The original documents are located in Box 26, folder “State Department - Kissinger Speeches and Statements (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

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April 16, 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Phoenix, Ariz. Office of Media Services

A STRONG FOREIGN POUCY FOR A CONFIDENT AMERICA

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger before the Down· I am here to tell you that America remains­ town Rotary Club. and will remain-the most powerful nation in the world. I am happy to be here in the great Southwest, I am here to tell you that the President and where the freshness and vitality of the American his Administration have founded their policies on a spirit are so evident. fundamental faith in America's vast strength and In recent years we have seen opinion on for· potential for greatness. eign policy in this country swing back and forth We see challenging trends but we are confi· erratically-from peace demonstrations to calls for dent that they can be mastered:We see dangers but confrontation; from antimilitarism to concern for a we are certain that they can be overcome. strong defense; from over-involvement to a J?.CW iso­ The optimist is not one who pretends that lationism; from enthusiasm to disillusionment; and challenges do not exist-that is escapism. The true back again. optimist has faith in his nation; he believes that Today some would have Americans believe challenges are to be mastered-not avoided. He is that the issue is between those who are optimistic willing to trust the intelligence of the public for he and those who are pessimistic about America. knows that Americans can understand and deal But that is not the problem before us. The with complexity. He knows that Americans have real issue is whether we understand the com­ always regarded challenge not as a cause for despair plexities and the opportunities that are before us. but as a call to action, a stimulus to achievement, Winston Churchill once said: "When danger is and a priceless chance to shape the future. far off, we may think of our weakness; when it is The Founding Fathers, the pioneers who near, we must not forget our strength ... A period opened up this vast land, the men and women who of thermonuclear peril and global upheaval is not built the gTeatest and freest and most productive the moment to forget our success, our unequalled society in history-they were people of confidence reserves of military and economic power, or the and hope. Those of us today who truly have faith decisive advantages we enjoy as a free people with in America will live up to that tradition. a fr!!e productive system. To oversimplify, to substitute brittle rhetoric In this Bicentennial year it is time to remind for hard thinking is not confidence in America. To ourselves that an effective foreign policy must re­ offer slogans instead of answers is to show little flect the values and permanent interests of our faith in the American people. Nation and not the fashionable trends of the The task of foreign policy is to understand moment. These values and interests antedate this our reality-to perceive the challenges to our in­ election year and must be maintained beyond it. terests and principles. It is to devise means for PR. 181 2 meeting those challenges. And it is to persevere and a positive factor in the world scene. With the toward our goals unafraid and unswayed by the Soviet Union we have resolved some conflicts, such passions of the moment. as Berlin, and slowed some aspects of the arms Govenu:p.ent in a free society has the obliga­ race. tion to tell the people the truth, without sugar­ • For the first time in 30 years we have helped coating or resorting to scare tactics. The real issue the countries of the Middle East take significant before our country now is not between optimists steps toward peace. and pessimists but between those who support a • We have been leaders in shaping new eco­ strong American leadership in the world and those nomic relations between the industrial world and who believe that America cannot, or should not, developing world. play such a role. The Administration has made its choice. Our This is a record of which we can be proud and policy is based on the conviction that without on which we should seek to build. So let us not America's determination there can be no security; delude ourselves with fairy tales of America being without our dedication there can be no progress,; second best and forever taken in by wily for­ and without our example there can be no freedom. eigners. Americans have nothing to fear from competi­ America's Response to Clallenge tion-for in almost every area of rivalry we have In the inevitable self-criticism of a democracy, the advantage. Americans know we have the capac­ we must take care not to create an impression of ity, if we have the will, to maintain freedom and impatience or uncertainty. We must never forget peace. They understand too that our strength is the great achievements of American foreign policy essential for peace but also that peace must be over three decades of involvement in world affairs. something better than a precarious balance of The United States took the lead in helping terror. Europe and Japan recover from devastation and Therefore our foreign policy is designed to join us in alliances that are the pillars of global further three principal objectives: stability. We opposed aggression; we mediated con­ flicts. We created the international economic insti­ • To strengthen the unity of the great indus­ tutions that expanded trade and prosperity world­ trial democracies and our alliances; wide. We became the world's leader in technology, 4f To maintain the global balance of power and in agricultural productivity, in economic enter­ to build on this foundation a lasting peace; and prise. We led the world's struggle against famine, • To fashion between the industrial world and disease, and natural disaster; we promoted educa­ the developing nations positive and reliable eco­ tion and economic development in every quarter of nomic relations to insure mutual prosperity. the globe; we welcomed refugees from oppression to our shores. Let me discuss these in turn. And amid· all the turmoil of recent years at home, our for-eign policy has seen one of its most The Challenge of Democracy fruitful periods. Today: Our first priority is our relationship with the great industrial democracies. • We are at peace. There is no doubt that freedom today is • We are the world's strongest nation militarily under serious challenge. Democratic societies are in an~ economically; our technological superiority is a numerical minority in the world and, within unquestioned, continuing, and growing. many of them, antidemocratic forces are gaining in • Our alliances are cooperating more closely strength. than at any time in many years. The dangers are real but so is our collective • We have begun to forge more rational and capacity to respond. We and our allies account for long-term relations with potential adversaries. Our 65 percent of the world's production and 70 per­ new relationship with China is growing, durable, cent of its trade; we are the world•s most indus- ---~--"--~------

3 trialized and urbanized societies; it is we who are economic recovery well underway we will be even the pioneers of the modern age; we who have the stronger-individually and collectively. experience, the intellectual creativity, and the Together with the other industrial democ­ resources to lead attempts to solve the economic racies we face, with confidence, a vast agenda. and social problems facing this shrinking planet. There is no reason for us to falter. Many of the • The United States is determined to protect challenges to the industrial democracies are of their our Nation's security and that of our friends and own making. Therefore they can be mastered with allies; we will do our part to maintain the global confidence, vision, and creativity. balance that has preserved peace and freedom for We are by nature a self-critical people and three decades. never more so than in our election year. This • Together we will foster economic progress causes us sometimes to take for granted the solid and social justice in our societies, for the principles achievements of the recent past. of freedom and human dignity which we cherish must rest on a firm foundation of responsiveness to • Faced with an oil embargo and an energy the needs of our peoples. crisis the United States took the lead in establish­ • We- will intensify collaboration on the great ing-together with the other industrial democ· new issues of our time-the economic, political, racies-a new institution: the International Energy and social challenges of global interdependence; Agency. This cooperative enterprise will enable the the easing of tensions between East and West; and industrial democracies to support each other in the forging of cooperation between developed and case of another embargo. It has established developing countries. common conservation policies and common poli­ • The United States has encouraged and wel­ cies for the development of alternative sources of comed those of its allies that moved from dictator­ energy. A great challenge has brought forth a coop­ ship toward democracy. For the same reason we erative and vital response. will continue to warn against those who would • Faced with global recession the heads of tum over a major share in Western democratic Government of the United States, Great Britain, governments to Communist parties suddenly seek­ France, Germany, Italy, and Japan met to concert ing respectability. We would do our allies no favor their economic policies. They stimulated fresh if we encouraged wishful thinking that the advent approaches to reinforce each others' programs for of Communist parties into power will not represent recovery, trade, and energy. They agreed on mon­ a watershed in our relations. The basic reality is etary reform which over time may usher in a period that our people will not accept the same close and of unparalleled economic progress. Most funda­ confidential relationship with Western countries mentally they symbolized their political cohesion where Communist parties have been granted a and shared moral values. major share in government. • Faced with the growth of Soviet power we • We will stand for the cause of liberty and have strengthened the defenses of our alliances independence around the world for if we do not with new programs of planning, consultation, champion our own cause, no one else will do it for modernization, and standardization. us. • And faced with the need to fashion more • We will never forget that the democratic balanced partnerships we have intensified our con­ nations hold in trust humanity's highest principles sultations and our collaboration. and aspirations and that they thus bear a grave responsiblity. These are not the actions of governments uncertain of their future. They reflect the convic­ The Challenge of Peace tion that no force in the world can match the Time and again in this century Americans voluntary association of free peoples. Our relations have fought for peace. No people knows better with the industrial democracies have never been than we the -meaning of that responsibility­ stronger and our unity never more effective. With especially in an age shadowed by the menace of 4 nuclear cataclysm. When war would threaten the nuclear arms it becomes increasingly dangerous to life of literally every American there is no higher invoke them. In no crisis since 1962 have the stra· duty than the dedicated search for peace. tegic arsenals of the two sides determined the But peace is far more than the mere absence outcome. of war. We will never make-in the name of The tendency toward stalemate inherent in peace-agreements that jeopardize our values and the nuclear arms race produces new requirements interests or the values and interests of our friends. for our national defense. Under the umbrella of We know, too, that the mere desire for peace is not strategic standoff, increasing attention must be enough. Since the days of Thucydides statesmen given to regional defense. For it is in peripheral have recognized that peace with justice comes only areas where a military imbalance can be turned ". • . where the pressure of necessity is equal; for into a geopolitical change that could, in time, the powerful exact what they can, and the weak affect the global balance. This is why we are ex­ grant what they must." There can be no security panding our Army from 13 to 16 divisions, devel-. without an equilibrium, and no safety without a oping a new generation of f1ghter aircraft, and balance of power. accelerating our naval construction; and it is why Since the dawn of the nuclear age the world's we must spend what is necessary to meet the new fears of catastrophe and its hopes for peace have overall requirements. hinged centrally upon the relationship between the In assessing current debates and charges it is United States and the Soviet Union. When two important that the public understand the long­ superpowers have the capacity to destroy mankind range nature of modern military planning. Because in a matter of hours, there can be no greater imper­ of the long leadtimes in the development of new ative than managing the relationship between them weapons, the forces in being today reflect decisions with wisdom and restraint. taken in the 1960's; the decisions we make today The growth of the Soviet Union to super· will not affect our forces until at least the early power status was inevitable given its industrial and 1980's. This imposes upon us the need for careful technological base. Nothing we could have done long-range planning and analysis of needs. With would have prevented it; nothing we do now will modem weapons national defense cannot be assured make it go away. What we can do-together with by quick fixes. Not every category of weapon is as our friends-is to maintain our strength and our useful for us as it is for our adversaries and vice considerable advantages an4 demonstrate our versa. We must and we shall maintain a steady determination to prevent the irresponsible use of course, mindful that what we decide today will Soviet power. At the same time we must strive to affect the security of Americans for decades. go beyond a balance of force to shape a safer and At the same time we must look beyond secur­ more durable relationship of coexistence. Peace ity to a safer, more durable pattern of coexistence. thus requres a dual policy. And we have worked A balance of terror constantly contested is an hard at both these tasks. unsatisfactory foundation for our security. We We have kept our strategic forces sufficient to shall defend the global balance with vigilance, but deter attack and maintain the nuclear balance. And at the same time we shall continue to search for because we know that the perception of power can new patterns of restraint, of communication, and be almost as important as the reality, we have of cooperation. Only when the rights of nations are made certain that other nations recognize the respected-when accommodation takes the place of adequacy of our strength. force-can man's energies be devoted to the realiza­ · Nevertheless the strategic arms competition tion of its higher aspirations. takes place in unprecedented conditions. As late as To check-and ultimately to reverse-the the end of World Warn every increase in destruc· nuclear spiral, we have sought and achieved impor­ tive power was strategically useful. Today addi· tant arms control agreements with the Soviet tions to the nuclear arsenals of either side do not Union. The Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement automatically lead to political or military advan­ of 1972 halted the Soviet numerical buildup, and tage. Indeed at current and foreseeable levels of the Vladivostok agreement places an equal ceiling 5 on strategic forces of both sides. When this ceiling new agreements, or by neglect of our own pro­ is translated into a formal agreement we shall have grams. reduced the danger of nuclear cataclysm. At the • At the same time we must recognize that same time we will be able to devote the priorities sovereign states of roughly equal power cannot im­ in our planning to regional defense where the needs pose unacceptable conditions on each other and are greatest. ultimately must deal with each other by com· In the past week we have achieved a new promise. agreement which will limit the size of peaceful • We shall pursue the two strands of our policy nuclear explosions and-for the first time-allow toward the Soviet Union-firmness in the face of the United States to conduct on-site inspections on pressure and readiness to work on the basis of Soviet territory. This is a principle which we have strict reciprocity for a more cooperative world. sought to establish throughout the postwar period. This is an obligation we have to our people, to our Its achievement is not only a significant symbol future, and to mankind. but an important practical step to bring greater discipline to the nuclear age. The Challenge of Prosperity In addition to arms control we have engaged In recent years no issue has demanded more the Soviet Union in efforts to resolve concrete of our attention than the prospects of the world political problems. For example the Berlin agree­ economy. This N arion has unrivaled economic ment of 1971 was a negotiated solution to a strength, but in an interdependent world we must perennial problem that had threatened major war work with others if our economy is to thrive. on at least three occasions in 20 years. And we The facts of interdependence were brought have also reached agreement on many bilateral pro­ home to us dramatically by the oil embargo of jects that are based strictly on mutual benefit and 19 73. It accelerated inflation and produced the can help moderate Soviet behavior. largest unemployment, as well as the most severe We must see these achievements in perspec­ recession, of the postwar period. It is estimated to tive. We cannot relax our vigilance. We must not have cost us upward of $10 billion in lost produc­ believe that the conflict of two generations can be tion. quickly overcome. For the foreseeable future we The global economy is now a single system; and the Soviet Union will remain ideological interdependence can strain it or enhance it. For the adversaries. But we have an obligation to explore first time in history humanity's age-old dream of a all honorable roads to reduction of tensions and a just, stable, and prosperous world for all is a relationship based on coexistence rather than on realistic possibility. tests of strength. We cannot stop trying, for we American policy has been designed to serve owe our children a better world than we found. our interests in a global context of cooperation. These then are the realities of our policy For our Nation's prosperity requires a healthy and toward the Soviet Union. cooperative world environment. The price and sup­ ply of energy and raw materials, the conditions of trade and investment, the protection of the en­ • We have the military, diplomatic, and eco­ vironment, international law to govern the use of nomic capacity to prevent the use of Soviet power the oceans and space-these are all issues on which for unilateral advantage or political expansion. our prosperity and progress depend. • We shall maintain the strategic and conven­ As the world's strongest power the United tional forces needed to protect our security, and States could best survive an era of economic war­ we shall muster the political will to insure that fare. At home we are leading the recovery from the local situations are not exploited for unilateral gain most difficult economic period since the 1930's-a which could undermine global stability. performance which stands in sharp contrast to • We will never tolerate a shift in the strategic those economies based on rigid principles of • balance against us, whether by violations of planning, on labor extracted by compulsion, or agreements already concluded, by making unwise capital formed through inadequate compensation ....

6 of labor. Abroad our technological innovation, by the global economic system; interdependence is global business expertise, and commercial not a slogan but a reality and goes to the heart of dynamism have reinforced American interests and the international order. Prosperity and justice spread prosperity to every part of our planet. It is underpin every society's ability to achieve its na­ America that is the engine of the global economy; tional goals. we to whom the developing nations address their • Since we are the single greatest concentration claims and their complaints-for they know that of economic wealth and power, global prosperity our open economic system more than any other and our Qwn well-being depend crucially on this fosters the prospects for growth and widening op­ country's leadership. What is asked of us now is portunity for all. not so much our resources but our creativity and But while we are prepared to defend our vision in helping the world organize equitable pat­ economic interests unilaterally, we know too that terns of economic relations. nations will prosper together or they will suffer • The United States will not be pressured, nor together. will we yield to blackmail or threats. Those who This is why the United, States has taken the indulge in unrealistic proposals, one-sided bloc lead in advancing the vision of an open, growing, voting, appeals to stale ideologies of confrontation and cooperative world economy. It was the United or resentmen~ will only block cooperative progress. States that called for and helped launch the World • Here, too, we will pursue a dual policy; we Food Conference in 1974 where we offered con· will resist pressures, but we are prepared to partici­ crete proposals to improve world food production; pate constructively in cooperative efforts based on we offer every human being security against hun· mutual respect. ger. At the special session of the United Nations last September and at the Conference on Interna­ tional Economic Cooperation now underway in Paris, we have set forth a wide range of practical The American Responsibility initiatives which address all the key global eco­ Thus the challenges we face are great and nomic issues-raw materials, development, finance, complex. and-most important-energy. A week ago [AprilS] But the record shows that we have respond­ I presented the Law of the Sea Conference in New ed-with confidence and with success. Ours is not York with new American proposals designed to the record of a tired nation but of a vibrant people move .this historic negotiation to a successful con­ for whom frontiers have always denoted a chal­ clusion this year. This would be a major diplomatic lenge, not a limit. We are not weak; we have no event with far-reaching implications for security intention of letting others determine our future. and commerce, for food and energy, for raw ma· America has the strength, resilience, and purpose terials and research, and for international law and to meet the modern era on its own terms. We are cooperation. Later this month I will attend the determined to help shape an international environ· United Nations Conference on Trade and De­ ment which, more than ever before in history, im­ velopment where we will continue to demonstrate proves the lives and reflects the values of our American leadership on the broad range of rela­ people. tions between North and South. So let us stop disparaging our strength, either These U.S. initiatives have substantially im­ moral or material, because if we' do friends of proved the international atmosphere and laid the America grow uncertain, enemies become bold, foundations for progress on one of the great en­ and a world yearning for leadership loses hope. deavors of the modern era-the construction of a Let us tell our people and the world the truly just and cooperative international economy. truth: America will continue to meet the chal­ These are the re::~.lities of the global economic lenges of its time. America and its allies possess the challenge. greatest economic and military power the world has ever seen. • Today all national economies are sustained We have the courage and the self-confidence - ·- --- ~ --· ·---- '·- ~-... ---- ... ~----·------·---·~-- -· -· --- -~ -----~ .--- - -. --· -- --· .w _____ .._. __ ----- _..,~-'- ••- ...... ------

7 to prevent nuclear war. We have the vision and the boldness, vision, and perseverance. We must be a spirit to help shape a more peaceful, more stable steadfast friend to those who would be our friend; world. we must be a determined opponent of those who We have the resources, the technology, the would be our enemy. We must maintain skill, and the organizing genius to build a world simultaneously our defenses, our alliances, our economic system together with all nations­ principles, and our commitment to a cooperative developing and developed alike. And this will fufill world. And I have every confidence in our ability the aspirations of all peoples for dignity and well­ to do so. being. In this Bicentennial year we honor our It is in this spirit that next week I shall go to Founding Fathers for many things-but most of all Africa where I will carry America's message of for their faith in the American people on whom hope, social justice, aspiration for human dignity, the success of the American experiment has always the rule of the majority, and cooperation. And I depended. They were dreamers who believed in the shall also warn against foreign intervention-direct future and the Nation they had created. They were or surrogate-that would block all hope for . optimists, because they believed that free men of progress. courage could shape their destiny. And in the end But we can realize our historic responsibility they were realists, because they were right. only as a united and confident people. Our greatest At its foundation America was, because of its foreign policy need is to end our divisions and self­ promise, the hope of the world. Today it remains, denigration-to recall that we have permanent because of what it has become, the best hope of all interests and values that we must nurture and de­ mankind. fend, to recapture the sense that we are all engaged This generation of Americans, like every in a common enterprise. generation before it, will shape its destiny and in We remain the world's strongest nation, but helping the world will help itself. For what we­ we no longer have the overwhelming global pre­ and the world around us-shall be is in our hands. dominance of previous decades. Today we must And like those Americans who have gone before !ead, not by our power alone but by our wisdom, us, we shall not fail. le86crEbry dSbB

June 6, 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Santo Domingo Office of Media Services

STRENGTHENING THE HE:MISPHERIC BOND

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger at a luncheon hosted that lofty objective, we will need faith; and if I by President Joaquin Balaguer. may put it in terms which will be familiar to you, we will also need hope and occasionally a good bit I appreciate very much the warm welcome of charity toward each other. you have given me. The United States has always regarded its rela­ I am pleased to have this opportunity to visit tionship with Latin America as a central element in the Dominican Republic. This beautiful island its national life-not solely as a matter of foreign holds a special meaning for all the peoples of the policy, for too much of our history derives from Americas. For here culminated the most momen­ Spanish-speaking settlers and too many of our tous voyage of discovery in all human history and citizens are of Latin origin, for such a relationship here began the modern history of our hemisphere. to be characterized as "foreign." A great chronicler of Columbus' voyages, the The sources of our special bond are manifold: late Samuel Eliot Morison, pointed out that the The epic of discovery and settleme:p.t; our peoples' most remarkable aspect of Columbus' enterprise struggles for national independence; our common was its incredible faith in its ultimate success. The interest in shielding our countries from external journey that ended on your shores was, above all, intrusion; our work together to build internatio'nal the product of spiritual courage, of a daring to structures for cooperation and economic progress; search for an objective whose very existence could our commitment to human dignity; and above all only be proven through faith. Belief in the future is our deep cultural and personal ties. the very symbol and meaning of the Americas-the The depth of these bonds goes beyond institu­ bold readiness to encounter the future and the con­ tions; they penetrate the soul. The United States ffd~~tfulththat hum""3.n exertion~-when cHrectedby has always felt wiTh Latin America aspecial inric principle and liberty, guarantees progress. With all macy and close friendship. Today, when our coun­ our differences ours has always been the hemis­ tries are deeply involved in world affairs, even phere in which a frontier has always been a chal­ when our perceptions and interests are not always lenge and not a limit-where man came to find identical, we continue to draw upon a particular dignity and human fulfillment. warmth in our personal relationships and an excep­ It was in a spirit of commitment to our tional respect and regard for each other's views and unique hemispheric bond, with a readine~s for concerns. shared endeavor and faith in the success of our The partnership in our hemisphere-shaped by common future, that I visited Latin America four history, tradition, and common interest-was for­ m~mths ago. And it is in this spirit that I begin my malized, by and large, in a series of treaties and second trip to Latin America this year here in the impelled by organizational machinery, dedicated to Dominican Republic-to continue the work we peace and security. This shared commitment, given began in February, to strengthen by ·consultations form in the Organization of American States and concrete proposals the impetus of improving [OAS], is still indispensable to our partnership. relations between the United States and the na­ Today the evolution of the hemisphere and tions of Latin America, and to help make our the world impel us to expand the range of our hemisphere a model of what interdependent concerns beyond the traditional agenda of security nations can achieve by cooperative effort. To reach and peace. It is fortunate that our relationship is so 2 3

deep that it can comfortably accommodate the leagues at the General Assembly, and I shall be • State our willingness next month at the mul­ countries of the hemisphere, will not only increase broad range of human preoccupations. putting forward additional proposals on a number tilateral trade negotiations in Geneva to consider the prosperity of our individual countries; they will We have come to understand that, while we of key issues to further our efforts on a multi­ special safeguards treatment for certain developing increase their capacity to define and maximize the must remain strong in our dedication to the peace lateral regional basis as well. countries and in other ways to press the trade in­ benefits of international cooperation and progress. and security of this hemisphere, we are at the same A major element in this second trip is that it terests of Latin America at the Geneva conference; Above all they should strengthen the spirit of co­ time challenged by a new agenda of development builds naturally on the first: In February I was not • Explore several means of expanding Western operation and partnership. issues. The growing role of the nations of this only able to state our aims but to listen to, and Hemisphere commodity production and exports; hemisphere in the global economy and in world gain some understanding of, your concerns­ and Human Rights forums dealing with development issues and their concerns over trade, the transfer of technology, • Propose a new inter-American consultative The origins of our hemispheric traditions and unique position as the most developed of the devel­ and regional cooperation. The proposals we plan to mechanism on trade so that the inter-American the values of our civilization tell us, however, that oping nations provide an unprecedented opportuni­ present at Santiago reflect that understanding and system shall enjoy, for the first time, an open, con­ material progress is not sufficient for the human ty to shape the problems of independence. respond to those concerns-and thus represent con­ tinuing forum for dialogue on this, the most signifi­ personality. We of the Americas have a special To reflect these new perceptions, I pledged crete steps in our longstanding partnership. cant economic relationship of the nations of this obligation to ourselves and the world to maintain last February that the United States would: Two subjects that are high on the interna­ hemisphere. and advance international standards of justice and tional agenda are especially relevant-trade , and freedom • • technology. • Take special cognizance of the distinctive Technology In February I stated our convict~on that basic requirements of the more industrialized economies Economic development, in the end, means human rights must be preserved, cherished, and de­ Trade of Latin America and of the region as a whole-in simply the expansion of output and the improve­ fended in this hemisphere-for if they cannot be The United States is fully aware that trade is the context of our efforts to help shape a more ment in efficiency of the workers, the farms, and preserved, cherished, and defended here where the the indispensable engine of growth for the nations equitable international order; the factories of our nations. In today's world it is rights and promise of the individual have played of the hemisphere and that the United States, and • Assist directly the neediest nations in the impossible to conceive of any long-term growth in such a prominent historic role, then they are in the other developed countries, are the most signifi­ hemisphere afflicted by poverty and natural dis­ a nation which is without modem technology-the jeopardy everywhere. cant trading partners of the region. Trade is the aster; capability of exploiting the insights and discoveries During this trip I shall stress that the struggle source of most of Latin America's foreign ex· • Support Latin American regional and subre­ of the modern scientific method for the better­ for human dignity is central, both to national de­ change and so is essential if Latin America is to gional efforts to organize for cooperation and inte­ ment of man's conditions. Latin America's devel­ velopment and to international cooperation, and I acquire the imported capital goods which are vital gration; opment aspirations turn on technology; but, as I shall propose a strengthened role for the Inter­ to future industrialization. But trade is, at the same • Negotiate on the basis of parity and dignity emphasized during my visit in February, it must be American Human Rights Commission. time, the ,most serious point of national our specific differences with each and every state technology compatible with the conditions of vulnerability to external circumstance. Cycles of to solve problems before theybecome conflicts; Latin America, nurtured by Latin Americans in boom and bust, fueled by abrupt fluctuations in Our Inter-American System • Enforce our commitment to collective securi­ Latin American institutions and capable of thrust­ the prices of commodities like sugar and coffee, tin We have many forms of cooperation; our bi­ ty and to maintain regional integrity against at­ ing the economies of Latin America into the and copper, have plagued the development struggle lateral and global interactions are increasing con­ tempts to undermine solidarity, threaten inde­ competitive forefront of the world's markets. in the Americas for decades. stantly. To.give them an added regional dimension, pendence, or export violence; and At the General Assembly this time, I shall: We are dedicated to the search for effective no organization is more important than the Organi­ • Work to modernize the inter-American solutions to the problems of international com· zation of American States. system to respond to the needs of our times and modity marketing, as I made clear in my statement • Announce measures to expand Latin Ameri­ Last February I pledged that we would work give direction to our common action. to the UNCTAD IV in Nairobi a few weeks ago. ca's access to our own National Technical Informa­ to modernize the inter-American system to re­ And we are, as recent decisions by President Ford tion Service; spond to the needs of our times and give direction Since February the United States has worked under the Trade Act have shown, equally dedicated • Detail an increased U.S. assistance program to our common action. During my current trip I hard to make progress in each of these areas. We to a more liberal global trading system in which for the coming year for the development of in­ shall urge that we increase the frequency of our have introduced trade, investment, and technology Latin America will have greater opportunity to digenous technology capability within Latin consultations through the General Assembly and proposals of special relevance to the countries of expand its earnings from nontraditional manufac· America; eliminate those other elements of the OAS struc­ this hemisphere at global forums in Paris and tured export sales. • Announce that we are opening a technology ture that have become anachronistic, and I shall exchange service for Latin America, to service re­ Nairobi. We have responded to the courageous In February I pledged that the United States propose that these reforms of the OAS be con­ quests for information about public and privately efforts of the Guatemalan people to recover from would support Latin America's drive for broadened sidered by a special intergovernmental working owned technology in the United States; the earthquake that devastated their land. We have participation in the international economy as a group on the charter. • Indicate that we are prepared to mount a provided fresh support to subregional cooperation means to assure stable growth. During this visit, at Over the course of the next year, these steps pilot program of practical technology exchanges in Central America and are exploring ways of relat· the General Assembly, I shall: should lead to a more flexible and responsive in­ ing more effectively to the Andean Pact. And we between private Latin American and U.S. com· strument of cooperation between the United States have not only intensified bilateral efforts with • Make clear our determination to administer panies; and and the countries of Latin America and help bring several countries but have made a special effort to our Trade Act in ways constantly more favorable • In general elaborate for Latin America the the drawn-out reform debate to a successful con­ prepare for the current meeting of the OAS Gener­ to Latin America's exports; technology initiatives which I suggested in Nairobi clusion. al Assembly, which provides a unique opportunity • Announce our willingness to explore with recently and those which were approved in the These proposals will be offered as sincere, to review our progress together and give it common Latin America ways in which, through our own technology resolution at UNCTAD IV. serious attempts to respond to Latin American direction. trade policies, we can offer incentives for more suggestions. I look forward to discussing these and other liberal trade and greater integration in Latin These steps, which we are prepared to refine History has proven time and again how diffi­ recent global and· regional events with my col- America; and implement in consultation with the other cult it is for those living in an age of revolutionary 4 change to perceive the forces taking shape around joyed a real annual increase in per capita income of them, much less exercise influence over their direc­ nearly 8 percent, one of the highest rates of tion and impact. I believe that we here in this progress not just in this hemisphere but the world. hemisphere, because of our partnership of shared This growth has enabled you to resist subsequent endeavor and straightforward consultation, are dislocations in the global economy and to make closer than any other group of nations to under­ great strides in institutional development and cul­ standing the problems we face, more able to dis­ ture as well. cuss them in the spirit of a long tradition of In less fortunate times, when stability and cooperation, and more willing to take the neces­ confidence were threatened, you addressed a sary steps to master our common destiny. With message to the young people of your country. You good will and firm commitment we can make a reminded them of the ideals and aspirations of record of progess in this hemisphere on the crucial Duarte and of their obligations as inheritors of his issues of an interdependent world which will be a hope. You said: model and an inspiration to nations everywhere. The peoples of the Americas, who pioneered . .. To chaos and to lack of confidence by these unexplored continents and built nations some in our own future, we can offer in return under conditions of great adversity, know that political security in the present and in the future; progress does not come easily. But we know as well to ignorant narrowness, we can offer our abundant that cooperative and committed effort-and faith confidence, our faith in progress, our permanent in the future-are the surest means to progress. commitment to national conciliation and con­ Mr. President, the year 1976 has a special cord. meaning for both of us. In the United States it is a Bicentennial year of renewed dedication to our This is also a message to the hemisphere. It is ideals. For you it is a year of homage to a great a message of indomitable faith in the future Dominican leader-Juan Pablo Duarte. Like J effer­ worthy of the heritage and the proud achievement son and Bolivar, Juarez and Lincoln, Duarte has of this hemisphere. given tht; Americas a legacy of love of mankind and Ladies and Gentlemen, I ask you to join me as country. I propose a toast on behalf of the President and You, Mr. President, a distinguished historian people of the United States to His Excellency, Dr. and a scholar of Duarte, have had an opportunity Joaquin Balaguer, President of the Dominican which was tragically denied to him. For nearly 10 Republic; to the enduring friendship between our years, you have been allowed to direct the fortunes two countries; to the prosperity and well-being of of your country-to lead it away from political and the Dominican people; and to the voyage to the economic unrest toward peace, prosperity, and future upon which we in the Americas have em­ liberty. barked and which will lead us to a new world of During the first four years of this decade peace, dignity, justice, and progress for all our alone, the people of the Dominican Republic en- peoples.

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID DEPARTMENT OF STATE, U.S.A. DEPARTMENT Of' STATE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520 STA-501 June 8, 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Santiago, Chile Office of Media Services

-n~AN RIGHIS ANir­ THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger before the 6th advance, and in human communication. But it has Regular General Assembly of the Organization of spawned plagues as well-in the form of new tools American States (OAS). of oppression as well as of civil strife. In an era characterized by terrorism, by bitter ideological One of the most compelling issues of our contention, by weakened bonds of social cohesion, time, and one which calls for the concerted actwn· and by the yearning for order even at the expense of liberty, the result all too often has been the of all responsible peoples and nations, is the violation of fundamental standards of humane con- necessity to protect and extend the fundamental duct. rights of humanity· The obscene and atrocious acts systematically The precious common heritage of our Western employed to devalue, debase, and destroy human Hemisphere is the conviction that human beings life during World War II vividly and ineradicably are the subjects, not the objects, of public policy; impressed the responsible peoples of the world that citizt;ns must not become mere instruments of with the enormity of the challenge to human the state. rights. It was precisely to end such abuses and to This is the conviction that brought millions to provide moral authority in international affairs the Americas. It_inspired our p~()pl~~-t~ fight-o-f_o_r~ __that_ a__new .sysrem was forged afterj:hat war- their independence. It is the commitment that has globally in the United Nations and regionally in a made political freedom and individual dignity the strengthened inter-American system. constant and cherished ideal of the Americas and The shortcomings of our efforts in an age the envy of nations elsewhere. It is the ultimate which continues to be scarred by forces of intimi- proof that our countries are linked by more than dation, terror, and brutality fostered sometimes geography and the impersonal forces of history. from outside national territories and sometimes Respect for the rights of man is written into from inside have made it dramatically clear that the founding documents of every nation of our basic human rights must be preserved, cherished, hemisphere. It has long been part of the common and defended if peace and prosperity are to be speech and daily lives of our citizens. And today, more than hollow technical achievements. For more than ever, the successful advance of our technological progress without social justice mocks societies requires the full and free dedication of the humanity; national unity without freedom is talent, energy, and creative thought of men and sterile; nationalism without a consciousness of women who are free from fear of repression. human community-which means a shared concern The modem age has brought undreamed-of for human rights-refines instruments of oppres- benefits to mankind-in medicine, in technological swn.

PR293 2 3 ' We in the Americas must increase our interna­ denial of civility have become so widespr.ead, sciousness and they can provide certain minimum upholds the defense of individual rights as a tional support for the principles of justice, free­ political subversions so intertwined with official protection for the human personality. Interna­ primordial function of the law and describes case dom, and human dignity-for the organized con­ and unofficial abuse, and so confused with op­ tional law and experience have enabled the devel­ after case of serious governmental actions in de­ cern of the community of nations remains one of pression and base criminality, that the protection opment of specific procedures to distinguish rogation of such rights. the most potent weapons in the struggle against the of individual rights and the preservation of human reasonable from arbitrary government action on, A second report is devoted exclusively to the degradation of human values. dignity 'have become sources of deep concern-and for example, the question of detention. These situation in Chile. We note the Commission's state­ worse-sometimes of demoralization and indiffer­ involve access to courts, counsel, and families; ment that the Government of Chile has cooperated Human Rights Challenge in the Americas ence. prompt release or charge; and, if the latter, fair and with the Commission, and the Commission's con­ The ultimate vitality and virtue of our socie­ No country, no people-for that matter no public trial. Where such procedures are followed, clusion that the infringement of certain funda­ ties spring from the instinctive sense of human political system-can claim a perfect record in the the risk and incidence of unintentional government mental rights in Chile has undergone a quantitative dignity and respect for the rights of others that field of human rights. But precisely because our error, of officially sanctioned torture, of prolonged reduction since the last report. We must also point have long distinguished the immensely varied peo­ societies in the Americas have been· dedicated to arbitrary deprivation of liberty, are drastically out that Chile has filed a comprehensive and ples and lands of this hemisphere. The genius of freedom since they emerged from the colonial era, reduced. Other important procedures are habeas responsive answer that sets forth a number of our inter-American heritage is based on the funda­ our shortcomings are more apparent and more corpus or amparo, judicial appeal, and impartial hopeful prospects which we hope will soon be fully mental democratic principles of human and na­ significant. And let us face facts: Respect for the review of administrative actions. And there are the implemented. tional dignity, justice, popular participation, and dignity of man is declining in too many countries procedures available at the international level­ Nevertheless the Commission has asserted that free cooperation among different peoples and of the hemisphere. There are several states where appeal to, and investigation and recommendations violations continue to occur, and this is a matter of social systems. fundamental standards of humane behavior are not by, established independent bodies such as the bilateral as well as international attention. In the The observance of these essential principles of observed. All of us have a responsibility in this Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, an United States concern is widespread in the execu­ civility cannot be taken for granted even in the regard, for the Americas cannot be true to them­ integral part of the OAS and a symbol of our dedi­ tive branch, in the press, and in the Congress, most tranquil of times. In periods of stress and selves unless they rededicate themselves to belief in cation to the dignity of man. which has taken the extraordinary step of enacting uncertainty, when pressures on established authori­ the worth of the individual and to the defense of The Inter-American Commission has built an specific statutory limits on U.S. military and ty grow and nations feel their very existence is those individual rights which that concept entails. impressive record of sustained, independent, and economic aid to Chile. tenuous, the practice of human rights becomes far Our nations must sustain both a common highly professional work since its establishment in The condition of human rights as assessed by more difficult. commitment to the human rights of individuals 1960. Its importance as a primary procedural alter­ the OAS Human Rights Commission has impaired The central problem of government has al­ and practical support for the institutions and pro­ native in dealing with the recurrent human rights our relationship with Chile and will continue to do ways been to strike a just and effective balance cedures necessary to insure those rights. problem of this hemisphere is considerable. so. We wish this relationship to be close, and all between freedom and authority. When freedom The rights of man have been authoritatively The United States believes this Commission is friends of Chile hope that obstacles raised by con­ degenerates into anarchy, the human personality identified both in the U.N. Universal Declaration one of the most important bodies of the Organiza­ ditions alleged in the report will soon be removed. becomes subject to arbitrary, brutal, and capricious of Human Rights and in the OAS 's American Dec­ tion of American States. At the same time it is a At the same time the Commission should not forces. When the demand for order overrides all laration of the Rights and Duties of Man. There role which touches upon the most sensitive aspects focus on some problem areas to the neglect of other considerations, man becomes a means and will, of course, always be differences of view as to of the national policies of each of the member others. The cause of human dignity is not served not an end, a tool of impersonal machinery. Clear­ the precise extent of the obligations of govern­ governments. We must insure that the Commission by those who hypocritically manipulate concerns ly some forms of human suffering are intolerable ment. But there are standards below which no functions so that it cannot be manipulated for in­ with human :rights to further their political prefer­ no matter what pressures nations may face or feel. government can fall without offending funda­ ences, nor by those who single out for human Beyond that all societies have an obligation to ternational politics in the name of human rights. mental values-such as genocide, officially toler­ rights condemnation only those countries with enable their people to fulfill their potentialities and We must also see to it that the Commission be­ ated torture, mass imprisonment or murder, or whose political views they disagree. live a life of dignity and self-respect. comes an increasingly vital instrument of hemi­ comprehensive denials of basic rights to racial, We are persuaded that the OAS Commission, As we address this challenge in practice, we spheric cooperation in defense of human rights. religious, political, or ethnic groups. Any govern­ however, has avoided such temptations. must recognize that our efforts must engage the The Commission deserves the support of the ment engaging in such practices must fa'ce adverse The Commission has worked and reported serious commitment of our societies. As a source Assembly in strengthening further its independ­ international judgment. widely. Its survey of human rights in Cuba is ample of dynamism, strength, and inspiration, verbal ence, even-handedness, and constructive potential. The international community has created evidence of that. Though the report was completed posturings and self-righteous rhetoric are not important institutions to deal with the challenge of Reports of the OAS Human Rights Commission too late for formal consideration at this General enough. Human rights are the very essence of a human rights. We here are all participants in some We have all read the two reports submitted to Assembly, an initial review confirms our worst meaningful life, and human dignity is the ultimate of them-the United Nations, the International this General Assembly by the Commission. They fears of Cuban behavior. We should commend the purpose of government. No government can ignore Court of Justice, the OAS, and the two Human are sobering documents for they provide serious Commission for its efforts-in spite of the total terrorism and survive, but it is equally true that a Rights Commissions of the United Nations and evidence of violations of elemental international lack of cooperation of the Cuban authorities-to government that tramples on the rights of its citi­ OAS. In Europe an even more developed interna­ standards of human rights. unearth the truth that many Cuban political zens denies the purpose of its existence. tional institutional structure provides other useful In its annual report on human rights in the prisoners have been victims of inhuman treatment. In recent years and even days, our newspapers precedents for our effort. hemisphere, the Commission cites the rise of vio­ We urge the Commission to continue its efforts to have carried stories of kidnappings, ambushes, Procedures alone cannot solve the problem, lence and speaks of the need to maintain order and determine the truth about the state of human bombings, and assassinations. Terrorism and the but they can keep it at the forefront of our con- protect citizens against armed attack. But it also rights in Cuba. 4 I In our view the record of the Commission this ways to strengthen the inter-American system in year in all these respects demonstrates that it terms of protection against terrorism, kidnapping, deserves the support of the Assembly in and other forms of violent threats to the human strengthening further its independence, even­ personality, especially those inspired from the out­ handedness, and constructive potential. side. We can use the occasion of this General As­ sembly to emphasize that the protection of human Necessity for Concern and Concrete Action rights is an obligation not simply of particular It is a tragedy that the forces of change in our countries whose practices have come to public at­ century-a time of unparalleled human achieve­ tention. Rather, it is an obligation assumed by all ment-have also visited upon many individuals the nations of the Americas as part of their partici­ around the world a new dimension of intimidation pation in the hemispheric system. and suffering. To this end the United States proposes that The standard of individual liberty of con­ the Assembly broaden the Commission's mandate science and expression is the proudest heritage of so that instead of waiting for complaints, it can our civilization. It summons all nations. But this report regularly on the status of human rights hemisphere, which for centuries has been the hope throughout the hemisphere. of all mankind, has a special requirement for dedi­ Through adopting this proposal the nations of cated commitment. the Americas would make plain our common com­ Let us then tum to the great task before us. mitment to human rights, increase the reliable All we do in the world-in our search for peace, for information available to us, and offer more effec­ greater political cooperation, for a fair and tive recommendations to governments about how flourishing economic system-is meaningful only if best to improve human rights. In support of such a linked to the defense of the fundamental freedoms broadened effort, we propose that the budget and which permit the fullest expression of mankind's staff of the Commission be enlarged. By creativity. No nations of the globe have a greater strengthening the contribution of this body, we responsibility. No nations can make a greater con­ can deepen our dedication to the special qualities tribution to the future. Let us look deeply within of rich promise that make our hemisphere a ourselves to find the essence of our human condi­ standard-bearer for freedom-loving people in every tion. And let us carry forward the great enterprise quarter of the globe. of liberty for which this hemisphere has been-and At the same time we should also consider will again be-the honored symbol everywhere.

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID DEPARTMENT OF STATE, U.S.A. DEPARTMENT Of' STATE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520 STA-501 June 9; 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Santiago, Chile Office of Media Services

HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger before the 6th Regu­ sense of personal amistad can play a decisive role in lar General Assembly of the Organization of the affairs of mankind, and nowhere more so than American States (OAS ). in our hemisphere. Fourth, we share the conviction that there is For two centuries the peoples of this hemi­ much to do and that working together for concrete sphere have been forging a record of cooperation progress is the surest way to get it done. Even our and accomplishment of which we can be proud. It criticism presumes the feasibility of cooperation. is a record which gives good cause for the confi­ Fifth, we respect each other's independence. dence we bring to the tasks we face today. But of We accept the principle that each nation is-and greater importance is the truly special relationship must be-in charge of its own future. Each chooses we have achieved. The ties of friendship, mutual its mode of development; each determines its own regard, and high respect that we have forged here policies. But we know that our capacity to achieve set this hemisphere apart. The bond between the our national goals increases as we work together. American republics is unmatched in the world to­ Sixth, despite the differences among our day in both depth and potential. political systems, our peoples share a common First, we have maintained the awareness that aspiration for the fulfillment of individual human our destinies are linked-a recognition of the real­ dignity. This is the heritage of our hemisphere and ity that we are bound by more than geography and the ideal toward which all our governments have an common historical experience. We are as diverse as obligation to strive. any association of nations, yet this special relation­ Finally, and of immediate importance, we are ship is known to us all, almost instinctively. achieving a new and productive balance-based on Second, ours is a hemisphere of peace. In no real interests-in our relations within the Americas, other region of the world has international conflict within other groupings, and with the rest of the been so rare, nor peaceful and effective coopera­ world. All of us have ties outside the hemisphere. tion so natural to the fabric of our relationships. But our interests elsewhere do not impede our Third, we work together with a unique spirit hemispheric effort. Our traditions of independence of mutual respect. I personally am immensely and diversity have served us well. grateful for the warm and serious relationships I This is both a strength and a challenge to us have enjoyed with my colleagues and other West­ now as this Assembly takes up the issue of develop­ ern Hemisphere leaders. I am convinced that this ment. PR296 2 3

The United States is dedicated to cooperate in upon which the economic aspirations of so many commodities problems, the United States proposes global solutions are not possible, we are willing to development throughout the world. But,~s we seek countries in Latin America rely; that the nations of the hemisphere undertake a consider regional mechanisms. to make progress in all our global development • Expansion of the trade opportunities and three-part program to secure the contribution of efforts, we recognize close and special ties to the capabilities that are an essential part of the de­ commodities to development in this hemisphere. Trade nations of the Americas. We regard the concerns of velopment strategies of all countries in the hemi­ Trade has been an engine of growth for all this hemisphere as our first priority. sphere; and First, I propose that we establish a regional countries; and for many developing countries­ It is for this reason that we support the sug­ • Improved arrangements for the development, consultative mechanism on commodities. This above all those in Latin America-it is an essential gestions which have been made for a special as­ acquisition, and utilization of higher technology to mechanism could well be under the aegis of the vehicle of development. Recognizing the import­ sembly of the OAS to be devoted to hemispheric speed the modernization of the hemisphere. OAS. It should bring together experts with opera­ ance of trade to sustained growth, the United cooperation for development. Such an assembly tional responsibilities and experience. The inter­ States has taken, within our global trade policy, a should deal with concrete problems capable of Let me address each of these issues in tum. American commodities mechanism could pre­ number of initiatives of particular significance to practical solutions. To this end the United States cede-or at least supplement-those established Latin America. We have reduced trade barriers, es­ proposes that a pre~atory meeting of experts be Commodities with a global mandate, where we are prepared to pecially those affecting processed goods; provided held in advance of the special assembly. Most of our members depend heavily on the exchange views regularly and in depth on the state preferential access to our market for many exports But we do not intend to delay our efforts production and export of primary commodities for of commodities markets of most interest to us­ of developing countries; worked in the multilateral while we await the processes of international insti­ essential earnings. Yet production and export of including coffee, grains, meat, and the minerals trade negotiations in Geneva for reduction of bar­ tutions and conferences. The U.S. Administration these resources are vulnerable to the cycles of produced in this hemisphere. Our objective will be riers, giving priority to tropical products; and rec­ will begin now: scarcity and glut, underinvestment and over­ to concert our informati(\Il on production and de­ ognized in our general trade policy the special capacity that disrupt economic conditions in both mand in order to make the best possible use of our needs of developing countries. • First, to give special attention to the econom­ the developing and the industrial world. investment resources. These consultations will pro­ Today, at this Assembly, we can begin to con­ ic concerns of Latin America in every area in which At the U.N. Conference on Trade and vide us an early-warning system to identify prob­ sider ways in which our commitment to trade our executive branch possesses the power of discre­ Development [UNCTAD] last month, we joined in lems in advance and enable us to take appropriate cooperation can contribute to economic progress tionary decision; the common commitment to search for concrete, corrective action nationally, regionally, or through in, our hemisphere. The United States sees three • Second, to undertake detailed consultations practical solutions in the interests of both pro­ worldwide organizations. key areas which this Organization could usefully address: with Latin American nations to coordinate our ducers and consumers. Second, I propose we give particular attention positions on all economic issues of concern to the Despite reservations about some aspects of to global solutions for commodities important to • The need to provide opporturutles for de­ hemisphere prior to the consideration of those is­ the final resolution at Nairobi, the United States one or more countries of the hemisphere. The veloping countries to expand and diversify exports sues in major international forums; believes that the final commodities resolution of United States has signed the Coffee and Tin Agree­ of manufactured and semiprocessed goods; • Third, to consider special arrangements in the the Conference represented a major advance in the ments; it is crucial to the coffee- and tin-producing • The need to promote the hemisphere's trade hemisphere in economic areas of particular concern dialogue between North and South; we will partici­ countries of this hemisphere that those agreements position through the multilateral trade negotiations to Latin America, ~uch as the transfer and develop­ pate in the major preparatory conferences on in­ be implemented in a fashion that will most appro­ at Geneva; and ment of technology; dividual commodities and in the preparatory con­ priately contribute to their development. • The ne5d for effective regional and subre­ • In addition, we will put forth every effort to ference on financing. gional economic integration. bring about the amendment of the U.S. Trade Act One key element, however, is missing from In 'Nairobi, and at other forums, the United to eliminate the automatic exclusion of Ecuador the final catalogue of Nairobi's proposals­ States proposed that we examine on a global basis Let me turn to each of these three points. and Venezuela from the generalized system of pref­ machinery to spur the flow of new investment for other commodities of particular importance to No single element is more important to Latin erences. resource production in the developing countries. Latin America-bauxite, iron ore, and copper. I America's trade opportunities than the health of The United States made a proposal aimed at that suggest that we in the hemisphere have a special the U.S. economy. I can confirm to you today that The United States is prepared to proceed in problem-an International Resources Bank [IRB]. role to play in considering how these steps might our economy is in full recovery, with prospects these four areas whatever may occur in other de­ A resolution t0 study the IRB was rejected by a be taken and in identifying other high priority sub­ brighter than they have been for years. velopment forums. But this Assembly offers an ex­ vote that can best be described as accidental. Nine­ jects for global commodity discussions. The preferences system contained in the U.S. cellent opportunity to advance our joint progress. ty nations abstained or were absent. Those nations Third, I propose that the consultative group Trad~Act has been in effect since january. It gives The United States believes that there are three of Latin America that reject such self-defeating take a new look at the problem of insuring ade­ Latin American countries duty-free entry on more major issues that this Assembly should address­ tactics can make a special contribution to insure quate investment in commodities in this hemi­ than $1 billion worth of its exports to the United commodities, trade, and technology. These in­ that the progress of all is not defeated by the sphere under circumstances that respect the States. Even more important, it provides vast op­ volve: sterile and outmoded confrontational tactics of a sovereignty of producers and provide incentive for portunities for Latin America to diversify into new few. investment. We should examine all reasonable product areas in its exports to the United States. • More stable and beneficial conditions for the As a contribution to the commitment we proposals, especially those which would help to as­ In addition to the effort we will undertake to production and marketing of primary commodities undertook at Nairobi to deal comprehensively with sure effective resource development financing. If end the exclusion of Ecuador and Venezuela from 4 5

the benefits of the U.S. Trade Act, President Ford Geneva negotiations; we are prepared to intensify lar and long-term J-.asis the catalogue of trade ex­ cess to the National Technical Information Service has asked me to state today that: consultations in Geneva and Washington with Latin pansion proposals I have elaborated above. and other facilities of the technology information American delegations to explore both general is­ network of the U.S. Government, which covers 90 • He will make every effort to add to the pref­ sues and positidns for specific meetings. Technology percent of the technical information that flows erences system products that are of direct interest Technology is basic to economic develop­ from the $20 billion of research that the U.S. Gov­ to Latin America; Finally, the United States supports the con­ ment. It is technology that enables us to master the ernment sponsors annually. • The executive branch will bend every effort cept and practice of regional and subregional eco­ raw gifts of nature and transform them into the to accommodate the export interests of Latin nomic integration as a me<:ms of magnifying the products needed for the well-being of our peoples. Third, develop new regional and subregional America in all matters in which we have statutory positive impact of trade on development. Expand­ But technology is not evenly distributed. structures of consultation and cooperation on discretion. President Ford's recent choice of adjust­ ed trade, based on the development of industries There are impediments to its development, to its problems of technology. To this end, the United ment assistance rather than import restrictions in that will be able to compete successfully within transfer, and, most importantly, to its effective States proposes: response to the petition of the U.S. footwear in­ and outside the integration area, will strengthen utilization. The United States believes that tech­ dustry clearly dem.nstrates the commitment of the growth process of participating countries. We nology should become a prime subject of hemis­ • That we establish a consultative group under the U.S. Government to a liberal trade policy and seek means to support the far-reaching integration pheric cooperation. The countries in this region the OAS to address and provide recommendations the use of the Trade Act to expand trade in the plans that have been drawn up in the hemisphere­ have reached stages of development that enable on information problems that Latin America faces hemisphere; for the Andean group, the Caribbean community, them to adapt and create modern technologies. in acquiring technology; • The President will direct the U.S. Depart­ the Central American Common Market, and the Our potential thus matches the urgency of practi­ • That the OAS, in line with the UNCTAD IV ment of Commerce to respond positively to re­ Latin American Free Trade Area. cal needs. consensus, establish a regional center on technolo­ quests from your governments for assistance in the We are ready to support responsible efforts to At this point, what are the new directions we gy. The center would facilitate cooperative re­ development of export promotion programs. The further integration. The administration of U.S. should take together? We have three proposals. The search and development activities, drawing on both Department of Commerce will make available trade laws and the improvement of our preferences United States believes we in the hemisphere should: public and private sources. It could stimulate ex­ technical advice on promotion techniques and per­ system on matters such as rules of origin are two changes of qualifie.~ technical personnel. And it sonnel training to help develop new markets for possible incentives to greater Latin American inte­ could begin to attack the problem of incentives to First, take immediate advantage of promising Latin American exports worldwide. gration. We welcome your views as to a further the thousands of technologically trained Latin global initiatives. To seek maximum benefit from U.S. role toward enhancing the momentum of eco­ Americans now living abroad to return to and serve the U.N. Conference on Science and Development The United States believes that the multi­ nomic integration in Latin America. with their own countries. In the view of the United set for 1979, we propose that the nations here to­ lateral trade negotiations in Geneva warrant the We ani not persuaded, however, that we have States, such a center should be a cooperative enter­ special attention of Latin America. Our view is that fully exploited all the possibilities of how best to day undertake preparatory consultations on that subject in the Economic Commission for Latin prise requiring commitment and contributions in the international codes on subsidies and counter­ provide expanded trade opportunities to Latin funds, technological resources, and personnel from vailing duties and on safeguard actions now being America. We know that the issue is complex and America, whose meeting has been prescribed as a regional forum within the Conference program. We all of the countries that take part. To get us under­ negotiated should recognize the special conditions that it involves not only expanded access to the way I propose that we convene a group of experts facing developing countries. To this end: markets of the United States but also measures to will enlist the experience and resources of leading U.S. technology institutions in this hemispheric to examine the need, feasibility, characteristics, enhance opportunities for Latin American pro­ and role of an inter-American technology center • The United States will seek agreement at preparatory effort. ducts in Europe and Japan-and throughout Latin and report to us before the next OAS General As~ Geneva that the code on countervailing duties and America itself. Second, increase public and private contacts sembly. subsidies now being negotiated should contain Some permanent, expert forum is necessary. on research, development, and the application of special rules to permit developing countries to We, therefore, propose that within the OAS there technology. To this end the United States will: assist their exports under agreed criteria for an be established a special inter-American commission Importance of Cooperative Development appropriate time linked to specific development for trade cooperation. If the suggestion for a spe­ • Open a technology exchange service for Latin Economic development is a central concern of objectives. cial general assembly on cooperation for develop­ America to provide information on U.S. laws and all nations today. The community of nations has • The United States next month will propose ment prospers, we think that assembly should set regulations relating to technology flows and to become, irrevocably, a single global economy. We that the safeguards code under negotiation in guidelines for the functioning of the commission. sources of public and private technology; know that peace and progress will rest funda­ Geneva grant special treatment to developing coun­ We see the commission as an opportunity, in major • Explore cooperative ventures in which small mentally on our ability to forge patterns of eco­ tries that are minor suppliers or new entrants in a part through the multilateral trade negotiations in and medium-sized U.S. firms would provide practi­ nomic cooperation that are fair, productive, and developed-country market during the period that Geneva, to bring together those policy-level offi­ cal technologies to individual Latin American open to all. safeguards are in effect. cials most familiar with the actual trade problems firms, along with the management expertise needed We in this hemisphere have a special oppor­ • The United States will send a trade policy and opportunities for trade creation under a firm to select, adapt, and exploit those technologies; tunity and responsibility to advance the recent team to Latin America shortly to identify ways to mandate to seek innovative means of ceoperating and favorable mood, and the practical achievements, in promote increased hemisphere trade through the to expand exports-expanding, in short, on a regu- • Expand and strengthen Latin America's ac- cooperation between the developed and developing 6 nations. We start from a firmer foundation today; The United States stands ready to give its our prospects for working together are brighter sister republics in the hemisphere special attention than ever before-more so in this hemisphere than in the great task of cooperation for development. in any other region of the world. We should have We shall make a major effort to prepare for the reason for confidence in our ability to advance our special session on development. We shall listen to own people's well-being, while simultaneously con­ your proposals, work with you in a serious and tributing to a more prosperous world. It is in this cooperative spirit of friendship, and commit our­ sense that I have sought today to advance our selves to carry on the great heritage of the Ameri­ practical progress in important areas. cas as we go forward together.

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, June 11, 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Mexico City Office of Media Services

THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: INDEPENDENCE AND INTERDEPENDENCE

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger at a dinner z"n honor nations. Both bear the personal mark of President of President Luzs Echeverria. Echeverria:

I want to begin by saying that it gives me the • The global challenge of helping to construct a greatest satisfaction to be able tonight to recipro­ new and peaceful international order offering cate to my Mexican friends a small measure of the justice and prosperity to all peoples; and hospitality which this great and beautiful country • The state of the special, indeed unique, bond has so warmly extended to me on so many occasions between the United States and Mexico. in the past. I spent my honeymoon here; I have deep professional and personal ties to Mexico. The United States respects and values Mexi­ I have never come to this land without sensing co's role on the world scene. We also cherish our deeply both the glory of Mexico's ancient past and dose historical, practical, and personal ties as its dynamism today-the thousands of years of neighbors. There is no conflict between these reali· civilization that culminated in the panorama of ties. Indeed they offer our two nations a precious splendor that so awed the first conquistadors and, advantage as we approach together the great issues now, the vibrant course of modem Mexico, whose of our time. struggle for political and economic independence, Mexico and the United States are independent dignity, and social justice has won for it the and self-confident nations. We are mature enough admiration of the community of nations, as well as to encounter the trials of our era without crises of a growing role of leadership in international affairs. identity and without allowing differences perma­ The impact which Mexico is making on our nently to divide us. We are serious enough to dis­ interdependent world, as all of us here know, is agree without rancor; creative enough to cooperate attributable in large part to the boundless energy without threatening each other's independence. In and broad vision of President Luis Echeverria. He is this we are truly at the frontiers of Western civiliza­ an inspirational leader. I have had the privilege of tion. As North American nations we are irrevoca­ working· with him for nearly six years. He will be bly linked by geography, history, interest, and remembered in history for his great contributions principle. We need sign no documents to insure our to peace, progress, and justice. kinship of thought and action as free and. friendly Tonight I want to discuss two great tasks peoples. We have a relationship all the more special which are deep and permanent concerns of our two for being unwritten.

PR 301·A 2 3

Global Challenge of Peace, Prosperity, Justice that the world community listens to their con­ system. Mexico's energetic promotion of the Char­ make a special and positive contribution to the History has presented this generation with cerns. ter of Economic Rights and Duties of course of development around the world. two great and unique challenges: The imperative of This is why we attach such importance to the States-which you yourself inspired, Mr. Presi­ • Beyond peace and prosperity lies a deeper peace in the nuclear age; and the need to give pur­ dialogue now taking place between the developed dent-itself symbolizes the need for a new aware­ universal aspiration for dignity and justice. Our pose to peace by helping to shape a new structure and developing nations. For beyond the technical ness that interdependence is not a slogan but a two countries are both committed to the rule of of international relations that speaks to the posi­ solutions we may reach, the spirit we help en­ reality. And since the Revolution of 1910, Mexico ·taw and extending the reach of international law in .tive aspirations of all peoples. Every nation has a gender can contribute to a world of peace and to a has presented the international community with world affairs. This is most urgently needed with stake in, and a responsibility for, the problem of sense of community. This is why we are disturbed the example of a proudly independent nation com­ regard to the last great frontiers of our planet-the global peace. Each has its special circumstances and by attitudes of confrontation and concerned by mitted to progress and social justice. Today Mexi­ oceans. They are the common heritage of mankfud, its special role. · those who seek gains ,through technical majorities. co's voice is heard and heeded in the leading coun­ but they can become arenas for conflict if not The United States, uniquely among the free It is the essenc~ of an effective international struc­ cils of the world. governed by law. The differences between us on nations of the world, bears a heavy responsibility ture today; in our interdependent world, that solu­ It is my profound conviction that Mexico and the issues involved have led to tensions, but they to maintain the~' balance of stability upon which tions cannot be imposed by one group on another, the United States together have a priceless advan­ are issues which nations everywhere will have to world peace depends. This is why we are com­ but that a consensus must be established in which tage upon which to base common efforts in virtual­ solve. Our two nations have a special advantage anq mitted to oppose the forces of intimidation and all share. By continuing to grow in strength and ly every major area of human and international thus a special responsibility to reach agreement on oppression whenever they threaten the global international participation, Mexico, and indeed all concern. Mexico's history, economic growth, insti­ our differences in the context of a rapid and suc­ equilibrium. But we know, as Mexico knows, that the nations of Latin America, can in important tutional stability, and political imagination enable cessful conclusion to the Law of the Sea Confer­ peace is tenuous and progress is fragile without a respects act as a bridge between the different it to bring independent new dimensions to the ence this year. We have agreed to urgent consulta­ curb, and eventually an end, to the arms race. This groups that exist in the world today. global cooperation so essential to our shared hopes tions on this important issue. is why we have embarked on the difficult and com­ The United States has accepted the challenge for a less divided and more prosperous world. • We have as well an obligation to the deeper plex negotiations to limit strategic arms-to reduce of an interdependent world. We are committed to sources of our common humanity. No peoples have these arms and to ease the economic burden of the the cause of cooperation on an equal basis between • The United States believes that the universal been more dedicated to the cause of human dignity arms race. ~ nations, whatever their stage of development. search for an enduring structure of peace for all and liberty than ours. The struggle to secure the Mexico, whose voice is heard by all the major We have pursued this course at the Seventh Special peoples is possible only if it is based upon the free peace or to widen prosperity ultimately will have groupings of the world's nations, also bears a Session of the U.N. General Assembly; at tll.e Con­ commitment of strong, stable, and responsible na­ no meaning unless the peoples of the world can responsibility for peace. Mexico has been among ference on International Economic Cooperation; at tions. Mexico's growing national strength and pursue their aspirations without fear, in societies the staunchest proponents of disarmament and the Kingston, Ja,maica, in January; at Nairobi, Kenya, development and deepening participation in global which foster the fundamental rights of mankind. use of national resources for development rather last month. There have been setbacks of course, councils strengthens the voice of this hemisphere At the General Assembly of the Organization of than the accumulation of arms. Mexico was the but we believe a new and positive atmosphere has and has given a special projection to the nations of American States in Santiago earlier this week, I leader in negotiating the Treaty of Tlatelolco estab­ been created, and we join with your President in North America in the vital debates of our time on reaffirmed the unequivocal commitment of the lishing a nuclear weapons-free zone in Latin Ameri­ the view that the serious and responsible nations of such matters as disarmament and global security. United States to the American Declaration of the ca. And Mexico has raised its voice in support of the world now have an unpn;cedented opportunity • The higher stage of economic progress that Rights and Duties of Man. The United States en­ the dignity, security, and self-determination of to advance mankind's age-old dreams of a better Mexico has attained has brought it into the com­ dorsed the reports presented there by the Inter­ nations threatened by external intervention. life. pany of economies which are vulnerable to global American Human Rights Commission, whose But the ultimate purpose of nations is to look The United States knows that while our inflation, to sudden fluctuations in world patterns powers we proposed be broadened. We did so in beyond a peace that rests exclusively on a pre­ specific approaches to these problems may differ, of supply and demand, to important technological the recognition that the precious heritage of our carious balance of power to a new era of interna­ Mexico shares our aspirations for a better world of change, and to investment capital shortages. At the Western Hemisphere is the conviction that human tional economic cooperation. We must offer our peace and prosperity. Mexico has used its growing same time our economies are among the world's beings are the subjects, not the objects, of public children the hope of a better future by mastering international influence to focus on the great global most open and flexible. Vfe can respond to change policy; that citizens must not be the mere instru­ the great economic and social challenge of building efforts to secure peace and enhance the quality of quickly and effectively. We have the opportunity ments of the state. The traditions of our two coun­ a new, equitable, and productive relationship human life. Mexico's example is proud and com­ and the responsibility and the will to shape the tries and our heritage as free American republics among all nations, and particularly those of North pelling, not only for the peoples of the Americas course of economic events rather than to acquiesce place upon us a special trust to defend and carry and South. but for all who value peace, prosperity, and justice. in the stale determinism that paralyzes so many forward the principle that progess is sterile unless it The problem of economic development is not Mexico's economic growth and progess have nations of the world. In the key areas of finance enhances the areas of human freedom. merely a technical, but a profoundly political and made it a vital force in international affairs. Mexico and technology, investment and trade, the United moral, issue. It is not possible to build a world had a major influence on the course of the Seventh States and Mexico, and with us the other nations These are some of the great global challenges community which is divided between the rich and U.N. Special Session and is an active participant in of the hemisphere, have outstripped the world as a we both face. Let me turn now to the bilateral the poor. If we are to live in a world of peace and all international efforts to accelerate development whole. Our habits of practical cooperation give us a process through whkh we shape our progress as justice, all nations must have the consciousness through a fair and cooperative global economic head start. The efforts we take together can thus friends and partners. 4 5

Bilateral Bond trade deficit in 1975. The economic recovery in are studying in the United States, more U.S. States and Mexico are engaged today by preference The imperatives of the relationship of Mexico the United States and the continuation of the students are studying at Mexican universities than as well as necessity. and the United States are not to be found in words forward-looking attitude which now informs U.S. in any other nation. Each of us is developing a In the future as in the past our success will be but in geography. Our shared destiny is literally trade policy will serve, I am confident, to bring our greater appreciation of the creative experience and founded upon a fundamental continuity of pur­ written in stone. But the special relationship we trade accounts closer into balance. Even more im­ achievement of the other-in science, music, litera­ pose, of effort, of policy. That continuity is reflec­ have today represents, as well, an achievement. of portant, the U.S. Trade Act's generalized system of ture, and the visual arts. We are prepared to move ted today in your forward-looking "Plan Basico" human will and responsibility. preferences will expand Mexico's access to our ahead even more vigorously to promote cultural and, in the United States, by the permanent in­ The work we are doing together serves not market. Indeed Mexico, with over a half-billion exchange and cultural understanding, recognizing terests of our foreign policy in maintaining global only to strengthen our own ties; it is a demonstra­ dollars worth of exports eligible for duty-free treat­ that they are powerful forces affecting the quality peace while building for a new era of economic tion to the world that two nations can resolve, in a ment, should be the primary beneficiary of our and tone of the future course of our relationship. cooperation and human justice. With this con­ reasoned and responsible manner, problems of new tariff system which gives products of develop­ All these are issues of immediate and direct tinuity and in this spirit we can continue to pro­ acute sensitivity in areas touching upon national ing countries competitive advantage over products concern to our two nations. But they are also vide an example to the world of the way neighbors sovereignty, econm~ic advantage, and human con­ of developed nations. variations on the large themes of sovereignty, ought to conduct themselves; not only geographic cern. Third, both our nations have acted with heart economic interest, and human concern that affect neighbors such as we, but all nations-for on this Let me briefly review the record of shared and with vision on matters of deep human concern. nations everywhere. Our struggles and our suc­ shrinking planet all peoples are neighbors. effort we have compiled and the work yet before We have combined our efforts with increasing suc­ cesses in dealing effectively and creatively with our Mr. President, friends: A short distance from us in each of these three areas. cess against the international narcotics trade, which own interdependence is relevant to the rest of the my office in the Department of State in Washing­ First, how many nations of the world could has victimized so many citizens of both our coun­ increasingly interdependent world in which we live. ton is a statue of Benito Juarez on which are en­ accept as natural and comfortable an undefended tries. The effort of the Mexican Government to In a period when mankind faces international prob­ graved his words, "Peace is respect for the rights of boundary of nearly 2,000 miles? Our active day· stop the production and trafficking of dangerous lems which are not only complex but fraught with others." But Benito Juarez also knew that the mere to-day cooperation along our border is a rare drugs in Mexico can stand as a model for the ultimate risks, it is unrealistic as well as unwise to absence of war is not enough. The relations of phenomenon. Through the years, our joint Inter­ world. We are proud to be able to support you in expect easy solutions. What we can and must seek states today must have an economic and a moral national Boundary and Water Commission has your increasingly effective program of narcotics to bring about is an atmosphere in bilateral, re­ dimension as welL In the hearts of men and solved major problems of shifting boundaries, control. A related issue now before us concerns the gional, and global relations in which problems are women, peace means an abiding sense of security flood control, and water distribution. The solution need to prosecute narcotics violators to the full addressed positively and constructively; in which and freedom from external intimidation; it also of the Chamizal and other territorial issues; the extent of the law while at the same time insuring divergent views are expressed openly and freely, means the hope of widening economic opportuni­ resolution of the problem of Colorado River the observance of their legal and human rights. We without wounding and sterile rhetoric; and in ty; and it means conditions which foster the salinity; and the coordination of air traffic control have had useful talks about improving the situation which the objective is an effort to solve problems growth of social justice for all. These are values and along our border have all been approached cordial­ of nationals of our two nations imprisoned in the pragmatically, not aggravate them ideologically. causes which Mexicans and Americans hold in ly, persistently, and constructively. This is a record other country. Our long record of experience together makes common and hold dear and which you, Mr. Presi­ of which we can be proud, and on which we can And, more positively, we have strengthened clear that cooperative effort serves us both much dent, have done so much to promote. build as we take up further aspects of cooperation the cultural relations between our two nations. We better than recrimination or unilateral action. Al­ I ask you to join me tonight in a toast to along the border, such as widened cooperation on share deep ethnic, ·linguistic, intellectual, and his­ though our differences over the years of our respec­ these values we share; to the distinguished Presi­ search and rescue operations and problems affect­ torical ties. Mexico's early recognition of the tive independence as nations have at times been dent of Mexico, our good friend, Luis Echeverria; ing the environment. importance of preserving a nation's cultural heri­ enormous, in this last half century we have done as to the United Mexican States; and to the perma­ Second, we have acted and are acting with mu­ tage has inspired similar efforts around the world much to achieve a positive atmosphere of coopera­ nent and productive friendship of the people of tual respect and great responsibility on issues of sub­ and won the admiration of the millions who ex­ tion as any two nations in the world. The United Mexico and the United States. Viva Mexico. stantial economic interest, such as the desire of perience first hand, as I shall tomorrow, the glories Mexican workers to seek employment in the of your Mayan past. The treaty on the protection United States and of Mexican exporters to sell in of cultural property between the United States and our country's markets. After decades of relatively Mexico has been in force since 1970 and has satisfactory accommodation to the question of proven effective. We are proud to assist Mexico's undocumented workers, we now face a number of efforts to defend its cultural patrimony as a sus­ new issues requiring mutual study and heightened taining value for future generations. cooperation-and that must take into account the As we look to the future we are witnessing a legitimate concerns both of the people of the growth of balanced, two-way exchanges which United States and the human rights of Mexican range across the spectrum of intellectual and cul­ citizens. tural life, from the arts to the humanities to We share Mexico's concern over your large technology. While increasing numbers of Mexicans The Department of State BULLETIN

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.. ___ HftROlLNESS.EN PRESS SfCRE:TARY . THE WHITE HOUSE STOP 27 June 17, 1976 Bureau of Public Affairs Washin&rton, D.C. Office of Media Services

LATIN AMERICA, EUROPE, AND AFRICA

Secretary Henry A. Kissinger before the House In­ Ours is a special relationship in this hemi­ ternational Relations Committee. sphere. The unique experience we share in the Americas-the finding and opening of new conti­ I am happy to be able to report to this com­ nents, the forging of nations free from colonial mittee on our foreign policy with regard to three domination, the shared human and moral princi­ important areas which I have recently visited­ ples of the New World-creates special ties for the Latin America, Western Europe, and Africa. United States and Latin America. I believe that our relations with Latin Ameri­ As in all families there are periods of creativi­ ca and with Western Europe are stronger and more ty and times of stress. Ours is no exception. The promising than they have been in a decade. In United States has passed through a variety of Africa we have responded to a dangerously dete­ phases in its relationship to Latin America. Not all riorating situation with a policy that offers hope have been productive in recent years. Sometimes for southern Africa to undergo peaceful change when we were active, when we attempted to orga­ with justice without submitting to external in­ nize massive transfers of resources to meet Latin tervention, and opportunities for progress in the American development needs directly, we were rest of Africa without following radical doctrines. seen as attempting to dominate the hemisphere. When our policies were otherwise, when we were Let me take up with you our policy toward less involved in Latin American problems and more each of these areas. inclined to let Latin American nations work out their own solutions alone, we were looked upon as Latin America neglecting our obligations. In March I reported to you on the vast The 1930's, the 1940's, and even the 1950's ·changes evident to me during my trip to Latin were decades in which this nation indulged in the America in February. These changes are opening pretense of tutelage. In the 1960's the Alliance for the way to a new constructive relationship between Progress rallied the energies and enthusiasms of the United States and Latin America. The quality people throughout the Americas to the develop· of that relationship was evident at the meeting of ment effort. But by 1969 its promises had begun the Otganization of American States [OAS) Gen­ to fade. Thus even as Latin America began to eral Assembly in Santiago, from which I have just realize its own maturity and experience a period of returned. The atmosphe/e-of mutual respect and massive growth, and with it greater self-respect, the perceived common interest-was better at the 1976 United States moved into a period of lower profile, OAS General Assembly than at any other inter­ which we maintained until the inauguration of the American meeting I have ever attended. new dialogue in 1974. PR 806 2 3

That period drew to a close with the meeting the world, when it comes, will come first in Latin action: commodities, trade, and technology. OAS Assembly, concerning the inhuman treatment at Tiatelolco, in Mexico, in which we began a proc­ America. For this reason we must focus our atten­ The economic aspirations of most countries in of political prisoners in Cuba and the refusal of ess of dialogue with the hemisphere once again. At tion and our energies there. Latin America depend upon stable conditions for Cuba to cooperate with the Commission. the outset, admittedly, the dialogue had a charac­ To address the changing nature of our rela­ the production and marketing of primary commod­ The United States emphasized our belief that ter of inquiring into what the United States could tionship with Latin America and to deal with the ities. At Santiago we proposed a three-point pro­ the protection of human rights in the hemisphere is do for Latin America. But it became obvious that, expanding range of our common concerns, I set gram designed to: improve regional consultations an obligation of every nation and not simply of as a result of the major changes and considerable forth in Latin America last February six elements on commodities markets; derive greater hemi­ particular nations whose practices have come to progress in Latin America during the 1960's and of our policy. I said the United States would: spheric benefits from global commodity arrange­ public attention or whose ideology, on whichever early 1970's, we were now able to deal with the ments; and improve resource financing, either on a side of the political spectrum, is unpopular. The major nations of Latin America with a new mu­ • Take special cognizance of the distinctive re­ global or regional basis. contrast between the respective treatment of the tuality of respect and equality of sovereignty quite qurrements of the more industrialized economies To expand trade opportunities and capabili­ human rights commission's work by the Govern­ impossible 20 years ago or even 10. of Latin America and of the region as a whole, in ties we ·offered proposals to help developing na­ ments of Chile and Cuba demonstrates the impor­ In the last two_-years we have built steadily on the context of our efforts to help shape a more tions expand and diversify exports of manufac­ tance of this principle.· The Government of Chile this new relationship. We have taken advantage of equitable international order; tured and semiprocessed goods; promote the cooperated with the Commission; the Government it to put forward new initiatives, in the political • Assist directly the neediest nations in the hemisphere's trade position through the Geneva of Cuba did not. The Government of Chile did and the economic area, which we could not have hemisphere afflicted by poverty and natural dis­ negotiations; and support needed regional and sub­ nothing to prevent widespread publication in that considered a decade or more ago. The culmination aster; regional economic integration. country of information about the Commission's of this new policy effort was the meeting at Santia­ • Support Latin American regional and subre­ And we proposed a number of new ideas to report and about the OAS discussion of the issue. go last week. gional efforts to organize for cooperation and stimulate the development, acquisition, and utiliza­ Needless to say, there has been nothing com­ The constructive attitude in Santiago and the integration; tion of technology in the modernization of the parable in the government-controlled media in remarkably good tone to our relationships through­ • Negotiate on the basis of parity and dignity hemisphere. Cuba. Most important, the Commission noted a out the hemisphere are attributable in great part to our specific differences with each and every state, To improve the inter-American system, we quantitative improvement in the situation in Chile three factors: to solve problems before they become conflicts; circulated proposals-the most far-reaching the since its last report. • Enforce our commitment to collective securi­ United States has ever put forward-which would For these reasons, I believe we can best en­ • The United States, since the inauguration of ty and to maintain regional integrity against simplify the organization by strengthening the hance the prospects for further human rights the new dialogue early in 1974, is again active as an attempts to undermine solidarity, threaten inde­ foreign ministers' meetings in the periodic General progress in Chile by continuing a balanced policy equal partner in inter-American councils; pendence, or export violence; and Assemblies; eliminate the standing councils; open by working in the area of human rights and by • We have a coherent policy that addresses the • Work to modernize the inter-American the OAS to wider membership in the hemisphere, assisting that government to meet the economic entire catalogue of hemispheric issues; and system to respond to the needs of our times and particularly the new states of the Caribbean; and problems before it. We have made it clear to the • We have a vision of the future of our relation­ give direction to our common action. increase the Latins' share of the budget. Such Government of Chile that the condition of human ship. steps, we believe, could lead to a leaner, more flexi­ rights in that country impairs our relationship. Since February, in furtherance of these ble and responsive organization which could better Actions which would further undermine our rela­ It is that, I· believe, which has reassured Latin objectives, the United States has introduced trade, promote the mutual security, economic progress, tionship could eliminate the practical possibilities America that the political relationship with the investment, and technology proposals of special and human rights of the Americas. for betterment of economic conditions. United States-the basic solidarity of the Western relevance to this hemisphere at the Conference on And on the centrally important issue of Mr. Chairman, our efforts in Latin America Hemisphere-is again increasingly vital. International Economic Cooperation [CIEC] in human rights, I addressed the special responsibility over the past several months have considerably ad­ With our political and moral relationship once Paris and at the fourth U.N. Conference on Trade of our nations to preserve, cherish, and defend fun­ vanced_ our practical progress and provided a firm again sound, we have a basis for cooperation with and Development [UNCTAD IV] in Nairobi. We damental human values-for if such values cannot foundation of policy for the years ahead. We have Latin America in the area of most pressing con­ responded to the efforts of the Guatemalan people be preserved, cherished, and defended in this hemi­ moved into a new phase of profound interest, cern~that of economic development. The coun­ to recover from the earthquake that devastated sphere, where the rights and the promise of the active initiatives, and comprehensive proposals for tries of Latin America are among the most devel­ their land. We have provided fresh support to sub­ individual have played such a historic role, then altering the inter-American relationship, a phase oped of the developing nations, and have been regional cooperation in Central America and are they are in jeopardy everywhere. At Santiago, the which is more compatible· with the new coopera­ growing rapidly. Latin America has quintupled its exploring ways of relating more effectively to the United States reaffirmed our unequivocal commit­ tive spirit in the hemisphere. We have come to the collective gross product since 1950. At this rate, in Andean Pact. And at last week's General Assembly ment to the American Declaration of the Rights end of a critical era and are marking the beginning 10 years Latin America will have attained the of the Organization of American States at Santiago and Duties of Man. We endorsed the reports pre­ of a new one. The United States can now deal with economic strength 'which Europe had in 1960. Its we advanced our common interests in three impor­ sented there by the Inter-American Human Rights Latin America in a new spirit. We need not hold economies, furthermore, are increasingly important tant areas: cooperation for development; reform of Commission: its annual report which cites the rise back on major initiatives for fear of inspiring old in world commodity, mineral, and energy markets the inter-American system; and human rights. of violence and terror in many nations of Latin notions of paternalism. With consultation and and in trade in manufactured goods. Success in the To speed cooperation for development in the America; its report on Chile; and its report, sub­ cooperation, our hopes of meeting the challenges struggle for development of the poorer countries of Americas, we stressed three major topics for mitted too late for official consideration by the of economic and social progress in an age of inter- 4 5 dependence, and of building a sound and beneficial Three years ago the United States called for a prosperity of the North Atlantic states. Today Europe's role on global issues is strong relationship between developed and developing reaffirmation of European-American solidarity. We At the May meeting we discussed and found and effective. Europe's interest in the Far East, in nations, are brightest and most promising here in believed that it was imperative to reaffirm the cen­ basic agreement on a wide range of issues: the im­ the Middle East, and in Africa is growing and wel­ this hemisphere. tral place of Western unity in all that we were portance of peaceful evolution in Africa; the cen­ come to us. Prime Minister Callaghan's initiatives Let me tum briefly now to Europe. about to do. trality of our commitment to the security of for a negotiated settlement in Rhodesia based on Over the course of these last few years I be­ Europe; the importance we attach to implementa­ majority rule, President Giscard's proposal for a Europe lieve that the West has achieved an extraordinary tion of the Helsinki final act; the need for close Western fund for coordinated assistance to African In late May I attended the North Atlantic cohesion and resolve. It is a sign of strength that consultations on Strategic Arms Limitation Talks economic development, and Chancellor Schmidt's Treaty Organization [NATO] Ministers' meeting in doctrinal disputes over redefining our relationship [SALT] ; the necessity to continue efforts toward initiatives in the economic field are examples of Oslo and held a series of meetings with European or the modes of our consultation have given way to mutual and balanced force reductions; the situa­ creative European statesmanship which the United leaders. concerted attacks on the actual problems before tion in the Mediterranean; the high-level attention States welcomes and respects. We gain, and the I do not need to rehearse at length to this us. Economic, security, and political issues have we should give to the question of military stand­ world gains, from Europe's counsel and long ex­ committee why th' countries of Western Europe crowded upon us, and we have responded to­ ardization; and most important, our continuing perience in a global framework. are important to the United States and to all our gether in the solidarity displayed by the Western commitment to shared values, the basic cement ·At the NATO meeting in Oslo we took up international endeavors. Throughout the postwar countries: that has held our alliance together for nearly 30 issues of security; next week I will return to period we have recognized that the security of years. Europe to attend the Organization for Economic Western Europe is inseparable from our own. Our • In the declaration at the NATO summit in My bilateral visits to Norway, the Federal Re­ Cooperation and Development [OECD] meeting economies are inextricably linked; we have had May 1975; public of Germany, Sweden, and Luxembourg, and where we will work to strengthen cooperation repeated demonstrations that economic perform­ • In improving cooperation on defense issues; the London meeting of the Central Treaty Organi­ among the industrialized countries of the West and ance on one side of the Atlantic will in time affect • In unified positions before and during the zation [CENTO] Foreign Ministers considerably on our approach to the developing nations. both. Most of all, these are the peoples who share Helsinki summit in July 1975; furthered, I believe, the process of strengthened In a few days' time, President Ford will meet our most fundamental cultural and political heri­ • In the Vienna negotiations on mutual and ties between America and Western Europe. In Nor­ at Puerto Rico with his colleagues, the heads of tage and its values, and they share our vision of the balanced force reductions; way we discussed that country's growing role as a government of Britain, Canada, France, the Federal kind of world we want to live in. • In continuing allied consultations on SALT; major oil producer and the importance of close Republic of Germany, Italy, and Japan, in what is While cooperating in a defensive alliance • In intensified political consultations in re­ consultations on the complicated question of inter­ now becoming a regular process of economic dis­ which for durability and vitality is probably unique fusing to bow to the temptation of protectionism national exploitation of the considerable resources cussions at the highest political leveL These meet­ in the history of sovereign states, the Atlantic in trade; of the Svalbard, or Spitsbergen, Archipelago. ings· are symbolic of how far we have come in the nations also have been coordinating efforts grad­ • In the network of common energy institu­ In Germany we reaffirmed our shared views last few years in consolidating cooperation among ually to improve relations with regimes in Eastern tions created rapidly in response to the challenge on East-West relations and the need to approach the industrial democracies and extending it into Europe whose values and aims are very different of the oil cartel; this subject from a foundation of strength. I be­ new spheres of common endeavor. They also from our own. We have recognized from the outset • In the Rambouillet economic summit of last lieve that U.S.-German relations have never been demonstrate the understanding we share that the that this difficult undertaking could only proceed November; and better. complexities of modern global management require from a basis of Western strength and cohesion. • In the continuing series of multilateral nego­ Swedish-American relations over the past above all a determined effort by our governments Now with the growth of Soviet military tiations with the developing countries in both new decade have not always been friendly. While we to prove that we have the ability to meet new chal­ power; with a proliferation of potentially explosive and old international forums. cannot hope to wholly reconcile all our different lenges. regional tensions; with the emergence of new perspectives, I believe that our talks helped each This kind of cooperation is the cornerstone of power centers based on control of vital economic At the NATO meeting last month there was side better understand the conditions under which American foreign policy. It has been so for 30 resources; with growing demands for redistribution firm agreement that our common security rests on the other must conduct its foreign policy. Our rela­ years. It will continue to be so. of the world's wealth; and with common economic the foundation of Western solidarity and strength, tions with Sweden have improved significantly over and social problems ahead, it is more important and that continuing defense efforts will be neces­ the past year, and I expressed the hope in Stock­ Africa than ever that our consultations with our closest sary to counter Soviet assertiveness and induce holm that this process will continue. Finally, let me discuss briefly what we are allies be constant and our cooperation constant. restraint in Soviet behavior. There was broad agree­ The importance and prestige of Luxembourg trying to do in our African policy. This does not mean that the Atlantic states will see ment that efforts to seek stability and improve­ in Europe far exceed its size. My discussions with Our aims are: all problems in identical ways or always adopt ments in East-West relations should continue, but Prime Minister Thorn dealt primarily with interna­ Identical policies. It does mean that only by under­ that such efforts too must be based on a clear tional issues, on which I found it valuable to hear • To avoid a race war which would have inevit­ standing one another's interests and perspectives foundation of military strength and resolve. I was, the views of an ally that p:.!sents a European point ably tragic consequences for all concerned; can we maintain that essential harmony in our poli­ in addition, struck by the growing appreciation of view in an impartial, effective manner. And at • To do all we can to prevent foreign interven­ cies which will enable us to deal constructively among all NATO members that military, economic, CENTO I conveyed our continued support for the tion in what must remain an African problem; both with the Communist world and with the and political developments around the globe can alliance and for peace and stability in the treaty • To promote peaceful cooperation among the demands of the developing states. have the most direct impact on the security and region. communities in southern Africa; and 6 7

• To prevent the radicalization of Africa. • With radical influence on the rise, and with My trip addressed the three major issues increasing number of reports that Cuban troops immense outside military strength apparently facing Africa: Whether the urgent problems of may begin to leave. However, we do not yet have In 1974 President Ford ordered a review of behind the radicals, even moderate and responsible southern Africa will be solved by negotiation or by clear evidence that this process is underway in any our policy toward Africa. As part of this effort I African leaders-firm proponents of peaceful war; whether Africa's economic development will meaningful fashion. We will be carefully watching announced one year ago that I would visit Africa in change-began to conclude there was no alternative take place on the basis of self-respect and open the pace and extent of any Cuban withdrawals. the spring of 1976. Last September I set forth the but to embrace th~ cause of violence. By March of opportunity, or through perpetual relief or the • Our African policy is thus an important ele­ fundamental elements of our policy toward Africa this year, guerrilla actions took on ever larger radical regimentation of societies; and whether the ment in our overall international effort to help to members of the Organization of African Unity dimensions. course of African unity and self-determination will build a structure of relations which fosters peace, assembled in New York for the United Nations. • We saw ahead the prospect of war, fed and once again be distorted by massive extraconti­ widening prosperity, and fundamental human dig· I said then that America had three major con­ perhaps conducted by outside forces; we were con­ nental interference. nity. cerns: cerned about a continent politically embittered I b.elieve that the 1 0-point policy we set forth and economically estranged from the West; and we in Lusaka, Zambia, in late April and the other pro­ Mr. Chairman, Africa is of immense size, stra­ • That the• African continent be free of great- saw ahead a process of radicalization which would posals we made in Africa to enhance self-sustaining tegically located, with governments of substantial power rivalry or conflict; place severe strains on our allies in Europe and economic growth make up a platform which significance in numbers and growing in influence in • That all of the continent should have the Japan. moderate Africans can support and which serves the councils of the world. The interdependence of right of self-determination; and • There was no prospect of successfully interests we share-for peace, justice, and progress America and our allies with Africa is increasingly • That Africa attain prosperity for its people shaping events in the absence of positive programs and for an Africa free from outside interests: obvious. In the past months we have seen a major and become a strong participant in the global eco­ of our own for Africa. international crisis develop in this important area nomic order-an economic partner with a growing • The possibility for a negotiated settlement in of the world and we have moved to deal with it. stake in the international system. It was for these reasons that President Ford Rhodesia and Namibia has been enhanced. Time We have taken the initiative to offer a peaceful determined that an African trip which had long is running out and formidable barriers remain. But road to the future. We have told much of the world Late last year the situation in Africa took on a been planned as part of an unfolding process of if continued responsible efforts are made by all that America continues to have a positive vision new and serious dimension. For the first time since policy development had a compelling focus and sides, the burning questions of southern Africa still and will play a crucial and responsible role in the the colonial era was largely brought to an end in urgency. We had these aims: can be solved without immense loss of life, suffer­ world. the early 1960's, external interventions had begun ing, and bitterness and with giving each community to control and direct an essentially African prob­ • To provide moderate African leaders with an an opportunity for a dignified life. I believe that our policy initiatives were neces­ lem. enlightened alternative to the grim prospects so • African hopes for independence and the in­ sary; that they can be effective; that they are bene­ In the hope of halting a dangerously escalat­ rapidly taking shape before them-prospects which tegrity of their continent have been raised. Big­ ficial to the interests of the United States; and I ing situation in Angola, we undertook-until halted threatened African unity and independence, indi­ power intervention can only undermine unity. set believe that they are right. by the impact of our domestic debate-a wide cated growing violence, and widening economic African against African and heighten the risk of But the new beginning in our African policy range of diplomatic and other activity pointing to­ distress; conflict. Our policy on this clearly accords with will require dedication and effort on our part if it ward a cessation of foreign intervention and a • To work for a solution that would permit all African concerns as reflected in the suspicion and is to come to a positive fruition. The Administra­ negotiated African solution. of the communities in Africa, black or white, to apprehension with which influential African lead­ tion is determined to follow through on our initia­ By the first months of this year Soviet-Cuban coexist on the basis of justice and dignity; ers have regarded the large Cuban presence in ~ives and the promising beginnings that have been intervention had contributed to an increasingly • To give friendly and moderate African gov­ Angola. We may now be seeing the results of that made. We look to the Congress for encouragement dangerous situation turning the political evolution ernments the perception that their aspirations concern, and our clear position, as we receive an and for active support in this crucial enterprise. away from African aspirations and toward great­ could be achieved without resort to massive vio­ power confrontation. lence or bloodshed; and that their hopes for pros­ perity and opportunity can best be realized • The Soviets and Cubans had imposed their through association .with the West; and solution on Angola. Their forces were entrenched • To promote solutions based on majority rule there. The danger was real that African states and minority rights which would enable diverse seeing the Soviet and Cuban presence on the scene communities to live side by side. might be driven in a radical direction. • With the end of the Portuguese era in Africa, In short we sought to show that there was a pressure was building on Rhodesia, regarded by moderate and peaceful road open to fulfill African Africans as the last major vestige of colonialism. aspirations and that America could be counted on Events in Angola encouraged radicals to press for a to cooperate constructively in the attainment of military solution in Rhodesia. these objectives. POSTAGE AND FEES PAID DEPARTMENT OF STATE, U.S.A. DEPARTMENT OF STATE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520 STA-501

MR. RON NESSEN PRESS SE:CRET4RY THE WHITE HOUS F S fOP 2 7

• Sixth General Assembly of the ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

SECRETARY KISSINGER Human Rights Cooperation for Development OAS Reform JOINT REPORT: U.S. and Panama

and Secretary Kissinger's Statement at the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America

Santiago, Chile June 1976 Sixth General Assembly of the ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

SECRETARY KISSINGER Human Rights Cooperation for Development OAS Reform

JOINT REPORT: U.S. and Panama

and Secretary Kissinger's Statement at the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America

Santiago, Chile June 1976 iii

As a result of vast change and considerable progress in Latin America in the 1960's and early seventies, the way was opened for an increasingly • constructive relationship between the United States and Latin America-based on a new mutual­ ity of respect and equality of sovereignty. In the two years since the inauguration of the New Dialogue in 1974, the United States has sought to build steadily on this opportunity by advancing initiatives to address coherently the en­ tire catalogue of hemispheric issues. An important INTRODUCTION step in this effort was the visit by Secretary of State Kissinger to Latin America in f'ebruary of this year (Department of State Publication 8848). A further milestone in this new policy effort came at the General Assembly of the Organization of American States held in Santiago, Chile from June 7 to 10, 1976. At that meeting, Secretary Kissinger presented proposals to advance common hemispheric interests in three key areas of concern: human rights, cooperation for development, and reform of the OAS system. Together, these pro­ posals represent a new spirit in inter-American poli­ cy matters--one in which the United States no longer need refrain from offering major initiatives for fear of inspiring old notions of paternalism. It is a spirit which instead is marked by consultation, cooperation, and brighter prospects for building stronger and more mutually beneficial relations in the Western Hemisphere. 1

Secretary Kissinger on June 8, 1976.

One of the most compelling issues of our time, and one which calls for the concerted action of all responsible peoples and nations, is the necessity to protect and extend the fundamental rights of humanity. The precious common heritage of our Western Hemisphere is the conviction that human beings are the subjects, not the objects, of public policy; that citizens must not become mere instruments of the state. This is the conviction that brought millions to the Americas. It inspired our peoples to fight for their independence. It is the commitment that has made political freedom and individual dignity the constant and cherished ideal of the Americas and the envy of nations elsewhere. It is the ultimate HUMAN RIGHTS proof that our countries are linked by more than geography and the impersonal forces of history. Respect for the rights of man is written into the founding documents of every nation of our hemisphere. It has long been part of the common speech and daily lives of our citizens. And today, more than ever, the successful advance of our societies requires the full and free dedication of the talent, energy, and creative thought of men and women who are free from fear of repression. The modem age has brought undreamed-of benefits to mankind-in medicine, in technological advance, and in human communication. But it has spawned plagues as well-in the form of new tools of oppression as well as of civil strife. In an era characterized by terrorism, by bitter ideological contention, by weakened bonds of social cohesion, and by the yearning for order even at the expense of liberty, the result all too often has been the violation of fundamental standards of humane con­ duct. The obscene and atrocious acts systematically employed to devalue, debase, and destroy human life during World War II vividly and ineradicably impressed the responsible peoples of the world with the enormity of the challenge to human rights. It was precisely to end such abuses and to provide moral authority in international affairs that a new system was forged after that war­ globally in the United Nations and regionally in a strengthened inter-American system. The shortcomings of our efforts in an age which continues to be scarred by forces of intirni- 3 2 ated torture, mass imprisonment or murder, or ternational politics in the name of human rights. dation, terror, and brutality fostered sometimes As we address this challenge in practice, we comprehensive denials of basic rights to racial, We must also see to it that the Commission be­ from outside national territories and sometimes must recognize that our efforts must engage the religious, political, or ethnic groups. Any govern­ comes an increasingly vital instrument of hemi­ from inside have made it dramatically clear that serious commitment of our societies. As a source ment engaging in such practices must face adverse spheric cooperation in defense of human rights. basic human rights must be preserved, cherished, of dynamism, strength, and inspiration, verbal international judgment. The Commission deserves the support of the and defended if peace and prosperity are to be p osturings and self-righteous rhetoric are not The international community has created Assembly in strengthening further its independ­ more than hollow technical achievements. For enough. Human rights are the very essence of a important institutions to deal with the challenge of ence, even-handedness, and constructive potential. technological progress without social justice mocks meaningful life, and human dignity is the ultimate human rights. We here are all participants in some humanity; national unity without freedom is purpose of government. No government can ignore of them-the United Nations, the International Reports of the OAS Human Rights Commission sterile; nationalism without a consciousness of terrorism and survive, but it is equally true that a Court of Justice, the OAS, and the two Human We have all read the two reports submitted to human community-which means a shared concern government that tramples on the rights of its citi­ Rights Commissions of the United Nations and the this General Assembly by the Commission. They for human rights-refines instruments of oppres­ zens denies the purpose of its existence. OAS. In Europe an even more developed interna­ are sobering documents for they provide serious sion. In recent years and even days, our newspapers tional institutional structure provides other useful evidence of violations of elemental international precedents for our effort. We in the Am•ricas must increase our interna­ have carried st9ries of kidnappings, ambushes, standards of human rights. Procedures alone cannot solve the problem, tional support for the principles of justice, free­ bombings, and assassinations. Terrorism and the In its annual report on human rights in the but they can keep it at the forefront of our con­ dom, and human dignity-for the organized con­ denial of civility have become so widespread, hemisphere, the Commission cites the rise of vio­ cern of the community of nations remains one of political subversions so intertwined with official sciousness and they can provide certain minimum lence and speaks of the need to maintain order and the most potent weapons in the struggle against the and unofficial abuse, and so confused with op­ protection for the human personality. Interna­ protect citizens against armed attack. But it also degradation of human values. pression and base criminality, that the protection tional law and experience have enabled the devel­ upholds the defense of individual rights as a of individual rights and the preservation of human opment of specific procedures to distinguish primordial function of the law and describes case Human Rights Challenge in the Americas dignity have become sources of deep concern-and reasonable from arbitrary government action on, after case of serious governmental actions in de­ The ultimate vitality and virtue of our socie­ worse-sometimes of demoralization and indiffer­ for example, the question of detention. These rogation of such rights. ties spring from the instinctive sense of human ence. involve access to courts, counsel, and families; A second report is devoted exclusively to the dignity and respect for the rights of others that No country, no people--for that matter no prompt release or charge; and, if the latter, fair and situation in Chile. We note the Commission's state­ have long distinguished the immensely varied peo­ political system-can claim a perfect record in the public trial. Where such procedures are followed, ment that the Government of Chile has cooperated ples and lands of this hemisphere. The genius of field of human rights. But precisely because our the risk and incidence of unintentional government with the Commission, and the Commission's con­ societies in the Americas have been dedicated to our inter-American heritage is based on the funda­ error, of officially sanctioned torture, of prolonged clusion that the infringement of certain funda­ freedom since they emerged from the colonial era, mental democratic principles of human and na­ arbitrary deprivation of liberty, are drastically mental rights in Chile has undergone a quantitative tional dignity, justice, popular participation, and our shortcomings are more apparent and more reduced. Other important procedures are habeas reduction since the last report. We must also point free cooperation among different peoples and significant. And let us face facts: Respect for the corpus or amparo, judicial appeal, and impartial out that Chile has filed a comprehensive and social systems. dignity of man is declining in too many countries review of administrative actions. And then there are responsive answer that sets forth a number of of the hemisphere. There are several states where the procedures available at the international level­ The observance of these essential principles of hopeful prospects which we hope will soon be fully fundamental standards of humane behavior are not appeal to, and investigations and recommendations civility cannot be taken for granted even in the implemented. observed. All of us have a responsibility in this by, established independent bodies such as the most tranquil of times. In periods of stress and Nevertheless the Commission has asserted that regard, for the Americas cannot be true to them­ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, an uncertainty, when pressures on established authori­ violations continue to occur, and this is a matter of selves unless they rededicate themselves to belief in integral part of the OAS and a symbol of our dedi­ ty grow and nations feel their very existence is bilateral as well as international attention. In the the worth of the individual and to the defense of cation to the dignity of man. tenuous, the practice of human rights becomes far United States concern is widespread in the execu­ those individual rights which that concept entails. more difficult. The Inter-American Commission has built an tive btanch, in the press, and in the Congress, The central problem of government has al­ Our nations must sustain both a common impressive record of sustained, independent, and which has taken the extraordinary step of enacting ways been to strike a just and effective balance commitment to the human rights of individuals highly professional work since its establishment in specific statutory limits on U.S. military and between freedom and authority. When freedom and practical support for the institutions and pro­ 1960. Its importance as a primary procedural alter­ economic aid to Chile. degenerates into anarchy, the human personality cedures necessary to insure those rights. native in dealing with the recurrent human rights The condition of human rights as assessed by becomes subject to arbitrary, brutal, and capricious The rights of man have been authoritatively problems of this hemisphere is considerable. the OAS Human Rights Commission has impaired forces. When the demand for order overrides all identified bc.th in the U.N. Universal Declaration The United States believes this Commission is our relationship with Chile and will continue to do other considerations, man becomes a means and of Human Rights and in the OAS 's American Dec­ one of the most important bodies of the Organiza­ so. We wish this relationship to be dose, and all not an end, a tool of impersonal machinery. Clear­ laration of the Rights and Duties of Man. There tion of American States. At the same time it has a friends of Chile hope that obstacles raised by con­ ly some forms of human suffering are intolerable will, of course, always be differences of view as to role which touches upon the most sensitive aspects ditions alleged in the report will soon be removed. no matter what pressures nations may face or feel. the precise extent of the obligations of govern­ of the national policies of each of the member At the same time the Commission should not Beyond that all societies have an obligation to ment. But there are standards below which no governments. We must insure that the Commission focus on some problem areas to the neglect of enable their people to fulfill their potentialities and government can fall without offending funda­ functions so that it cannot be manipulated for in- others. The cause of human dignity is not served live a life of dignity and self-respect. mental values-such as genocide, officially toler- 4 5 by those who hypocritically manipulate concerns tive recommendations to governments about how Secretary Kissinger on june 9, 19 76. with human rights to further their political prefer­ best to improve human rights. In support of such a ences, nor by those who single out for human broadened effort, we propose that the budget and For two centuries the peoples of this hemi­ rights condemnation only those countries with staff of the Commission be enlarged. By sphere have been forging a record of cooperation whose political views they disagree. strengthening the contribution of this body, we and accomplishment of which we can be proud. It We are persuaded that the OAS Commission, can deepen our dedication to the special qualities is a record which gives good cause for the confi­ however, has avoided such temptations. of rich promise that . make our hemisphere a dence we bring to the tasks we face today. But of The Commission has worked and reported standard-bearer for freedom-loving people in every greater importance is the truly special relationship widely. Its survey of human rights in Cuba is ample quarter of the globe. we have achieved. The ties of friendship, mutual evidence of that. Though the report was completed At the same time we should also consider regard, and high respect that we have forged here too late for formal consideration at this General ways to strengthen the inter-American system in set this hemisphere apart. The bond between the Assembly, an initial review confirms our worst terms of protection against terrorism, kidnapping, American republics is unmatched in the world to­ fears of Cuban·behavior. We should commend the and other forms of violent threats to the human day in both depth and potential. Commission for i~ efforts-in spite of the total personality, especially those inspired from the out­ First, we have maintained the awareness that lack of cooperation of the Cuban authorities-to side. our destinies are linked-a recognition of the real­ unearth the truth that many Cuban political ity that we are bound by more than geography and common historical experience. We are as diverse as prisoners have been victims of inhuman treatment. Necessity for Concern and Concrete Action COOPERATION any association of nations, yet this special relation­ We urge the Commission to continue its efforts to It is a tragedy that the forces of change in our ship is known to us all, almost instinctively. determine the truth about the state of human century-a time of unparalleled human achieve­ FOR DEVELOPMENT Second, ours is a hemisphere of peace. In no rights in Cuba. ment-have also visited upon many individuals other region of the world has international conflict In our view the record of the Commission this around the world a new dimension of intimidation been so rare, or peaceful and effective coopera­ year in all these respects demonstrates that it and suffering. tion so natural to the fabric of our relationships. deserves the support of the Assembly in The standard of individual liberty of con­ Third, we work together with a unique spirit strengthening further its independence, even­ science and expression is the proudest heritage of of mutual respect. I personally am immensely handedness, and constructive potential. our civilization. It summons all nations. But this grateful for the warm and serious relationships I We can use the occasion of this General As­ hemisphere, which for centuries has been the hope have enjoyed with my colleagues and other West­ sembly to emphasize that the protection of human of all mankind, has a special requirement for dedi­ ern Hemisphere leaders. I am convinced that this rights is an obligation not simply of particular cated commitment. sense of personal amistad can play a decisive role in countries whose practices have come to public at­ Let us then tum to the great task before us. the affairs of mankind, and nowhere more so than tention. Rather, it is an obligation assumed by all All we do in the world-in our search for peace, for in our hemisphere. the nations of the Americas as part of their partici­ greater political cooperation, for a fair and pation in the hemispheric system. flourishing economic system-is meaningful only if Fourth, we share the conviction that there is much to do and that working together for concrete To this end the United States proposes that linked to the defense of the fundamental freedoms progress is the surest way to get it done. Even our the Assembly broaden the Commission's mandate which permit the fullest expression of mankind's criticism presumes the feasibility of cooperation. so that instead of waiting for complaints, it can creativity. No nations of the globe have a greater Fifth, we respect each other's independence. report regularly on the status of human rights responsibility. No nations can make a greater con­ We accept the principle that each nation is-and throughout the hemisphere. tribution to the future. Let us look deeply within must be-in charge of its own future. Each chooses Through adopting this proposal the nations of ourselves to find the essence of our human condi­ its mode of development; each determines its own the Americas would make plain our common com­ tion. And let us carry forward the great enterprise policies. But we know that our capacity to achieve mitment to human rights, increase the reliable of liberty for which this hemisphere has been-and our national goals increases as we work together. information available to us, and offer more effec- will again be-the honored symbol everywhere. Sixth, despite the differences among our political systems, our peoples share a common aspiration for the fulfillment of individual human dignity. This is the heritage of our hemisphere and the ideal toward which all our governments have an obligation to strive. Finally, and of immediate importance, we are achieving a new and productive balance-based on real interests-in our relations within the Americas, 6 7 within other groupings, and with the rest of the The United States believes that there are three tactics can make a special contribution to insure sovereignty of producers and provide incentive for world. All of us have ties outside the hemisphere. major issues that this Assembly should address­ that the progress of all is not defeated by the investment. We should examine all reasonable But our interests elsewhere do not impede our commodities, trade, and technology. These in­ sterile and outmoded confrontational tactics of a proposals, especially those which would help to as­ hemispheric efforts. Our traditions of independence volve: few. sure effective resource development financing. If and diversity have served us well. As a contribution to the commitment we global solutions are not possible, we are willing to This is both a strength and a challenge to us • More stable and beneficial conditions for the undertook at Nairobi to deal comprehensively with consider regional mechanisms. now as this Assembly takes up the issue of develop­ production and market~ng of primary commodities commodities problems, the United States proposes ment. upon which the economic aspirations of so many that the nations of the hemisphere undertake a Trade The United States is dedicated to cooperate in countries in Latin America rely; three-part program to secure the contribution of Trade has been an engine of growth for all development throughout the world. But as we seek • Expansion of the trade opportunities and commodities to development in this hemisphere. countries; and for many developing countries­ to make progress in all our global development capabilities that are an essential part of the de­ above all those in Latin America-it is an essential efforts, we recognize close and special ties to the velopment strategies of all countries in the hemi­ First, I propose that we establish a regional vehicle of development. Recognizing the import­ nations of the Americas. We regard the concerns of sphere; and consultative mechanism on commodities. This ance of trade to sustained growth, the United this hemisphere as~ur first priority. • Improved arrangements for the development, mechanism could well be under the aegis of the States has taken, within our global trade policy, a It is for this reason that we support the sug­ acquisition, and utilization of higher technology to OAS. It should bring together experts with opera­ number of initiatives of particular significance to gestions which have been made for a special as­ speed the modernization of the hemisphere. tional responsibilities and experience. The inter­ Latin America. We have reduced trade barriers, es­ sembly of the OAS to be devoted to hemispheric American commodities mechanism could pre­ pecially those affecting processed goods; provided cooperation for development. Such an assembly Let me address each of these issues in tum. cede-or at least supplement-those established preferential access to our market for many exports should deal with concrete problems capable of with a global mandate, where we are prepared to of developing countries; worked in the multilateral practical solutions. To this end the United States Commodities exchange views regularly and in depth on the state trade negotiations in Geneva for reduction of bar­ proposes that a preparatory meeting of experts be Most of our members depend heavily on the of commodities markets of most interest to us­ riers, giving priority to tropical products; and rec­ held in advance of the special assembly. production and export of primary commodities for including coffee, grains, meat, and the minerals ognized in our general trade polic:· the special But we do not intend to delay our efforts essential earnings. Yet production and export of produced in this hemisphere. Our objective will be needs of developing countries. while we await the processes of international insti­ these resources are vulnerable to the cycles of to concert our information on production and de­ Today, at this Assembly, we can begin to con­ tutions and conferences. The U.S. Administration scarcity and glut, underinvestment and over­ mand in order to make the best possible use of our sider ways in which our commitment to trade will begin now: capacity that disrupt economic conditions in both investment resources. These consultations will pro­ cooperation can contribute to economic progress the developing and the industrial world. vide us with an early-warning system to identify in our hemisphere. The United States sees three • First, to give special attention to the econom­ At the U.N. Conference on Trade and problems in advance and enable us to take appro­ key areas which this Organization could usefully ic concerns of Latin America in every area in which Development [UNCTAD] last month, we joined in priate corrective action nationally, regionally, or address: our executive branch possesses the power of discre­ the common commitment to search for concrete, through worldwide organizations. tionary decision; practical solutions in the interests of both pro­ Second, I propose we give particular attention • The need to provide opportumtles for de­ • Second, to undertake detailed consultations ducers and consumers. to global solutions for commodities important to veloping countries to expand and diversify exports with Latin American nations to coordinate our Despite reservations about some aspects of one or more countries of the hemisphere. The of manufactured and semiprocessed goods; positions on all economic issues of concern to the the final resolution at Nairobi, the United States United States has signed the Coffee and Tin Agree­ • The need to promote the hemisphere's trade hemisphere prior to the consideration of those is­ believes that the final commodities resolution of ments; it is crucial to the coffee- and tin-producing position through the multilateral trade negotiations sues in major international forums; the Conference represented a major advance in the countries of this hemisphere that those agreements at Geneva; and • Third, to consider special arrangements in the dialogue between North and South; we will partici­ be implemented in a fashion that will most appro­ • The need for effective regional and subre­ hemisphere in economic areas of particular concern pate in the major preparatory conferences on in­ priately contribute to their development. gional economic integration. to Latin America, such as the transfer and develop­ dividual commodities and in the preparatory con­ In Nairobi, and at other forums, the United ment of technology; ference on financing. States proposed that we examine on a global basis Let me turn to each of these three points. • In addition, we will put forth every effort to One key element, however, is missing from other commodities of particular importance to No single element is more important to Latin bring about the amendment of the U.S. Trade Act the final ~,;atalogue of Nairobi's proposals­ Latin America-bauxite, iron ore, and copper. I America's trade opportunities than the health of to eliminate the automatic exclusion of Ecuador machinery to spur the flow of new investment for suggest that we in the hemisphere have a special the U.S. economy. I can confirm to you today that and Venezuela from the generalized system of pref­ resource production in the developing countries. role to play in considering how these steps might our economy is in full recovery, with prospects erences. The United States made a proposal aimed at that be taken and in identifying other high priority sub­ brighter than they have been for years. problem-an International Resources Bank [IRB]. jects for global commodity discussions. The preferences system contained in the U.S. The United States is prepared to proceed in A resolution to study the IRB was rejected by a Third, I propose that the consultative group Trade Act has been in effect since January. It gives these four areas whatever may occur in other de­ vote that can best be described as accidental. Nine­ take a new look at the problem of insuring ade­ Latin American countries duty-free entry on more velopment forums. But this Assembly offers an ex­ ty nations abstained or were absent. Those nations quate investment in commodities in this hemi­ than $1 billion worth of their exports to the United cellent opportunity to advance our joint progress. of Latin America that reject such self-defeating sphere under circumstances that respect the States. Even more important, it provides vast op- 8 9 portunities for Latin America to diversify into new • The United States will send a trade policy mandate to seek innovative means of c.. operating • Expand and strengthen Latin America's ac­ product areas in its exports to the United States. team to Latin America shortly to identify ways to to expand exports-expanding, in short, on a regu­ cess to the National Technical Information Service In addition to the effort we will undertake to promote increased hemisphere trade through the lar and long-term basis the catalogue of trade ex­ and other facilities of the technology information end the exclusion of Ecuador and Venezuela from Geneva negotiations; we are prepared to intensify pansion proposals I have elaborated above. network of the U.S. Government, which covers 90 the benefits of the U.S. Trade Act, President Ford consultations in Geneva and Washington with Latin percent of the technical information that flows has asked me to state today that: American delegations to explore both general is­ from the $20 billion worth of research that the U.S. sues and positions for specific meetings. J Technology Government sponsors annually. Technology is basic to economic develop­ • He will make every effort to add to the pref­ ) ment. It is technology that enables us to master the erences system products that are of direct interest Finally, the United States supports the con­ Third, develop new regional and subregional raw gifts of nature and transform them into the to Latin America; cept and practice of regional and subregional eco­ structures of consultation and cooperation on products needed for the well-being of our peoples. • The executive branch will bend every effort nomic integration as a means of magnifying the problems of technology. To this end, the United But technology is not evenly distributed. to accommodate the export interests of Latin positive impact of trade on development. Expand­ States proposes: There are impediments to its development, to its America in all matfiCrs in which we have statutory ed trade, based on the development of industries transfer, and, most importantly, to its effective discretion. President Ford's recent choice of adjust­ that will be able to compete successfully within • That we establish a consultative group under utilization. The United States believes that tech­ ment assistance rather than import restrictions in and outside the integration area, will strengthen the OAS to address and provide recommendations nology should become a prime subject of hemis­ response to the petition of the U.S. footwear in­ the growth process of participating countries. We on information problems that Latin America faces pheric cooperation. The countries in this region dustry clearly demonstrates the commitment of seek means to support the far-reaching integration in acquiring technology; have reached stages of development that enable the U.S. Government to a liberal trade policy and plans that have been drawn up in the hemisphere­ them to adapt and create modem technologies. • That the OAS, in line with the UNCTAD IV the use of the Trade Act to expand trade in the for the Andean group, the Caribbean community, Our potential thus matches the urgency of practi­ consensus, establish a regional center on technolo­ hemisphere; the Central American Common Market, and the cal needs. gy. The center would facilitate cooperative re­ • The President will direct the U.S. Depart­ Latin American Free Trade Area. At this point, what are the new directions we search and development activities, drawing on both ment of Commerce to respond positively to re­ We are ready to support responsible efforts to should take together? We have three proposals. The public and private sources. It could stimulate ex­ quests from your governments for assistance in the further integration. The administration of U.S. changes of qualified technical personnel. And it United States believes we in the hemisphere should: development of export promotion programs. The trade laws and the improvement of our preferences could begin to attack the problem of incentives to Department of Commerce will make available system on matters such as rules of origin are two the thousands of technologically trained Latin First, take immediate advantage of promising technical advice on promotion techniques and per­ possible incentives to greater Latin American inte­ Americans now living abroad to return to and serve global initiatives. To seek maximum benefit from sonnel training to help develop new markets for gration. We welcome your views as to a further with their own countries. In the view of the United the U.N. Conference on Science and Development Latin American exports worldwide. U.S. role toward enhancing the momentum of eco­ States, such a center should be a cooperative enter­ set for 1979, we propose that the nations here to­ nomic integration in Latin America. prise requiring commitment and contributions in day undertake preparatory consultations on that The United States believes that the multi­ We are not persuaded, however, that we have funds, technological resources, and personnel from subject in the Economic Commission for Latin lateral trade negotiations in Geneva warrant the fully exploited all the possibilities of how best to all of the countries that take part. To get us under­ America, whose meeting has been prescribed as a special attention of Latin America. Our view is that provide expanded trade opportunities to Latin way I propose that we convene a group of experts regional forum within the Conference program. We the international codes on subsidies and counter­ America. We know that the issue is complex and to examine the need, feasibility, characteristics, will enlist the experience and resources of leading vailing duties and on safeguard actions now being that it involves not only expanded access to the and role of an inter-American technology center U.S. technology institutions in this hemispheric negotiated should recognize the special conditions markets of the United States but also measures to and report to us before the next OAS General As­ preparatory effort. facing developing countries. To this end: enhance opportunities for Latin American pro­ sembly. ducts in Europe and Japan-and throughout Latin Second, increase public and private contacts • The United States will seek agreement at America itself. on research, development, and the application of Geneva that the code on countervailing duties and Some permanent, expert forum is necessary. technology. To this end the United States will: Importance of Cooperative Development subsidies now being negotiated should contain We, therefore, propose that within the OAS there Economic development is a central concern of special rules to permit developing countries to be established a special inter-American commission • Open a technology exchange service for Latin all nations today. The community of nations has assist their exports under agreed criteria for an for trade cooperation. If the suggestion for a spe­ America to provide information on U.S. laws and become, irrevocably, a single global economy. We appropriate time linked to specific development cial assembly on cooperation for develop­ regulations relating to technology flows and to know that peace and progress will rest funda­ objectives. ment prospers, we think that assembly should set sources of public and private technology; mentally on our ability to forge patterns of eco­ • The United States next month will propose guidelines for the functioning of the commission. • Explore cooperative ventures in which small nomic cooperation that are fair, productive, and that the safeguards code under negotiation in We see the commission as an opportunity, in major and medium-sized U.S. firms would provide practi­ open to all. Geneva grant special treatment to developing coun­ part through the multilateral trade negotiations in cal technologies to individual Latin American We in this hemisphere have a special oppor­ tries that are minor suppliers or new entrants in a Geneva, to bring together those policy-level offi­ firms, along with the managem~nt expertise needed tunity and responsibility to advance the recent developed-country market during the period that cials most familiar with the actual trade problems to select, adapt, and exploit those technologies; favorable mood, and the practical achievements, in safeguards are in effect. and opportunities for trade creation under a firm and cooperation between the developed and developing 10 11 nations. We start from a firmer foundation today; The United States stands ready to give its Secretary ·Kissinger's statement distributed by the our prospects for working together are brighter sister republics in the hemisphere special attention U.S. Delegation june 11,1976. than ever before-more so in this hemisphere than in the great task of cooperation for development. in any other region of the world. We should have We shall make a major effort to prepare for the The Organization of American States is the reason for confidence in our ability to advance our special assembly on development. We shall listen to cornerstone of the inter-American system, the own people's well-being, while simultaneously con­ your proposals, work with you in a serious and oldest institution of regional cooperation in the tributing to a more prosperous world. It is in this cooperative spirit of friendship, and commit our­ world. Its member states have exceptional ties of sense that I have sought today to advance our selves to carry on the great heritage of the Ameri­ respect and a common heritage, and a considerable practical progress in important areas. cas as we go forward together. stake in maintaining those ties for the future. The inter-American system pioneered the principles of nonintervention and collective securi­ ty among cooperating sovereign states. Because the Americas also have enormous vitality and achieve­ .. ment, we have a major opportunity and obligation to continue to provide an example and impetus to the global search for better ways to mediate the common destiny of mankind. OAS REFORM Many ask, why think of OAS reform? Why, some wonder, does our Secretary General [Alejandro Orfila J refer to an "identity crisis" in his latest annual report? The answer lies in the fact that the pace and complexity of the international and domestic changes of the recent past have made the organiza­ tion as it is presently constituted less effective as an instrument of our respective foreign policies, and less significant to the real issues on the new inter-American agenda than our minimum efforts deserve. This Hemisphere is unique; there is no other grouping like it in the world. We have indeed a special relationship. The fundamental purpose of the OAS must be to continue to nurture and strengthen our fundamental, . shared values. We must have an organization that reflects our perma­ nent and irrevocable engagement to work together and maintain our continent as a Hemisphere of peace, cooperation, and development. The United States is committed to the OAS. We have pledged to make it a continually more effective instrument for action in pursuit of the common goals of prosperity and human digni­ ty. It was to that end that the member states agreed three years ago to an effort to reform, restructure, and modernize the OAS. The results of that effort are disappointing. A proposed new draft of the charter of the OAS has emerged from the permanent council. I regret to say that it is one 12 13 that our Government could neither sign nor recom­ proliferation of functions assigned haphazardly to Financing of the assessed costs while insuring that the mend that our Senate ratify. It includes prescrip­ the OAS has produced an overelaborated organiza­ A serious effort to reform the Organization of activities of the OAS in the vital development tive and hortatory statements of general principle tion that is ponderous and unresponsive. Instead of American States should include a review of present assistance field are not weakened. which are as poorly defined as they are ominous. closer and more frequent contact between Foreign provisions for its financing. The United States is committed to the Organi­ No effort is made in the new charter draft to come Ministers in ways that truly reflect our foreign You are all aware of the critical attention the zation of American States. We know that it pro­ to grips with the need to modernize or improve the policies as we are attempting to manage them from Congress of the United States has focused on the vides an institutional base which will continue to structure of the organization. We believe the real our respective capitals, we find ourselves insulated proportion of the organization's cost the United be vital to our common progress. In these years of shortcomings of the OAS have yet to be adequately from each other by a plethora of councils and com­ States is now bearing. Obviously, this has been a great change, the nations of the world have seen addressed. mittees with conflicting mandates and a cumber­ factor in recent U.S. budget cuts affecting the fresh proof of an old truth-that the most durable We propose a new effort to reform, modern­ some permanent bureaucracy. OAS. We do not claim that the United States is To strengthen communication, we must cut and responsive institutions are those which bear a ize, and restructure the organization. We think that paying too much, or more than its fair share of the through the existing organizational underbrush and lighter burden of bureaucratic machinery and effort should concentrate, not on words, but on cost in terms of our relative ability to pay. It is replace it with a structure capable of responding to whose procedures permit the flexibility required three major substantive issues: structure, member­ only that it is wrong and damaging for an organiza­ the authentic foreign policies of our governments, for swift and imaginative action. ship, and financ~ tion of two dozen-soon to be 25-sovereign as expressed directly by Foreign Ministers, and of states, whose purpose is to advance the interests of We believe our proposals can help bring the relating concretely to our institutions and the Structure each, to be so heavily dependent on the contribu­ drawn-out reform debate to a successful conclusion needs of our peoples. Particularly, the three The United States would like to advance four tions of a single member. It places the organization over the course of the next year. And we believe council system has not fulfilled the hopes which points as possible guidelines for the future effort, in a vulnerable position, and projects a false image this is the kind of organization we can and must led to its adoption in 1967. in the interest of modernization of the organiza­ of the OAS. have if we in the Americas are to fulfill our The General Assembly, as the central pillar of tion. The purposes of the organization should be It is important to find some basis for OAS promise and our responsibility to advance interna­ the inter-American system, might well be convened stated simply and clearly in the new charter. Those financing that will, over time, reduce the U.S. share tional cooperation in an era of interdependence. more frequently, perhaps twice a year, with special purposes should be: additional sessions to consider our common con­ • The promotion of cooperation for develop­ cerns, particularly the great challenges of coopera­ ment; tion for development. As contacts at the Minis­ • The maintenance of the peace and security of terial level intensify, the .need for an elaborate our region; and structure of councils will disappear. Our encoun­ • The preservation of our common tradition of ters at the General Assembly will offer sufficient respect for human dignity and the rights of the opportunities to set organizational policy. individual. This is all the organizational superstructure we really need. A leaner, more responsive organiza­ The structure of the organization serving tion would be serviced by a smaller expert Secre­ these goals should be flexible. We should write a tariat responsive to the guidelines established by constitutive document for the organization which the General Assembly and the functional commit­ will serve us well into the future. That an organiza­ tees the General Assembly may create. tion finds it necessary to rewrite its charter every 5 We should improve the OAS mechanisms for to 10 years does not speak well for that organiza­ promoting respect for human rights in the Ameri­ tion's sense of its role or function. We are now in cas. an age of great change. Our efforts in the coming years to achieve the three basic goals of the organi­ Membership zation will take place under rapidly changing To insure that the OAS represents all of the circumstances. Thus, flexibility and adaptability peoples of our region, we should open up the must be the key considerations guiding the reform organization to the newly independent states and effort. We should not hamstring ourselves with a those which may become independent, both on the charter brimfull· of the details of the day, with continent and in the Caribbean. Although these procedural minutiae, or with regulatory prescrip­ questions of membership require further study, we tions hindering our ability to meet contingencies. believe Article 8 of the present charter, which The governance of the organization should be automatically excludes certain states, IS an in the hands of the Ministers. Over the years, the anachronism and should be removed. I

15

Joint Report of the Republic of Panama and the United States June 9, 1976.

For the past 12 years, with the support of the OAS, Panama and the United States have main­ tained an active negotiating process with respect to the new regime for the Panama Canal. By virtue of the Joint Declaration of April 3, 1964, both coun­ tries pledged their word to work out a new treaty-a treaty new not only in its date of entry into force, but also in the mentality which it will reflect; that is, it will be in accord with the evolu­ tion experienced by the international community. We are negotiating because both countries feel the need to build a new relationship which gives full regard to the aspirations of the Panamanian people, the interests of both nations, and the princi­ ples and objectives of the Charter of the United PANAMA CANAL Nations. And we are negotiating in deference to the unanimous views of our sister republics in the Western Hemisphere. We are working on the basis that every nego­ tiation concerning an old problem is a transaction toward new formulas of justice, and that progress can only be achieved when a spirit of compromise between the parties exists as a result of their under­ standing of new realities-above all, when they seek a balancing of interests within a reasonable period of time. The negotiating process has confirmed the dedication of both parties to the eight principles agreed on by their authorized representatives on February 7, 1974 [Secretary Kissinger and Foreign Minister Tack of Panama] . The two countries re­ ported to this Assembly last year that significant progress had been made in this process of balancing the interests of both parties in accordance with the eight principles. We are pleased to report that during the past year the parties have made further significant progress on the highly complex issues before them. Differences remain between the two parties on important issues-the period of duration of the new treaty, and arrangements in the land and water areas comprising the Panama Canal Zone. The Republic of Panama and the United States are anxious to complete these negotiations as soon as possible and recognize that the other nations represented in this Assembly share that desire. But we have recognized that the complexity of the issues remaining before us requires the most 16 17 careful and painstaking negotiating efforts if we are The negotiation offers both peoples a peace­ to achieve a treaty which is truly just and equita­ ful alternative for the solution of a prolonged dis­ Statement by Henry A. Kissinger at the Head­ ble-a treaty which will balance the respective agreement between them, and both Governments quarters cf the U.N. Economic Commission for interests of both countries and those of the other are convinced that it is their responsibility to Latin America {ECLA}, june 9, 1976. nations of the Hemisphere and the world in such a explore to the utmost this path which offers such way as to definitely eliminate the potential for real possibilities for a satisfactory agreement which Mr. Secretary [Executive Secretary Enrique causes of conflict in the future. It is in this sense will cement on solid. foundations the friendship Iglesias] , I appreciate very much the compli­ that both Governments are in agreement with the and cooperation between our two countries. mentary remarks that you have made and I would concept expressed by General Torrijos that we are If we continue the serious work presently like you and your distinguished staff to know that not simply seeking any new treaty-we are seeking being carried out and if we maintain the reciprocal while it is a meeting of the General Assembly of a treaty that will fully meet our common goals in good will of both missions toward reaching a solu­ the Organization of American States that brings me the future and be seen by our sister republics as tion to the pending problems, we cherish the hope to Santiago at this time, I value this opportunity to reflecting a new era of cooperation in the Ameri­ that soon we will be able to advise you that a meet with you and to visit this renowned fountain­ cas. The United ~tates and the Republic of Panama treaty has been agreed upon-a treaty which not head of ideas. reiterate their commitment to continue their most only all America, but the entire world, awaits as an You have much of which to be proud. You, serious efforts to achieve such a treaty as promptly effective contribution to consolidate peace and Mr. Secretary, with all your well-known energy and as possible. friendship among all peoples. U.N. ECONOMIC wisdom have followed and successfully built upon the work of your very capable predecessors, COMMISSION FOR Prebisch, Mayobre, and Quintana. These men, like you, were well known within and beyond our LA TIN AMERICA Hemisphere as statesmen. My colleagues and I have great respect for the work you have done and for the tremendous accomplishments of the Economic Commission for Latin America. This center of study and action has done much to ignite the con­ sciences of men everywhere to take on the challenges of economic development. Your ap­ proach is progressive and, especially because it is non-political, it is effective. As is only to be expected, we have at times not seen eye-to-eye with regard to certain problems or the prescriptions for dealing with them. But we have avoided ideological postures: our thinking, and I believe yours, have evolved. In the process we have moved closer together with respect to many, if not most, essentials. We have listened and learned as this institution has led the movement for economic integration among the developing coun­ tries of this Hemisphere. We have worked together on trade and development, and we have agreed with your shift in emphasis from import­ substitution to export-oriented strategies. The P"oblem of economic development is not primarily a technical issue. It is profoundly a politi­ cal and moral issue. It is not possible to build a world community which is divided between the rich and the poor. If we are to live in a world of peace and justice, all nations must have a sense of participation, and all nations must have the con- 18 19

sciousness that the world community either takes development which are important to the special founding in 1948. I would also like to reciprocate dedication to the cause of peace we admire and into account their concerns-or at least listens to requirements of the Western Hemisphere. My the very warm words of the Secretary General whose indefatigable efforts in all areas of world their concerns. colleagues and I are doing a great deal of thinking [U.N. Secretary General Kurt Waldheim] * whose problems we support. I wish you and the Executive This is why we attach such extreme import­ on how, in a global context of development, we Secretary the very best as you carry on your *As conveyed by Roberto Guyer, personal repre­ ance to the dialogue that is now taking place can at the same time reflect the special ties and the important work, and I would like to thank you for sentative of the Secretary General. between the developed and developing nations, for special values, and the particular institutions that this very warm reception I have had here. regardless of the technical solutions we find, the have grown up in thi's Hemisphere-how we can spirit we can help engender can contribute to a avoid being caught between the extremes of world of peace and to a sense of community. And dogmatic globalism and dogmatic regionalism. We this is why we are concerned when there are favor regional integration of the Western attitudes of confrontation or technical majorities, Hemisphere or of the nations of Latin America because it is the essence of an international either in sub-regional groupings or in regional structure that soltttions cannot be imposed by one groupings, and we are going to give very serious group on another, but that a consensus must be study to how, within a global framework, we can established in which all share. The nations of Latin spur the very special concerns for development of America have a very special role to play in this our old friends and associates in the Hemisphere. process. They are among the most developed Today, at the meeting of the OAS General of the developing nations, or among the least de­ Assembly, I made some specific proposals of what veloped of the developed nations. They belong to can be done within the framework of existing the Organization of American States and they are legislation and within the discretion that our tied to us, a country which has a great concern Executive has, but I also pointed out that at the with security and global equilibrium. But they are Special Session on Development that has been also a part of other groupings of the so-called Third proposed by several members at the General World, and they can, therefore, in important re­ Assembly and that we assume will take place next spects act as a bridge between the views of the spring, the United States will be prepared to different groups that exist in the world today. address the more fundamental questions that I'm In the field of development, the United States putting to my friends here: how to relate the has offered important proposals for dealing with global concerns for development with the regional current international economic difficulties. At the concerns of the Western Hemisphere, because it Seventh Special Session of the U.N. General would be wrong to waste the traditions of coopera­ Assembly we put forth suggestions and agreement tion and the special relationships that have grown was reached on a number of measures designed to up in this Hemisphere. I am providing your Execu­ enhance economic security and to cope with the tive Secretary with a copy of the paper in which cycles that in the past have devastated export we made a series of comments and recommenda­ earnings and undermined development, and we tions regarding cooperation for development, and I dealt with other issues relating to trade, technolo­ hope that ECLA will find that it can play a role gy, and capital flows. with regard to some of the arrangements we sugges­ In Nairobi, we advocated a comprehensive ted on vital issues; for example, on technology for plan for addressing major commodity issues and set development. We hope also that you will not feel forth additional proposals for dealing with tech­ yourself confined to the proposals that we have nology and other requirements for development. made, and will feel free to offer your own sugges­ Our proposal for the establishment of an tions. In looking at the record, the danger that you International Resources Bank failed for reasons of will feel yourself confined by our proposals is an accidental majority. But I cannot scold every minimal. forum that I meet on this topic. I think we have The nations of this Hemisphere are bound by made our point. The more fundamental problem I historical and other special ties and interests. The would like to put to this distinguished group is United States consequently supported and has how to relate these general proposals for global been interested in the work of ECLA since its DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBUCA'DON 8866

Inter-American Series 111 Releasedjune 1976 Offic::e of Media Servic::es Bureau of Public Affairs

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