Ulbricht, Chruschtschow Und Die Mauer
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Conclusion: How the GDR Came to Be
Conclusion: How the GDR Came to Be Reckoned from war's end, it was ten years before Moscow gave real existing socialism in the GDR a guarantee of its continued existence. This underscores once again how little the results of Soviet policy on Germany corresponded to the original objectives and how seriously these objectives had been pursued. In the first decade after the war, many hundreds of independent witnesses confirm that Stalin strove for a democratic postwar Germany - a Germany democratic according to Western standards, which must be explicitly emphasized over against the perversion of the concept of democracy and the instrumentalization of anti-fascism in the GDR. 1 This Germany, which would have to of fer guarantees against renewed aggression and grant access to the re sources of the industrial regions in the western areas of the defeated Reich, was to be established in cooperation with the Western powers. To this purpose, the occupation forces were to remain in the Four Zone area for a limited time. At no point could Stalin imagine that the occupation forces would remain in Germany permanently. Dividing a nation fitted just as little with his views. Socialism, the socialist revolution in Germany, was for him a task of the future, one for the period after the realization of the Potsdam democratization programme. Even when in the spring of 1952, after many vain attempts to implement the Potsdam programme, he adjusted himself to a long coexistence of the two German states, he did not link this with any transition to a separate socialism: the GDR had simply wound up having to bide its time until the Cold War had been overcome, after which it would be possible to realize the agree ments reached at Potsdam. -
Gerhard Wettig Chruschtschows Berlin-Krise 1958 Bis 1963 II Quellen Und Darstellungen Zur Zeitgeschichte Herausgegeben Vom Institut Für Zeitgeschichte Band 67
I Gerhard Wettig Chruschtschows Berlin-Krise 1958 bis 1963 II Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte Herausgegeben vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte Band 67 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2006 III Gerhard Wettig Chruschtschows Berlin-Krise 1958 bis 1963 Drohpolitik und Mauerbau R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2006 IV Unterstützt durch die gemeinsame Kommission für die Erforschung der jüngeren Geschichte der deutsch-russischen Beziehungen, gefördert aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums des Innern. Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. © 2006 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Internet: oldenbourg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu- lässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikro- verfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Umschlaggestaltung: Dieter Vollendorf Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht). Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe Druckerei GmbH, München ISBN-13: 978-3-486-57993-2 ISBN-10: 3-486-57993-2 Inhalt V Inhalt Vorwort....................................................... IX 1. Einleitung. 1 Themenstellung . 2 Quellenlage . 3 2. Vorgeschichte. 7 Latenter Konflikt mit der DDR über deren Souveränitätsbefugnisse . 7 Wachsende Aufgeschlossenheit gegenüber Vorstellungen der DDR . 9 Eingehen auf die innenpolitische Nöte der SED-Führung . 12 Sich anbahnender Kurswechsel . 14 Entschluß zum Vorgehen gegen West-Berlin . 16 Überlegungen und Beratungen im Sommer 1958. 18 Aufforderung zum Abschluß eines Friedensvertrages. 20 Vorbereitungen für die politische Offensive gegen West-Berlin. 22 Steigerung bis zur Ablehnung der Vier-Mächte-Rechte insgesamt . -
Überseehafen Rostock: East Germany’S Window to the World Under Stasi Watch, 1961-1989
Tomasz Blusiewicz Überseehafen Rostock: East Germany’s Window to the World under Stasi Watch, 1961-1989 Draft: Please do not cite Dear colleagues, Thank you for your interest in my dissertation chapter. Please see my dissertation outline to get a sense of how it is going to fit within the larger project, which also includes Poland and the Soviet Union, if you're curious. This is of course early work in progress. I apologize in advance for the chapter's messy character, sloppy editing, typos, errors, provisional footnotes, etc,. Still, I hope I've managed to reanimate my prose to an edible condition. I am looking forward to hearing your thoughts. Tomasz I. Introduction Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, a Stasi Oberst in besonderen Einsatz , a colonel in special capacity, passed away on June 21, 2015. He was 83 years old. Schalck -- as he was usually called by his subordinates -- spent most of the last quarter-century in an insulated Bavarian mountain retreat, his career being all over three weeks after the fall of the Wall. But his death did not pass unnoticed. All major German evening TV news services marked his death, most with a few minutes of extended commentary. The most popular one, Tagesschau , painted a picture of his life in colors appropriately dark for one of the most influential and enigmatic figures of the Honecker regime. True, Mielke or Honecker usually had the last word, yet Schalck's aura of power appears unparalleled precisely because the strings he pulled remained almost always behind the scenes. "One never saw his face at the time. -
Der Gefährliche Weg in Die Freiheit Fluchtversuche Aus Dem Ehemaligen Bezirk Potsdam
Eine Publikation der Brandenburgischen Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hannelore Strehlow Der gefährliche Weg in die Freiheit Fluchtversuche aus dem ehemaligen Bezirk Potsdam Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Die Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR Außenstelle Potsdam Inhalt Vorwort 6 Kapitel 3 Fluchtversuche mit Todesfolge Quelleneditorische Hinweise 7 Fluchtversuch vom 22.11.1980 42 Kapitel 1 Ortslage Hohen-Neuendorf/Kreis Die Bezirksverwaltung Oranienburg der Staatssicherheit in Potsdam 8 Fluchtversuch vom 12.2.1987 52 Kapitel 2 im Bereich der Grenzübergangsstelle (GÜST) Der 13. August 1961 Rudower Chaussee – Mauerbau – 20 Fluchtversuch vom 7.2.1966 56 bei Staaken Quellenverzeichnis Kapitel 1 und 2 40 Fluchtversuch vom 14.4.1981 60 Bereich Teltow-Sigridshorst Quellenverzeichnis Kapitel 3 66 4 Kapitel 4 Kapitel 5 Gelungene Fluchtversuche Verhinderte Fluchtversuche durch Festnahmen Flucht vom 11.3.1988 68 über die Glienicker Brücke Festnahme vom 4.3.1975 102 an der GÜST/Drewitz Flucht vom 19.9.1985 76 im Grenzbereich der Havel Festnahme vom 27.10.1984 110 in der Nähe der GÜST/Nedlitz Flucht vom 4.1.1989 84 im Raum Klein-Ziethen/Kreis Festnahme vom 8.7.1988 114 Zossen in einer Wohnung im Kreis Kyritz 90 Flucht vom 26.7.73 Festnahme vom 8.6.1975 120 von 9 Personen durch einen Tunnel unter Schusswaffenanwendung im Raum Klein Glienicke an der GÜST/Drewitz Quellenverzeichnis Kapitel 4 101 Quellenverzeichnis Kapitel 5 128 Dokumententeil 129 Die Autorin 190 Impressum 191 5 Vorwort Froh und glücklich können wir heute sein, dass die Mauer, die die Menschen aus dem Osten Deutschlands jahrzehntelang von der westlichen Welt trennte, nicht mehr steht. -
Bericht Der Bundesregierung Zum Stand Der Aufarbeitung Der SED- Diktatur
Bericht der Bundesregierung zum Stand der Aufarbeitung der SED- Diktatur VORWORT VON STAATSMINISTER BERND NEUMANN ..................................................... 11 1. EINLEITUNG ................................................................................................................................ 14 Die Notwendigkeit der Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur .................................................................................. 15 Zuständigkeiten für die Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur ................................................................................. 16 Bundesregierung .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Länder ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 2. GRUNDLAGEN UND ENTWICKLUNG DER AUFARBEITUNG ......................................... 18 Die Friedliche Revolution in der DDR 1989 und die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands 1990 ........................... 18 Der Umgang mit den Stasi-Akten ................................................................................................................... 21 Rehabilitierung und Entschädigung der Opfer ................................................................................................ 23 Die Aufarbeitung im Deutschen Bundestag – die Enquête-Kommissionen zur SED-Diktatur .......................... 24 Die Gedenkstättenkonzeptionen -
Bulletin 10-Final Cover
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN Issue 10 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. March 1998 Leadership Transition in a Fractured Bloc Featuring: CPSU Plenums; Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and the Crisis in East Germany; Stalin and the Soviet- Yugoslav Split; Deng Xiaoping and Sino-Soviet Relations; The End of the Cold War: A Preview COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 The Cold War International History Project EDITOR: DAVID WOLFF CO-EDITOR: CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN ADVISING EDITOR: JAMES G. HERSHBERG ASSISTANT EDITOR: CHRISTA SHEEHAN MATTHEW RESEARCH ASSISTANT: ANDREW GRAUER Special thanks to: Benjamin Aldrich-Moodie, Tom Blanton, Monika Borbely, David Bortnik, Malcolm Byrne, Nedialka Douptcheva, Johanna Felcser, Drew Gilbert, Christiaan Hetzner, Kevin Krogman, John Martinez, Daniel Rozas, Natasha Shur, Aleksandra Szczepanowska, Robert Wampler, Vladislav Zubok. The Cold War International History Project was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc—through publications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP is under the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. The Director of the Cold War International History Project is Dr. David Wolff, and the incoming Acting Director is Christian F. -
The Causes of Emigration: Report from a Central Committee Brigade on Security Issues (May 24, 1961)
Volume 8. Occupation and the Emergence of Two States, 1945-1961 The Causes of Emigration: Report from a Central Committee Brigade on Security Issues (May 24, 1961) At the beginning of the 1960s, the exodus from the GDR to West Germany continued unabated. Issued a few months before the erection of the Berlin Wall, this May 1961 report by the Central Committee Brigade on Security Issues placed particular emphasis on the influence of Western contacts. The report did concede, however, that economic difficulties, bureaucratism, and arbitrariness in the granting of travel permits had a negative impact on living conditions in the GDR. Additionally, the report mentioned that Republikflucht was also motivated by a spirit of adventure and personal problems. Goal of the deployment of the brigade: Improving the public educational work of the German People’s Police in the district of Halle in connection with the fight against Republikflucht, especially among skilled workers, young people, doctors, and teachers. [ . ] The brigade worked as an independent working group in the complete brigade [Gesamtbrigade] of the Central Committee, which was under the authority of the Division for State and Legal Issues. [ . ] Causes for, reasons behind, and abetting factors in Republikflucht and recruitment methods The brigade and the German People’s Police in Halle thoroughly examined a series of flights from the republic, from the workplace to the place of residence. The process revealed a great many causes for, reasons behind, and abetting factors in Republikflucht and recruitment methods, which are closely related and work together. All cases showed the most diverse links and contact with relatives, acquaintances, and escapees in West Germany and the influence of trips and visits to the West. -
Mfs-Handbuch —
Anatomie der Staatssicherheit Geschichte, Struktur und Methoden — MfS-Handbuch — Bitte zitieren Sie diese Online-Publikation wie folgt: Monika Tantzscher: Hauptabteilung VI: Grenzkontrollen, Reise- und Touristenverkehr (MfS-Handbuch). Hg. BStU. Berlin 2005. http://www.nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0292-97839421300731 Mehr Informationen zur Nutzung von URNs erhalten Sie unter http://www.persistent-identifier.de/ einem Portal der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Vorbemerkung Mit dem Sturz der SED-Diktatur forderte die Demokratiebewegung in der ehemaligen DDR 1989/90 auch die Öffnung der Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes. Das Stasi- Unterlagen-Gesetz (StUG), am 20. Dezember 1991 mit breiter Mehrheit vom Parlament des vereinten Deutschlands verabschiedet, schaffte dafür die Grundlage. Zu den Aufgaben des Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik gehört die »Aufarbeitung der Tätig- keit des Staatssicherheitsdienstes durch Unterrichtung der Öffentlichkeit über Struktur, Methoden und Wirkungsweise des Staatssicherheitsdienstes« (§ 37 StUG). Dazu trägt dieses Kompendium »Anatomie der Staatssicherheit« bei. Das vorliegende Handbuch lie- fert die grundlegenden Informationen zu Geschichte und Struktur des wichtigsten Macht- instruments der SED. Seit 1993 einer der Schwerpunkte der Tätigkeit der Abteilung Bildung und Forschung, gelangen die abgeschlossenen Partien des MfS-Handbuches ab Herbst 1995 als Teilliefe- rungen zur Veröffentlichung. Damit wird dem aktuellen Bedarf -
DEFA Directors and Their Criticism of the Berlin Wall
«Das ist die Mauer, die quer durchgeht. Dahinter liegt die Stadt und das Glück.» DEFA Directors and their Criticism of the Berlin Wall SEBASTIAN HEIDUSCHKE MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY This article examines the strategies used by directors of the East German film monopoly Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft (DEFA) to voice their disap- proval of the Berlin Wall.1 My aim is to show how it was possible, despite universal censorship in East Germany, to create films that addressed the wall as an inhumane means to imprison the East German people. Although many DEFA films adhered to socialist law and reiterated the official doctrine of the «antifascist protection rampart» on the silver screen, an analysis of three DEFA films will demonstrate how the representation of human crisis was used as a means to criticize the wall.2 The films Das Kleid (Konrad Petzold, 1961), Der geteilte Himmel (Konrad Wolf, 1964), and Die Architekten (Peter Kahane, 1990) address walls in a variety of functions and appearances as rep- resentations, symbols, and metaphors of the barrier between East and West Germany. Interest in DEFA has certainly increased during the last decade, and many scholars have introduced a meaningful variety of topics regarding the history of East Germany’s film company and its films. In addition to book-length works that deal exclusively with the cinema of East Germany, many articles have looked at DEFA’s film genres, provided case studies of single DEFA films, and engaged in sociological or historical analyses of East German so- ciety and its films.3 In order to expand the current discussion of DEFA, this article applies a sociocultural reading to the three DEFA films Das Kleid, Der geteilte Himmel, and Die Architekten with the goal of introducing the new subtopic of roles and functions of the Berlin Wall in East German film to the field of DEFA studies. -
A Comment on Recent Literature on Soviet and Comintern Involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Rev29-03 26/2/08 12:29 Página 205 Frank Schauff* A comment on recent literature on Soviet and Comintern involvement in the Spanish Civil War In many spheres of twentieth century history, the end of the Soviet Union and the partial opening up of a lot of archives in Moscow and other capitals of the former Social- ist bloc have admitted to improve the base for research. Nonetheless, if talking about the former Soviet archives, there have to be made some restrictions to this reappraisal of the situation. First, some of the main Moscow archives have at least partially closed their material again after a short period of nearly complete openness in the first half of the 1990s. Then some of the major archives were either more or less closed as the Presiden- tial Archive or major parts of the archives were made unavailable for researchers because of national security deliberations. Historians could not be quick enough to use the win- dow of opportunity during these two or three years. This situation has not changed very much since the mid-nineties. The second problem is simply a practical problem. Certain- ly, historians of Russia and the Soviet Union were able to make use of the material, but historians – as in our case on Spanish history – had more problems in using the archives for the lack of Russian (and in the Communist International’s case also German) lan- guage knowledge. This implied that only a few of those who were interested in Spanish history and especially the Civil War would be able to use the vast amount of material available even under the aforementioned restrictions. -
Quellen Und Literatur
QUELLEN UND LITERATUR ZEITZEUGENGESPRÄCHE Hans Willgerodt, Universitätsprofessor, Neffe von Wilhelm Röpke; Interview v. 31. Januar 2006 Geert Müller-Gerbes, Journalist, ehemaliger Pressereferent des Bundespräsidenten; Interview v. 8. Februar 2006. Peter Heinemann, Notar, Sohn von Gustav Heinemann; Interview v. 24. Februar 2006. Barbara und Manfred Wichelhaus, Tochter und Schwiegersohn von Gustav Heinemann; Interview v. 22. März 2006. Jürgen Schmude, Jurist, Bundesminister a.D., Interview v. 15. November 2006. Erhard Eppler, Lehrer, Bundesminister a.D.; Interview v. 10. Januar 2007. UNGEDRUCKTE QUELLEN Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn Nachlaß Gustav Heinemann, Teil I Nachlaß Gustav Heinemann, Teil II Nachlaß Erich Ollenhauer Nachlaß Kurt Schumacher Nachlaß Helene Wessel Nachlaß Adolf Scheu Nachlaß Fritz Erler Bestand Erhard Eppler Protokolle des SPD-Parteivorstandes Sammlung Organisationen des SPD-Parteivorstandes: GVP Sammlung Willems Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus, Bad Honnef/Rhöndorf Nachlaß Konrad Adenauer Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Sankt Augustin Nachlaß Gerhard Schröder Nachlaß Paul Bausch Nachlaß Ernst Lemmer Bestand der Ost-CDU Bestand der Exil-CDU Bestand des Kreisverbandes der CDU Essen Archiv der Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin Bestand MfS-ZAIG: Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe Bestand MfS-HA: Hauptabteilung Quellen und Literatur 337 Bestand -
Bulletin 10-Final Cover
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 61 “This Is Not A Politburo, But A Madhouse”1 The Post-Stalin Succession Struggle, Soviet Deutschlandpolitik and the SED: New Evidence from Russian, German, and Hungarian Archives Introduced and annotated by Christian F. Ostermann I. ince the opening of the former Communist bloc East German relations as Ulbricht seemed to have used the archives it has become evident that the crisis in East uprising to turn weakness into strength. On the height of S Germany in the spring and summer of 1953 was one the crisis in East Berlin, for reasons that are not yet of the key moments in the history of the Cold War. The entirely clear, the Soviet leadership committed itself to the East German Communist regime was much closer to the political survival of Ulbricht and his East German state. brink of collapse, the popular revolt much more wide- Unlike his fellow Stalinist leader, Hungary’s Matyas spread and prolonged, the resentment of SED leader Rakosi, who was quickly demoted when he embraced the Walter Ulbricht by the East German population much more New Course less enthusiastically than expected, Ulbricht, intense than many in the West had come to believe.2 The equally unenthusiastic and stubborn — and with one foot uprising also had profound, long-term effects on the over the brink —somehow managed to regain support in internal and international development of the GDR. By Moscow. The commitment to his survival would in due renouncing the industrial norm increase that had sparked course become costly for the Soviets who were faced with the demonstrations and riots, regime and labor had found Ulbricht’s ever increasing, ever more aggressive demands an uneasy, implicit compromise that production could rise for economic and political support.