Diversity and taxonomy of millipedes from Mt Kilimanjaro Enghoff, Henrik; Frederiksen, Sara Barup Published in: The KiLi project: Kilimanjaro ecosystems under global change: linking biodiversity, biotic interactions and biogeochemical ecosystem processes. Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Enghoff, H., & Frederiksen, S. B. (2018). Diversity and taxonomy of millipedes from Mt Kilimanjaro. In C. Hemp, K. Böhning-Gaese, M. Fischer, & A. Hemp (Eds.), The KiLi project: Kilimanjaro ecosystems under global change: linking biodiversity, biotic interactions and biogeochemical ecosystem processes. (pp. 126-129). Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. Download date: 09. okt.. 2021 The KiLi Project: Kilimanjaro ecosystems under global change: Linking biodiversity, biotic interactions and biogeochemical ecosystem processes Claudia Hemp, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Markus Fischer & Andreas Hemp Imprint Publisher Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Authors Claudia Hemp & Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany Andreas Hemp, University of Bayreuth, Plant Systematics, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany Markus Fischer, University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland Layout and Image Processing Claudia Hemp Petra Schwarzmann, www.ps-designwerkstatt.de Printing and binding bis500druck, Klicks GmbH, Ziegelhüttenweg 4, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany © 2018 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung The authors are responsible for content of the volume. 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ISBN 978-3-929907-96-4 www.senckenberg.de Printed in Germany This project was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) The KiLi Project: Kilimanjaro ecosystems under global change: Linking biodiversity, biotic interactions and biogeochemical ecosystem processes Claudia Hemp, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Markus Fischer & Andreas Hemp Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung CONTENTS A Word from Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute 6 Preface – Before the KiLi Project... 7 First steps of the KiLi Project... 7 Summary – Results of the KiLi Project 8 Maswali ya Jumla na Miudo mbinu ya Mradi wa KiLi 9 jitihada za mradi 9 INTRODUCTION 22 THE KILI PROJECT 22 Structure of the KiLi Research Unit 23 Overview of the vegetation and climate of Kilimanjaro 24 Rainfall map of Kilimanjaro 26 Central Project 1 – Study design of the KiLi Project 27 Central research concept and objectives 27 List of educated PhD, Master and Bachelor students 2010–2018 30 Plot owner 33 Central Project 2 – Central database of the KiLiProject 35 Temperature as a driver of biodiversity 35 Subproject 1 – Ecological climatology and remote sensing 36 CLIMATE PARAMETERS – Eco-meteorological characteristics of the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 36 TEMPERATURE – Interpolation of monthly air temperature at Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 38 PRECIPITATION – Observations of long-term trends and seasonal variability of rainfall at lowland stations 39 Seasonality of atmospheric water input at the southern slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro 40 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION – A glimpse at short-term controls of evapotranspiration along the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro 42 REMOTE SENSING – Spatial patterns of sea surface temperature influences on east African precipitation 43 Seasonal and long-term vegetation dynamics from 1-km GIMMS-based DVI time series at Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 44 Subproject 2 – Patterns in water flux and carbon cycle controls along land-use and climate gradients 46 The hidden part of Mount Kilimanjaro: fine root biomass and production 46 Distribution and discharge of irrigation canals around Mt Kilimanjaro 51 Subprojects 2 & 3 – Soil characteristics at Mt Kilimanjaro 55 Subprojects 2 & 4 – Variability of soil physical parameters, soil moisture and soil erodibility in the coffee and homegarden ecosystems 59 Subproject 3 – Linking nutrient cycles, land-use and biodiversity along an altitudinal gradient at Mt Kilimanjaro 61 Impacts of climate and land-use on N2O and CH4 fluxes from tropical ecosystems in the Mt Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania 61 Carbon and nutrient input by litter fall and litter decomposition 62 Effects of elevation on soil microbial communities and organic matter composition 63 Subproject 4 – Plant diversity and performance in relation to climate and land-use on Mt Kilimanjaro: communities, species, populations, ecological genetics 64 Tree growth and water use dynamics at Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 64 Africa’s highest mountain harbours Africa’s tallest trees 65 Generation of a high-quality physiographic map as a base for ecotourism, nature conservation and land planning 67 Tree inventory of Mt Kilimanjaro 69 Mountains become islands: ecological dangers of increasing land-use in East Africa 72 Lichen diversity on Mt Kilimanjaro 74 4 Natural forest regeneration at Mt Kilimanjaro 75 Tropical tree species` response to the combined change of temperature and water 76 How will Kilimanjaro’s herbaceous flora respond to climate warming? 79 Assessing the structure and complexity of Kilimanjaro’s vegetation 81 Quantifying aboveground biomass along Kilimanjaro’s elevational gradient, and how it changes with land-use 82 Effects of selective logging on tree population structure in the montane Ocotea-forest 83 Phylogenetic diversity analyses reveal contrasting responses of herb, shrub, tree, liana and epiphyte tropical communities to human disturbance 84 Usable wild plant species in relation to elevation and land-use at Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 87 Land-use / land cover mapping of the Kilimanjaro savanna ecosystem 89 Studies on late Quaternary environmental dynamics (vegetation, biodiversity, climate, soils, fire and human impact) on Mt Kilimanjaro (associate project 1) 91 Does drought make a difference? 96 A milestone in pollen identification – the East African Pollen and Spore Atlas 98 Subproject 5 – Plant functional traits translated into vegetation dynamics – Responses to environmental factors and effects on ecosystem functions of the Kilimanjaro region 99 Plant traits and their relationships with environmental conditions and ecosystem properties 99 Extraction of non-timber forest products on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro 102 Modelling biosphere-pedosphere interaction at Mt Kilimanjaro 105 Subproject 6 – Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: birds and bats as seed dispersers and arthropod predators 107 Frugivorous and insectivorous bats on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro 107 Diversity of birds on Mt Kilimanjaro and their importance for ecosystem processes and functions 114 Subproject 7 – Effects of climate and land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of pollinators and decomposers 122 Bees, birds, and bats contribute to higher yields on coffee farms on Mt Kilimanjaro 122 Temperature as a driver of bee diversity 123 Mammals at Mt Kilimanjaro 123 Diversity and taxonomy of millipedes from Mt Kilimanjaro 126 Low contribution of invertebrates to decomposition of organic matter along an elevational gradient and a land-use gradient on the southern slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro 130 Abundance of ground-living arthropods along the elevational gradient 131 Activity of soil fauna depends on soil humidity 132 Amphibian diversity on Mt Kilimanjaro 134 Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda) of Mt Kilimanjaro 137 Central Project 1 – Orthoptera Research: Grasshoppers & Bushcrickets as bioindicators and to illuminate regional and large scale speciation patterns in Africa 141 Outreach activities of the KiLi Project 146 The KiLi Project and the Media 152 Tanzanian Counterparts of the KiLi Project 153 Conclusions & Outlook 155 List of authors 157 List of publications by the KiLi Project 2010–2018 159 Photo credits 164 Our partners 164 5 A Word from Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute by Dr. Victor Alexander Kakengi, Principal Research Officer The DFG funded KiLi Project for the enormous Project is among the capacity building made few long-term pro- to Tanzanian Institu- jects registered with tions, and we believe that TAWIRI, however with the knowledge accrued a unique frame-work. from their studies will It is a research program be used to improve their with a good number of working efficiency which research projects, all will eventually contribute aiming at studying impacts and land-use change on a range to development of their institutions, and the country of organisms and on ecosystem processes/functions along at large. On top of the above achievements of the KiLi the gradient of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Generally, it has contrib- project, the recent and credible discovery of Africa’s tallest uted significantly to the knowledge about continuous in- indigenous tree Entandrophragma excelsum measuring a teraction between biotic and abiotic factors and human whopping 81.5 metres discovered in a remote valley on influence that aggravate the impact of climate change the continent’s highest mountain, Kilimanjaro, was an probably leading to noticeable abrupt changes on the exciting attribute that will have tourism implications. highest mountain in Africa. The KiLi research program contains research projects that have a number of thrilling We believe that this finding will be used by KINAPA