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A Review of Natural Disturbances to Inform Implementation of Ecological Forestry in Nova Scotia, Canada

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A Review of Natural Disturbances to Inform Implementation of Ecological Forestry in Nova Scotia, Canada Environmental Reviews A review of natural disturbances to inform implementation of ecological forestry in Nova Scotia, Canada Journal: Environmental Reviews Manuscript ID er-2020-0015.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the 28-Apr-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Taylor, Anthony; Natural Resources Canada, Atlantic Forestry Centre MacLean, David; University of New Brunswick, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management Neily, Peter; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Stewart, Bruce;Draft Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Quigley, Eugene; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Basquill, Sean; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Boone, Celia; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Gilby, Derek; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Pulsifer, Mark; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry Is this manuscript invited for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : Natural Disturbance, Ecological Forestry, Sustainability, Fire, Climate Keyword: Change https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Page 1 of 101 Environmental Reviews 1 A review of natural disturbances to inform implementation of ecological forestry in Nova 2 Scotia, Canada 3 4 Anthony R. Taylor1,2*, David A. MacLean2, Peter D. Neily3, Bruce Stewart3, Eugene Quigley3, 5 Sean P. Basquill4, Celia K. Boone5, Derek Gilby5, Mark Pulsifer3 6 7 8 1 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent 9 Street, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5P7 (current affiliation) 10 2 Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen 11 Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, CanadaDraft 12 3 Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry, 15 Arlington Place, Suite 7, Truro, Nova 13 Scotia, Canada B2N 0G9 14 4 Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry, Wildlife Division, 136 Exhibition Street, 15 Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4N 4E5 16 5 Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry, Forest Protection Division, 23 Creighton 17 Drive, Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia, Canada B0N 2H0 18 19 *Corresponding author (phone: (506) 452-4144, fax: (506) 452-3525, e-mail: 20 [email protected]) 21 22 23 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Environmental Reviews Page 2 of 101 24 Abstract 25 Like many jurisdictions across North America, the province of Nova Scotia (NS) is faced 26 with the challenge of restoring its forests to a more natural, pre-settlement state through 27 implementation of ecological forestry. At the core of ecological forestry is the idea that natural 28 forest structures and processes may be approximated by designing management practices that 29 emulate natural disturbances. Successful natural disturbance emulation depends on fundamental 30 knowledge of disturbance characteristics, including identification of specific disturbance agents, 31 their spatial extent, severity, and return interval. To date, no comprehensive synthesis of existing 32 data has been undertaken to document the natural disturbance regime of NS forests, limiting the 33 application of natural disturbance emulation. 34 Using over 300 years of documentsDraft and available data, we identified the main natural 35 disturbance agents that affect NS forests and characterized their regimes. Overall, fire, wind 36 (predominantly hurricanes), and outbreaks of spruce budworm (SBW) are the most important 37 disturbance agents, causing substantial areas of low (< 30 % mortality), moderate (30-60%), and 38 high (> 60 %) severity disturbance. While characterization of natural historic fire is challenging, 39 due to past human ignitions and suppression, we estimated the mean annual disturbance rate of 40 moderate-to-high severity fire ranged between 0.17-0.4 % yr-1 (250-600 year return interval), 41 depending on ecosystem type. Hurricanes make landfall in NS, on average, every 7 years, 42 resulting in wide-scale (> 500 ha) forest damage. While hurricane track and damage severity 43 vary widely among storms, the return interval of low-to-high severity damage is 700-1,250 years 44 (0.14-0.08 % yr-1). Conversely, the return interval of host-specific SBW outbreaks is much 45 shorter (< 50 years), but more periodic, causing wide-scale, low-to-high severity damage to 46 spruce-fir forests every 30-40 years. Further disturbance agents, such as other insects (e.g., 2 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Page 3 of 101 Environmental Reviews 47 spruce beetle), diseases, ice storms, drought, and mammals can be locally important and/or 48 detrimental to individual tree species, but contribute little to overall disturbance in NS. Climate 49 change is expected to significantly alter the disturbance regime of NS, affecting current 50 disturbances (e.g., increased fire) and driving the introduction of novel agents (e.g., hemlock 51 wooly adelgid), and continued monitoring is needed to understand these changes. 52 Key words 53 Natural Disturbance, Ecological Forestry, Sustainability, Fire, Wind, Spruce budworm, Climate 54 Change Draft 3 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Environmental Reviews Page 4 of 101 55 1. Introduction 56 Over the past several decades, Canada has begun to shift away from production-based 57 “sustained yield” forestry towards ecosystem-based, “ecological” forestry (Canadian Council of 58 Forest Ministers (CCFM) 2008; Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) 2018). Ecological forestry 59 is a management paradigm that emphasizes the maintenance of natural ecological conditions to 60 achieve the sustained yield of goods and services for meeting human needs (Christensen et al. 61 1996; Landres et al. 1999; Davis et al. 2001). The shift towards ecological forestry is critical to 62 maintaining forest biodiversity and mitigating impacts of climate change (Fischer et al. 2006). 63 At the core of ecological forestry is the idea that natural forest structures, including 64 biodiversity, and functional processes are more likely to persist or be best approximated by 65 designing and applying forest managementDraft practices that emulate natural disturbance patterns 66 (Seymour and Hunter 1999; Seymour et al. 2002; North and Keeton 2008). Employing natural 67 disturbance emulation as a basis for ecological forestry was first developed in Europe during the 68 19th century (Kuuluvainen and Grenfell 2012), but has since gained popularity across Canada 69 (e.g., Lieffers et al. 1996; MacLean et al. 1999; Bergeron et al. 2002). The concept of natural 70 disturbance emulation assumes that structures and functional processes of the “natural” forest 71 reflect historic natural disturbance regimes and other determinants of ecosystem pattern. 72 Accordingly, the success of natural disturbance emulation depends on: 1) how well defining 73 characteristics of the natural forest are known; 2) how well the natural disturbance regime is 74 known, including disturbance agents, their spatial extent, severity, and return interval; and 3) the 75 degree to which ecological consequences of natural disturbances can be emulated by forest 76 management practices (Seymour and Hunter 1999; North and Keeton 2008; D’Amato et al. 77 2018). 4 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Page 5 of 101 Environmental Reviews 78 The province of Nova Scotia, on Canada’s east coast, lies within a transition zone 79 between coniferous-dominated boreal forest to the north and temperate deciduous forests to the 80 south and west, resulting in a unique mixture of about 32 tree species (Loucks 1962; Rowe 1972; 81 Saunders 1996). Forests of Nova Scotia have a long history (> 300 years) of land clearing, timber 82 harvest, and invasion by non-indigenous species, which has altered the natural species 83 composition and structure of the landscape (Fernow 1912; Johnson 1986; Loo and Ives 2003). 84 Consequently, the Nova Scotia provincial government is under increasing public pressure to 85 return its forests to a more natural, pre-European settlement condition through implementation of 86 ecological forestry (Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources (NSDNR) 2011a; Lahey 87 2018). In response, forest management policies that support emulation of natural disturbance 88 regimes are now being reviewed, includingDraft reductions in clear-cut harvesting and promotion of 89 partial-cutting methods (Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry (NSDLF) 2018). 90 However, while previous efforts to determine natural disturbance regimes in Nova Scotia have 91 been conducted (e.g., Neily et al. 2008), to date, no comprehensive synthesis of existing 92 literature and data has been undertaken to document and interpret Nova Scotia’s natural 93 disturbance regimes. This limits the provincial government’s ability to implement natural 94 disturbance emulation and ecological forestry. 95 In this paper, we review and synthesize current knowledge of natural forest disturbance 96 regimes (i.e., agent, extent, severity, and return interval as defined in Section 3) in Nova Scotia, 97 Canada to support implementation of natural disturbance emulation and ecological forestry. 98 Section 2 begins with a brief natural history of Nova Scotia to help set the context of the review. 99 Section 3 outlines the primary natural disturbance agents that affect Nova Scotia forests and 100 provides a detailed characterization of each natural disturbance agent. Section 4 summarizes the 5 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/er-pubs Environmental Reviews Page 6 of 101 101 spatial extent, severity, and return interval of
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