The Body As a Whole
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The Structure and Function of Breathing
CHAPTERCONTENTS The structure-function continuum 1 Multiple Influences: biomechanical, biochemical and psychological 1 The structure and Homeostasis and heterostasis 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 4 function of breathing NORMAL BREATHING 5 Respiratory benefits 5 Leon Chaitow The upper airway 5 Dinah Bradley Thenose 5 The oropharynx 13 The larynx 13 Pathological states affecting the airways 13 Normal posture and other structural THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION considerations 14 Further structural considerations 15 CONTINUUM Kapandji's model 16 Nowhere in the body is the axiom of structure Structural features of breathing 16 governing function more apparent than in its Lung volumes and capacities 19 relation to respiration. This is also a region in Fascla and resplrstory function 20 which prolonged modifications of function - Thoracic spine and ribs 21 Discs 22 such as the inappropriate breathing pattern dis- Structural features of the ribs 22 played during hyperventilation - inevitably intercostal musculature 23 induce structural changes, for example involving Structural features of the sternum 23 Posterior thorax 23 accessory breathing muscles as well as the tho- Palpation landmarks 23 racic articulations. Ultimately, the self-perpetuat- NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING 24 ing cycle of functional change creating structural Chemical control of breathing 25 modification leading to reinforced dysfunctional Voluntary control of breathing 25 tendencies can become complete, from The autonomic nervous system 26 whichever direction dysfunction arrives, for Sympathetic division 27 Parasympathetic division 27 example: structural adaptations can prevent NANC system 28 normal breathing function, and abnormal breath- THE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION 30 ing function ensures continued structural adap- Additional soft tissue influences and tational stresses leading to decompensation. -
Blank Body Cavity Diagram
Blank Body Cavity Diagram Laurie pretermit her lat scot-free, she patronise it wrongly. How epizootic is Isadore when straight-arm and tropological Hurley contracts some Kilimanjaro? Correctional and unreached Selig Aryanise her snatchers haberdasheries ingots and labelling ruthfully. It occurs more often in people with light coloured skin who have had a high exposure to sunlight. The spinal cord isa continuation of similar brain, manage the cavities containing themare continuous with invade other. In the eye, bipolar neurons form the middle layer of the retina. From four key choices, select another body. In the marriage, This is a_____view? There was an error loading the necessary resources. Thedeltoid tuberosityis a roughened, Vshaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft. This versatile muscle flexes the leg at the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the leg at the hipallowing us complex movement patterns like sittingcrosslegged. Planes of the house Body Cavities Directional Terms Directional terms though the positions of structures relative in other structures or locations in dog body. Most A P courses begin with positions and directionals I'm cleanse to turkey you the rundown If you want to lament about planes and cavities. Both cavities body cavity contains organs and arm. Ligaments to cavities but not properly cared for. From sliding anteriorly. However both neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle itself also be affected by disease. The body cavity! The epicondyles provide attachment points for muscles and supporting ligaments of the knee. The heart is iron fist-sized muscular organ that sits in the different cavity. -
1.6 Organization Within the Human Body ___/202 Points
Name _______________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Lab _____ Pd _____ Unit 1 Chapter Levels of Organization within the Human Body ____/202 points organization 1.6 SECTION OBJECTIVES • Describe the locations of the major body cavities • List the organs located in each major body cavity • Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each • Describe the general functions of each organ system Lecture Notes (57) The human body is divided into two main sections: _________ – head, neck, and trunk and _______________ – upper and lower limbs The human body is also divided into three categories: body ___________, layers of ___________________ within these cavities, and a variety of _________ _____________ Axial Portion: Contains the _________ cavity, _________________ canal, _______________ cavity, and ______________________ cavity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the _______________. The organs within the cavity are called _______. ______________ cavity: _________________: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. ______________: bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs The _________________________ separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments Cranial cavities include the ______, _________, ___________, and middle ______ Membranes: a. _________________ –membranes attached to the wall or lines the cavity (pariet = wall) b. _______________ - membrane that covers organ -
The Digestive System
69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm. -
Lab #2: Organs of the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities. Important: All Dissections of the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities Will Be Done As a Class
Lab #2: Organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Important: All dissections of the thoracic and abdominal cavities will be done as a class. Do Not get ahead of the class for you may cut into something that we will want to examine later. Goals: Be able to …. Locate and explain the functions of the structures listed below: Neck Region: Abdominal Cavity: thymus gland umbilical chord thyroid gland peritoneum larynx mesenteries trachea liver esophagus stomach thoracic Cavity: spleen right and left pleural cavities small intestine (locate duodenum) right and left lungs pancreas pericardial cavity large intestines heart cecum Thoracic/Abdominal Division: colon diaphragm 13.3 Thoracic and Abdominal Incisions Pp. 164 – 165 Make incisions with class and instructor!!! 13.4 Neck Region, Thoracic Cavity and Abdominal Cavity Pp. 166-170 – Read all introductions, follow the procedures to locate the organs specified and answer all the questions. Pp. 172 – Answer questions #6-8, 11-17, 19 Arrange the organs in order by the way food travels through them: Stomach, esophagus, large intestines, mouth, small intestines, anus, rectum The inhalation of a breath of travels through several organs. Put the following organs in their proper order: Bronchi, nasal passages, bronchioles, larynx, pharynx, alveoli, trachea II. Respiration and Digestion Stations Goals: After this lab you should be able to………….. 1. Describe the appearance of villi and explain how the structure of villi supports their function. 2. Describe the internal structure of the lungs and explain the process of gas exchange. 3. Explain the difference in appearance and function between healthy alveoli and diseased alveoli. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. -
Circulatory System
11/7/2014 Circulatory System 1 11/7/2014 Diffusion is insufficient for transporting substances over long distances It takes 1 second for glucose to diffuse from 100 micro meters It will take 3 hours to diffuse 1 mm! Circulatory systems solves this problem by ensuring that no substances has to diffuse very far toenter or leave the cell! And it connects the cells to the organs that exchange molecules. Transport in small invertebrates Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms 2 11/7/2014 Transport in invertebrates Roundworms Fluid contained within the body cavity of pseudocoelome functions to transport nutrients and wastes but these animals do not have a heart or blood vessels. Open Circulatory System blood is pumped from the heart through blood vessels but then it leaves the blood vessels and enters body cavities, where the organs are bathed in blood. Mollusks and arthropods: (except cephalopods) have an open circulatory system. 3 11/7/2014 Open Circulatory System Arthopods The coelom carries blood (hemolymph). It is called a hemocoel The blood of insects is colorless because it lacks respiratory pigments; it functions to carry nutrients, not gases. Crustaceans and some arachnids have hemocyanin a protein with copper, not within a cell Animals with open circulatory systems generally have limited activity due to limitations in the oxygen delivery capability Insects are able to be active because gas exchange is via a tracheal system. Closed Circulatory System Blood is contained within blood vessels. Valves prevent the backflow of blood within the blood vessels. This type of circulatory system is found in vertebrates and several invertebrates including annelids, squids and octopuses 4 11/7/2014 Closed Circulatory System Earthworms have a dorsal and ventral blood vessel that runs the length of the animal. -
2.05 Remember the Structures of the Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the Structures of the Respiratory System
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Essential question What are the structures of the respiratory system? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2 Structures of the respiratory system Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lower Respiratory System Trachea Lungs 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 3 Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region Cilia – nose hairs 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 4 Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air Provide resonance to the voice 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 5 Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx About 5” long 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 6 Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Epiglottis A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 7 Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Larynx Voice Box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis Also called the Adam’s Apple 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 8 Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Trachea Windpipe Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. -
Internal Medicine Diagnostics-Thoracic Cavity
Internal Medicine Diagnostics-Thoracic Cavity Sheila M. McGuirk, D. V.M., M.Sc. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 432 JO The most valuable tools of the trained veterinarian are the tic evaluation is based in part on the acoustic accuracy of the ability to perform a complete physical examination, inter stethoscope. However, the acoustics of any stethoscope will pret the findings, make some logical conclusions based on reflect the acoustics of the human ear when it is worn. 1 The these findings, and design a course of therapy to return the diaphragm of the stethoscope amplifies high frequency patient to normal function. The successful diagnostician sounds while attenuating low frequencies. 2 Poor quality or may perfect his clinical exam by perfecting his ability to cracked diaphragms will attenuate all frequencies. The bell is interpret what he finds or by employing more sensitive used to amplify low frequency sounds. The shallow, bowl diagnostic tools in order to gain more specificity in defining shaped bells have no useful high frequency response at all. and treating the problems he sees. Diagnosis of problems in The tu bing of the currently available stethoscopes are either the thoracic cavity are often overlooked. More often than single or double. Although the single tube is more compact not the problem stems from the failure to perform a good and subject to less extraneous noise, it is subject to examination of the chest. Avoidance of the thoracic cavity, irregular distortion patterns and suffers from considerable however, is the result of confusion over i~terpretation of loss of output at high frequencies. -
CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia] -
Medical Term Lay Term(S)
MEDICAL TERM LAY TERM(S) ABDOMINAL Pertaining to body cavity below diaphragm which contains stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs ABSORB Take up fluids, take in ACIDOSIS Condition when blood contains more acid than normal ACUITY Clearness, keenness, esp. of vision - airways ACUTE New, recent, sudden ADENOPATHY Swollen lymph nodes (glands) ADJUVANT Helpful, assisting, aiding ADJUVANT Added treatment TREATMENT ANTIBIOTIC Drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIMICROBIAL Drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIRETROVIRAL Drug that inhibits certain viruses ADVERSE EFFECT Negative side effect ALLERGIC REACTION Rash, trouble breathing AMBULATE Walk, able to walk -ATION -ORY ANAPHYLAXIS Serious, potentially life threatening allergic reaction ANEMIA Decreased red blood cells; low red blood cell count ANESTHETIC A drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain or eliminate the feeling of pain by general putting you to sleep ANESTHETIC A drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain or by numbing an area of your body, local without putting you to sleep ANGINA Pain resulting from insufficient blood to the heart (ANGINA PECTORIS) ANOREXIA Condition in which person will not eat; lack of appetite ANTECUBITAL Area inside the elbow ANTIBODY Protein made in the body in response to foreign substance; attacks foreign substance and protects against infection ANTICONVULSANT Drug used to prevent seizures ANTILIPIDEMIC A drug that decreases the level of fat(s) in the blood ANTITUSSIVE A drug used to relieve coughing ARRHYTHMIA Any change from the normal heartbeat (abnormal heartbeat) ASPIRATION Fluid entering lungs ASSAY Lab test ASSESS To learn about ASTHMA A lung disease associated with tightening of the air passages ASYMPTOMATIC Without symptoms AXILLA Armpit BENIGN Not malignant, usually without serious consequences, but with some exceptions e.g. -
Chest Wall Abnormalities and Their Clinical Significance in Childhood
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 15 (2014) 246–255 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Paediatric Respiratory Reviews CME article Chest Wall Abnormalities and their Clinical Significance in Childhood Anastassios C. Koumbourlis M.D. M.P.H.* Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Chief, Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center EDUCATIONAL AIMS 1. The reader will become familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the thorax 2. The reader will learn how the chest wall abnormalities affect the intrathoracic organs 3. The reader will learn the indications for surgical repair of chest wall abnormalities 4. The reader will become familiar with the controversies surrounding the outcomes of the VEPTR technique A R T I C L E I N F O S U M M A R Y Keywords: The thorax consists of the rib cage and the respiratory muscles. It houses and protects the various Thoracic cage intrathoracic organs such as the lungs, heart, vessels, esophagus, nerves etc. It also serves as the so-called Scoliosis ‘‘respiratory pump’’ that generates the movement of air into the lungs while it prevents their total collapse Pectus Excavatum during exhalation. In order to be performed these functions depend on the structural and functional Jeune Syndrome VEPTR integrity of the rib cage and of the respiratory muscles. Any condition (congenital or acquired) that may affect either one of these components is going to have serious implications on the function of the other. Furthermore, when these abnormalities occur early in life, they may affect the growth of the lungs themselves. The followingarticlereviewsthe physiology of the respiratory pump, providesa comprehensive list of conditions that affect the thorax and describes their effect(s) on lung growth and function.