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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FIBRES & in Eastern Europe Eastern in TEXTILES & FIBRES J. I.MwasiagiJI, Yu CW, Phologolo T, Waithaka A, KamalhaE,OcholaJR. 5) Department ofTextile Engineering, and DevelopmentInstitute(KIRDI), J. I.Mwasiagi 1) iOTEX, BahirDarUniversity, 4) Kenya IndustrialResearch *Author forcorrespondence, E-mail: [email protected] 2) A. Waithaka T. Phologolo School ofEngineering, E. Kamalha J. R.Ochola Busitema University, 3) Donghua University,

College ofTextiles, 2014; 22,3(105): BahirDar, Ethiopia C. W.C. Yu Shanghai, China MoiUniversity, Tororo, Uganda Eldoret, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya 1,2,3 31-34. *, 5 4 3 3 2 , , , , sabdariffa Characterization oftheKenyan etable [4]. A pilot schemein Arusha Tan veg a as used is and wild the in grows it where Tanzania, and Kenya in found is Thailand. and Philippines the India, China, like countries Asian some in especially fibres bast commercial the of one is and commercialised fully been to Asia via Egypt [3]. Currently kenaf has to have originated from Africa and spread nus L. is name botanical its naf. KenafisatypeofHibiscusfibreand ke is in countries commercialized Asian been has that fibres -like the of One mercially exploitedforbastfibres. com yet not but Kenya in grown jute-like fibres study to endeavoured project research this [2], bags than cheaper However, be to reported been considered. have bags jute since be should age stor grain for utilised be can sisal yan Ken how of study a and [1] world the is one of the leading producers of sisal in Kenya sisal. is packaging grain for terest in of be could and commercially grown currently is that fibres such of One bres. fi natural of variety a grow can Kenya n Figure 1. Key words: in Asian countries. grown in Kenya can produce bast fibres of comparable properties to the kenaf grown the roselle that indicated study this in obtained data The undertaken. also fibre was the in ness and surface morphology. An investigation into the type of chemical ingredients present properties,fine tensile included investigated characteristics physical chemical The characteristics. and physical L. (roselle) its studying by sabdariffa characterised was fibre bast in The Kenya. fibres in grown bast of characteristics the reports This firewood. as used is the with together stem the calyx and flowers the harvesting After industry.beverage the in fibrebast Roselle however, has, commercially been not exploited. are which used calyx, and flower its (roselle)for grownL. Kenya is sabdariffa in Hibiscus Abstract Characterization oftheKenyan Introduction Hibiscus plant, which is reported is which plant, Hibiscus Plant Hibiscusplantgrown inKenya.

Hibiscus sabdariffaL.,roselle, bastfibre, fibre properties, FT-IR, SEM. L.(Roselle)BastFibre Hibiscus sabdariffa Hibiscus cannabi L.(Roselle)BastFibre. ------ee I i a eet nul eb which herb annual erect an is It ceae. Malva of family the to belongs roselle kenaf, Like Africa. and America South Asia, in common is Hibiscus, of variety biscus sabdariffaL. problem. same the to due failed but 1960s the in Kenya in initiated been had plans Similar policies. government ble unfavora to due up pick to failed fibres zania set upin1975toproducekenaffor Africa. from fibres bast hibiscus about reported is little but 7], - [5 purposes medicinal riety of uses including healthy drinks and va a for hibiscus grow also Uganda and Sudan Nigeria, include which countries Other African fibres. bast contains it that fact the despite value commercial no of currently is plant hibiscus Kenyan the of stem the Unfortunately Japan. like tries coun Asian to exported is and calyces and flower the from made is which tea, cus (see hibis Kenyagrows andcalyx[5]. flower its for grown is plant roselle In the China. Africa and India Thailand, as such countries in fibres its for mostly grown is Roselle Asia In fibre. and stem calyx, flower,seed, its for grown been has selle Ro height. in meters 2 to up grow can Stem Figure 1 Hibiscus Calyx mil fr hibiscus for mainly ) rsle, another (roselle), Hi 31 ------a) b) c)

Figure 2. Extraction of Kenyan hibiscus fibres; a) extracting the fibres from retted stem, b) extracted bast fibres, c) drying of the extracted bast fibres.

The commercialisation of roselle for fi- The fibre characterisation process- in ment and the results are given in Fig- bre production in Kenya should not be a cluded the investigation of fibre fine- ure 4. The longitudinal view showed problem since the plant originated from ness using the gravimetric method. some crack-like lines along the length the Eastern part of Africa [3]. Research The measurement of fibre diameter was of the fibre, which could be an indica- can be done to produce a variety that done using a scanning electron microscope tion of fibre clusters being held together will be commercially viable to be used (SEM), while tensile properties were in- by gummy material. The cross-sectional for food, pharmaceuticals and industrial vestigated using a single fibre tensile test- view showed the fibres clustered in ing machine. A study of the chemical func- purposes (paper and industries). groups, which is a characteristic fibre tional groups was done using a Fourier It was with this in mind that a project to assembly for bast fibres, where clusters Transform Infrared (FT-IR) - Nicolet 8700 study the possibility of producing a ro- of fibres are held together by some non- - spectrometer (Japan), and determination fibrous matter. selle variety suitable for food and fibre of the amount of cellulose, pectin, water was muted. As an initial step an inves- soluble matter and hemi-cellulose present Physical and mechanical tigation of the quality of bast fibre pro- in the fibre was also undertaken. duced from the roselle plant currently characteristics of roselle fibres grown in Kenya was undertaken. Since In order to evaluate the surface morphol- The roselle fibres produced, as explained sisal is commonly used in Kenya to make ogy of the fibre, roselle fibres were inves- in the experimental section, were investi- baskets, a study of the use of hibiscus tigated using scanning electron micros- gated for the following properties, whose bast fibre to weave baskets was also in- copy (SEM) - Hitachi TM1000 (Japan). results are given: length: 500 - 1105 mm, vestigated. The excitation energy for the general fineness: 4.4 tex. The fibre fineness was procedure was 15 kV. The fibre samples comparatively higher compared to ro- were sputtered with gold before exami- selle fibres grown in Thailand, which has n Materials and methods nation to ensure good conductivity. a fineness of 1.9 - 3.6 tex [8, 9]. The fibres used in this research work X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of The fineness of the fibre seems tobe were obtained from the stems of Hibiscus the fibres were obtained with a model high, which could be due to the fact sabdariffa L24 grown in the Juja area, D/MAX-2550PC X-ray detector diffrac- that the fibre is not degummed. During which is near Nairobi, Kenya. The ret- tion system (Japan) and used to calculate the measurement of the fibre diameter, ting of roselle was done using the steep the crystallinity of the fibre. The equip- which gave an average value of 44 μm, it retting method. The harvested stems (see ment was set at a voltage of 18 kV, cur- was clear (Figure 4) that there is a con- -1 Figure 1) were laid down in the retting rent of 30 mA and scan rate of 2° min , tinuous line along the length of the fibre. water for 14 days. The fibres were then respectively, from 5 to 60°. This could be due to several fibres -be extracted from the stem and dried under ing held together by gum, as depicted in Tensile properties were measured under a shade (Figure 2). The dried fibres were the cross-section morphology of the fibres. then characterised, some of which were standard conditions using LLY-06 elec- dyed and used to weave baskets. tric single-fibre tensile apparatus -(Chi The tensile strength of the Kenyan hibis- na), with standard procedures. cus fibres measured, as explained in the experimental section, was 20.36 cN/tex n Results and discussions and the fibre elongation 2.85%. This is comparable to the results obtained by Use of Kenyan hibiscus bast fibres to Basket make baskets Table 1. Chemical content of roselle. The hibiscus bast fibre can be dyed and spun into which can be used to Ingredients Percentage weave baskets, as shown in Figure 3. Cellulose 69.38 Lignin 16.54 Hemi-cellulose 12.35 Hand twisted Surface morphology of the Kenyan roselle fibre Water soluble matter 1.27 Pectin 0.32 Figure 3. Use of Kenyan hibiscus fibres to The surface morphology of the roselle make baskets. fibre was viewed using the SEM equip- Wax 0.14

32 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 3(105) Samad et al 2002 [9] and Eromosele et al [10]. Longitudinal view Cross-section view

Chemical characteristics of roselle fibre The chemical composition of roselle fi- bre is given in Table 1. The cellulosic 500 × 1000 × content of roselle was higher than that of Kenaf (45 - 63), as reported by Karina et Figure 4. Surface and X-sectional morphology of Kenyan roselle fibre. al [11] and Samad et al [9].

Crystalline structure of roselle fibre 14 000 The XRD pattern of roselle fibre given 12 000 d = 4.0278 in Figure 5 shows two major peaks at 10 000 d = 5.6107 around 16 and 22°, which is close (but 8 000 not the same) to the Kenaf XRD patterns 6 000 d = 2.5990 given by Han et al [12]. Although this 4 000 d = 2.0103 Transmittance pattern is different from the three peak 2 000 pattern of 14, 16 and 22° for the cellu- 0 lose 1 crystalline structure, as explained 5.00 9.96 14.92 19.88 24.84 29.80 34.76 39.72 44.68 29.64 54.60 59.50 2 theta by Wang et al (2010) [13], the 14 and 16° pattern could have overlapped, and therefore the roselle XRD pattern can Figure 5. XRD graph for Kenyan hibiscus fibre. be adjudged to belong to the cellulose I crystalline structure. Chemical groups in roselle fibre 1700 – 1740 cm-1 could be ascribed to (FT-IR) C=O stretching, while the vibration peak The degree of crystallinity for hibiscus at 1242 cm-1 to C-O stretching vibrations. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was 64.22%, which is higher than that of According to Favaro et al [14], peaks at spectra for roselle fibre is given in jute (53.8%) but lower than that of around 1700 cm-1 and 1242 cm-1 could -1 (72.2 %), another bast fibre, also known Figure 6. The peaks at 3355 cm be attributed to the C=O and C-O, found as Chinese grass [13]. A higher degree and 1035 cm-1 could be attributed to in lignin and hemicellulose, respectively, of crystallinity could lead to higher fibre the O-H stretching and bending groups, present in natural fibres. Similar results strength. respectively. The vibration peaks at were also reported by Jonoobi et al

0.032 1035

0.030

0.028

0.026

0.024

0.022

0.020

0.018

0.016

Absorbance 0.014 1160.0

0.012 747.1

0.010 1242.2 3355.0

0.008 1370.1 0.006

0.004 0.002

0.000 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumbers, cm-1

Figure 6. The FT-IR results for Kenyan hibiscus fibre.

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 3(105) 33 [15] and Ibrahim et al [16] when study- 6. De-heer NEA. Formulation and sensory ing kenaf fibres. Other minor peaks at evaluation of herb tea from moringa 19th International Conference 2900 cm-1 and 1370 cm-1 could be as- oleifera, hibiscus sabdariffa and cym- cribed to C-H stretching and bending vi- bopogon citrates. MSc. Thesis, Kwame on Renewable Resources Nkrumah university of science and tech- brations, respectively. and Plant Biotechnology nology, kumasi, Ghana, Department of ® biochemistry and biotechnology, College NAROSSA 2014 Conclusion and of science, 2011. 16 - 17 June 2014 r. 7. Bolade MK, Oluwalana IB, Ojo O. Com- Organiser: recommendations mercial practice of roselle (Hibiscus sab- Institute of Natural Fibres and The characterisation of Hibiscus sab- dariffa L.) beverage production: Optimi- Medical dariffa L. (Roselle) fibre grown in Ken- zation of hot water extraction and sweet- ya was undertaken. The fibre fineness ness level. World Journal of Agricultural Conference topics: reported was coarser than expected. Sciences 2009; 5, 1: 126-131. n Extraction and application of 8. Rowell RM, Han JS, Rowell JS. Char- The mechanical properties were similar proteins acterization and factors effecting n New protein resources to those of roselle fibre grown in Nigeria. properties, in Natural Polymers and Some of the chemical functional groups (plant proteins, microalgae, Agrofibers Composites. Eds. Frollini E, insects) were similar to those found in kenaf fi- Leao AL, Mattoso LHC. San Carlos – n Extraction and purification bres. The physical properties of roselle Brazil, 2000, p. 118. processes suggests that it can be used as a bast fi- 9. Samad MA, Sayeed MMA, Hussain AM, n Food, feed and technical bre, which is adequately supported by Asaduzzaman M, Hannan MA. Mechan- applications the presence of chemical function groups ical Properties of Kenaf Fibres (Hibiscus which are also present in kenaf, another cannabinus) and their Spinning Quality. n Remediation of degraded Pakistan Journal of Biological Science bast fibre. land by cultivation of differ- 2002; 5, 6: 662-664. ent plants 10. Eromosele IC, Ajayi JO, Njaprim KG, n Remediation of post-mining In view of the fact that the fibre recorded Modibbo U. Characterization of Cellu- and post-industrial land a courser than expected fibre fineness losic . Journal of Applied Polymer n Use of plant biomass from we hereby recommend that an investiga- Science 1999; 73: 2057–2060. remediated land tion into the factors which affect roselle 11. Karina M, Onggo H, Syampurwadi A. n Re-establishment of biodi- fibre fineness be undertaken. The afore- Physical and mechanical properties of versity on degraded land mentioned investigation will enable natural fibers filled polypropylene com- n Biorefinery processes the optimisation of growing conditions posites and its recycle. Journal of Bio- n New biomass resources so as to ensure fibre of acceptable fine- logical Sciences 2007; 7, 2: 393-396. 12. Han SO, Karevan M, Sim IN, Bhuiyan n Second generation biofuels ness is obtained. n MA, Jang YH, Ghaffar J, Kalaitzidou K. Extraction and application of Understanding the reinforcing mecha- bioactive substances nisms in kenaf fiber/PLA and kenaf n fiber/PP composites: A comparative Biomaterials – Recent devel- Acknowledgement study. International Journal of Poly- opment of bioplastics and The assistance received from Donghua mer Science. Article Number: 679252, n Bioplastics based on renew- University during the characterisation of 2012, DOI: 10.1155/2012/679252. able resources the fibres is hereby acknowledged. 13. Wang YQ, Wang G, Cheng HT, Tian GL, n Biobased composites (natu- Liu Z, Xiao QF, Zhou XQ, Han XJ, Gao ral fibres, nano particles, XS. Structures of Bamboo fibers for tex- etc.) tiles. Textile Research Journal 2010; 80, References 4: 334-343. n FIBRE CROPS as a sustain- 1. Phologolo T, Yu CW, Mwasiagi JI, Muya 14. Favaro SL, Ganzerli TA, Neto AC, Silva able renewable resource for N, Fan Li ZF. Production and Characteri- OR, Radovanovic E. Chemical, morpho- multiple uses in Europe and zation of Kenyan Sisal. Asian Journal of logical and mechanical analysis of sisal China Textile 2012; 2, 2: 17-25. fiber-reinforced recycled high-density n Genetics and genomics of 2. Hayma J. The storage of tropical agri- composites. eXPRESS fibre crops cultural products. 4th Edition, STOAS Polymer Letters 2010;.4, 8: 465–473. n Cropping practices and re- Digigrafi, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 15. Jonoobi M, Harun J, Shakeri A, Misra source use efficiency 2003, p. 51. M, Oksman K. Chemical composition n Fibre crops for multiple uses 3. Crane JC, Roselle - A potentially impor- crystallinity and thermal degradation of tant plant fiber. Economic Botany 1949; bleached and unbleached kenaf bast Contact: 3, 1: 89-103. (hibiscus canabinus) pulp and nanofib- 4. Wilson FD. Wild Kenaf, hibiscus can- ers. BioResources 2009; 4, 2: 626-639. Institute of Natural Fibres and nabinus L, (Malvaceae), and related 16. Ibrahim NA, Kamarul AH, Abdan K. Ef- Medicinal Plants species in Kenya and Tanzania. Eco- fect of fiber treatment on mechanical ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b, nomic Botany 1978; 32, April-June: properties of kenaf fiber-ecoflex com- 60-630 Poznań, Poland 199-204. posites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics Prof. Grzegorz Spychalski 5. Mohamed BB, Sulaiman AA, Dahab and Composites 2009; 29, 14: 2192- Phone: +48 61 84 55 800 AA. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in 2198. Email:[email protected] Sudan, cultivation and their Uses. Bull. website: www.narossa.de Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 2012; 1, 6: 48 -54. Received 27.05.2013 Reviewed 27.11.2013

34 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2014, Vol. 22, 3(105)