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Fetal Pig Dissection Lab with Detailed Images Fetal Pig Dissection Lab with Detailed Images Beth Cantwell and Laurel Rodgers Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA 22601 [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This lab provides students with detailed dissection instructions of the fetal pig, including the digestive, respiratory, cardiac, urinary, and reproductive systems. Color pictures are provided for each step to help students ensure that they are removing the correct tissues and making the correct incisions. Information is provided throughout the lab about the function of each organ students observe. This lab was written for a non-majors, general education course. However, we have provided additional materials in the appendix in order for instructors to expand the lab for a Biology majors course. Keywords: Anatomy, organ systems, fetal pig dissection Introduction The fetal pig is frequently used during anatomy units in both majors and non-majors courses because the pig has a similar anatomy to humans, is reasonably priced, and is readably available from multiple sources. In our non-majors Biology course, Biology in Society, we use the fetal pig to introduce our students to basic anatomy and the function of some major biological systems in the human. We wrote this lab because we have struggled to find a fetal pig dissection that contained both sufficient instructions and information for our course. Detailed instructions allow students to make the appropriate incisions and observe organs with minimal assistance from the instructor. From a classroom management perspective, this is important because it allows the lab instructor to circulate quickly within a group of up to twenty students. In our nonmajors course, the functions of the digestive, cardiac, respiratory, and reproductive systems are presented in lab, and not in the lecture portion of the course, so we wanted to also focus on the function each organ visualized. Information about visible organs is introduced as students complete each stage of the dissection. Therefore, they can visualize the structures as they learn more about them, reinforcing the material. High-quality color images are provided throughout so that students can easily separate structures from the surrounding tissue. We decided to focus this fetal pig dissection on the thoracic and abdominal cavities. By limiting the scope of the dissection, we were able to maximize the number of systems covered within a single lab period. During the lab-writing process, we found that there were some important considerations. First, we wanted to be sure that students had a clear understanding of the body Materials Double injected Fetal Pigs – BioCorp Catalog number FP1314D Small curved forceps, blunt tip Large Scissors, one blunt tip, one sharp tip Small scissors, sharp tip Blunt probe Dissection trays Rubber Bands Notes for the Instructor We ran this lab at the RABLE this fall and will run the lab with students in two different classes in the Spring. We will write the instructor notes after we receive feedback from the instructors using this lab in the Spring. Workshop Needs We will need fetal pigs for dissection during this lab. BioCorp donated pigs for our RABLE presentation of this lab. We recommend contact them again to see if they will provide fetal pigs for the ABLE workshop. We will also need the dissection tools listed in the materials section above. We do not plan to use a computer for our presentation prior to starting the lab. Each participant will need a printed, color copy of the student materials for this lab. The host institution will need to confirm the proper way to dispose of the fetal pigs and associated fixative fluids at their institution. Workshop Plan For this workshop we will provide a brief introduction to the lab and then let the participants dissect the fetal pig using our hand out. We will conclude the workshop with a discussion about majors vs non-majors lab protocols and post-lab options. Acknowledgments: We wish to acknowledge Laurel Nida for her assistance in completing the materials for this lab. cavities and the subdivisions that they would be observing. Second, while directional terms are sometimes difficult even for majors to adopt, we found that the best way to provide clear instructions was to introduce some key terms, particularly ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’. Any attempts to describe position without them were wordy and complicated. Third, we discovered the need for consistent abbreviations and symbols in the figures so as not to confuse students as they move through the dissection. Finally, there are basic anatomical differences between humans and pigs, as well as between adult and fetal mammals, that must be considered. Therefore, whenever relevant, those differences are described. The main portion of the lab is designed to be completed within a two-hour lab period for non- Biology major students. Some details, such as further dissection of individual organs, are not included for the non-Biology students. Further, the anatomical regions of the digestive system are presented in their simplest terms. We provide more detailed versions of these dissections in the appendix in case you wish to include them for a Biology majors course. However, if you wish to include these additional experiences, we recommend using a three-hour lab period or splitting the lab across multiple lab periods. The two main goals of this lab are to show students the physical relationships between different organs and to introduce them to the basic function of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Student Handout (Post lab assignment will be completed and included in the final binder materials) Lab 5: Fetal Pig Dissection Authors: Dr. Beth Cantwell and Dr. Laurel Rodgers with assistance from Laurel Nida LAB OBJECTIVES • Identify components of the major organ systems within the fetal pig • Compare and contrast the anatomy of the fetal pig and that of a human • Describe the function of each major organ system and the components of the system PRELAB READING Because human cadavers are expensive and not practical for most undergraduate courses, we cannot use them in our study of anatomy. Instead, this week we will dissect fetal pigs. There are many anatomical similarities between the organ systems of pigs and humans, making it an ideal specimen to study the basics of anatomy. Throughout this lab, we will discuss the function of each major organ system and any differences that may exist between the pig and the human. While dissecting your fetal pig, it is important to be aware of a few differences between an adult and a fetal pig (and human for that matter). First, the fetal pig has an umbilical cord because it is harvested prior to birth. The umbilical cord is used by mammals to allow oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange between the mother and the developing fetus. If an umbilical cord does not develop properly, the growth of the fetus may be halted or significantly slower than normal. There are additional anatomical differences, such as heart structure, that we will point out as necessary during the lab itself. There are two body cavities in the pig and the human (Table 1), the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity. Due to time constraints, we will not dissect the dorsal body cavity, which spans from the head and along the back (like the dorsal fin on a shark!). The ventral body cavity (Fig. 1) is divided into two large sections by the diaphragm, a dome-like skeletal muscle that contracts while breathing to assist with air inhalation. Above the diaphragm, the thoracic cavity is further divided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities, which are separated by thin membranes. Below the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity, which is also further divided. However, the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not defined by membranes. Table 1. The division of the cavities within the body and some of their major components. It is important to remember that there are a variety of smaller organs, vessels and nerves also found within these cavities. Body Sub-cavity Further division Contents cavity Cranial cavity Brain Dorsal Vertebral cavity Spinal cord Heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, Mediastinum Thoracic cavity esophagus Pleural cavities (2) Lungs Ventral Most digestive organs, spleen, some urinary Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic organs and endocrine glands, umbilical cord cavity Reproductive organs, some urinary organs, Pelvic cavity rectum Fetal Pig Dissection 1 Fig. 1. The ventral body cavity is divided into two large sections. The thoracic cavity contains three smaller cavities that are physically separated by membranes. These are the pleural cavities (P) and the mediastinum (M). The abdominopelvic cavity is open. The division of this cavity into abdominal and pelvic cavities is based on skeletal landmarks. In this dissection, you will open the ventral body cavity (Fig. 1) and view a variety of organs. Table 2 lists the organ systems you will explore, their general functions within the body, and the organs you will be able to see in lab. Note that these systems have additional structures we are not observing today, and so they are not listed in the table. Table 2. The systems we will explore, their general functions, and the specific organs that will be dissected within the ventral body cavity. Organ system General system function Organs and structures we will observe Cardiovascular Circulates blood throughout the body Heart, major vessels, arteries, veins, umbilical cord Respiratory Site of O2 entry to and CO2 exit from the Lungs, trachea, bronchi body Digestive Site of ingestion, mechanical and Mouth, esophagus, stomach, large chemical breakdown of food, absorption intestine, small intestine, pancreas, of nutrients, and defecation of waste liver Immune Finds and destroys pathogens and Spleen, thymus abnormal or infected cells Urinary Filters the blood and removes water- Bladder, kidney soluble waste, which is excreted as urine Reproductive Produces gametes and develops offspring Testis, ovaries, uterus Endocrine Produces and secretes hormones to Pancreas, thyroid regulate body function Information about each organ can be found throughout the lab itself.
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