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Evaluation of Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Effects of Hypoestes Rosea in Acetaminophen Induced-Toxicity in Albino Rats

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Evaluation of Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Effects of Hypoestes Rosea in Acetaminophen Induced-Toxicity in Albino Rats International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research 3(1): 26-36, 2020; Article no.IJANR.61499 Evaluation of Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Effects of Hypoestes rosea in Acetaminophen Induced-Toxicity in Albino Rats Ogregade, I. E.1*, Igwe, F.2 and Davies, T. G.1 and Bartimaeus, E. S.1 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2Department of Biochemistry, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author ESB designed the study. Author FI wrote the protocol. Author TGD wrote the first draft of the manuscript and author IEO managed the analyses of the study and the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information Editor(s): (1) Dr. Darko Nozic, Military Medical Academy, Serbia. Reviewers: (1) Pratishtha Sharma, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, India. (2) Mahesh Bhanudas Narkhede, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, India. (3) Kumaraswamy Gandla, Care College of Pharmacy-Warangal, Telanngana, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/61499 Received 15 July 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 21 September 2020 Published 01 October 2020 ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and nephroprotective effects of Hypoestes rosea in acetaminophen induced-toxicity in albino rats. Study Design: This study is a case-controlled interventional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Experimental Animal Unit of the Department of Human Physiology, University of Port- Harcourt, between June 2018 and December, 2019. Methodology: A total of 112 adult apparently healthy albino rats weighing (180-220g) were used for this study. The rats were divided into six experimental groups of extract control (EC), negative control (NC), positive control (PC), aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea (AEHr)100 mg/kg body weight (b w), AEHr 200 mg/kg b w., and AEHr 300 mg/kg b w. groups each of six rats. At the end of the study period, blood samples were taken through the jugular vein under chloroform anaesthesia - for oxidative stress markers (SOD & TAC) and renal function parameters (K+, Na+, Cl , HCO3, urea & creatinine), analyzed using auto analyzers and spectrophotometric methods. Kidney of rats were also harvested for histopathological study. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Ogregade et al.; IJANR, 3(1): 26-36, 2020; Article no.IJANR.61499 Results: Results showed that acetaminophen induced toxicity in albino rats caused oxidant- antioxidant imbalance and nephrotoxicity as evidenced by significantly (p<0.05) reduced SOD and - TAC from the oxidative stress parameters and elevated K+, urea & creatinine and reduced HCO3 from the renal function parameters in the PC group when compared with other experimental groups. However, various concentrations of aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea in a dose dependent pattern at the different treatment phases at acute and sub-chronic period was able to restore the damage caused by acetaminophen induction to normal. This was also confirmed by the histology study of the experimental group. Conclusion: Acetaminophen induced toxicity causes oxidant – antioxidant imbalance and nephrotoxicity that may lead to kidney damage, and consumption of AEHr by albino rats helps protect acetaminophen toxicity and possible damage to the kidney. Therefore, the results of this in- vitro study suggest that Hypoestes rosea have antioxidant and nephroprotective properties and should be subjected to studies in higher animals. Keywords: Evaluation; antioxidant; nephroprotective; Hypoestes rosea; acetaminophen induced- toxicity; albino rats. ABBREVIATIONS possesses anti- inflammatory, anti- cancer, anti- malarial and antioxidant properties, [5-8]. The SEM: Standard Error of Mean leaves are therefore medicinal plant products K+: Potassium Ion since it contains active organic ingredients Na+: Sodium Ion employed in the treatment of diseases. Lately, Cl -: Chloride Ion attention has been directed towards the use of - HCO3 : Bicarbonate Ion. natural antioxidants originating from plants as a safe, reliable, effective and economical strategy 1. INTRODUCTION for ameliorating the oxidative damages caused by free radicals and possible use of herbal plants The kidney is a vital organ that functions in in treatment of nephrotoxicity since they are maintaining homeostasis which is made possible accessible, safe, efficacious and cheap, [9,10]. with management of fluid levels, electrolyte balance, waste excretion, reabsorption of Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is increasingly nutrients, maintaining pH, osmolality, regulation recognized as a significant contributor to kidney of blood pressure and secretion of active disease including acute kidney injury (AKI) and compounds. it is prone to stimuli or drugs chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nephrotoxicity causing nephrotoxicity, [1]. Several studies have has a wide spectrum, reflecting damage to demonstrated the induction of hepatocellular and different nephron segments based upon or renal damage by acetaminophen overdose in individual drug mechanisms. [11]. Both experimental animals and humans. [1-2]. glomerular and tubular injuries are known targets for drug toxicity and may result in acute or Acetaminophen is generally safe at chronic functional changes [12]. Hypoestes rosea recommended doses but because the drug is commonly called ‘polka dot plant’, from the available without prescription, it is potentially phylum Tracheophyta, class; Magnoliopsida, more dangerous than other similar drugs when order; Lamiales, family; Acanthaceaa, sub- used in excess or overdose [3]. Oxidative stress family; Acanthoideae, Tribe; Ruellieae, sub- tribe; has been proven as one of the molecular Justiciinae and genus Hypoestes. Hypoestes apparatuses involved in many drug- induced phyllostachya ‘rosea’ is found in most parts of toxicity and many of the treatment protocols of West Africa and beyond used in treatment of drug toxicity have now been adopted to reduce fever, malaria and anaemic conditions. Its the effects of oxidative damages and increase medicinal properties are as a result its the efficiency of antioxidant systems within the composition of phytochemicals. There are body [4]. insufficient scientific data to support the antioxidant property of Hypoestes rosea and no Plants have been used as a folkloric source of known study on its nephroprotective potential medicinal agents since the beginning of mankind. with provision of information on mechanism of Hypoestes rosea is one of such plants with action. This study therefore provides information acclaimed folk medicinal usage and reported to on the antioxidant property of Hypoestes rosea 27 Ogregade et al.; IJANR, 3(1): 26-36, 2020; Article no.IJANR.61499 and also evaluate its nephroprotective potential acclimatize with the environment. One hundred in albino rats. and twelve (112) albino rats (Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley strain) of 12 weeks’ old were 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS used in this study. 2.1 Plant Collection, Identification and 2.4 Reagents Requisition and Preparation Authentication Commercial research rat kits and reagents were Fresh Hypoestes rosea leaves were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt, collected from Ulakwo -1 in Etche LGA (40 59’ Ltd, Bangalore, Randox laboratories and 27.00’’ N, 70 03 16 00’’ E) Rivers state in Elabscience. Biotechnology, Wuhan, China. Nigeria. It was identified by Dr. Osiyemi Seun Acetaminophen was purchased from Sigma 22/04/2019 with FHI no.: 112295 at the Aldrich. They were prepared following standard Taxonomy section of the Forest herbarium unit in procedures. the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. 2.5 Experimental Design 2.2 Method of Extraction and Preparation 2.5.1 Animal grouping and treatment regimen of AEHr A total of one hundred and twelve (112) adult albino rats were assigned by weight into eighteen The leaves of Hypoestes rosea were removed (18) groups and allowed to acclimatize for from the stem, washed and air dried under shade (fourteen) 14 days (2 weeks). The duration of at room temperature for fourteen days (2 weeks) administration of the extract in the study was and then milled into powder. 450g of Hypoestes fifteen (15) days acute and thirty (30) days sub- rosea powder were macerated in 1000 ml of chronic study. Eight (8) albino rats each were water to dissolve for 48hr in a flask, the extract assigned for the two (2) positive control groups was decanted and then filtered through Whatman and six (6) albino rats each were assigned to the No. 1 filter paper to obtain a clear extract. The other groups. The study groups comprised of two aqueous extract was further concentrated at treatment phases each, (Pre-treatment and Post- 60°C using a rotary evaporator and dried using a treatment phases), duration of treatment (Acute freezer drier. The resulting crude extract which and Sub-chronic) with six experimental groups in weighed 214 g was stored in a refrigerator each of the phases. In the pre-treatment phases, maintained at 4-18°C until the analysis was over. the albino rats were administered with AHEr The extracts were later weighed and extracts before acetaminophen induction while in reconstituted in distilled water to give
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