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Honours Research Document By Ronald Burgess (Games Design BA honours - Module: XB3992 ) Contents : This document shall contain the various amounts of research I’ve focused on; primarily revolving around vampire fo lk from around the world, Victorian horror analysis, exploring various aspects of the time period such as fashion, technology etc. Illustrated report & bibliography. Contents Page The Vampire : Origin, Etymology & Exploration-----------------------------------------------------------------------Page 3 Etymology of the term 'Vampir'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 3 Vampire Appearances around the world--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 4 Ancient Greece : Vrykolakas------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 4 Mesopotamia - Lilith, Lilitu, Lamashtu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 5 Albania - Shtriga---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 6 Filipino - Aswang---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 7 Puerto Rico - Chupacabra---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 9 Indonesian - Jenglot----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 9 Indonesian - Toyol-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 10 China - Jiangshi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 12 Malaysian - Langsuyar and Pontianak----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 13 Caribbean - Soucouyant----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 16 German - Nachzehrer-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 17 South East Asia - Penanggalan--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 18 Old Norse - Draugr-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 19 Brief Analysis of the 'Traditional Western Vampire-----------------------------------------------------------------Page 21 Historical Documents linked to Witchcraft and Vampirism-------------------------------------------------------Page 23 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 25 Bibliography & References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 26 Within this research document I shall detail the foundation, inspirations and thought processes I discovered and explored during the creation of 'Claret' ; my Victorian-gothic inspired Concept Art book. In order to differentiate my work from that of other vampire themed works, I explored a more worldly approach to the folklore and mythology attached to this creature, from the etymology of the term 'Vampire', to the various solutions cultures around the world linked to seemingly supernatural deaths, diseases and events. This document shall be split into a series of smaller categories with two primary focuses : The Vampire (Etymology, various species and cultural believes) and the theme of Victorian and gothic, allowing for a more grounded setting. Throughout this document I shall reference various pieces of research, images and how the information I've learned and gathered could be used and adapted into my work, concluding as the bedrock for my designs and final product : a illustrated and annotated concept book. "the spectres of those people; upon which, their bodies (from the description given of them, by the sick person,) being dug out of the graves, appear in all parts, as the nostrils, cheeks, breast, mouth, &c. turgid and full of blood. Their countenances are fresh and ruddy; and their nails, as well as hair, very much grown. (Montague Summers 1929 The Vampire in Europe) The Vampire : Origin, Etymology and exploration. The Vampire: a creature often associated with legend and folklore, existing thanks to their supernatural, undead powers: particularly the ability to drain the life essence (Often in the form of blood). In classical European folklore, the Vampire, or 'Vampyre' often caused mischief or the death of loved ones and neighbours – usually as a superstition based explanation for medicinal ailments and the sudden unbalancing humours. Their original description often involved a much more grotesque creature than in modern popular culture; a bloated, flushed yet pale creature, with swollen limbs and stomach. Often their most supernatural ability was their ability to drain life essence as well as exist in undeath, a harsh juxtaposition to the modern, rather gaunt counterpart - with various powers and a heavy focus on the seduction of their pray. Though these original conjurations of the creature host a great many paranormal or supernatural powers and manifest the imagination and fear associated with what the local populous did not understand. Their origin is largely inspired by an intense fear of the paranormal, as well as a very limited knowledge of medicinal practice and understanding, making it difficult for common folk to distinguish between the bloating of a corpse due to natural gasses, and their community being onset by a paranormal creature. In this initial research, I shall be exploring the origins of the Vampire, as well as its abilities, the folklore surrounding them and finally its existence within popular culture; all in an effort to better understand my protagonists and villains. Etymology of the term 'Vampir' The first written appearance of any vampire derivative was ‘Vampyre’ appearing within a travelogue titled ‘Travels of Three English Gentlemen’ published in The Harleian Miscellany in 1745. The term Vampire had already been used and greatly spread across French and German literature by this point, as well as in practice, raising a societal awareness of this supernatural plight. In 1718, Austria gained substantial control of the northern quarters of Serbia and Oltenia with the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz, creating a sudden merger of their cultures as well as their practices, leading to officials noting a peculiar practice of entombing bodies. This practice was described by locals as ‘Vampire Killing’ and spread across Europe, particularly to France and England, both of which had upper classes encapsulated and entranced by the macabre. The English term of ‘Vampire’ was conjured from a possible combination of French, German and Serbian spellings – Vampyre, Vampir and Upyr’ respectively. A similar, less widely spread theory of the origins of the term Vampire, stems from a possible deviation of Slavic colloquialism, a borrowed term from early Turkish ;Ubyr, meaning ‘Witch’. Czech linguist Valclav Machek proposed that the Slovak verb “Vrpitsa” (Stick to, thrust into) is a possible etymological background, and therefore translates “Upir” into “Someone who thrusts, bites”. A clear description of the creature as it came to be known as bat like ; using its fangs to break the skin before lapping at the blood. There is additionally early Russian, anti-pagan propaganda, in the religious treaty “Word of Saint Grigoriy”, condemning pagans worshiping a deity known as ‘Upyri’. Vampire Appearances around the world The initial surge of Vampire-like folklore has existed for thousands of years, with various cultures around the early word creating mythological creatures that drain your life essence, while simultaneously explaining the effects of entropy on the body, as well as missing children, sudden bouts of illness or death. The Mesopotamians, Ancient Greeks and Herbrew cultures all had references of such creatures, such as the Greek myth of a Vrykolakas, the Mesopotamian Lilitu, or the HerbrewLillith. In this section I shall briefly explore various interpretations of the vampire before honing in on the more recognizable European variation, focusing on its traditions, superstitions and powers. - When discussing the various iterations of the Vampire, I’ll be concluding each with various Apotropaics, these are objects or traditions associated with countering the undead – rather than dispatching them, these practices were intended to prevent the recently deceased from transforming into an undead revenant, or to satiate the creature enough to not be harmful to the living. An example of an Apotropaic object would be the single obolus that was placed in the mouth of an ancient greek corpse, in order to pay the ferry man to cross the River Styx, as well as ward off evil spirits. ANCIENT GREECE - VRYKOLAKAS This creature is a derived from the Slavic Varkolak, a compound word meaning “Wolf/Hair” and was a possible origin for the term werewolf: The Greeks believing that killing a werewolf would create a more powerful creature, transcending into a vampire. A Varkolak being an unusual combination of both a wolf and a Vampire. Believing that this unified creature was born from living a sacrilegious life, an excommunication from the church, being buried in un-consecrated grounds, or finally indulging
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