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A Preliminary Study of Retinacular Sh Scotland and Vollesen (Acanthacea

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International Research Journal of Biological Sciences __________________________ _______ E-ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 5(2), 30-35, February (201 6) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. A preliminary study of Retinacular shape Variation in Acanthoideae Sensu Scotland and Vollesen (Acanthaceae) and its Phylogenetic significance Saikat Naskar Department of Botany, Barasat Govt. College, Barasat, Kolkata, 700124, India [email protected] Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 31 st December 2015, revised 14 th January 2016, accepted 1st February 201 6 Abstract Retinacula are synapomorphic for Acanthoideae clade. Morphometric study of retinacula from the members of Acanthoideae has been done to understand the significance of its shape variation in phylogentic context. The monophyly of the sub -tribes Andrographina e and Barleriinae of Acanthoideae are supported by their unique kinds of retinacular shape. The overlapping distribution of the species of Ruellinae and Justiciinae in 2D scattered plot based on retinacular shape is also supported th e link between these two sub-tribes which was established by molecular phylogenetic studies. Therefore retinacular shape variations within Acanthoideae are important for its phylogenetic interpretation. Keywords: Reticaula, Shape variation, Acanthoideae. Introduction propel seeds away from the parent plants when fruit dehisce 8. The structural or shape variation of retinacula within the The sub-family Acanthoideae sensu Scotland and Vollesen members of Acanthoideae and its significance in phylogeny are (Acanthaceae) is characterized by the presence of Retinacula. not studied yet even though it is considered as sole 1 Lindau classified Acanthaceae into four subfamilies of which morphological synapomorphic character in Acanthoideae clade. Acanthoideae contains more than 95 percent of total species. Therefore the present stu dy is intended to find out the 2 Barmekamp excluded the non-retinaculate members from significance of shape variation within some common members Acanthaceae and divided the family into two subfamilies. of Acanthaceae. It is a preliminary study due to selection of a Molecular phylogenetic study did not support the exclusion of limited number of specimens. non-retinaculate members from Acanthaceae. Therefore in more 3 recent classification of Acanthaceae by Scotland and Vollesen The shape variation is generally studied by obtaining a series of the family is classified into three subfamilies where non - linea r measurements and/or angles from shapes followed by retinaculate members are retained. The g enus Avicennia is now multivariate analysis, viz., Principal Component Analysis 4,5 included as a member of broadly circumscribe Acanthaceae . (PCA), Discriminate Analysis (DA), Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) etc., of these quantitative data. Collectively this process Although various morphological traits are frequently used by is known as morph ometric analysis. In the present study the taxonomists for characterization and identification of the family retinacula morphometric analysis is performed. Acanthaceae, none is eligible to prove synap omorphy in the basal clade of Acanthaceae in molecular phylogenetic Materials and Methods viewpoint. But few morphological traits support the clades within Acanthaceae. For example, reduced ovule number in A total of 17 species of Acanthoideae sensu Scotland and ovary for Nelsonioideae+ Thunbergioideae clade; presence of Vollesen (Table-1) were collected from three southern districts retinacula f or Acanthoideae clade; presence of cystolith for (North 24 Pgs., Sout h 24 Pgs. and Howrah) of West Bengal, Ruellieae+ Justicieae+ Andrographideae+ Barlarieae clade 5; India. The identity of collected taxa was confirmed following presence of quincuncial aestivation for Barlerieae clade 3,6 are the literatures (Bengal Plants by D. Prain, 1903 and Flora of synapomorphic characters. Scotland and Vollesen 3 also showed British India, Vol. IV, 1885) and virtual herbaria (Herbarium of some specific types of pollens are synapomorphic for some IIIM, Jammu; Kew Herbarium et c.). Herbarium sheets of each clades within Acanthoideae. Except pollen characters other collected specimens were prepared and kept in Barasat Govt. synapomorphic characters within Acanthaceae have been poorly College Herbarium for future references. Voucher information resolved, especially the retinacula character. Retinacula are was also maintained with the herbarium sheets. The 17 studied uni versal within Acanthoideae. Retinacula are a hook -shaped species were distributed under 11 genera. F our genera contain structure which subtends each seed within fruit. It is actually a more than one species. This type of selection was done to study modified funiculus that persists within mature fruits 7. Retinacula inter-speci fic retinacula shape variation. International Science Community Association 30 Research Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________________ E-ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 5(2), 30-35, February (2016) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Table-1 Taxa under the subfamily Acanthoideae for present study Sub-Tribe (sensu Species (Abbreviation) Scotland and Vollesen, Collection No. Date and Place of Collection 2000) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees 26.04.15; Domjur, Andrographinae PK0065 [Ap] Howrah 04.04.15; Indian Botanic Garden, Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson [Ag] Justiciinae PK0011 Sibpur, Howrah 26.04.15; Domjur, Barleria cristata L. [Bc] Barleriinae PK0045 Howrah 05.03.15; Maslandapur, Barleria prionitis L. [Bp] Barleriinae PD0003 North 24-Pgs. 26.04.15; Domjur, Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston [Ev] Justiciinae PK0049 Howrah Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T.Anderson 26.04.15; Domjur, Ruelliinae PK0061 [Hh] Howrah Hygrophila triflora (Roxb.) Fosberg and 15.04.15 ; Sonarpur, Ruelliinae PB0026 Sachet [Ht] South 24-Pgs. 15.04.15 ; Sonarpur, Hygrophila phlomoides Nees [Hp] Ruelliinae PB0031 South 24-Pgs. 15.04.15 ; Sonarpur, Justicia adhatoda L. [Ja] Justiciinae PB0029 South 24-Pgs. 15.04.15 ; Sonarpur, Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. [Jg] Justiciinae PB0030 South 24-Pgs. 04.04.15; Indian Botanic Garden, Justicia simplex D. Don [Js] Justiciinae PK0019 Sibpur, Howrah Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees 26.04.15; Domjur, Justiciinae PK0057 [Pb] Howrah 05.03.15; Maslandapur, Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet [Pi] Ruelliinae PD0005 North 24-Pgs. 26.04.15; Domjur, Ruellia prostrata Poir. [Rp] Ruelliinae PK0061 Howrah 12.05.15 ; Madhyamgram, Ruellia suffruticosa Roxb. [Rs] Ruelliinae PK0153 North 24-Pgs. 26.04.15; Domjur, Ruellia tuberosa L. [Rt] Ruelliinae PK0073 Howrah 26.04.15; Domjur, Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees [Rp] Justiciinae PK0051 Howrah International Science Community Association 31 Research Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________________ E-ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 5(2), 30-35, February (2016) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Sectioning of mature fruits for retinacula morphometric scattered plot for better understanding about retinacula study: Retinacula morphology was studied from mature fruits. morphological variation among the species of Acanthoideae. Longitudinal sections of fruits were obtained by free hand sectioning. Images of sections were captured under a Magnus Results and Discussion (Olympus) Brand Stereoscopic Microscope fitted with photographic attachment. At least three sections from three Retinacula shapes are highly variable in Acanthoideae (Figure- different fruits of each individual species were captured. 2). It ranges from much curved to slightly curved or pointed end to blunt end structures. In Andrographis the curvature in Digitalization of retinacula morphology and morphometric retinacula is highest while in Rungia the curvature is lesser. The measurements: All jpg format digital images were converted apexes of retinacula of Hygrophila triflora are blunt whereas in into a single tps format file using tpsUtil Software 9. This file other studied species they are pointed. The number of retinacula was opened in tpsDig2 software. A series of linear per fruit is highest in Andrographis and Hygrophila , while measurements and an angle were taken for morphometric study Rungia and Phaulopsis have shown only two retinacula per by this software. The selected length of each retinacula were- fruit. McDae et al. 5 suggested that the increased number of basal breadth; length; middle breadth; sub-middle breadth; sub- ovule, each of which is subtended by a retinaculum, is a apex breadth; and angle between retinacula apex and placental secondary increase in Andrographideae (= Andrographinae axis (Figure-1). A total of six lengths and one angle were sensu Scotland and Vollesen) and in some Rullieae (=Rullinae measured. All measurements were noted in mm scale. sensu Scotnald and Vollesen). Because reduced ovule number may be synapomorphic for Acanthaceae except Nelsonioideae Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of morphometric where six to numerous ovules are found. measurements: PCA was performed based on the multivariate data generated in tpsDig2 software. Before PCA, mean of each The spatula like head of retinacula with maximum curvature measurement was calculated, because at least three distinguish Andrographis from other studied taxa. measurements for each length per species were taken. Andrographinae is a monophyletic group 5. The morphological STATISTICA 8.0 software was used for PCA. Species were synapomorphy in this clade is a special kind of pollens which considered as variable during PCA.
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    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
  • Preliminary Phytochemistry, Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Asystasia Gangetica Linn T. Anderson Grown in Nigeria

    Preliminary Phytochemistry, Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Asystasia Gangetica Linn T. Anderson Grown in Nigeria

    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (3): 219-226 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Preliminary Phytochemistry, Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of extracts of Asystasia gangetica Linn T. Anderson grown in Nigeria A. A. Hamid 1* , O. O. Aiyelaagbe 2, R. N. Ahmed 3, L. A. Usman 1 and S. A. Adebayo 1 1Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 3Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts obtained from the whole plant of Asystasia gangetica were evaluated invitro to determine inhibition of human pathogenic microorganisms made up of six bacteria and six fungi. The crude extracts inhibited the growth of twelve test organisms to different degrees. All the bacteria strains were sensitive to all the extracts at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/mL using the agar diffusion pour plate method. The inhibition of these test organisms were concentration dependent, activity being higher at higher concentrations of all the three extracts. The extracts showed higher antifungal properties on Candida albicans, Penicillum notatum, Tricophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum with activity comparable to that of the reference drug, Tioconazole. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of the extracts revealed the presence of saponins, reducing sugar, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids and anthraquinones. Keywords: A. gangetica, bioactivity, phytochemical screening, agar diffusion method. _____________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Asystasia comprises about 50 species, and is distributed in tropics of the old world, with about 30 species in tropical Africa [1,2,3 ].