ; ,ference with Thiers, 255; member distribution of lands, 69 ; smallness of MoWs ministry, 256; his resig­ of city communities, 1i9; general nation, 269 . type of Greek republic found in, Gunpowder changes the art of war, i. the city community, 60, n.;, re­ 264 markable society of Greek cities, 60; patriotism fostered inro a pas­ Gunpowder Plot, ii. 369 sion, 61; divisions in the assem­ blies, 61, n.; feuds and jealousies, 'AMPDEN, John, refuses to. pay 61; 1I1acedonian conquest of, 93; H forced loan and is imprisoned, period of intellectual and literary ii. 376; writ of luJ,beaB CO'I"JIUB re- decline, 93, n.; the Greek religion, fused, 376; resists illegal exaction 111 ; trivi~lsuperstitions, 111, 112 ; of ship-money, 380;· the judgment decline of paganism, 112.;. Greek against him annulled by statute, philosophy, 113; Greek relIgion nnt· 385; his judges accused before the repressive of a free spirit, 113; Bouse of Lords, 389;, one ot the charity not fostered by it, 113; five members arrested by Charles hurtfulness of slavery,114; Boeckh's L, 396, n., view of Greek character, 115, n; Greece compared with modern Hannibal; his wars with the Romans, states, 127; Achaian League, 129; i. 157 ; threatens Rome, 168 ; driven representation unknown in, 130: out of Italy, 158 Greek colonies, 131 ; Italian liber­ .Hanseatic League, the, formatien' and ties promoted by Greek settlers, extent of, i. 252; Bruges becomes , 132; Greek civilization, 132 ; Greek , its central mart, ii. 6 language, the vehicle of the Chris­ Harlem, siege of, ii. 45 . tian faith, 133; differences in the genius of Greeks and Romans, 134, Hanssman, M., Prefect of the Seine, 136 jinli~ence of Grel!k geniUS over. his reconstruction of Paris, ii. 316 50~ INDEX. REB . HUN 'Hebert, arrested. ii~ 115, 116, 182, n.; tion, 65 ; siege of Ostend, 66 ; nego­ overthrown by Robespierre, 189 tiations for peace, 67 ; an armistice, Helvetic Republic, the, founded, i. 61; the twelve years' truce, 68; re­ 379 [Snn.¥s Confederation] ligious toleration prayed for Catho­ lics, 68; recognition of the Dutch Helvetii, the, defeat the iomans Republic, 68, 69; its significance, under L. Cassius, i. 335 69; union of freedom and com­ Henriot, part taken by him in the merce, 69; intellectual progress, French Revolution, ii. 182, n. 10 ; freedom of opinion, 10 ; domes­ tic history of the republic, 71; the Henry of Navarre, befriends the Stadtholder and Barneveldt, 72; Huguenots in France, ii. 60; claims arrest and execution of Barnevelnt, the crown of France. 62; becomes 72; wars of the republic, 12, 13; king of France, as Henry IV., 63 ; the House of Orange, 73; ties be­ conforms to the Catholic faith, 63 tween England and Holland, 74; an Henry VITI. of E~giand, his abso­ alliance desired, but not attained, , 'lutism, ii. 354, 355 ; effects the Re­ 74; the English ambassadors at the formation, 355 Ha.,"11e, 14; war with England, 14, High Commission Court, the, its 15; with France, 15; abolition of tyrannical proceedings, ii. 369; re­ the Stadtholderate by the • Per­ monstrance of the Commons against, petual Edict,' 75; murder of the 371 ; its cruelty, 380 ; abolished, 386 De Witts, 76; William IIL of Orange master of the State, 16; Hindus, the, polity of, i. 4; their su­ after his death, the government perstitions, 5; cast.es, 5; early cul­ resumed by the states-general, 11 ; ture, 6; Sanskrit literature, 6, n. ; William IV. Stadtholder, king in character of, 9 [Village Com­ all but name, 11; declining for­ munities] tunes of the State, 11; war with Hippias and Hipparchus, tyrants of England,78 ; the patriot partyover­ Athens, i. 10 • come by Prussia, 78; patriot refu­ History, Political, uses of the Shldy gees in France, 18 ; they catch the of, Introd. xxi.; method of study­ spirit of French democracy, 78, 19; ing, xxii. war with France, revolution pro­ claimed, 1794, 79; the new constitu­ Holland, Teutonic settlers in, ii. 3 ; tion, 79; a French province, 80; a the Frisians reduced by Charle­ kingdom under Louis Bonaparte, 80, magne, 4; obtain the' Great Privi­ 217; annexed to French empire, 80, lege' from the Duchess Mary, 23; 211; recovers independeI1f6, and is union of, with Zealand, 48; the united with the Belgian provinces union reconstituted at Congress of in the new kingdom of the Nether­ Delft, 48 ; the union of Utrecht, 53 ; lands, 80; again a separate king­ wavering allegiance, 54; the go­ dom, 82 [NethwZ,wds, Net/un­ vernment offered to the Prince of lands, Kingdom 0/. William III.] : Orange and declined, 54, 55; with Zealand, governed by the Prince, Holles, Denzil, committed by Charles 55; declaration of independence, I., ii. 379; one of the five members 55; Prince. Maurice chosen president arrested by the king, 396 of the Executive Council of the Holy Alliance, the, for repression of States, 69 ; reduction of the number European liberties, i. 3117, ii., 245 of provinces, 59; search for foreign andn. alliances, 69; nell"otiations with Horn, Count [Netli8rlands] France, 60; with England, 60, 61 ; , failure of English expedition, 61 ; ,Hotham, Sir John, governor of Hull. the Spanish Armada, 62; Parma refuses to admit the king, ii. 399 recalled to serve in France, 62; Huguenots, the, in France, tolerated, energy and conquests of Prince ii, 60 rexpulsion of, 121 ; the tlower Maurice, 62, 63; prosperity of the of the middle classes, 121 'Dutch Republic, 64; its constitu- , Hundred D~ys,' the, ii. 225 INDEX. 503 HUN ITA Hun~riana, the, invasion of Italy by, land, lxx; aims of its offshoot, i.2H the Commune of Paris, ii. 322; Hungary, insurrection in, suppressed exten~ the p~inciples of socialism, by RlIIISians, ii. 275; free constitu­ 325; 1ts doctrmes, 470 and n. tion granted, 1175 Ireland, rebellion in, ii. 384; its H UBBiteB, the, Itruggles of, in Bo­ effect on popular feeling in England, hemia, i. 266 394; parhamentary union with Hyde Park, meetings in (1866 and England effected by Cromwell 425 . 1867), prohibited and held, ii. 467; the Catholic Association fo;"'ed: regulated, 468 and suppressed, 460; Catholic meetings, 461; Catholic emanci­ pation, -461 ; Repeal agitation, 463 ; Orange lodges, 464; the Protestant TNDEPENDENTlI, the, rise of, in Church disestablished, 414 ~ England, ii. 364; their distrust of Charlcs J., ii. 393; their repuhlican Italian republics, general view of spirit,the first democratic party,40l; their government, .277; their rapid their preacbers, 402, 403; exercise advance in population and Pros­ the chief power, 404; opposed to a perity, 279; thought emboldened national church, 405 ; their conflict by liberty, 279; association of witb the Presbyterians, 406; gain culture and freedom, 279; their strengtb in parliament, 409; tbeir. architecture, 280; practical direc­ separation from tbe Presbyterians, tion of studies, 280; classicalleam­ 415; tbeir character and views, 415; ing, 281; useful arts, agriculture, respolISi ble for the trial and exe­ 281; civic patriotism, 282; dis­ cution of tbe king, 416 sensions, 282; Greek and Italian republics compared, 283; points of India, ignorance of the people, i. 6 ; resemblauce, 284 and n. ; their dif­ tropical climate adverse to tbeir ferent conditions, 285; diversities 1 elevation, i oppression of indus­ ~ the character of their society, trial classes, 8; influence of pbysical 285; in the relations of the nobles laws upon temperament, 8; danger . with the people, 286; disorders in from snakes and tigers, 9, n.; Eng­ Italian cities, 287; rarity of elo­ lish rule favourable to freedom, quence, 287; feudalism chief cause 13 [BraA1IUUU, Buddhirm, Cane., of their ruin, 288; chief cities and HindUl, Menu, Villag6 Comnnuniti6B ] their allies, 299; first blow to their Infidelity, the growth of, Introd. W. ; liberties dealt by Frederick Bar­ in France alone, the ally of de­ barossa, 300; the Lombard League, mocracy and revolution, lxii.; by 301; the rights of the confederate whom favoured, lxiii. cities secured by treaty of Con­ Inquisition, tbe, founded by Pope stance, 301 ; election of podeKtas, Innocent m., i. 267; its jurisdic. 301; ascendency of the nobles, tion and cruelty, 267 ; its tyranny 302; their factious violence, 302; over ccnscience and thongbt, 268 I Guelph and Ghibeline parties, 303 ; introduced in the Netherlands by the period after the peace of Con­ Charles V., ii. 33 stance, 303; strife of classes in the cities, 312; the new society over­ Intercourse, free, of nations, its re­ coming feudalism, 312; novilwmine. sults, Introd. xlviii. xlix. jn Rome and Italy, 313 ; mercenary International Society of Workmen, forces employed in cities of Lom­ the, establishment of, Introd: bardy, 314; the Cltndottisri, 314; lxviii; declares war against capi­ rulA of usurpers, 315; turbulenoe tal, its journals, lxviii.; congresses and ambition of nobles, 315; in­ held. lxix.; its local sections, and creased power of the signors, its their sentiments, !xix.; declaration abuse, 315; the ruin of Italian at Lyons, lxix. and n.; its leaders liberty completed by feuds of promoters of the Paris Commune, Guelphand Ghibeline, 316 ; family 1871, !xx. ; not favoured in Eng- ·feuds, 316; the tale of Imilda de ;'04 INDEX. ITA KIN LambertaZzi, 316, n.; republican Jacquerie, the, in France, ii. 88, 89 . sentiment ~oused by revival of· James L of England, his character. classical learning, 317 ; survival of his views of prerogative, ii. 367; Venice, 329; review of the reo: his treatment of the Commons, publics, 330; comparison of them 367; his treatment of the Puritans, with: despotisms, 331; Italian and 368 ; sanctions the illegal canons of Swiss liberties compared, 348, 349, n. Convocation, 368; bis relations to [Florence, Milan, PiBa, Venice, .$'0.] religious parties, 369; bis tolera­ Italy, Greek colonies in, i. 131, 132 ; tion of Popish recusants, 369; re­ geograpbical advantages of, 135; vives episcopacy in Scotland, 3iO overthrow of monarchies in, 136; [EI/gland] Roman conquest of, 153; various relations of the conquered races to James II., bis encroachments on Bome,' 1M; Roman and Latin liberty, 437, 438; deposed, 438 colonies, 1M ; discontent of Italians, Japan, its original civilisation, i. 24 ; 155; effects of conquest of, upon absolute power of the Mikado, 24 ; , society of Rome, 155; evil results introduction of European customs; . for Italy, 156; enfranchisement of 24; opening of a parliament, 24; Italian allies, 185; Italian war, 186; problem of free institutions await­ municipal' government conferred ing solution, 25 on the towns, 205; Teutoniccustoms Jesnits, the, in Switzerland, i •. 390 introduced by invaders, 225 ; bene­ [ Sotulerb'Knd] fited by the Crusades, 245; Saracen conquests and arts in, 259; takes Jeunesae tltwee, the, ii 194 the lead in the revival of learning. Jews, the, example of freedom in an 262; early rise of cities, 273 ; their Eastern race, i. 32; description of ancient origin, 273; Saracen and Palestine, 32; their early institu­ Hungarian settlements ill, 274; tions, 32; advantages derived building of city walls, 274; the from their captivity in Egypt, 33; feudal lords in, 275; weakness of Moses, 33; their commonwealth a Italian sovereigns, 276; fusion of theocratic federal republic, 34 ; po­ Northern races with Italians, 276 ; litical equality its declared prin­ distribution of lands, 277; growth ciple, 34, n.; their theocracy a free of republics, 277 ; social degeneracy state, 35; action of the prophets, under the tyrants, 319 ; character of 35, 36; the monarchy freely adop­ the tyrants, 320 ; tyrannicide, 321 ; ted, 36 ; popular power maintained devastation of the land, 329 i its througbout their history, 37; Jewish subjection to foreign rule, 329; its intellect, 37; their sacred writings, later fortunes, 331; united and free 38; example of association of in­ under Victor Emmanuel, 332; de­ telligence and freedom, 38; their velopment oflocal self-government, influence in promoting civilisation 332, n.; fortunes of Italy and the of Europe, 239 Netherlands compared, ii. 30, 31; John of Bohemia,resisted by Florence, a kingdom under Napoleon I., 216; i.308 state of, between 1830 and 1848, 272 ; sudden effects of French revo­ Jurists, European, their place in so­ lution of February, 1848, 274; war . ciety, their influence, i. 228, 229 for Italian unity begun by Charles' Albert, king of Sardinia, 275; services rendered to, by Lonis ING, ideal of a, ill heroic ages of Napoleon,312. [Italian .Rep'K.blic,] K Greece, i. 43; of Rome, 138; altered position of kings after the ACOBINS, the, it ,148, 156, 159, French Revolution, ii. 222; among J 161; maste!'s of France, 162, the Teutonic races.. 341 ; right of de­ 167; their aims, 172, 174,175,176;. posing assumed by the parliament the club closed, 195; socialist of Edward II., 348; of Ri~ II., • doctrines proelaimed by, 324 . 349; of James II., 438 ' INDEX. 505 LAC wu ACEDlEMONIANS and Athen. Levellers, the, ii. 4H; iJleir ohjects, L i&llll, differences between them, 420 and n. 1. 68 Leyden, siege of. by "the Spaniards, Lafayette, General, i1. 143; governor ii. 47; its university, 65 of Paria, 146; with Bailly, founds Liberty, civil and religious, first the Feuillants' Cluh.. 148 ; protects struggles for, i. 267 [Democrac!/, the king, U9; resigns command of .Freedom] National Guard, 166, 160; promotes Licinian Laws, i. 148, 149, n. formation of secret societies, 233, Li~ge, resists Philip the Good, ii. 22 ; 238; takes command of insurgents pillaged hy Charles the Bold, 22 of July, 1830, 242; his ambition, andn. 243; outwitted, 244; his death, Livius Drusus, his proposed reforms, 254, n. i. 184.; the laws annulled, 185; . Lafitte, ii. 242, 243; leadllr of Or­ assassinated, 185 leanists, 2U, 247 ; ministry of, 249 Loans, forced, levied by Edward IV., Lamartine, M., takes part in agitation ii. 354;. Henry vm, 355; Charles for reform, ii. 267; head of provi. 1.,376 aional government, 270; proclaims Locke, effects of his treatise on civil the republic, 271; maintains the government, Introd .•x1vii. n. fricolor, 283; his firmness, 285; convokes a National Assembly, 286 ; Lollards, the, 1. 266; the parents of prevents storming of the Hotel de Puritanism, ii. 350 Ville, 288 ; candidl/ote for the presi­ Lombard.League, the, i. 301; treaty dency, 291 .. of Constance, 301 Lamorici~re, General, commander of Lombards, the, in Italy, i. 225 the National Guard, ii. 270 Lords, ihe House of, ii. 346, 348, 353, Land, in England, loses its prepon. n., 358; passes bill of attainder derance as a national influence, ii. against Strafford, 387; rights of, 452; it8 relations to trade and attacked by the Commons, 390 ; reo manufactures, 453; alliance of, jects proposal to deprive bisbops of with the Church, 454; their policy their seats, 394; passes the bill, threatened, 455 391; enters into .the Rolemn League Larissa, a democracy, i. 58 and Covenant, 400; refuses to concur in appointment of High Laud, Archbishop, directs the Church Court of Justice for trial of Charles policy of Charles I., ii. 381 and n. ; I., 413 ; abolished by the Commons, counseisimposition of High Church 419; a second chamber called, ritnal upon the Scottish Kirk, 382 ; which takes the title of the Lords' impeached and sent to the Tower, Honse, 429; the House reinstated 387; executed, 400 at the Restoration, 436 [Pa.-Ua· La Vend~e, insurrection in, ii. 115, ment] 178; punished hy the Terrorists, Lot, choice of rulers by [AtM1I8, 185; insurrection suppressed, 200; Florence] attempt of the Duchess of Berri in, 251 LouisX1V.of France, his wars with the Dutch, ii. 75 ; abolishes all munici· uleague, the, in France, ii. 60, 62 pal elections, sells the offices, 91; Legion of Honour, the, ii. 213 suppresses provincial assemblies of Normandy, Anjou, &c., 94; the Legislative Assembly, the [.Francs, monarchy under him absolute, 95, P..,mc'" llmJolutUm.] 96 ; revokes Edictof Nantes, 96; his Leicester, Earl of, his expedition to court at Versailles, 99 ; his political the Netherlands, i1. 61 failures, 124 Lepidus, a leader of the Roman de. Louis XV., abolishes the Parliaments; mocracy, i. 194; member of the' ii. 95, 125; his reign and policy, . second triumvirate, 205 125,126 506 INDEX. LOU MAT Louis XVI., bis accession, ii. 127 ; his insurrection suppressed by Marshal character, 127, 172; his difficulties, Soult,251 128; convokes the States-General, Lysander reduces Athens, i. 90; 134 ; opens the meeting, 136; goes overthrows the democratic consli­ in state, threatens dissolution, 139 ; tution,91 visits Paris, 140; removed by force to Paris, 149; accepts the constitu­ tion, 150 ; his flight and arrest, 153, 154; his position, 157 ; puts on the llfACMAHON, Marshal, overthrows cap of liberty, 160; sent to the l' the Commune and takes Paris, Temple, 162; his trial proposed by ii. 328; President of the Republic, the Mountain, 169; his dignified 331; the Septennate, 332; dis­ conduct, 170; his defence, 170 and misses M. Jules Simon and repub­ n. ; found guilty, 171; his execution, lican ministry, 332 172 [F.·anoe, Frenoh .Revolution] Maastricht sacked by the Spaniards, Louis XVIII., ii. 221 ; restored to the ii. 49; taken by the Prince of throne, 224; his cha.ra.cter, 225; his Parma, 53 flight and second restoration, 225 ; Ma"ona Charta [Englm/d] a stranger to France, 227; his first Manners, influence of climate on, i. measures, 229; a ooup d'etat, 230; 244, n. his death, 234 Manufactures, conducive to political Louis Napoleon [F1'anoe, Napoleon, liberty, Introd. xlii. ; great develop­ Louis] ment of, and political influence in Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, be­ England, ii. 452; 453 comes king of France, ii. 244; ab­ Marat, ii. 163, 164, 166, 176, 178; dicates, 270 [FraMe] his socialist principles, 324 . Louis of Nassau seizes Mons, ii. 45 ; Marcel, Stephen, his career, ii. 89 his defeat and death, 47 Margaret, duchess of Parma Loyalty in France, decay of, ii. 227 ; [Xetkerlantls] of the English, 476, 477; effect of Marie Antoinette, queen of France, freedom upon, 477; associated with her execution, ii. 186 patriotism, 478; to George III., to George IV., 478; to William IV., Marignano. battle of, i. 347 479 ; to Queen Victoria, 479 ; illus­ Mariner's compass, the, i. 265 trated during the illness and re­ covery of the Prince of Wales, 479, Marins, seven times consul, 182; his 480 victories, 182 ; disbands his army, 183; leader of democratic party, Lucerne, its charters confirmed by 183; his policy and popular mea­ Rudolph of Hapsburg, i. 342; its sures, 183; the Apuleian laws, aristocratic constitution, 352; pea­ 183; his submission to the senate, sant war in, 371; an oligarchy, 184; appointed commander of 376; revolution of 1830, 388; the Eastern expedition, 187; defeated Jesuits admitted to control educa­ by Sulla, 187; joins Cinna and tion, 390; twice invaded by the takes Rome, 188 ; his proscriptions, franc-corps, 391; originates the. 188; consul with Cinna, death, .189 Sonderbund, 391; popular acts in, 399 Marseilles, under the Reign of Terror, ii. 185; royalist excesses at, 198, Luneville, treaty of, i. 383 229; attempt of the Duchess of Luther, leader of the Protestant Re­ Bern at, 251 formation, i. 269; his policy, 270 Marsilio of Padua, his political Lycurgns, institutions of, i. 63; a views, Introd. xxiii. n. social leveller, 65 Mary, duchess of Burgundy [Netkm'- Lyons, the· revolt and punishment of, landa] . ii. 184; royalist excesses at, 198 ; Match Tax, the, proposed by English INDEX. 507 MAD MOB government, resisted by the match. 248; its rise to power in England, make18, ILIld abandoned, ii. 468 360; education of, provided for by Maupas, M. de, made Prefect of Grammar Schools of Edward VL l'oHce by Louis Napoleon, ii. 300 and Queen Elizabeth, 361; its Maurice, Prince, cbosen president of increasing influence in England, 451 the executi ve council of the States· Milan, its antiquity, pre-eminence in GeDereJ of Holland, ii. 59; reor· war; i. 296; supremacy in Lom­ ganizes and takes command of the bardy, 296; resists the emperor army, 62, 63; takes Breda and Frederick Barbaross&, 300; the ot her towns, 63; opposes Bar. citizens banished, the walls razed, neveldt's peace policy, 68; his 300; rebuilt by the Lombard hatred of Barneveldt, violation of League, 301; expels the nobles, the constitution, 72 302; falls .mder the dominion of Maximilian, archduke of Austria' the Visconti, 3la; assassination of [Brufje., Nethll1"land'1 the duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Medici, SeJvestro de', chosen gonfa. 322; fate of the three conspirators, lonier of Florence, i. 310 322 ; dri v~s away the Austrians, ii. .-, Julian de', assassinated, i. 323 274 -, Lorenzo de', escapes assassination Millenarians, the, their aims, ii. 421 by the Pazzi, i. 823; supremacy in andn. f'lorence, and his muniticence, 326 ; Milton, his ideal of spiritueJ liberty, his alliance .with the King of ii. 431 and n. Naples, 327 Minerals, influence of discovery of, -, Cosmo de', banished from Florence upon political development, Introd. by RineJdo, last of the Albizzi, i. xlii.; in England, ii. 337, 453 324; expels the Albizzi ILIld becomes ruler of Florence, 324; his per. Mirabean, ii. 139, 143; warns the soneJ BScendency, his power king of danger, 149, 150, n. masked under popular forms, 3l!5 Moderation, religious, prevalence 'of, -, Peter de', succeeds Cosmo as Introd. lx. lxl. ; toleration the fruit ruler of Florence, i. 826; over· of its union with freedom, lxl. comes his riveJ Lucas Pitt;' 326 MoM, Count, his ministry, ii. 256; -, Peter de', succeeds Lorenzo, and member of National Assembly, is expelled ~om Florence, i. 327 289 _, Alexander de', nominated ruler of Monarchies, characteristics of, Introd. Florence by Pope Clement vn., i. liv. [(rl'eecB, Italy, 4'0.] 328; assassinated, 329 Monasteries, their literary services, i. Mencius, doctrines of, i. 16, 11· 254; indifference of the monks to Menn, ILIlcient laws of, i. 3, 4 classiceJ learning, 255 Metternich, Prince, his. flight from Monk, General, dissolves the Long Vienna, ii. 275 Parliament, ii. 433; assembles a. Middle class, how far qualified for new one, 434 ; his caution, 434 politiceJrule, Intred. Iv. n.; effect of Monopolies, in England, abolished, ii. its. union with the nobles, Iv.lLIld 37S n. ; defenders of property and order Moors, the . [SaracBnI] against excesses of democracy, lxiv.; absence of a, in China, i. Moreau, ii. 200 22; in Rome, 170; consequences of Morgarien, victory of the Swiss over its absence, 172, 217; holds entire Leopold, duke of Austria, at, i. 344 power of the Slate in the Dutch Republic, ii. 66; in France, repre­ Morny, Count de, made minister -of sented by' the WwrgB0i8i8, 112 ; reo the interior by Louis Napoleon, ii. liance of Louis Philippe on it, 300 508 INDEX. MOS NET Moses. i. 33; his theocratic federal Napoleon, Louis, contributes to llnity republic, 34 of Italy, i. 332 j his attempt at Mouutain, the, French revolutionary Strasburg, ii. 256 j his book, Lea party, ii. 157; rivals of the Gi· Idees Napoteoniennel, 259 j his rondists, 166, 167; project trial of descent on Boulogne, 260; im­ the king, 168, 169; their clamour prisoned at Ham, 260 j his escape, against him, 171 and n.; their tri­ 264 j member of National Assembly; 289 and n. j chosen president of the umph, 173 j the law against sus­ pected persons, 182; their cruelties, , republic, 291 j his ambition, 292 183 [Jilrllnch RevoZ:ttion] and n. j his popularity with the army, ~96 j proposes extension of Mountains; their' influence upon so­ the suffrage, 298 j his speech to ciety and freedom, Introd. xxxix j • officers of the army, 298 j distrusted hinder a."crri'culture and commerce, by the Assembly, 298; prepares the xxxix. ; characteristics of mountain . cO'UP d'etat, 300; his confederates, races, xl. [S'lVitztwZand] 300; executes the CO'Itp d'etat, Municipia, their various relations to 301; accepts imperial crown as Rome, i. 154 . Napoleon m., 308 j marries Eu­ ~nie de Montijo, 309; his war­ Murat, made king of Naples, ii. 217 like ambition and failures, 312, Ai usic, church, of the Revival, its 313 j appoints a liberal ministry, character, i. 263, 264 316; goes to war with Prussia, 317 ; captured with his army at Sedan, ANTES, the 1wllatkl of, ii. 185, deposed, 317; deposition of him 186 and his dynasty voted by National N Assembly at Bordeaux, 321; his Naples, threatened insurrection in, ii. death,330 [France] . 274 Naseby, battle of, ii. 404 Napoleon Bonaparte, his conquest of Venice, i. 330; conquest of Italy, National Assembly [F1'ance, F"enell 331; system 'of government and RevoZu;tiQn ] administration, 332 ; takes military National Convention [French Revo­ occupation of Switzerland, 384; '''tWn] appoints a commission on its future National Guard, of France, disbanded government, 384; his Act of by Charles X., ii. 237; fights Mediation, 385; takes Toulon, ii. against his troops, 241 j defection 185; defends the Convention, 199 j , of, February 1848, 269; supports commands army of Italy, 201; ex­ the Commune, 322 pedition to Egypt, 203; returns, Nature, influence of its grandeur· and 206 j his relations with Sieyes, 206; terrors on freedom, Introd. xxxiv. j the OO'/tP d'etat, 18 Brnmaire, 206 j i til terrors dispelled by religion, First Consul, 209; his rule, 211; xxxv. attempt to assassinate him, 211; re-establishes the Catholic churp.h, Navigation Act, English, passed to 212 j first consul for life, emperor, injure Dutch commerce, ii.74 213 ; crowned by Pope Pius VII., and n. 214 j has no faith in the reyolution, Necker, M., ii. 130 j his C01npt/J rIJndrt, 215; his military ambition, 216; 131; recalled, 134 j dismissed and named 'The Great,' 216 j his banished, 140; recalled, HI domination over Europe, 217 j Netherlands, the, twofold illustration divorced from Josephine, 217 j of democracy in history of, ii. 1 ; marries Marie Louise of Austria,' character of the country, 1, 2; 218 j birth of the King of Rome, Dutch sailors, 2; early races of, 3 j 218 j decline of his fortunes, 218, their early history, 4; feudalism 219 j abdication, Elba, 220 j his aud the church, 4; decline of return, 225 j Waterloo, 225 j his re­ feudalism, growth of cities,/;; mains removed from Ilt. Helena to development of commerce, 6 j of the Invalides, 259 manufactures and the industrial INDEX. 509 . NET NET arts, 6; population of the great 38; .effortsof nobles and people, 39 ; cities in the fourteenth century,1; confeder8()Y of Lea G=, 3i; a early constitution of the towns, 1, mission to Philip, 39; fate of the en­ 8; the trade guilds, 8; the burgo­ voys, 39, n.; continued barbarities. master and the baron, 9; local dis­ 39; the Iconoclasts, 40; mission of advantal!'es of thet barons, 9; the Duke of Alva with a Spanish army, country ill-suited for defence, 10 ; 40; dissolution of the confederacv character of the burghers, 10, 11, of nobles, 40; Counts Egmont and 12 and n.; influence of trade. Horn executed, 41; Alva's Council guilds, 13; jealousies of rival cities, of Blood, its proceedings and its 13; the nohles as citiaens, 14; victims, 41 ; & reign of terror, 41 ; military prowess of the towns, 15 ; Alva made governor, 42; all the runfedemtion of towns, 15; Ghent. inhabitants condemned to death by and James van Artevelde, 16; the the Inquisition, the decree con­ }'Iemings take part with Edward firmed by Philip, 42; efforts of the III. in war with France, 16; Prince of Orange, 43; failure of Philip van Artevelde, 17; guilds of the first campaign, 43; continued the Flemish cities, 17, 18; factiens, oppression, 44; a mock amnesty 18; improved culture, 19; Guilds proclaimed, 44; outbreak of the of Rhetoric, 19; painters and great revolt, 45; congress of architects, 20; the cities repre­ Dort, 45; the massacre of St. len ted in the Estates, 20; Ilharac­ Bartholomew, 45; retirement of teriat ica of freedom, 20; changes Orange to Holland, 45; retirement of dynasty, 21; increasing power of Alva, 46; Don Luis de Requesens of the IOvereigns, 21; House of governor, 46; another mock am­ Burgundy, 21; tyranny of Charles nesty, 46; siege of Leyden, 47; the Bold, 22; the' Great Privilege,' fruitless negotiations for peace at 23; becomes a considerahle State, Breda, 47; allegiance to Philip 23 ; constitution of the Estates, 23; renounced, 48; congress of Delft, becomes, by the marriage of the 48; foreign aid withheld, 48; Duchess Mary with Archduke Maxi­ mutiny ·of Spanish troops, 49; milian, an inheritance of the House congress of Provincial Estates at of Hapshurg, 24; the charters Ghent, 49 ; the' Spanish Fury,' 49 ; annulled, 24 ; death of the Princess pacification of Ghent, 49, 50; Don Mary, rehellion against the arch­ John of Austria, governor, his con­ duke, 24; invaded by the emperor, cessions, 50; ascendency of Prince 26 ; Philip the Fair, by his marriage of Orange, 51; new Union of with Johanna of Spain, brings the Brussels, 61, 52; defeat of· the country under rule of Charles V., Dutch at Gemblours, 52; death of 25; character of his rule, 28; new Don John, appointment of the taxation, 28; rebellion of Gh9llt, Prince of Parma, 52; defection of its punishment, 29; liberties of, in the five Walloon provinces, 53; the abeyance, 30; fortunes of Italy Union of Utrecht, 53; divided and the Netherlands compared, sovereignty, 55; the Duke of 30, 31; impending struggle for Anjou, 56, 66; trea.son of Anjou, religious liberty, 31 the • French Fury,' 56, 51 ; assas­ - Persecution of Protestants by sination of the Prince of Orange, Charles V., 33; the Inquisition in­ 58; Parma called to serve in troduced, 33; Philip IL of Spain, France, 62; decline of Spanish 35; the persecution continued, 35 ; power, 63; sovereignty of Spanish demands and remonstrances of the provinces abdicated by Philip II., Estates, 35; regency of Duchess . and given to· the Infanta Isabella Margaret of Parma, .35; Cardinal and Archduke Albert, 64; state of Granvelle, 36 ; confronted hy the Spanish provinces, 65, 70; their William, Prince of Orange; 36; constitution, 71; united with Hol­ rapid spread of the Reformation, land to form new kingdom of the 3i ; severities of Philip, 38; oppo­ Netherlands, 80; continued free­ sition pf <;Jounts Egmont and HQrn. dom of, 83 [Belgium, Holland]) ... 510 INDEX. NET PAR Netherlands, kingdom of the, con­ family from the Stadtholderate,74, stituted, ii. 80; constitutional 75; constitutional monarchy of the monarchy established in house of Netherlands established in the Orange, under William V., 80; family, 80 [Holland, NetluYrla"ds, causes of estrangement of Holland Tile, William of Nassau, William and Belgium, 81; insurrection in III.] Belgium, 1830, 82; separation of Orange societies, formed by Protes­ Holland aud Belgium, 82 tants, ii. 460; suppressed, 460, 464 NeufcMtel joins the Swiss Confede­ Oratory, its services to the Greeks, ration, i. 386 i. 46; study of, at Athens, 102; Newport, the treaty of, ii. 411 a fine art, 103; at Rome, 162; of advocates, 163; flourishes only in Newspaper stamp, in England, abo- free States, 164; limited freedom of, lished, ii. 456 . under the Roman empire, 219 ; Teu­ N ey, Marshal, the trial of, ii. 229 tonic, 224; rarity of, in Italian re­ and n. publics, 287; power of, compared Noncoirl'ormists, modem, Introd. lxi. ; with books, ii. 148, D. the firmest supporters of political Orgetorix, Helvetian chief, i. 335 liberties, lxii. ; rise of, in England, Orleans, Duke of (Egalitk), ii. 129, ii. 364; persecuted by James I., 368 143, 147 and n.; executed, 186; [l'luoitanB] Louis Philippe becomes king of the Normaus, the, their origin and civi­ }'rench,244- lisation, ii. 344 j their conquest of Orleans, Duchess of, with her sons, England, 344 appears in the Cjlamher of Depu. ties, ii. 270 CHLOCRACY, i. 54 O O'Connell, Mr., leader of the Re­ Ostend, the siege of, ii. 66 peal agitation, ii. 463 Ostracism, introduced at Athens by Octavius (Augustus), member of se­ Cleisthenes, i. 72; its principle in­ cond triumvirate, i. 205; heir of defensible, 72; comparison with Cresar, secures the empire at impeachment and attainder, 73 Actium, 206; consolidation of his Aristotle's views of it, 73; Plu­ tarch's, 72, 73, nn. power, 206 Ogulnian Laws, the, i. 149, n. ADILLA, Don Juan ae [ClUtile, Olgiati, takes part in the assassination Toledo] of the Duke of Milan, i. 322; his P punishment, 322 . Paganism, decline of, in Greece, i. • 112; opinion of Polybius, 112; de­ Oligarchy, i. 52 ; established at cline of, in Rome, 170 Athens by Peisander, 88; over­ Pamphlets, political, multitude of, thrown, 89 j at Rome, a military, under the Commonwealth, ii. 435, 193, 194 436 Omar Kbayy8.m, Persian poet, i. 15, n. Paper, invention of, i. 265, n. Opinion, public, a dominating force in every State, Introd. lvi.; most Paper duty, in England, abolished, powerful in free States, lvi.; its ii.456 organs in England, lvi., n.; its Papists. [ C1WR'C4 of Rmne] uses in the government of a State, Paris, rebellion in, ii. 90; the parlia­ lviii. j its forne in England, ii. 456 ment of, 95; concentration of Orange, the House of,William, Prince power in, 97, 98; the parliament of Orange, 36-58; marriage of exiled to Troyes, 133; arrest of William II. with the Princess Royal two of its members, 133; concen­ of England, ii. 73; his arrest of tration of troops on, 140; condi­ deputies, attempt on Amsterdam tion of the city, 145; its govern­ and death, 73 j exclusion of'the ment and people, 145,146; attempts INDEX. 511 PAR PAT to maintain order, H7; the clubs, solution passed, 392; attempts at U8 ; the Commune, 162; advance accommodation with the king, of the Pru.ssiane tDward.. 163 ; 393; supported by the city of Lon­ inenrreetion in. 241; another, 261 ; don, 394; the Puritan party. 395, declared in a state of siege, 262; 396 ; divided counsels, 399, 400 ; the fortiJicatione constructed, 261 ; extreme party in power, 400; en­ military occupation of, 268; insur­ ters into the Solemn League and rection, Feb. 1848, 269; retnrns Covenant. 400; its severities against six Socialist candidates to the delinquents, 406; its contlict with Assembly, 295; declared in a the army, 406; overcome by state of siege by Louis Napoleon, Cromwell, 401; resolves to receive 302 ; maseacre on the Boulevards, no further communications from 304; reconstruction of, by Napo­ the king, 409; fresh negotiations leon IIL, 8l1i; capitUlates to the opened by Presbyterian party. 411 ; Germans, 820; entered by German opposed by the army, 411; • Pride's troops, 321; insurrection of the Purge,' U2; the remnant devoted Commune, 821. 822; siel!'e of, be· to Cromwell, 412; dissolved by trun by authorities at Versailles, him, 423; Barebone's Parliament 823; the city burnt by the Commu­ nominated, 423; and dissolved, nists, 328 [h_,l+6ftc4 RtJt:O­ 42~ ; a new one meets, and is dis­ IrttWn, '89] solved, 426; another called, 427 ; Parliament, the English, originated in exclusion of a hundred members, the Suon witenagemOt, ii. 343 and 428; a seconq Chamber. *29: revi­ n.; the Commons first represented val of the Long Parliament- (the in it, 847; its inereesing power Rump), 432, 433; its dissolution by under Edward I., 848; assumes General Monk, 433; subservience right of deposing the king (Ed. of, under James n., 437; power of, ward n.), and again (Richard IL), to depose a king, recognised by the 348, 84!!; assumes its present form revolution of 1688, 439 and n.; its under Edward m., 848; its right authority eularged under William to advise the king in matters of m., 440; electoral corruption, 442 ; peace and war established. 34.8; its publication of the debates, 448 and privileges defined, 349; dommated 455 [ Cho,rle, L, CO'11/,f1tOnB, Lord,] by the baron.. 363; rarely assem­ bled under Edward IV., 864; its Parliament, the ·Short., the Long influence revived under Richard m., [England] set aside under Henry vn., 864; Parliaments, the, of France, ii. 94; subservient to Henry VIll., 356, claim a veto upon acts of the CrOWD, 356; under Mary undoes its own 94; their contumacy overcome by work, 357; reaBl'erts itself under a lit de ju.rtice, and banishment, 94, Elizabeth, 368; and under James 96; form a barrier against arbi­ L; dissolutions of, by James I., 371; trary power, 95; their numbers and not assembled for six years, 372 ; jurisdiction, 95 andn. ; abolished, 95, new, dissolved, 372 ; the great 125 ; recalled, 128 ; superseded, 160 struggle between prerogative and Parma, the Prince of, governor of the popular power begun by the Long Netherlands, ii. 62; succeeds in de­ Parliament, 386 ; the Triennial BiII taching the Walloon provinces passed, 385; proposal for annual from the Union, 53; takes and se· meeting of, 386, n. ; assumes extra­ verely punishes Maestricht, 53; ordinary powers, 388 ; appointment attempts to seduce the Prince of of committees, 888, 389. proceeds Orange, 63; called to serve in against delinquents, 388 andn., 389; France, 62; his death, 68 passes ordinances without assent of the king, 389,390; its revolutionary Parthenon, the, i. 83 spirit, 390; intolerant of petitions, 391; committees on grievances, pastoral States, wanting in elements 391 ; popular leaden supported by of freedom, lntrod. xxxvi. mobs, 392 and n.; Act against dis- Patricians, the [.Rome] 512 INDEX. PAY PIL Payment for publie services, intro- ' n.; condition of the people, lSi; duced at Athens by Pericles, i. 81 ; literature, 15 consummation of scbeme of demo­ li'ersigny, cOnfederate of Louis NapO'o' cracy, 82; a system of State bribery, leon in the coup d'etat,ii. 300 . • 120 Petition, the right of, hi Engiand, Pizzi, The [.l"lorcnec] first asserted. ii. l!91 ; restricted by , Peasant proprietors, classes and po­ the Commons before the civil war,' litical character of, Introd. xxxviii.; 391 ", ' " effect of small holdings, xxxviii.; Petition 'of Right, the, made law, ii. in France, ii. 105; in England, ii. 371 . . 349, 353, 360 Philip n. of I:lpain, becomes sovereigU Peasant war, the, in Switzerland, i.' .of the Net,herlands, ii.· 35 iCOn,­ 370,371 tinuesthe persecution of Protes-'._ Peasants, poverty of the, ~ France, tallts, 35 ; his secret agreement with " before the Revolution, ii. 106 Henry II.. of France, 36; his seve' Peerage, hereditari, in France, abo>' rities, di.recits tort~: of Flemish· lisbed, ii. 150; restored by Napo­ Protestants, 38; sends Alva.with a leon Bonaparte, 216; Chamber of ' Spanish. army, 40 ; by proclamation. Peers reconstructed by Louis XVIII. directs' ,immediate Ilxecution of and made hereditary, 229; abo­ sentence of the Inquisition against lished under Louis Philippe, 250 inhabitants of the N etherlands,,42 ; insists that the ·Catholic faith be Peisander, his plot against Athenian restored in the :Netherlands, 47; democracy, i. 88 ; supported by the pllblishes civil excoll).1Xluni'cation of clubs, 88; assassinations, 88;' sets the Prince of Orange, 54; forms up l1ew Council of Four Hundred, nlliance with the French League, 89 ; hip constitution o\·erthrow!?-. 89, 60; seizes Britjsh ships, .plans in­ Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens, i. 70, vasion of England, 61 ; the Spanish Armada dispersed, 62; attempts Peloponnesian War, the, its result, i •. conquest of France, 62 l makes 90 .' peace with Henry IV., 63 l abdi­ Pericles, his reforms at Athens, i. 74, cates sovereignty of the Nether­ 86; strips the Areopagus of its lands, 64; his death, 64 powers, 75 ; vests administration of jlrstice in the dicasteries, 75; in­ Philip the Bold. Duke of Burgundy, troduces payment for military ser­ sovereign of Flanders and Brabant, vices, 80; for service in the judica­ ii.21 ture, 81; for attendance at' the Philip the- Good, Duke of Burgondy, assemply, 81; promotes public extends his dominion in the works, 83 ; completes fortifications, Netherlands, ii. 21; conquers and builds the Parthenon, 83; estab­ punishes Ghent; 22 lishes the TlulIYricon, 84; his policy Philip the Fair, sovereign of the as a statesman, 85 ; its evil results, Netherlands, ii. 25; his marriage 86; favours commerce, 86; his with Johanna of Spain, 25 ,funeral orat.ion quoted, 98; true type of a Greek leader, 99; go­ Philip of Cleves, commands the Flem­ vernmen~ by the first citizen, 99, n. ings in war against the emperor, [Atlutn8] • . ii.25 Perier, Casimir, ii. 241, 247; ministry Phamicians, the, commerce and cul­ of, 249 ; his death, 253 ture of, i. 29; federation of cities, Persecution, religious, apolitical 29; little known of their institu­ crime, ii. 33; a neW" form of· ty­ tions,80 ranny,34 Pichegru, ii. 200 l president of ,the Persia., absolutll government in, i. 14 ; Council of Five Hundred, 201; castes, 14, n.; administration by arrested, 202 satraps, 14; primeval religion,.14, Pilnitz, t,he Deoiaration of, ii. 166 ' INDEX.. 513 PIS • PUB Pisa, t 1193 P.irge,' 412f· tPeit separation from Plwr Tn., Pope, crown& Napoleon I. the Independents, 415; the minis· . emperor, ii. 214; deposed by Napo- ters ejected .from their livings at • leon,21T' . • the RestoratiQu. 436 PteBB, Pi us IX., .Pope, grant. .. :representa­ the, its p-owing influence in tive constitution to the· Roman England, ii. 4H. political educa­ Statea, ii. 1174 ; eompelled to declare tion promoted 'liy 'publication of war against Anama, 2H the debates in parlfament, 455; freedom of, established; ~8; a Plain, the, French political party, ii. democratic force iii. the . monaro 1~7 " chy, 457; the services of cheap Plebeians, the [.lWm6] literature, 457; inftuence of, com­ pared with political associations, Plebiscite, iJJe, introduced in'France, 468 [CImHr'kip] ii. 210, n.; after the IJOtip d'etat, 306, 307; the second empire e8tab· Printing, iJiv~tion Qt,'i. 266 . lished by, 308' ..' '. 'Proi!cription,at Athens, by the Thirty Pny:x, the, Athens, i,'89. ~. . • Tyrants. i. 91; at Rome, by Sulla, at 187; by Marius, 188; anestablished Poligne.e, the 'Prince de, hi. ministry, init.lrolII.eBt of pa.:rties, 188 ; by ii. 238 I his trial and condemnation, Sulla; 190 ; by the triumvirs, 206 249 . :Protestants, the ;[ Orangs' &cfetie8, Political' ·associatibn. in England, MOf'I7UItion] . originated, ii,. 457; repressed, 458; Proteotorate, the [Oromn;ell, Oliver, their growing force, 4liB ; inftuence and Richard] of, compared with the press, 458; dauger8 of vast assemblages, 459; l'rondhon. Socialist, member of p;o. later examples, 460-469 . visional government of France, ar· rested, ii. 289; member of the Polity, a form of government, i. 159 '. Assembly, 289 . Pompey, Cneius, one of the clllefs of Provineial .Government, Roman, ia· the oligarchy, i. 193, 194; joins the troduced after conquest of Sicily, democracy, 195; commander in the i. 157; consequences of, 166; 'im­ East, 195; :returns to Italy, 196; punity of governors, 1'T4; appoint. allies himself with C-a.:r, 197; his ment of judicial colllDlitteQ to heat quarrel with Clodins,199; triumvir, complaints, 1740 proconsul in Spain, 200; dictatx>r, 201 ; rivalry with Creaa.:r, 201 ; de· Prussia; the king signs the DecIa.:ra­ feated at PharsallUl, slain in Egypt, tion of Pilnitz, ii. 164; joins with 202 Austria ill' wa.:r against France, 161; revolution in, 1848, 271 . Popes of Rome, the [~] Publilian Laws, the, i. 149, n. Piesbyterians, the, rise of, in· Eng. land, ii. 364; their :republican Punic Wars, the; i. 157 . spirit, 364; the Scottish Kirk Puritans, the modern, less austere, founded by the people, 370 and n. ; Introd. llcil;. the earl, Puritans a High Church ritual forced on the maintainers' of public liberties, Kirk by Cha.:rles I., 382; they rebel, lxii.; founders of American :reo 382, 384; their distrust of Cha.:rles public, hii.; compa.:red with the I., 393; in Scotland :reCOl'et their Stoics, i. 160,. 161; followers of old forms,. 395; lose their BBCen· Calvin, ii. S62; their cba.:racter, dency by the Self.denying Ordi· S6S; di1ferent sects of, S64; their nance, 403; their generals super. political viewlI S'64; their jealousy seded, 403; their polit,. introduced of .Catholics and the grounds for in England, 405; conftict with the it, 365; confront Elizabeth, 365 ; Independentlt, 406; opea fresh ne· treatment of, by James I." 368, gotiations with the king, 411; e;x. 370; provocation of,' b,. High cluded from pa.:rliament by' Pride's Church prelates, 378;. persecution VOL. II. L L 514 INDEX. PYM REV' of, 381; their-despair. and emigra­ 60; in Hungary and Austria, free­ tion, 382; inflamed by religious dom of worship granted to Pro­ grievances, 394; growth of their testants by the emperor, 69; in influence, 395; revolutionary spirit England, effected by Henry VIII., sustained, 395; representatives of 855; its course, 857 [ Calvin, democracy,395, n.; aim at overthrow [Swills Confederation] of episcopacy, 396; their ministers ejected from their livings under Regicide, in England, ii. 414; the Act of Uniformity, 436; severe religious character of the regicides, laws against them, 436 [Pre8by­ 415; the French regicides, 415, 416 [TlI:rannicide] . teriam, Indep~ndentB] Pym, committed by James I., ii. 372 ; Reign of Terror, the [French Revo­ :one of the five members arrested lution] by Charles I., 396 Religion, the ally of freedom, Introd. xxiv. ACE, influence of, upon social and Remonstrance, the Grand, to Charles R political. development, Introd. I. voted by the COmmons, ii. 894 xliii.; varieties of mankind, xliii. and notes; the Teutons and the Repeal of the Union, agitation for, in 'Celts contrasted, xliv., xlv,; dis­ Ireland, ii. 463; agitation revived, tinctive characters of early races monster mlletings, 463;· their traceable in their descendants, xlv. failure, 464 Red Republicans, the [F"OIfICB] Representation, need 'of; at Athens, i. 110; unknown in Greece, 130; Referendum, the [&viss Clm/edM'a­ approximations to, 130; reserved tion] for modem times, 181; principle Reform, paTliamentary, in France, of, involved in the scheme of Caius agitation for, ii. 258; becomes the Gracchus, 179; Roman senate foremost question, 262; proposals made a representative body, 191; in the Chamber, 263; resistance to, need of, at Rome, 215; principle of 263, '2641 agitation revived, 266; the r8ferttndwm in Swiss cantons banquets, 266, 267; in England, inconsistent with, 400; in Spanish Cromwell's Act, 425; agitation for, kingdoms, ii. 26; adopted in the 462; the Reform Acts of 1832 Netherlands, 52; under William passed, 462; of 1867 and 1868, 473; III., a fiction, 442 Ballot Act of 1872,473 [France] Requesens, Don Luis de [1\'8tker­ Reform League,the, its procession lands] of Trades' Unions, ii. 471 [Hyde Reviem, . the EtlinwllIl'gh, Quart81'ly, PIWk] and W8stmimter, their services to Reformation, the Protestant, i. 269 ; political education, ii. 455, n. its effects upon freedom, Introd. Revival of learning, the, character xlvi. i. 269; prevails among Teu­ of, i. 262; Italy foremost in, 262; tonic races, 269; political views its emancipation of the intellect, . of the reformers, 270; forms the 262; its services to religion,. its commencement of a revolutionary church music, 263; revival of origi- . period, 272; in Switzerland, 366; nal thought, 264 ' in Geneva, 367; its moral effects, 368; its political results, 369; Revival, ecclesiastical, in Church of social improvements, 369; hos­ Rome, Introd. lix. lx.; in Church tility of Charles V. to it, ii. 32; ·of England, lx. . its extent, strength in Germany, . Itevolution, the Glorious, of 1688 82; persecution of Protestants in [England] .. - . the Netherlands, 38 ; toleration of .Protestants secured by diet of Revolutionary movements, rapid Augsburg, 34; n.; the French spread of, in Europe, Iutrod. xlix.; League' against the Protestants, ii. 244, 2,74 .- INDEX. 515 aD RO)[ RIJl'ni.h League, the, i. lI5l1; its lished, 154 j colonies, 154; patrician alliance with the cities of Swabia, influence maintained, 166; effects 252 . of Italian conquest upon society of Richelieu, overthrows feudalism in Rome, 155; progressive Condition France, ii. 81; attempts to abolish of the republic, 166; the Punic provincial assemblies, 94 Wars, 167 j disasters, courage and 'Rienzi, i. 811; as tribune of the constancy, 168; Roman virtues, people, revives the Roman republic, 168, 169, n.; Rome a religion to 818 the people, 168, n. ; influence of the Stoic philosophy, 159; Roman Robespierre, ii. 143, 165, 166, 116; Stoics and English Puritans com. hi.. ascendency, 188; a fanatic, pared, 160 j faults of Roman cha­ 189; highpriest of the republic of racter, 161 j public life in, com· t he virtues, 190; decline of his pared with Athens, 162; courts of power, 191; his fall, 192; execu· justice, advocates, 163 tion, 192,193 - Effects of conquests upon the re­ Rollin, Ledru, hi. schemes resisted by public, 165; political reaction of Lamartine, ii. 286; candidate for the patricians, 166 j consequences the presidency, 291 of standing armies, and of pro­ vincialru1e, 166; beoomes capital Romans, the, in Britain (E'I{/lantl] of an empire, 167 j social changes, Rome, differences in the genius of the class of clients, 167. the popu­ Greeks and Romans, i. 134, 135; lace, 167; growth of corruption, institutions of the monarchy, 136; 168 r public amusements, 16i! , the public domains, 137; classifi­ orderly government disturbed by cation of oitizens, 138 i its basis, factions and tumults, 168: CatG the property, 138; the national reli­ Censor, 169 j increase of luxul}', gion, 138, 139, n. ; 'COnsuls, conati· lQ9; Greek arts and refinements, tution of the republic, 139 and n. ; 169 ; decline of paganism, 170 ; want' the priesthood, 140 i the senate, of a middle class, 170; the public ita constitution and extensive domains cultivated by slaves, 171 ; powers, HI, 142 j patrician cha­ agrarian discontents, 112: de­ racter of the republic, 143; public pendence and corruption of the virtues of the patricians, 143; poor, 172; relations of debtor and their ascendency, IH i frequent creditor, 173; demoralization of assassination of citizens, 1H ; slavery, 173;- resistance to abllS8S, haughty bearing of patricians 174 j impunity of provincial go­ towards plebeians, 145; tactics of vernors, 174 ~ undue influence of delay, 146, n. j growth of demo­ the nobles, the ballot, 174 j appeals cracy, 146 j secession to the to the populace, 174; measures of Mou &Ow, new oonstitution, 141; Tiberins Gracchus, tribune, 175; tribunes of the people, 141 j privi­ his agrarian law, 175; his death, leges acquired for the plebeians, 177 ;.beginning of anarchy, 171 j 147; laws of the Twelve Tables, Caius Gracchus, tribune, 117; his 148; further adTance of plebeian measures, 177, 118, 179; his death, privileges, 148; consulate opened 180; the memory of the Gracchi, to plebeians, 148; and other 181; patrician advances to the high offices, 149; canvassing for­ people, 181: danger of military bidden, 149; union of the senate dictation, 182: Marius, 182; Apu. ,. with old plebeians, 160; checks leian laws, 183; popular election . upon the comitia, 161 j Mamian • of Pontifex' Maximus. 183; re­ laws, 161 i extension of popular covery, of power by the senate, suffrage, 151 j redress of grievances 184: reforms proposed by Livius by Licinian and other laws, 152 j DrusuS; 184; enfranchisement of fusion of the old and new aria. Italian allies, 185 t Italian war, ,tocracy, 152 j atruggle of classes, ,tate of Rome after the war, 186 ; 163 j conqueat of Italy, lIi3 j vari- reforms,of P. Sulpicius Rufus, 186 j • ous forms of government estab· Sulla, master of Rome, .187; pro· LL2' 516 INDEX_ ROM seo scription, and reactionary policy, pire, 219; demoralisation of Ro­ 187; his policy reversed by Cinna, mans, 220; infiuence of traditions 187; oivil war, the city taken of Rome upon civilisation of Eu­ by Marius and Cinna, 188; pro­ rope, 227, 228; its political condi­ scriptions, 188; Cinna and Marius tion in the twelfth century, 317; consuls, 189; dictatorship of Sulla, revival of the republic by Arnold 189; proscriptions,.190; reactionary of Brescia, 317; removal of the measures, tbe senate recruited, 190 ; popes to Avignon, the consequent novi lIom,i1l88, 191 ; other measures anarchy, 318 ; strife of the Colonna of Sulla, 192; a military oli­ and Orsini, 318; revolution of garchy, 193; its chiefs, 193; chiefs Rienzi, 318; government of the of the democracy, 194; Pompey, bannerets, 318; return of the popes, 194; ascendency of the oligarchy, 319; their tyranily, 319 194; Pompey and the democracy, 195; overthrow of the constitution Roncaglia, Diet of, i. 300 of Sulla, 195; Cresar, Crassus, and Rouen, rebellion at, ii. 90 Cicero bid for popularity, 195; con­ Roundheads, the, their character as spiracy of Catiline, 196; Cato the younger; 196 soldiers, ii. 404 - Alliance of Cll'Sar and Pompey, Rousseau, his philosophy, the apostle 197; Ca'lsa.r's popular measures, 198; of social reconstruction, ii.-118 his military commands, 198; victo­ Rudolph of Hapsburg; confirms the ries, 199; anarohy in the city, 199 ; chartem of Swiss toWllSi i. 342 triumvirate of Pompey, ClllSar, and Crassus, 200; the patrician party, Rump, the [PUJrliunne-nt, Th8 Englull] 201; dictatorship of Pompey, 201 ; Russia, social changes progressing in, rivalry pf Pompey and ClIl9ar, 201 ; Introd. xlvii: C:esar master of Rome, 202; the usurper slain, 205; anarchy, 205; battle of Philippi, 205; battle of ~T. ARNAUD, General, minister of Actium, 206; under Octavius, 206; I.) war to Louis Napoleon, ii. 298 consolidation of his power, 206; St. Just, ii. 169, 181, 184, 189 transition from the republic to the San Marino, smallest of Italian re­ empire, 207; growth of If bureau­ publics, i. 330 cracy, 208; organi~ation of astand­ inlt army, 208; imperial taxation, - Saracens, the, civilisation of, i. 257 ; 208; homage paid by emperorS" to . the schools of Bagdad, 257; their freedom, 209; causes of the fall of culture introduced into Europe, the republic, 209; defects of the 258; its limited infiuence, 258; in government, 210; never a pure de­ Italy, 259, 274 mocracy, 210; conflicts of judica­ Savonarola [Flor6noe] ture, 211 ; irregular forces1lf demo­ cracy, 211; its share in the faU of Savoy, the Duke of, his office of the republic, 212; anarchy re­ vidome of Geneva abolished, i. 367 plleSSed by the sword, 213 ; faults in Schaffhausen, its charters confirmed institutions, 213; position of the by Rudolph of Hapsburg, i. 342 ; senate, 213 ; irregular action of the its mixed constitution, 354; domi­ oomitia, 214; need of representa­ nation of the towns, 387 tion, 215 ; attributes of the senate, Schoolmen, the, how far favourable to 215; concentration of powers ori­ liberty, i. 240, n. ; their studies and ginally divided, 216; need of a di­ services, 260 vision of powers, 216; social causes of political failure, 217; corruption Schweitz, its contest with abbot of of morals, 217, 218; demoralisation Einsidlen, i. 339 ; one of the Forest under the empire, 218; domination Cantons, 343 [S,toitz6rland] of the army, 218; intellectual de­ . Scotland, rebellion in, under Charles velopment of Augustan age, .219; 1.• ii.382; peace of Berwick,renewed freed.om of thought under the em- disorders, 3SS; rebellion renewed. INDEX. 517 8EA SPA 384; lleCl'et treaty concluded by Six Acta, the, passed, ii. 451 Charles L with the Scota, 410; Slavery, among the Greeks, at Athens, Scottish inV88ion of England, 410 ; i. 114; in Rome, 173 j servile wars the Prince of Wales proclaimed 173 ' king in, 422 ; parliamentary union with England effected by Crom­ Socialista, the, in France, ii. 248,257 j well, 426; democratic movement their ~.creasing power, 283 ; form in, 450 a proVl8lOnai government which is immediately overthrown, 289; in­ Sea, the, its infl uence upon freedom, surrection of June 1848, suppressed Introd. xl.; i. 68, 71 by Cavaignac, 290 j early traces of Sedan, the battle of, ii. S11 Socialism, 323 j its doctrines pro­ claimed by the Jacobins, 324; Selden, committed by Ch&rles L, ii. popularised by Rousseau, 324 ; par­ S19 tially carried out in the Revolution Sempach, victory of the· Swiss over of 1189, 324 j and in Revolution of Leopold m.. Duke of A\18tria, at, 1848, 325 ; first in the ascendent in i. 3U; decree of, 8U Paris Commune, 325 (lJommw,nUt" I nt8'f'1latitnusl ,society] Senate, the, of Rome, ita constitution and powers, i.141; directed entire Socrates, his teachings and his death, policy of the State, 142; ita high i.l05 character, 142; Comte's view of it, Soleure, its cbartera confirmed by and Cicero's, 142, n. ; alliance with Rudolph of Hapsbmgt i. 342; its old plebeians, 150 ; deprived of eeto aristocratic constitution, 353 j pea­ upon pkJlJUcita, 150; loss of respect sant war in, 371; in alliance with and power, 182, 183; recovery of Berne, 816; heavy contribution power, 184; number increased by levied by the French, 383 ; domina- . Bulla, 187; lOllS of power under tion of the towns, 387 Manus and Cinna, proscription of Solon, constitlltion of, i. 61, 69 senators, 188, 189; recruited by Sonderbund, the, league of seven Bnlla, 190; becomes a gtuJri repre­ Catholic cantons of Switzerland, sentative body, 191; enlarged by formed, i. 391 j overthrown by Qesar, deprived of independent army of the Confederation, 392 power, 204; ita decline under the Empire, 207 ; ita position of anta­ Sophists, \he, at Athens, i. 102 gonism to the tribunes and comitia, Boult, Marshal, snppresses insurrec­ . 213; its attribntes, 216 tions at Lyons and Paris, ii. '251 ; ministry of, 253; second ministry. Serfdom, in France, cessation of, ii. 256; third, 261 _ 105; in England, conflicts conse-' quent on its diminution, 361 Spain, introduction of Saracen cul­ ture, i. 258 j early liberties of, ii. Sforza, Galeazzo Marla [Mil&n ] 26 ; power of the ci ties, 26, 27 ; de­ - Ludovico, betrayal of, to the cay of liberties, 27; state of, .from French, i. 365 and n. 1830 to "1848, 272; English nego­ tiations with, for marriage of Ship-money, illegal exaction of, ii. Prince Charles. 373 380; .resisted by Hampden, 380 j condemned as illegal, 386 I Spanish Fury,' the, ii. 49 Sicily, conquest of, by Rome, i. 157 j Spanish marriages, the, intrignes revolt in, ii. 214, concerning, ii. 265 Sieyes, Abb6, ii. US, 205.-209 j his Sparta, its .peculiar constitntion, i. constitution, 210 62; council of Ephors, 62 j silence and secrecy characteristics of her Signori&, the [~] rule, 63; constitution commended, Simon de Montfort, author of repre­ 63 n.; narrow polity, 63, 64; sta­ sentation of the Commons in Par­ bility of her institutions, 64; cost liament, ii. S41 1)f stability, 64; democratic insti- 518 INDEX. SP.4, SWI tutions, 64 i Lycurgus a social actionary policy, 187 j his policy leveller, 65. sumptuary laws, 65 j reversed by Cinna, 187 j his return severity of training, 65 j war their and capture of Rome, 189 ; dictator, chief business, 66 j contrasted wjth 189 j proscriptions, 190 j his reac­ Athens, 66 j her oligarchical in­ tionary measures, 190 j recruits the fluence, 88 j her supremacy, 92 j her senate, 190 j, his _other measures, share in great victories of the 192 j retires, 193; his constitution Greeks, 96; compared with Venice, overthrown, 195 293 Sulpicius Rufus, P., his reforms, i. Spartacus, revolt of, i. 194 186; slain by Sulla, 187 Stadtholderate, the [Holland, Wil­ Sumptuary laws, at Sparta, i. 65; at liam III. of Orange] Rome, 204 Stantz, Convention of [&vis8 Con­ Superstition, the ally of despotism, fcderarum] Introd. xxiv. - Star Chamber, the Court of, its Supremacy, royal, established by tyranny and severity, ii. 380 j Henry vm, ii. 355 abolished,385 Swiss Confederation, the, established, States-General, the, of France, first i. 344 j its victory at Sempach, 344 j convention of, by Philip the Fair, consolidated, early in the fifteenth ii. 92; method of their delibera­ century, 345 j other alliances, 345 j tions, 92 j convoked and dismissed defects in the constitution, 346 j at will of the crown, 93; discon­ wars of rival cantons, 346 j civil tinued, 93 j convocation of, de­ war averted by convention of manded, 133. convoked by Louis Stantz, 346, 347 j victories over XVL, 134; hazard of the experi­ Charles the Bold and the Emperor ment, 134 j the cahierl, 135 and n. j Maximilian I., 347 j national inde­ composition of the assembly, 135, pendence secured, 347 j lea..,ooue- of 136 j meeting of, 136 j sittings of thirteen cantons completed by the Estates, 137; the Commons union of Basle and Sch&ffhausen, declare themselves • the National 347 j battle of Marignano, 'per­ Assembly,' 138; threatened with petual peace' with France, 347; dissolution by the' king, 139 j Italian and Swiss liberties com­ -union of the orders, 139 [.Fralw8, pared, 348, 349 j its fortunes com­ .Freno" .il.fJfJoZutWn, Tier. Etat] pared with other States, 349, 350 ; Stoic philosophy, influence of, upon constitutions of tlie cantons, 350; Roman character, i.160; Stoics and their original type outgrown in the Puritans compared, 160 larger- cantons, 350 j democratic organisation of the army, 351; in­ Strafford, 'the Earl of, directs the fluence of the nobles, 351 j the policy of Charles I., ii. 381 Llord­ aristocratic cantons, Berne,Luceme, deputy of Ireland, 384 j impeached Fribourg, 351, 352, 353 j rule of the and sent to the Tower, 387 j bill of nobles, 353 j mixed constitutions, attainder passed, 387 ; eJ:ecuted,387 Ziirich,Basle, and Schaffhausen,353, Strode, committed by Charles I., 354 j democratic cantons, the Forest ii. 379 j one of the five members cantons, Zug,Glarus, Appenzell, 355; arrested by the king, 396 co~titution of the Grisons, 355 j Stuarts, the, accession of, to the Eng­ causes of the diversity of eonsti­ lish throne, ii. 366 j their main­ tutions, 356 i democracy of the tenance of prerogative, 366, 367 rural cantons, 356 jpeculiar eon._ [ C/ioA'18, I., Jame8 I., JamtJ8 IL] ditions of these cantons, 357 ; their democracy conservative, 357, 358 ; Succession dlj.ty, i. 208, n. principles of the confederation, Sulla, L. Corn., opposes reforms of 358 j the diets, 358 j special diets, P. Sulpicius Rufus, i. 186 j super­ 359 j provisions of the ' Defen­ seded in command by Marius, de­ sional,' 359 j defects of the con­ feats him, 187 j proscription, le- federation, 360 j j?OliticaI state of INDEX. 1)19 IIWI aWl Switzerland eariy in the sixteenth influence of the Jesnits, 390; tne· centnry, 360 Sonderbund formed, 391; over­ - Mocial ~angee, mili.tary service, thrown by federal army, 392 361; SWI88 oondottien, 362; Swiss scheme of a new constitution 392' mercenary troops, 362, 363 and n. ; constitution of 1848, 392, 393' 394 ! evil consequences of mercenary its democratic bas\!!, 394' its 'prin~ service, 363 and n., 56. and n.; cipal objects, 39.; gove:nment of other forms of oorrnption, 565 and the cantons since 1848 894 395' n.; religioUa disoords, 365; discus­ political condition of the. cduntry' sions oonsequent on the Reforma­ 395; difficulties of federal union' tion, 366; di visions among the 396; jntellectual character of th~ cantons, 366; defensive alliance of Swiss, 397 ; great names, 397 . doc­ Protestant cantone, alliance of trine of the sovereignty of the Catholic cantons with Archduke people urged, 398; distrust of of Austria, 366; the Borromean delegates, . 399; principles of the League, 367; war of Toggenburg, "eflJ'l'endum, 399; their inconsis- .370; peace of Aargau, 370; peasant . tency with representation, 400; war,370,31l; increasing prosperity jealousy of the central government, 871 ; virtues of the Swiss, 372 ; re~ 401; amendment of the federal tionsofSwitzerlandtoGennanyand ~nstitntion, 401, 402; permanence l<"rance, 312; independence of the of the Swiss Republic, 402 [Re­ Confederation, declared by treaty fOf'flUl,tim&, thll Prote.tant) of Westphalia, 313; ascendencyof France, 373; party of the nobles Switzerland, examples of pure de­ favoured by Lonis XIV., 313; the mocra.oy in, i. 333; its natural commercial cantons, 376, 377; de­ features, 333; the Alps, 334' mocratic cantons, 371; effects of - varieties o~ its climate, 336; re: 1he l<'rench Revolution, 377 tft .eg. ; snIts of its geographical features, revolutionary troubles, French· 335; early independence of the ClOnquest, 319. the Confederation Swiss, 335 ; their invasiou of Gaul, dissolved, the Belvetic Republic 336; they become subjects of the founded, 379; division of the Roman empire, 336 ~ overrun by country into departments, the con­ Northern races,. 336; under the stitution, 380; resistance of .the Franks, 336; growth of feudalism, rural cantons, 380; victory of the 336; power. and strife of barons French, 881, renewed resistance of and churchmen, 337; growth of Schweitz, Uri, Unterwalden, and municipal privileges, 337, 338; Zug, 382; obstinate bravery of formation of the cantons, 338; Unterwalden and Schweitz, 382; given as a fief by the emperor to repugnance to French democracy, dukes of Zceringen, 338 ; the towns 382; the new constitution forced favoured by princes, 338; es­ on the people, French oppression, tablishment of small' republics, 383; overthrow of the new consti­ 339; rural cantone, Schweitz, Uri, tution, anarchy and civil war, 383; Unterwalden, 339; beginnings of confederation, the Forest cantons, p~vision8 of the treaty of Lun~­ ville, 383; military occupation of 340 and n.; democracy in the Switzerland by Napoleon, 38tl' the Forest cantons, 340; its unchang­ federal union revived by his A~t of ing type, 341; its . conservative Mediation, 385; the Federal Pact· character, 342; freedom of the Geneva, NenfcMtel, and the Valai~ towns, confirmation of their added to the Confederation, 886 charters by Rudolph of Bapsburg, - Prosperity after the peace, 386 • 342; first written league of the ·continued political reaction, 387 ! Forest cantons, 343; struggles for revolutions' of 1830, 388' thet: freedom,encroachmentsof the Em­ general aim, 389; new constitution peror Albert, 343; victory of the proposed, 390; troublea in the­ Swiss at Morgarten, 344; league cantons, 390; the convents of of the eight cantons, the Swiss Aargau suppressed, 390 ; increasing Confederation, 344; French expe· 520 INDEX. Bye TOW dition to, the Helvetio Republio, ii. Thrasybulus, deposes the Thirty 204. [&via, Conjedtn-ation) Tyrants of Athens, 1. 92; restores Sycophants, the, at Athens, i. 122 democracy, 92 Tiel'8 Etat, the, first summoned to the States-General. ii. 92; ceases AILLE, the, in France, ii. 103 to be recognised as an estate of T Talleyrand, ii. 143 the realm, 93; the question as to Tallien, ii. 163; at Bordeaux, 185 voting of its deputies, 134; as­ Teutonic races, the freest people of sumes to be the National Assembly, antiquity, Introd. xliv.; their rude 138; excluded from the hall, 138 ; freedom, their oustoms, i. 224, n.; the oath in the racket-court, 139; carry theiJ:. oustoms into Italy, joined by majority of the clergy, . 225; comparison of Greek and 139; defies the king's authority, Teutonio oustoms, 225; no despotic and refuses to leave the hall, 139 ; monarohy' among them, 226 ; its ascendency assured by union settlers in Holland, ii. 3 ; their of the orders [F,.ench Revolution] aversion to town life, 336; their Timocracy, i. 53; Solon's, 68; Ro­ laws and oustoms introduoed in man, 138 Britain, 341 Tinville, Fouquier, ii. 191 j executed, Thebes, supremaoy of, i. 92 193 Themistocles, i. 83, 95, 99 Toggenburg, War of [SwiBB Con­ '1;heocracy, the Jewish, a free state, i. fede1'ation ] 35 Theoricon, at Athens, established by Toledo, member of the 'holy jt1lllta Pericles, i. 84; evil effects of, 123, against Charles V., ii. 27; defence 124; restored by Agyrrhius, 124; of, by the widow of Padilla, 27 made the most important branch Toleration, of William, Prince of of the finances by Eubulus, 125; Orange, ii. 44; a wise scheme 'of, mischievous consequences, 125 unknown to the sixteenth century, Thessaly, its warlike oligarchies, i. 58 369; Cromwell's,limited, 431; Mil­ ton's ideal in advance of his age, 431 Thiers, M., ii. 238; signs protest. against ordinances of Charles X., Tonnage and poundage, refused by. ii. 241: recommends the Duke of Or~ the parliament of Charles I., leans for the throne, 243; a mem­ 375 ; remonstrance of the Commons ber of the ministry of Soult, 253; againt levyfug the duties, 378; the first minister, 255; leader of the king determines to collect them, .opposition, 257 ; leader of agitation 378 [England, (Jho;rle8 I.] for reform, 258; again first minis­ Tory party, the, in England, profession ter, 259; his sudden fall, 260; pro­ of Liberal principles by, after the poses fortification of Paris, 261 ; Revolution, ii. 444; recovers its foremost in agitation for reform, strength after the Reform Act of 266 ; his third ministry, with 1832,475; repeatedly in power, 475 Barrot, 269; orders withdrawal of Toulon, ven~ance of the revolution­ troops .from streets of Paris, 270 ; ists ,on, ii. 185 resigns, 270; member of National Assembly, 289; his efforts for Towns, their population inclined to peace between France and Prussia, democracy, Introd. xlii. ; growth of, 319; appointed head of the execu­ in Greece, i. 59; privileges of, in tive, 320; his house demolished Europe, 227; feudalism ruinous to, by the Commune, 328; President 227 ; revival of, 247 ; their struggle of the Republic, 329; his resig­ against the barons, 247 ; their nation, 330 [hancB] political influence, 248 j society of towns and feudalism . contrasted, Thirty Tyrants, the, rule of, at Athens, 249 ; confederation of, in the i 91; deposed, 92 Netherlands, ii. 15; represented in Thirty Years' War, the, ii. 72 and n. the Estates, 20; their political INDEX. 521 TRA. WAT power in Spain, 26; play unimpor­ in Europe, i. 254; in ~ngland, ii. tant part in politics of France, 91 ; 350 municipal elections abolished by Unterwalden,. one of the Forest Louis XlV.. 91; sales of munici­ Cantons, i. 340, 343 [81vitze1'land] pal fra,ncbises, 91; bordens of, in Jo'ranoo, 109; aversion of tbe Teu­ Uri, one of the Forest Cantons, i. 343 tonio races to, 336; Roman, in [ 81viturland] Britain, 338 and n.; growth of, in Utrecht, expels ita bish~p and nobles, England, 452 ii. 14; resists unjust taxation by Trades UniollBj in England. their Alva and is cruelly punished, 44 objects, ii. 470; processions and [ Union. tif Ut"eokt] meetings, 470, HI; organisation of, 47l; use of, for political agita­ tion, 471 and n.; tbeir dangers, ALENTINE, Mr., committed by H2; metbod of meeting tbem, 472 V Charles I., ii. 379 Trent, tbe Council of, its canons pro­ Venice, her antiquity, i. 288; her early claimed by Philip n. in the Netber­ history, municipal constitution, 289; lands, ii. 39 tbe Doge, 289; St. Mark, her patron Tribunes of the people elected. their saint, 290; her extended relation~ powers, i. 147; tbeir tJeto upon ple­ witb otber States, 290; her wars; bi•• -ita, 150, 1&1; convoke the 00- 290; union with Genoa and Pisa in mina tributa, 151; moderate the tbe Crusades, 290; head of confe­ proceedings of senate and people, deration of free cities, 291; hez 152; admitted to full privil~ges of aristocracy, 291; govel'l1ment, 291 ; the senate, 163; their powers cir. the Great Council, 291; the senate, cumscribed, 192 the Council of Ten, 292 ; merits and Tricolor, the, abolished by Louis defeots of the aristocracy, 292; XVill., ii. 225; restored by Louis compared wi tb Sparta, 293; lUlder Pbilippe, 244 an oligarchy, 323; survives other republics of Italy, 329; falls under Triennial Bill, the, passed by the power of Napoleon Bonaparte, 330; Long Parliament, ii. 885 . subsequent history, 330; throws off Triumvirate, at Rome, tbe first, i. yoke of AUBtria, proclaims a provi­ 200; tbe second, 205 sional government, ii. 274 Turgot, his reforms, ii. 128 ; his oppo­ Versailles, peace of, ii. 320; confirmed nents and fall, 129 by the National Assembly, 321 furkey, a true Eastel'l1 State, i. 28; Village communities, in India, ori­ the Turks not naturalised in ginal design and character of, i. 9, Europe, 28 ; characteristics of their 10, nn.; their constitution, 11; rule, 28; a contrast to European their principles not democratic, 11 ; States, 28, 29 resemblance to Teutonic institu­ tiODS in Europe, 12, n., and ii. 342 Twelve Tables, Laws of tbe, i. 148. aud n.; principles of self-govern­ Tyrannicide, in Italy, i. 321 ; honours ment in, i. 12; in China, 20 paid to it, 323 [.Regicide] Villiers, Mr. Charles, advocates repeal Tyrants, the, in Greece, i. 51; in of tbe corn laws, ii. 464 Italy, 820 Visconti, tbe, masters of Milan, i. 315 Voltaire, his influence, character and LTRAMONTANISM, in Belgium, aims, ii. 117 U ii. 82; its conflict with tbe Liberal party, ~2, 83 WALDENSES, the, i. 266 Union of Brussels, New, ii. 51, 52 War, civilisation advanced by, Union of Utrecht, ii.63 Introd. xlix. and n. Universities, the rise and results of, Wat Tyler, his insurrection, ii. 532 522 INDEX. WES ZWI Wesley and Whitefield, the spiritual of Holland, 56; his liberal policy movement originated by them ii. 56; again refuses the government, 454 ' 51; attempts on his life,. 51' as­ Westphalia, treaty of, i. 313 [Swiss sassinated by Gerard, 58;' the 001ifediJration] apostle of civil and religions liberty, 58 [Holland,Nctlterlands Whig party, the, of the revolution of 17!e] , 1688, ii. 442, 443 Wil!iam .~., Pri!lce of Orange, his William the Conqueror [England] bIrth, n. 13; hImself and his de­ William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, scendants excluded trom the stadt­ account of him. ii. 36; his resolu­ holderate, on demand of Cromwell, tion to counteract secret agree­ 14, 15; conditionally appointed ment of Philip n. and Henry n. to - captain-general, 15 ; the stadthol-. extirpate heresy, 37;. called the derate. declared hereditary in him , Silent,' 31, n. ; his toleration, 31 ;, 'and hIS descendants, 16; marries opposes Granvelle and the Inquisi­ Princess Mary of England, ascends: tion,38 ; stands alone, goes into exile, the English throne, 16 40; outlawed and his property Window Tax, the, i. 208, n. confiscated, 42; prepares to do , Witenagemot, the, it, 342, 343 battle with Philip, 43; the first campaign, 43; commanded by the Women, respect £01:, among the Emperor Maximilian to lay down Greeks, i. 48 his arms, 43 ; becomes a Protestant, Worcester, the battle of, ii. 422 43; his toleration, 44; proclaimed stadtholder, 45; close of the cam­ Workshops, national, opened in paign, he retires to Holland, and France, ii. 282; closed by Cavai­ continues the war there, 45; his gnac, 291 ; virtually established by activity, 46; ruler of the United Napoleon m., 316 Provinces, 48; proof against seduc­ Wycliffe, lsys the foundations of the tion by Don John, 60; his strength Protestant Reformation, ii. 350 in the middle classes, 51; recovers his ascendency, 61; intrigue of the nobles against him, 51; gets the New Union of Brussels adopted, URICH, a municipal republic, i. 61; forms the Union of Utrecht, Z .342; alliance of, with Schweitz 63; proof against seduction by and Uri, 343; its mixed constitu- Prince of Parma, 63; civil excom­ tion, 353, 354; intervenes a"o-ainst munication pronounced against him the burghers of Geneva, 315' by Philip n., 64; his 'Apology,' again, 376;. revolution at, 379 ~ 64; declines. offer of the govern­ domination of the towns, 387'· re­ ment, 64, 66 ; his motives, 66; ac­ volution of 1830, 388; expulsi~n of cepts temporary government. of the Jesuits, 390 Holland and Zealand, 65; attempt ZwingU, IDrich, reformer of Switzer­ to assassipatehim, 66; made Count land, i. 365 CORRIGENDA.

VOL. I. Page 96, ta. et ~. for Boeck rtad 1loeekh. 142, .. Politique Positive. It 2.72, fa. " but .. debut. .. 291,1. 28 .. Pregardi .. Pregadi. .. 303,1.9 • South North. .. 307, I. 8 Cherehi Cerchi. .. 322, t. 30 .. Des pazze .. Pazzi . .. 300, t. 17 .. Argau ,. Aargau. VOL, U.

Page 5, D. fm Unis rtaa U Dies. 6:1, t. 32 ,. Barneveld .. Barneveldt 72, •• \I .. Henry IV. .. The Iring. .. 106, n. 1 .. lloulanrilliers .. lloulaiDvilliers. .. 126, ... 2 .. Marten .. Martin. .. 148, D. I, t. 3 I" Ie. .. 163, I. 6 A ustri" " Germany. .. 161, I. 3 .. Austria .. Germany. 178, D. I .. Cam bacer~, Cambaceres. .. 178, D. 1 .. Thibaudau .. Thibaudeau. .. 180, n. Caubon " Cambon. .. 191, I. 7 .. Thinville Tinville. .. 193, I. 27 .. president .. p_eeutor. .. . 193, I. 27 .. Thinville .. TinviI!e. .. 214, D. • .. Tho!odore Theodose. .. 226, I. 21 .. ollbliea oublie. .. 228, D. 1 .. parties .. partis. .. 234,1. 24 .. 1823 .. 1824. " 246, fl. " Duvernier ., Duvergier. .. 266, I. 16 five .. three. .. 266, I. 23 ,. Odillon ., Odiloll. .. 272, I. 28 .. 1822 1823. .. !/6, I. 19 .. Francis John .. Francis Joseph. .. 280, D. " Ib; Id. .. 286, fl. .. invest& " investi. .. 290, I. 27 .. Afi'ri " Affre. .. 292, fl. 2, ,uk pas .. 299, D. \I .. November 1852 .. December 185J. .. 300, I. 11 .. Montego .. Mo.tijo. .. 319, D. .. 1850 .. 1870. .. 437, Marg. fJOte ,,' 1678 1670. .. 438, D. .. 438, 439 .. 348, 349.

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