INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

Contract Package No.: e- GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/IES/01

February 2018

Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) (ADB Loan ID No. L3133-BAN (SF)/L8284-BAN(SCF)

Batch 2: Stage I CTEIP Programme

Construction of RCC Drain and Drainage Structures In Barguna Pourashava, District : Barguna

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 31 December 2017)

Currency unit – taka (Tk)

Tk1.00 = $0.01209

$1.00 = Tk82.650

NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Bangladesh ends on 30 June. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2017 ends on June 2017.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This IEE is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

APPENDIX E

Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) (ADB Loan ID No. L3133-BAN (SF)/L8284-BAN(SCF)

Local Government Engineering Department (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

Batch 2: Stage I CTEIP Programme

Contract Package No.: e- GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/IES/01

Construction of Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna

February 2018 Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immuno deficiency Syndrome AP Affected Persons BAN Bangladesh BC Bituminous Carpeting BFIDC Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation BFRI Bangladesh Forest Research Institute BNH Bangladesh National Herbarium BOQ Bill of Quantities BPL Below Poverty Line CC Cement Concrete CDTA Capacity Development Technical Assistance CIF Climate Investment Fund CTEIP Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project DC Deputy Commissioner DDS Detailed Design services DoE Department of Environment DO Dissolved Oxygen DoI Department of Irrigation DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering DSC Design and Supervision Consultant ECA Environmental Conservation Act ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate ECR Environmental Conservation Rules EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion FHH Female House Hold GAP Gender Action Plan GoB Government of Bangladesh HFL High Flood Level HH House Hold ICB International Competitive Bidding ICCDC Institutional Capacity and Communication Development Consultant IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labor Organization ISA Initial Social Assessment LAO Land Acquisition Officer LGED Local Government Engineering Department LCC Location Clearance Certificate MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MCM Million Cubic Meters MLD Million Liters Per Day MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MS Mild Steel NFP National Forest Policy NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRW Non-Revenue Water NWP National Water Policy

Package: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01: IEE i Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

O&M Operations and Maintenance OBC Other Backward Classes PAF Project Affected Family PAP Project Affected Person PIU Project Implementation Unit PLO Project Liaison Officer PMSC Project Management Supervision Consultant PMU Project Management Unit POL Petrol, Oil and Diesel PWD Public Works Department PPCR Pilot Programme for Climate Change PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan REA Rapid Environmental Assessment SIA Social Impact Assessment SPCR Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience TLCC Town Level Co-ordination Committee SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TDS Total Dissolved Solids UBL Urban Local Body UHC Upazila Health Complex WBM Water-based Macadam WMM Wet-mix Macadam WTP Water Treatment Plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS

°C Degree Celsius ha Hectare Km Kilometer M Meter mm Millimeter Tk Taka % Percentage

Package: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01: IEE ii Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF IEE ...... 4 1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES ...... 4 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 5 1.5 FORMAT OF THE REPORT ...... 6 CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ...... 12 2.1 NATIONAL RELEVANT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ...... 12 2.1.1 National Environmental Policy ...... 12 2.1.2 National Water Policy (NWP) ...... 12 2.1.3 National Forest Policy (NFP 1994) ...... 12 2.1.4 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP 2009) ...... 12 2.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS...... 13 2.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS / FRAMEWORK ...... 15 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE PROCEDURE ...... 16 2.4.1 Environmental Category: Bangladesh ...... 18 2.4.2 Environmental Category: ADB ...... 18 2.4.3 Bangladesh Environmental Standards ...... 18 2.4.4 Institutional Capacity ...... 19 CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 20 3.1 STUDY AREA ...... 20 3.2 EXISTING EVIRONMENT ...... 20 3.2.1 Sanitation facilities ...... 20 3.2.2 Proposed site ...... 22 3.2.3 Current dumping system ...... 22 3.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 22 3.3.1 Criteria for Site selection ...... 22 3.3.2 Rationale for choice of technology (excerpt from DED) ...... 23 3.3.3 Proposed system ...... 24 3.3.4 Proposed Integrated Landfill with Resource Recovery Facility (IL&RRF) ...... 25 3.3.5 Design parameters ...... 26 3.3.6 Proposed Facilities ...... 26 3.3.7 Operation and Maintenance requirement ...... 28 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION ...... 28 3.5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 28 3.5.1 Without Project Alternative ...... 28 3.5.2 With Project Alternative ...... 29 3.6 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS ...... 29 3.8 COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES & MONITORING ...... 30 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINES ...... 32 4.1 METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE BASELINE STUDY ...... 32 4.1.1 Primary data ...... 32 4.1.2 Secondary data ...... 32 4.2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 32 4.2.1 Topography and landform ...... 32 4.2.2 Rainfall and Temperature...... 32 4.2.3 Hydrology ...... 33 4.2.4 Drainage and Flood Control ...... 33

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4.2.5 Ambient Air Quality ...... 34 4.2.6 Ambient Noise ...... 34 4.2.7 Groundwater Quality and Availability ...... 35 4.2.8 Surface Water Quality ...... 36 4.2.9 Biological Environment...... 36 4.2.10 Terrestrial ecology ...... 38 4.2.11 Aquatic ecology ...... 39 4.2.12 Farming Practices ...... 41 4.2.13 Economic Development ...... 42 4.2.14 Socio-economic Characteristics ...... 42 5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 44 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CONSIDERATIONS ...... 44 5.2 POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 45 5.2.1 Impact during Planning and Design Phase ...... 45 5.2.2 Impacts during Construction Phase ...... 45 5.2.3 Impacts during Project Operation ...... 46 5.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 46 5.3.1 Impact during Planning Phase ...... 46 5.3.2 Impact during Construction Phase ...... 47 5.3.3 Impact during Operation Phase ...... 55 5.4 IDENTIFICATION OF SCREENING AND IMPACT EVALUATION ...... 56 5.4.1 Identification and Rationale of IESCs ...... 56 5.4.2 Impact evaluation matrix ...... 57 5.4.3 Impact screening ...... 57 5.4.4 Impact analysis checklist...... 57 5.5 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 64 5.5.1 Land acquisition and resettlement ...... 64 5.6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 64 5.6.1 Air pollution ...... 65 5.6.2 Noise pollution ...... 65 5.6.3 Removal of local flora and fauna ...... 65 5.6.4 Accumulation of solid waste ...... 65 5.6.5 Soil erosion ...... 65 5.6.6 Prevention and management of accidents...... 65 5.7 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS / MITIGATION MEASURES – O&M PHASE ...... 66 5.8 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 66 6. CHAPTER 6: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 69 6.1 GENERAL ...... 69 6.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS ...... 69 6.2.1 1st Level Grievance ...... 69 6.2.2 2nd Level Grievance ...... 70 6.2.3 3rd Level Grievance ...... 70 6.2.4 4th Level Grievance ...... 70 6.3 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ...... 70 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 72 7.1 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CUNSULTATION AND PARTCIPATION ...... 72 7.1.1 Regulatory context ...... 72 7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION TOOLS ...... 72 7.2.1 Public Consultation Meeting (PCM) ...... 72 7.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) ...... 73 7.2.3 Stakeholder Consultation ...... 74 7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION HISTORY ...... 74

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7.4 FINDINGS OF FGDs AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 75 7.5 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS ...... 76 7.6 FUTURE CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 76 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 76 8.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 76 8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 78 8.3 DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS INSTRUMENTS ...... 78 ANNEXURE I: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLISTS ...... 79 ANNEXURE II: GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM ...... 81 ANNEXTURE III: CATEGORIZATION FORM ...... 82 Annexure IIIa: Involuntary Resettlement Impact Categorization Checklist: ...... 83 ANNEXURE IV: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OF THE FGD PERFORMED ...... 84

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Barguna IES Package Scope of Work (CTEIP Batch 2, Stage I) ...... 4 Table 2 Applicable GoB Environmental Legislation ...... 13 Table 3 DoE Classification of the Barguna IES project ...... 18 Table 4 Relevant Environmental Quality Standards (Source: ECR 1997) ...... 19 Table 5 Selection criteria for proposed IES site ...... 22 Table 6 Physical composition of municipal waste ...... 23 Table 7 Criteria for selection of appropriate technology ...... 24 Table 8 land allocation for proposed site ...... 25 Table 9 Design parameters considered in the proposed site ...... 26 Table 10 Proposed Technological options for IES site ...... 29 Table 11 Typical IES project implementation schedule ...... 30 Table 12 Projections Climate Change in Project Area in Years ...... 33 Table 13 Ambient Air Quality in Barguna Pourashava ...... 34 Table 14 Ambient Noise Level in Barguna Pourashava ...... 35 Table 15 Groundwater Quality in Barguna Pourashava ...... 36 Table 16 Surface water quality in Barguna region ...... 36 Table 17 List of homestead plants found in Barguna ...... 38 Table 18 List of available fisheries species in Barguna ...... 40 Table 19 List of fisheries species with conservation significance ...... 41 Table 20 Barguna Pourashava population data ...... 43 Table 21 Environmental sectors in which the Subproject Is Not Expected to have Significant Impacts .... 44 Table 22 Impact Matrix of Potential Environmental Impacts on the site ...... 49 Table 23 Noise levels during construction, dB (A) ...... 54 Table 24 Noise due to construction machinery ...... 55 Table 25 Noise generated by various vehicle types in dB(A) ...... 56 Table 26 Screening matrix of impact for the Barguna IES sub-project ...... 59 Table 27 Impact Analysis matrix for the Barguna IES package ...... 60 Table 28 Impact assessment matrix for Barguna IES project ...... 62 Table 29 Cumulative Impact Matrix of Potential Environmental Impacts in Barguna IES project ...... 67 Table 30 Summary of the public consultation and FGDs ...... 75

Package: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01: IEE vi Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Impact of Sea Level Rive and salinity intrusion in coastal Bangladesh. Source: IWM ...... 2 Figure 2 Map of Barguna Pourashava (Source: LGED) ...... 3 Figure 3 Barguna Proposed IES site ...... 7 Figure 4 Layout Plan of the proposed sub-project ...... 9 Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the process plants in the proposed sub-project ...... 10 Figure 6 IEE approach and methodology resulting to EMP ...... 11 Figure 7 Environmental Clearance Process in Bangladesh ...... 17 Figure 8 Physical features of Barguna Pourashava ...... 20 Figure 9 Existing solid waste collection process in Barguna Pourashava ...... 21 Figure 10 Existing solid waste dumping process in Barguna Pourashava ...... 21 Figure 11 Existing solid waste dumping process in Barguna Pourashava ...... 21 Figure 12 The proposed site for IES in Barguna Pourashava and vegetable farm beside the site ...... 22 Figure 13 Comparative analysis of current and proposed system...... 25 Figure 14 Typical composting process ...... 27 Figure 15 Historical Rainfall and temperature records of Barguna ...... 33 Figure 16 Agro-ecological zone of Bangladesh (Source: IUCN) ...... 37 Figure 17 Local homestead vegetation in Barguna IES site (Source: Field visit 2017) ...... 39 Figure 18Kochuripana (Eichhornia crassipes)and Helencha (Enhyra flactuans) commonly seen on the project location ...... 40 Figure 19 During Rabi season Chilli (left) & Mustard (right) is commonly cultivated in Barguna region ...... 42 Figure 20 Areas vulnerable to soil erosion in the Barguna IES site ...... 48 Figure 21 Grievance redress process ...... 71 Figure 22 Public consultation and FGDs held in Barguna during field visit in 12 February 2018 ...... 74

Package: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01: IEE vii Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

i. Coastal region of Bangladesh mostly comprises low lying areas and is exposed to sea level rise, storm surges and frequent and intense storm events leading to widespread disastrous consequences. Uncontrolled urbanization, coupled with existing inadequate capacities of the Pourashavas to manage requisite infrastructure, makes this region still more vulnerable to adverse impacts of severe and highly variable climatic conditions. Such adverse conditions, along with the burden of increased urban growth, prevailing regional poverty, exacerbated by weak urban governance, have resulted in undue pressure on basic urban services and infrastructure, which has severely impaired economic growth. As a result of these natural disasters the population in the coastal region remains poor and development significantly lags behind the rest of the country even though there is a lot of potential for further development. However, the number, intensity and the regularity of such disasters appear to be increasing and this trend is restricting further development of the coastal region.

ii. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has undertaken the Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) (the Project) with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Loan/ Grant Nos.: L3133-BAN (SF)/L8284-BAN(SCF)/G0394-BAN(SCF), Project No.: BAN 44212. The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) is a key infrastructure initiative of the Government of Bangladesh. The project consists of three components (i) improved climate-resilient municipal infrastructure, (ii) strengthened institutional capacity, governance, and awareness, (iii) project management and administration support. The impact of the project will be improved climate change resilience and natural disaster preparedness in coastal towns. The outcome of the project will be improved access to climate- disaster resilient municipal services, including (i) municipal infrastructure including drainage, cyclone shelters, urban roads, bridges, culverts, solid waste management, bus terminals, slum improvements, boat landings, and markets, (ii) water supply, and (iii) sanitation. The project is to be implemented in 6 years from 2014 to 2020.

iii. Barguna sanitation/ IES sub-project is one of the sub-projects proposed under Performance Criteria Stage I, which is considered critical as existing sanitation facilities, mostly latrines, are easily inundated due to rain water accumulation in the monsoon season, resulting in loss of accessibility to latrines and contamination of water courses caused by discharge of the contents. Uncontrolled disposal of solid waste is widespread throughout the Pourashava resulting in unsanitary conditions a risk to health and hygiene within the locality. Existing public toilets are poorly maintained and equipped (no water line or electricity). The Pourashava does not have de- sludging equipment for cleaning latrine pits and septic tanks. Consequently, the communities suffer from water-sanitation related diseases. The current sub-project is designated as CTEIP/BAR/IES/01.

iv. Project Objective: The Project will be implemented under three Batches in ten vulnerable coastal towns: (Batch I Towns: Amtali, Galachipa, Mathbaria and Pirojpur; Batch II Towns: Barguna, Bhola, Daulatkhan and Kalapara; Batch III Towns: Patuakhali and Bagerhat). The Executing Agencies for the Project is Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MLGRDC) acting through its Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), and the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE). While there is generally high coverage of household sanitation (up to 94% HH have toilets), there is no seepages management or treatment systems. The project towns lack a proper solid waste management system. These result in polluted waterways and high incidences of water borne diseases, with outbreaks occurring subsequent to floods.

v. Policy, Legal, And Administrative Framework: the Integrated Landfill with Resource Recovery Facility is one of the sub-projects proposed under CTEIP. The implementation of the sub-project proposed under CTEIP will be governed by Government of Bangladesh (GoB) Environmental Acts, Rules, Policies, and Regulations. The most important of these are the Environment

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Conservation Act, 1995 (ECA, 1995), and the Environment Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997). ). However, the applicable legislations are: a) Environmental Conservation Act of1995 and amendments in 2000, 2002 and 2010, b) National Sanitation Strategy, 2005 , c) The Pourashava (Municipality) Ordinance of 1977, the City Corporation Ordinances of 1983 and the recently revised unified ordinance, d) National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation, 2004, e) National forestry policy, 1994, f) Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, 2009, g) Bangladesh Labour Law, 2006 , and h) Bangladesh Medical Waste Rules, 2008. Further the proposed sub- project will also be governed by the National Solid-Waste Management Regulatory Framework.

vi. In accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) the project is classified as category B, as no significant impacts are envisioned. In accordance with the Government of Bangladesh‟s (GoB) environmental impact assessment (EIA) requirements as outlined in the Environmental Conservation Act (ECA, 1997) (Amendment 2000) and the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997), the project is classified as a RED category, requiring EIA for necessary environmental clearance requirements.

vii. Screening and Environmental Categorization: an environmental assessment using ADB‟s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for solid waste management (Appendix 2) was conducted and results of the assessment show that the sub-project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The “Integrated Landfill with Resource Recovery Facility” sub-project under Pirojpur Pourashava is classified as Environmental Category B as per the SPS as no significant impacts are envisaged. viii. According to Government of Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 (ECA, 1995) and Environment Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997), the sub-project is categorized as “red” and location clearance certificate (LCC) and environmental clearance certificate (ECC) must be obtained from the DoE.

ix. Scope of the IEE: based on secondary sources information including data collected from PPTA/ secondary reports, information collected from Barguna Pourashava and field reconnaissance surveys. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE.

x. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted in accordance with ADB SPS‟s requirements for environment category B projects, and no significant adverse impact has been envisaged. The details are given in REA checklist enclosed as Annexure II. To further mitigate any environmental impacts, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is included as part of this IEE.

xi. Implementation Arrangements: Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) is the executing agency (EA), and Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) is co-executing agency. LGED is responsible for providing support and guidance to Pourashavas concerning performance criteria and Pourashava development planning. Implementation activities will be overseen by a separate program management unit (PMU). The participating Pourashavas are the implementing agencies (IA), with a project implementation unit (PIU) within the Pourashava structure. Local LGED and DPHE offices will be involved in the functioning of the PIUs to provide technical support. Consultant teams are responsible for (i) detailed engineering design, contract documents preparation and safeguards facilitation; (ii) project management and administration support; (iii) assistance in supervising construction; (iii) strengthening of local governance, conducting studies/surveys on flood inundation and climate change impacts, facilitating disaster risk management capacity building and community level adaptation through locally managed climate resilience funds; and (iv) community-based climate adaptation and disaster preparedness, awareness raising on behavioural change in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) activities and facilitating resettlement procedures.

xii. Project Benefits: Barguna Integrated Environmental Sanitation sub-project is one of the sub- projects proposed under Performance Criteria Stage I, which is considered critical for assured health and hygiene and improved sanitation and solid waste management conditions. ADB

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requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank‟s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009).

xiii. As per consultant‟s assessment, the proposed interventions under the integrated sanitation and solid waste management component of the CTEIP programme shows that improved sanitation and landfill site facilities will positively develop the overall standard of health and hygiene of the Pourashava, whereby sewer flows will be collected and treated under sanitary conditions and the integrated landfill will ensure a minimum amount of waste to be disposed of in a controlled manner, and the bulk portion of the waste shall be converted into a number of resources, such as compost, biogas, inorganic recyclables etc.

xiv. Proposed Project: The proposed IES site is 5.036 acre in size and located at the southern boundary of the PTI area, 0.50 km south of the Pourashava Ward No.04 boundary, 3.500 km south of the Pourashava core commercial and residential areas. The site is fallow and barren, without any structures or crop, which is bound by a dry khal which only revives during peak monsoon. Few vegetable farms have been seen around the proposed site

xv. Proposed Facilities: Controlled landfill cell, Leachate Control, Protection of Soil and Water, Leachate Management, Gas Control, Environmental Nuisances, Stability, Internal Road, Visual Appearance and Landscape, Operational and Restoration Requirements Enhancing the Lifespan of Landfill and a compost plant.

xvi. It is suggested that for O & M of the landfill, composting and faecal sludge treatment facilities, the private sector will be involved. Currently, license-carrying operators of compost plants can sell compost for a price varying between BDT 6000-10,000/ton. The consultant‟s assessment shows that the landfill site can be designed and converted into an integrated facility, where the collected waste will be disposed of in a controlled manner, and the a significant portion of the waste shall be converted into a number of resources, such as compost, and inorganic recyclables etc. The proposed design of the landfill site is based on the physical observation of the site.

xvii. Description of the Environment:There is no data available regarding the type of sanitation facility currently available in Barguna. However, based JMP study 2017, municipal towns in Bangladesh on average has improved toilet (not shared) 53.7%, improved and shared toilet 28.6% and unimproved toilet 17.7%. Currently Barguna Pourashava does not have faecal sludge management system in place. At present, Barguna Pourashava does not provide any service for collection and disposal of faecal sludge. The Pourashava does not have any infrastructure for safe collection and transport of faecal sludge to be periodically collected from pits and septic tanks. xviii. Environmental Management: An environmental management plan (EMP) is included as part of this IEE, which includes (i) mitigation measures for environmental impacts during implementation; (ii) an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigating, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; and (iv) a grievance redress mechanism. A number of impacts and their significance were reduced through mitigation measures in the preliminary design stage. The EMP will form part of the civil work bidding and contract documents.

xix. Locations and sitting of the proposed infrastructures were considered to further reduce adverse environmental impacts, along with application and monitoring of the identified mitigation measures. The concepts considered in design of the Barguna sanitation/ solid waste management sub-project are: (i) locating facilities on government-owned land to avoid the need for land acquisition and relocation of people; (ii) prioritizing rehabilitation over new construction, using vacant government lands; (iii) taking all possible measures in design and selection of sites to avoid resettlement impacts; (iv) avoiding where possible locations that will result in destruction/disturbance to historical and cultural places/values; (v) avoiding tree- cutting where possible; (vi) ensuring all planning and design interventions and decisions are

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made in consultation with local communities and reflecting inputs from public consultation and disclosure for site selection. As a result, some measures have already been included in the sub-project designs. This means that the impacts and their significance have already been reduced.

 The operation of the sub-project will bring the following benefits: Benefits from composting: Treats significant amount of waste and reduce the burden of waste to be disposed by the local authorities; Creates economic opportunity for enterprises from resource management from waste; Uses low cost and labor intensive appropriate technology and creates jobs for the poor; Promotes decentralized composting approach; Improves community participation in source-separation of waste to reduce the amount of soiling of waste with economic value; Reduces carbon emission and harness carbon trading related income; Saves foreign currency of the government by avoiding import of raw virgin materials; Creates new jobs for the urban and benefits the farmers; Promotes the concept of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling) by demonstration; Promotes public, private and community partnerships; and Provides higher and more regular income and better working conditions for the waste pickers as it relies on two relatively stable sources of income, namely user fees and the sale of compost Benefits from Landfill: Improved solid waste management system; Less public nuisance; Odor and dust free environment; Cleaner air and water

xx. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from (i) disturbance of residents, businesses, and traffic; (ii) need to manage excess construction materials and spoils; and (iii) community and workers health and safety. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. Measures such as conducting work in lean season and minimizing inconvenience by best construction methods will be employed. In the operational phase, all facilities and infrastructure will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Facilities will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only.

xxi. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring to ensure that all measures are implemented, and will determine whether the environment is protected as intended. It will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries. Any requirements for corrective action will be reported to the ADB.

xxii. Capacity Building of Pourashava Staff and Community members, along with related Community/ Public Awareness Campaigns shall also be conducted by ICCDC as part of the CTEIP programme. The environmental monitoring cost is estimated as Tk. 590,000 while environmental management cost is Tk. 200,000. The total cost of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan is Tk. 390,000 (excluding those included in the cost of IES design). xxiii. Consultation, disclosure and grievance redress: The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through discussions on-site and public consultation, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and in the planning and development of the sub- project. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the Pourashava and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB and LGED project websites. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation. A grievance redress mechanism is described within the IEE to ensure any public grievances are addressed quickly. xxiv. Monitoring and Reporting: The PMU, PIU (Barguna Pourashava), and Project Management and Supervision Consultants (PMSC) will be responsible for environmental safeguard monitoring (ESM). The PMSC will submit semi-annual monitoring ESM reports to PMU, and the PMU will submit to ADB, who will post on its website, as part of its disclosure requirements.

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xxv. Conclusions and Recommendations: The citizens of Barguna will be the major beneficiaries of this sub-project. With the improved solid waste management services they will enjoy improved over-all cleanliness, improved quality of life and better public health in the Pourashava. Therefore the proposed sub-project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts and net environmental benefits to citizens of Barguna will be positive. The potential impacts that are associated with design, construction and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. xxvi. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the sub-project as Category “B” is confirmed. No further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB- SPS(2009).

Package: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01: IEE xii Section 6: Subsection 3: Particular Specifications: Appendix E: Initial Environmental Examination

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Coastal region of Bangladesh is densely populated (35.1 million, calculated from BBS) coupled with poverty and mostly comprised of low lying areas (< 10m) and is exposed to Sea Level Rise (SLR), salinity, storm surges and frequent and intense cyclone events leading to widespread disastrous consequences (see Figure 1). Uncontrolled urbanization and poverty coupled with existing inadequate capacities of the Pourashavas to manage requisite infrastructure makes this region even more vulnerable to adverse impacts of severe and highly variable climatic conditions prevailing in Bangladesh. Such adverse conditions, along with the burden of increased urban growth and prevailing regional poverty exacerbated by weak urban governance, have resulted in undue pressure on basic urban services and infrastructure, which has severely impaired economic growth. As a consequence, the population in the coastal region remains poor and development significantly lags behind the rest of the country even though there is a lot of potential for further development. However, the number, intensity and the regularity of such disasters, many of which are related to climate change, appear to be increasing and this trend is restricting further development of the coastal region.

Recently, Climate Change (CC) has become more critical issue, particularly in low lying coastal areas, exposed to SLR. Climate change will exacerbate many of the current problems and natural hazards Bangladesh faces. Floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and storm surges are likely to become more frequent and severe in coming years. The changes will threaten the significant achievements, Bangladesh has made over the last 20 years and it will make it difficult to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. According to IPCC‟s 4th Assessment Report, global warming will result in sea level rises between 0.18 and 0.79 meters1. This has major implications for coastal infrastructure in relation to storm surges and salinity intrusion. In a recent study2, it was estimated that increased storm surges and growth in the drain network, will lead to additional damages of around $239.5 million to drains, bridges, culverts, etc and a loss of about $52.7 million in drain infrastructures. These estimates are based on repair and damage costs from the 2007 Sidr cyclone

The Bangladesh Coastal Zone Policy, Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, adopted by the Government in 2009, seek to guide activities and programs related to climate change in Bangladesh. The Government, in its sixth Five-Year Plan, (FY2011-FY2015), has targeted assistance to the vulnerable populations residing in the coastal Pourashava with the Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP). Eight coastal Pourashavas have been included in the CTEIP in two Batches. The Batch 1 include four Pourashavas of Pirojpur, Amtali, Mathbaria and Galachipa. Batch 2 includes four Pourashavas of Barguna, Bhola, Daulatkhan and Kalapara. In addition, two other Pourashavas of Patuakhali and Bagerhat are also included in CTEIP. The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) is a key infrastructure initiative of the Government of Bangladesh. The Project was prioritized in the Government's 2010 Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR), prepared under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), whereby the CTEIP is eligible for financing from the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) within the multi-donor coordinated Climate Investment Funds (CIF) as a pilot project for demonstrating ways to mainstream climate resilience into development. Intervention is planned to develop climate resilient structures, including Cyclone Shelters; drains and bridges; water supply; sanitation; drainage; solid waste management; municipal facilities and flood protection infrastructural works.

1 IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers. Working Group II Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC, Geneva. 2Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khan, Z.H., Ahmed, M.M.Z., Mukherjee, N., Khan, M.F., Pandey, K. (2010). Vulnerability of Bangladesh to Cyclones in a Changing Climate: Potential Damages and Adaptation Cost\ Policy Research Working Paper, 5280, World Bank.

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Barguna Sadar Upazila (Barguna district) area 454.39 sq km, located in between 21°58' and 22°15' north latitudes and in between 89°59' and 90°14' east longitudes. It is bounded by betagi, mirzaganj and patuakhali sadar upazila upazilas on the north, bay of bengal and amtali upazila on the south, Amtali upazila on the east, patharghata and bamna upazilas on the west. (Figure 2). Population: Total 237613; male 120830, female 116783; Muslim 220057, Hindu 17376, Buddhist 26, Christian 137 and others 17.

Water bodies: Burishwar, and Bishkhali are big rivers around Barguna; Khagdon and Nalidon rivers and Patkata, Junia, Lalbongola and Phuldhalua canals are notable.

Administration: Barguna Thana was formed in 1904 and it was turned into an upazila in 1984.

2 Figure 1 Impact of Sea Level Rive and salinity intrusion in coastal The municipality area is 15.58 m , Bangladesh. Source: IWM including 9 wards and 18 mahallas. Population of the municipality according to BBS 2011 is 26954 with a population density of 1730 persons per m2.

Given the CC consequences and potentials of CC impacts, under CTEIP, the first batch of four coastal towns i.e. Barguna, Mathbaria, Amtali Galachipa have been taken up for preparation of urban sanitation and solid waste management improvement (SWM) action plans including detailed engineering design and BoQ for individual/community/public sanitation interventions, faecal sludge management and solid waste management physical interventions. The sanitation component within the project includes recommendations on conversion of insanitary toilets into sanitary toilets, typical designs for community/public/school toilets with appropriate containment/treatment system incorporating climate change adaption resilience parameters and related mitigations. The faecal sludge management component includes designing of system for collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal/reuse of faecal sludge/septage. The solid waste management component includes designing of system for source separation, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment, reuse and disposal of solid waste. The project will consider integrated faecal sludge and solid waste management facility exploring options for energy and by-product generation. A part of the above scope is considered under one contract package is designated as e-GP/CTEIP/2017- 18/BAR/IES/01.The objective of this work package is to safely dispose faecal sludge/septage in an environment friendly manner by providing a faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) at Barguna

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Pourashava. The FSTP will be part of the integrated facility wherein faecal sludge will be co-treated with domestic solid waste generated in the Pourashava. The source of solid waste to be treated in the Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery facility is from households and markets and commercial areas. The total capacity of the integrated landfill and resource recovery facility is to receive up to 20 tons of waste per day. The package is designated as Integrated Environmental Sanitation (IES) in CTEIP documents. The scope of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to study the environmental impacts of this IES and identify their sources to feed a better management plan

Figure 2 Map of Barguna Pourashava (Source: LGED)

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The IES is designed to meet all weather requirements as per the PPTA. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted by EPTISA Services de Ingenieria S.L., the Project Monitoring and Supervision (PMSC) Consultant under the CTEIP, in accordance with the ADB‟s requirements and guidelines. The IEE is based upon a study of available reports and documents, including the Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA), under TA 8128 BAN; relevant sections of the Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) Report; discussions with related stakeholders and PIU/Pourashava authorities. Read this IEE in conjunction with the following documents, attached to this Bid Document:  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) attached hereto as Appendix F;  Resettlement Plan (RP): (Due Diligence Report) attached hereto as Appendix G;  Gender Action Plan (GAP) attached hereto as Appendix H.

1.2 PURPOSE OF IEE

The initial environmental examination aims to provide guidance on safeguard screening, assessment, institutional arrangement and process to be followed for components of the project, where design takes place after Boards approval. This IEE (i) describes the project and its components; (ii) explains the general anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the subprojects; (iii) specifies the requirements that will be followed in relation to screening and categorization, assessment, and planning, including arrangements for meaningful consultation with affected people and other stakeholders and information disclosure requirements; (iv) assesses the capability of the project proponents to implement national laws and ADB‟s requirements, and identifies needs for capacity building; (v) specifies implementation procedures, institutional arrangements, and capacity development requirements; and (vi) specifies monitoring and reporting requirements. Moreover, this IEE is to ensure, in line with ADB EARF, that the IES project, in the entirety of its project cycle, will not deteriorate or interfere with the environmental sensitivity of the project area, but rather improve environmental quality.

1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES

The scope of the project includes nine infrastructure categories: (i) drains, bridges and culverts, (ii) solid waste management, (iii) cyclone shelters, (iv) boat landing stations, (v) markets, (vi) bus terminals, (vii) drainage and flood control, (viii) water supply, and (ix) sanitation. The major components to be taken up in Barguna under this project are described in Table 1. This report is on IEE of construction of IES in Barguna Pourashava area, District: Barguna and the package is designated as CTEIP/BAR/IES/01. Refer to Table 1for the summarized scope of work. The site is located outside of the Pourashava boundary at the southern boundary of the PTI area, 0.50 km south of the Pourashava Ward No.04 boundary, 3.500 km south of the Pourashava core commercial and residential areas.. A location map of the proposed IES in Barguna Pourashava is presented in Figure 3.General arrangement drawings of the proposed IES sites are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Table 1 Barguna IES Package Scope of Work (CTEIP Batch 2, Stage I) (Source: Detailed Engineering Design Report, 2018)

The scope of work includes ensuring that construction and/ or implemented of the works will be in an environmentally sustainable manner and in full compliance with Bangladesh‟s and the Asian Development Bank‟s environmental safeguard policies and regulations. The scope of services in brief is as follows:

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 Document baseline data for various environmental attributes on physical, water, ecological pollution and physical cultural resources and Socio-economic profile;  Assess positive and negative environmental impacts of the proposed works;  Prepare environmental mitigation measures and management plans to effectively address the impacts;  Prepare IEE so that these are acceptable to Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh and the Asian Development Bank;  Prepare post-project monitoring programs, institutional arrangement to implement the environmental plans; and  Prepare cost estimates for the management and monitoring programs.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY The package CTEIP/BAR/IES/01 has followed the Environmental Assessment Review Framework (EARF) subproject selection criteria as enumerated in PPTA document. The approach in preparation of Initial Environmental Examination has been to follow the sequence of steps adopted in an EIA study in relation to EARF. Apart from following standard environmental impact assessment practices and procedures, methodologies have deployed advanced technologies, techniques and tools to the extent these are applicable and relevant to this project. The approach and methodology flow chart is presented in Figure 6. Toward ascertaining baseline conditions and assessing the impacts during construction and operation of the project, the consultants have taken into account the various parameters of the environment – topography, physiography, soils, hydrology and drainage, meteorology, qualities of ambient air and noise, surface water, groundwater, biodiversity, socio-economic aspects including gender issues, land/property, physical and cultural resources. The baseline data for environmental attributes were collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include site visits and visual inspection. The secondary sources include the reports, books, maps and documents from various government and non-government organizations on subject matter. The impacts are assessed for various phases of project cycle namely:

 Impacts due to project location and design,  Impacts due to project construction, and  Impacts due to project operation.

1. The impacts are categorized as negative and positive. The standard methodology for the review, field visit data collection, impact assessment and formulation of management plans is adopted. The Bangladesh National Acts, Legislation and Laws were consulted with a view to ensuring compliance with various requirements. The environmental attributes were compiled from both primary and secondary sources.

2. The management plans are essential to ensure that stress/ loads on the systems are within carrying capacity. The management plan aims at maintaining the environmental quality of project area at-least in pre-project stage. An environmental management strategy/ plans was developed to mitigate the adverse impacts. Efforts are made to enhance the quality of environmental attributes. 3. It is necessary to monitor the environmental attributes during construction and operation. Monitoring would indicate any environmental problems, which have reviewed. This will facilitate to assess the effectiveness of management and/or mitigation measures.

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1.5 FORMAT OF THE REPORT This report has been prepared taking into consideration the IEE mechanisms, procedures and contents spelt out in Environmental Conservation Act of 1995 and its amendments in 2000, 2002 and 20103 of Bangladesh and ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003) and Safeguard policy statement (2009). The main findings are reported in conclusions and recommendations for discloser locally and the ADB web site. The report has an Executive Summary in the beginning.

 Chapter 1provides a general introduction to the project along with the project background, objectives and scope of the study and an outline on the approach and methodology adopted for the study.  Chapter 2 is a concise document on the policy and strategies; legal instruments, and institutional arrangement under which the project will be developed.  Chapter 3 is on the Project Description which highlights the need for the development. The project Construction Schedules material requirements and cost of project are also summarized.  Chapter 4 is on the baseline environmental and social conditions in pre-construction phase in sufficient detail to enable an adequate assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts.  Chapter 5 is on Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and describes the environmental impacts that could occur as a result of the proposed project.  Chapter 6 is on Grievance Redress Mechanism;  Chapter 7 is on public consultation;  Chapter 8 is on Conclusion and Recommendations.

The literature, books, reports and maps referred are presented as foot notes in the main body of the report. At the end, the report has Annexures which are reported in the main body of the report.

3ECA Amendment 2000 focuses on ascertaining responsibility for compensation in cases of damage to ecosystems, increased provision of punitive measures both for fines and imprisonment and the authority to take cognizance of offences. ECA Amendment 2002 elaborates restrictions on polluting automobiles; restrictions on sale, production of environmentally harmful items like polythene bags; assistance from law enforcement agencies for environmental actions; break up of punitive measures; and authority to try environmental cases. In ECA Amendment 2010, no individual or institution (government or semi-government/non-government/ self-governing can cut any hill or hillock; earth-fill or change the status of any water body/wetland/lakes/natural canals, etc., even in national interest; the aforementioned activities can be done only after getting clearance from respective the departments/agencies/authorities.

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Figure 3 Barguna Proposed IES site

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Figure 4 Layout Plan of the proposed sub-project

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Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the process plants in the proposed sub-project

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DESK RESEARCH

- Lit review - Acts and legislation - Reconnaissance - Discussion

SCOPING FIELD VISIT

- Screening - GPS analysis - Method development - Visual analysis - Identification of parameters - Photographic documentation - Etc.

ECOLOGY POLLUTION PHYSICAL SOCIAL

- Flora - Water - Topography - Demography - Fauna - Air - Hydrology - Infrastructure - Fisheries and - Noise - Land use - Cultural forestry - Soil - Drainage resources - Food chain - Economy - Education

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE PUBLIC CONSULTATION

- Compilation of baseline data - Collect public opinion - Cross check and superimposition - Share info with stakeholders with design - Analysis and interpretation

ANALYSIS AND SCREENING OF No Impact ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Impact

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FIELD VERIFICATION (IEE) - Review for actual cost - Review for applicability PREPARATION OF EMP - Rationale

ENV MONITORING PROGRAMS

Figure 6 IEE approach and methodology resulting to EMP

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CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 2.1 NATIONAL RELEVANT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES This Section describes the relevant policies and strategies, legal instruments, institutional arrangement and framework applicable to CTEIP-related rehabilitation and /or construction activities in various Pourashava areas in the Bangladesh coastal region. It summarizes the National Laws and describes the procedure for obtaining environmental permits to allow project implementation. Over the years the Government of Bangladesh has enacted environmental acts, rules, policies and regulation toward imposing restrictions facilitating minimization / mitigation of likely impacts due to development projects. The most important Act is Environmental Conservation Act, 1995 (ECA, 1995) and Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997).

2.1.1 National Environmental Policy The National Environmental Policy was adopted in 1992 and is now under revision. It embraces different sectors related to agriculture, forest, power, health, transport, housing etc. The central theme of policy is to ensure protection and improvement in environment. The policy gives a thrust to sustainable development and long term use of natural resources. The National Environment Policy contains policy statements and strategic options with regard to population and land-use management, management and utilization of natural resources and other socio-economic sectors, as well as the necessary arrangements for the implementation of the policy. The policy enables:

 the country to strike a dynamic balance between population and resources while complying with the balance of ecosystems;  to contribute to sustainable and harmonious socio-economic development such that, both in rural and urban areas, and well-being in a sound and enjoyable environment; and  to protect, conserve and develop natural environment.

2.1.2 National Water Policy (NWP) The National Water Policy 2004 (NWP) aims for sustainable management of water. The Policy also integrates the environmental impact assessment for water development projects. The policy stresses on issues related to climate change such as:

 Augmentation of dry season flows;  Awareness raising in consumptive use of surface and ground water;  Structural and non-structural mitigation measures (early warning systems).

2.1.3 National Forest Policy (NFP 1994) National Forest Policy (NFP) was established in 1994. Under this policy it is proposed to increase the forest cover and to promote and oversee forestry activities. The policy fixed the target of forest cover at least 20% of geographic area by the year 2015. Tree plantation on the road side verges courtyards of rural organization such as Union Parishad, school, Eidgah, mosque-Moktob, temple, club, orphanage home, madrassa etc. and other fallow lands around will be encouraged. The government will encourage this type of initiative and extend technical and other supports.

2.1.4 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP 2009) The Bangladesh climate change strategy and action plan was approved in 2009. The climate change plan is built on six pillars namely i) food security, social protection and health; ii) Comprehensive Disaster Management; iii) infrastructure; iv) research and knowledge management; v) Mitigation and low carbon development; and vi) capacity building and institutional. The strategy and action plan emphasizes on eensuring existing assets (e.g., coastal and river embankments) are well maintained and fit for purpose and that urgently needed infrastructure is put in place to deal with the likely impacts of climate change. - enhance the capacity government ministries, civil society and private sector to meet the challenge of climate change.

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2.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS The environmental policies are prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). MoEF also has formulated regulation toward clearance of projects from environmental angles based on environmental impact assessment report. The Department of Environment is responsible for environmental issues while forest issues are looked after Department of Forests. Over the years the MoEF has adopted number of legal instrument in the form Acts for the protection and conservation of the environment. Table 2summarizes the Environmental Legislation applicable to the sub-project.

Table 2Applicable GoB Environmental Legislation

Sl.No Legislation Requirement for the Project Relevance 1 Environmental  Restriction on operation and process, which can be The provisions of the Act apply Conservation Act of 1995 continued or cannot be initiated in the ecologically to the entire sub-project in the and amendments in 2000, critical areas construction and operation and 2002and 2010  Regulation on vehicles emitting smoke harmful to the maintenance (O&M) phases. environment  Remedial measures for injuries to ecosystems  Standards for quality of air, water, noise and soil for different areas and limits for discharging and emitting waste  Environmental guidelines 2 Environmental Environmental clearances The sub-project is categorized Conservation Rules of  Compliance to environmental quality standards as Orange-B and requires LCC 1997 and amendments in and ECC. All requisite 2002 and 2003 clearances from DoE shall be obtained prior to commencement of civil works. 3 Forest Act  Clearance for any felling, extraction, and transport of Refer Baseline and EMP 1927&amendments (2000) forest produce 4 Bangladesh Climate  Ensure existing assets (e.g., coastal and river Considered in project design Change Strategy and embankments) are well maintained and fit for purpose components Action Plan of 2009 and that urgently needed infrastructures (cyclone shelters and urban drainage) is put in place to deal with the likely impacts of climate change.  enhance the capacity government ministries, civil society and private sector to meet the challenge of climate change 5 Bangladesh Labour Law  Compliance to the provisions on employment The provisions of the act apply of2006 standards, occupational safety and health, welfare to the entire sub-project in the and social protection, labour relations and social construction and O&M phases. dialogue, and enforcement Provides for occupational health  Prohibition of employment of children and adolescent and safety of workers and community during construction phase. 6. The Building Construction Act is in English and rules Act, 1952 (amended & currently available in Bangla: gazetted in 2008) Pourashava to develop the conditions under this Act but have to utilize. 7. The Town Improvement Only applicable for RAJUK and Act 1953 therefore not relevant. 8. Building Construction Building Construction Rules Rules 2008 2008 version appropriate to Dhaka City. Pourashava utilizing 1996 version. 9. Bangladesh National Bangladesh National Building Building Code (BNBC) Code (BNBC) 2006 currently 2006 not gazetted by the GoB. Approved copy 1993 referred for which the relevant clauses

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have been closely followed and incorporated within IEE.

10. Bangladesh Water Act,  Restriction on design, operation and process in order  The provisions of the Act 2013 to comply to the requirements of the Act for integrated apply to the entire sub-project development, management, extraction, distribution, in the design, construction usage, protection and conservation of water resources and operation and for better management of water resources maintenance (O&M) phases.  Requires LCC and ECC. All requisite clearances from DoE shall be obtained prior to commencement of civil works. 11. Water Pollution Control EPCO‟77 superseded Ordinance, 1970 WPCO‟70 & extended the control, prevention & abatement of pollution to the entire environment & expanded definition of “pollution” from that specifically relating to waters to “air, water or soil”. 12. Environmental Pollution  EPCO‟77 repealed, and Control Ordinance, 1977 ECA‟95 & ECR‟97 enacted  Environmental Pollution Control Board formed under EPCO‟77 has now grown into DoE 13. National Environmental  Restriction on operation and process to maintain The provisions of the policy Policy, 1992 (revised in overall development through protection and apply to the entire sub-project in 2015) improvement of environment the construction and O&M  Remedial measures for injuries to ecosystems phases through environmental  Standards for quality of air, water, noise and soil for management. different areas and limits for discharging and emitting waste 14. National Environmental NEMAP‟95 includes activities Management Plan, 1995 relating to fisheries and agriculture 15. The Environmental Court  Compliance to the relevant provisions & requirements  The provisions of the Act Act, 2000 (amended in of ERA‟95 & ECR‟97 apply to the entire sub-project 2002 & 2010) in the construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) phases.  Requires LCC and ECC. All requisite clearances from DoE shall be obtained prior to commencement of civil works. 16. The National Water Policy,  Restriction on operation and process in order for The provisions of the policy 1999 protection of water quality apply to the entire sub-project in the construction and O&M phases through environmental management. 17. Ozone Layer Destruction No relevance with the project Materials (Control) Rules, 2004 18. Bio-safety Rules, 2012 No relevance with the project Source : TA 8128 Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project Volume 6

National 3R Strategy for Waste Management, (2010): the 3Rs are considered in order of importance – „reduce‟ followed by ‟reuse‟ and then „recycle‟, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability. The National 3R goal for waste management is to achieve complete elimination of waste disposal on open dumps, rivers and floodplains by 2015 and promote

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recycling of waste through mandatory segregation of waste at source as well as create a market for recycled products and provide incentives for recycling of waste..

Based on the guiding principles and key issues, four general strategies: i) raising public awareness; ii) engaging an affordable mix of technical options; iii) strategies for sustainability and iv) strategies for financing) and five sector specific strategies: i) domestic waste; ii) hazardous waste from manufacturing industry; iii) waste from agriculture; iv) medical waste and v) addressing occupational safety and health management) have been recommended to promote 3R in waste sector.

Applicable International Environmental Agreements Kyoto protocol to UNFCCC ( relevance to the CTEIP sub-projects in the energy efficiency and waste management sectors, with GHG reduction potential) United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD (relevance to the CTEIP as shall be applicable for any sub-projects in the vicinity of areas of rich biological diversity)

National Solid-Waste Management Regulatory Framework: It should be noted that, as in others sectors, the existing policies, laws, and regulations in this field are inadequate. The enforcing mechanism is even weaker. However, a waste-management division has been formed very recently in the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) to look after the management of municipal solid waste along with other activities. There are no specific legislation, regulations, and policies for solid-waste management at the national level, but according to DCC Ordinance 1983, amended in 1999, Article 78, the DCC is responsible for the disposal of solid waste from bin to disposal site and for cleaning the roads and drains.

The Stakeholders in SWM: Amongst others (namely, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), waste-generating industries, environmental activists, academics, research institutions, and the media), the primary stakeholders involved in domestic and industrial SWM in Bangladesh are the local Government bodies like City Corporations and Municipalities/Pourashavas and the common people.

Local Government Bodies like City Corporations and Municipalities/Pourashavas: At present, these bodies act on behalf of the government on the basis of policies, laws, regulations, directives, etc., and play a very important role. They take the necessary measures to collect, transport, and dispose of or treat solid waste. Normally they receive funding from the government. In some cases, they earn revenue in the form of a municipality holding tax, trade-license fee, or other local taxes. There are no provisions for separate SWM charges in Bangladesh.

The Role of the Community and Levels of Participation: The common people are the biggest generators of waste. Their awareness can lead to major change in the quantity and quality of waste generated in the country. But knowledge about waste among the common people is inadequate. It is therefore necessary to educate them so as to have better results. The consultant ICCDC has been engaged to conduct appropriate Public Awareness and motivation campaigns. ICCDC will also identify all training needs and complete necessary capacity building of the Pourashava.

2.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS / FRAMEWORK

The main Ministry, Department, Institutions and Boards responsible for development of policy, framing regulation, developing projects, monitoring and approval of issues related to environment protection and conservation are presented in this section. The Department of Environment (DoE) was established in 1977 under the Environment Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977. During 1987-89, Forestry was a Division of Agriculture Ministry with a Secretary to Government in charge of the Forestry Division. With the formation of the new Ministry of Environment and Forests, in 1989, both the departments were transferred to this new Ministry. The DoE has been placed under the MoEF as its technical wing and is statutorily responsible for the implementation of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. Besides these two departments, MoEF controls the Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI) and Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH).

The Ministry of Environment & Forests is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government, for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of

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environmental and forestry programmes. MoEF oversees all environmental matters in the country and is a permanent member of the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council. The Ministry also plays a pivotal role as a participant of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The principal activities undertaken by Ministry of Environment & Forests consist of conservation & survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife, prevention & control of pollution, forestation & regeneration of degraded areas and protection of environment, in the framework of legislations. The main tools utilized for this include surveys, impact assessment, control of pollution, regeneration programmes, support to organizations, research to solve solutions and training to augment the requisite manpower, collection and dissemination of environmental information and creation of environmental awareness among all sectors of the country's population. The organizational structure of the ministry covers a number of divisions, directorate, board, subordinate offices, autonomous institutions and public sector undertakings. In short, Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) has the following major functions: i. Management of environment and ecology. ii. Matters relating to environment pollution control. iii. Conservation of forests and development of forest resources (government and private), forest inventory, grading and quality control of forest products. iv. Forestation and regeneration of forest extraction of forest produce. v. Plantation of exotic cinchona and rubber. vi. Botanical gardens and botanical surveys. vii. Tree plantation. viii. Planning cell is responsible for preparation of schemes and coordination in respect of forest. ix. Research and training in forestry. x. Mechanized forestry operations. xi. Protection of wild birds and animals and establishment of sanctuaries. xii. Matters relating to marketing of forest produce. xiii. Liaison with international organizations and matters relating to treaties and agreements with other countries and world bodies relating to subjects allotted to this Ministry.

Apart from two major departments, i.e., Department of Environment and Department of Forest, working under this ministry, there are three others as discussed below:  Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI)is mandated to provide research support to the Forestry sub-sector of the country, including Forest Department, Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation, NGO and other private enterprises. BFRI's research activities aim to develop appropriate technologies to maintain sustainable productivity of forest land and of forest industries without resource depletion.  Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH) is a plant survey, collection, identification and conservation organization. It documents the plant biological diversity of the country and its collections are accessible samples of natural population. The collection of the herbarium is a national property that goes down to the posterity through generation for hundreds of years and work as reference materials on the flora of the country. The National Herbarium serves as repository of technical information on plant genetic resources and advises the Government on technical aspects of question dealt with by the herbarium. It also provides direction required in the implementation of policies laid down by the Government in relation to plant biodiversity conservation.  Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC) is mandated to rubber plantation, processing and to extract timber from inaccessible Forest areas. After sawing, seasoning and treatments, these timbers are used in wood based industries for production of quality furniture, electric poles, anchor logs, cross arms, railway sleepers, doors & windows and plywood etc. In addition to this, BFIDC have been raising Rubber plantation in the district of greater Chittagong, Sylhet, Mymensingh and Tangail, BFIDC so far has raised 32,625 acres of started plantation. Besides, about 33,000 acres of rubber plantation has been raised in private sector with technical assistance of BFIDC.

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE PROCEDURE

Under ECR 1997 industrial units and projects are classified into four categories according to “their site and impact on the environment”, and each category (Green, Orange-A, Orange-B and Red) requires a different level of environmental assessment as a prerequisite for granting the ECC that allows the project to proceed. The Environmental Clearance Certification Process is shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 7 Environmental Clearance Process in Bangladesh Source: ECR 1997

Rule 7 of the ECR indicates that the application for ECC must be made to the relevant DoE Divisional Officer, and the application for Red category projects will include the following:

 Completed Application for ECC, and the appropriate fee;  Report on the feasibility of the project;

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 Report on the IEE for the project;  Report on the environmental management plan (EMP);  No objection certificate from the local authority;  Emergency plan relating to adverse environmental impact and plan for  Mitigation of the effect of pollution; and  Outline of the relocation and rehabilitation plan (where applicable).

Under the ECR, DoE has 60 days to respond to receipt of the ECC application for a Redcategory project.

2.4.1 Environmental Category: Bangladesh

For the purpose of issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificate, the industrial units and projects shall, in consideration of their site and impact on the environment, be classified into the following four categories: (a) Green; (b) Orange – A; (c) Orange – B; and (d) Red. The Industries and projects included in the various categories are specified in sub-rule (1) have been described in Schedule – 1. The ECA indicates that all industrial units or projects must obtain a Location Clearance Certificate (LCC) and Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment (DoE). No industrial unit or project shall be established or undertaken without obtaining environmental clearance from DoE in the manner prescribed by the rules. The environmental category of projects is listed in Schedule – 1 of ECR and the IES sub-project in Barguna falls in Red.Table 3describes DoE classification for IES. No industrial unit or project shall be established or undertaken without obtaining environmental clearance from DoE in the manner prescribed by the rules. Table 3 DoE Classification of the Barguna IES project

Sl. No Components Items in Schedule-1 of ECR DOE Classification 1 Land fill by waste Sl No. #43: Land filling by industrial, household and Red commercial wastes 2 Sewage treatment Sl No. #44: Sewage Treatment plant Red Source: ECR 1997

2.4.2 Environmental Category: ADB Asian Development Bank (ADB) requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB‟s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB SPS (2009). This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.

Screening and categorization: The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:  Category A: Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts.  Category B: Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.  Category C: Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.  Category FI: Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

As per above ADB environmental classification, the IES sub-project in Barguna falls in Category B.

2.4.3 Bangladesh Environmental Standards

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The Ministry of Environment and Forest has developed standards from time to time for water and air quality for discharge in the ambient air. The relevant standards are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4 Relevant Environmental Quality Standards (Source: ECR 1997) Standards ECR 1997 Rule Details of Specification

Air Quality Schedule 2 Standards for Air parameters: Suspended Particulate Maters (SPM); Sulphur oxides (SOx); Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) For the categories: a) Industrial and mixed; b) Commercial and mixed; c) Residential and rural; d) Sensitive.

A) Inland Surface Schedule 3 Standards for water parameters: pH; BOD (mg/L); DO (mg/L); Total Coliform (CFU/100ml) Waters For the Classifications: a) Source of drinking water for supply only after disinfecting; b) Water usable for recreational activity; c) Source of drinking water for supply after conventional treatment; d) Water usable by fisheries; e) Water usable by various process and cooling industries f) Water usable for irrigation.

B) Drinking Water Schedule 3 pH, DO (mg/L), BOD5 (mg/L), Total Coliform (CFU/100)

Sound Schedule 4 Standards for Sound (determined for Day (dBa); and Night (dBa) For the categories: a) Silent Zone; b) Residential Area; c) Mixed Area; d) Commercial Area; e) Industrial Area:

Sound originating Schedule 5 Standards of sound of Motor Vehicles (all types) (dBa) As measured: from Motor Vehicles - at a distance of 7.5 meters from exhaust pipe; - at a distance of 0.5 meter from exhaust pipe. Emissions from Schedule 6 Standard Limits for Emission of Motor Vehicles for the parameters of Black Smoke (Hartridge Motor Vehicles Smoke Unit (HSU)); Carbon Monoxide (gm/km percent area); Hydrocarbon (gm/km ppm); Oxides of Nitrogen (gm/km ppm)

Odour Schedule 8 Standards for odour for the parameters of Acetaldehyde; Ammonia; Hydrogen Sulfide; Methyl Disulfide; Methyl Sulfide; Styrene; Trim ethylamine.

Sewage Discharge Schedule 9 Standards for Sewage Discharge for the Parameters of BOD (mg/L); Nitrate (mg/L); Phosphate (mg/L); Suspended Solids (SS) (mg/L); Temperature (0C); Coliform (CFU/100 ml).

Waste water from Schedule 10 Standards for Waste from Industrial Units or Projects Waste for the given parameters for the Industrial Units or Places of Determination of Standards (BOD (mg/L); Nitrate (mg/L); Phosphate (mg/L); Projects Waste Suspended Solids (SS) (mg/L); Temperature (0C); Coliform (CFU/100 ml)): - Inland Surface Water; - Public Sewerage system connected to treatment at second stage; - Irrigated Land.

2.4.4 Institutional Capacity

The MoEF has the capacity to formulate policy, legislation, standards and review the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the development projects. The project is cleared by two committees. The Pourashava gives the site clearance by location clearance committee (LCC). The project is submitted to DoE for environmental clearance committee (ECC). The projects are implemented at local or Pourashava level and executed at central level. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) execute the projects on water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, etc. The environmental impact assessment is conducted by the consulting agencies by outsourcing. The sphere of LGED activities is for a better environment and health. Most of the engineers involved with design and construction activities are familiar with the environmental issues. LGED has also appointed an Executive level officer to look into the critical issues. The LGED is assisted by consultants for monitoring of environmental attributes and training. LGED has established a quality control lab where parameters related to water, waste water and soils can be monitored. However, there is a scope to train engineers at each level for conducting environmental impact assessment and preparation of management plans. Further, to avoid adverse negative environmental impacts of a proposed works, no contract tender should be launched before specific IEE / EIA based on final design is prepared, the EMP with the management measures is approved by DoE.

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CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 STUDY AREA Barguna is one of the coastal Districts located in the active part of Delta. Barguna Pourashava, established in 1973, is the district headquarters and the largest town of Barguna District. It is Located between 21°48‟ and 22°29‟ north latitudes and between 89°52‟ and 90°22‟ east longitudes. According to BBS, 2011, Barguna Pourashava currently consists of 9 wards and 18 mahallas and 51 Mouzas. The Pourashava area is enclosed by Khakdon River at the north side. It is bounded on the South- West and West by Barguna union, on the North by Gaurichana union and on the South-East and East by Burichar union. Besides, the area is bounded on the north by Mirzagonj upazila of Patuakhali upazila and Betagi upaliza, on the east by Amtali upazila, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Pathargatha and Bamna upazila.The pourashava is about 390 km from Dhaka towards the north-west direction, about 48 km from Patuakhali Town and about 90 km from Barisal City. The town is connected with Dhaka, Barisal and Patuakhahli by road and water transport. The total area of the pourashava is 15.57 sq. km, considered to be a medium sized town in the context of Bangladesh. Though it is not on the sea coast, it is considered to be a coastal town as it susceptible to have an impact of coastal effect due to climate change. It is on low lying area and its topography is more or less flat. Three major canals flows though Pourashava area – KoraitalaKhal, Varani Khal, AmtalaKhal, and falls to river Khagdon. These basically act as drainage canals (see Figure 8 for details).

Courtesy: Google Earth

Figure 8 Physical features of Barguna Pourashava

3.2 EXISTING EVIRONMENT 3.2.1 Sanitation facilities There is no data available regarding the type of sanitation facility currently available in Barguna. However, based JMP study 2017, municipal towns in Bangladesh on average has improved toilet (not shared) 53.7%, improved and shared toilet 28.6% and unimproved toilet 17.7%. Currently Barguna Pourashava does not have faecal sludge management system in place. At present, Barguna Pourashava does not provide any service for collection and disposal of faecal sludge. The Pourashava does not have any infrastructure for safe collection and transport of faecal sludge to be periodically collected from pits and septic tanks. The desludging is done informally by sanitary staff of Pourashava known as methors. The desludging is done manually and in a very unscientific and unhygienic manner posing severe health threat for people engaged in delivering the desludging services. In absence of dedicated disposal/treatment facility for faecal sludge, the collected sludge/septage from pits/septic tanks is indiscriminately dumped into nearby drains or water bodies. It

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is estimated that around 1900 cu.m of human excreta per year is disposed in low-lying areas, khals and water bodies.

As a result, residents of the municipality are affected by water and sanitation related diseases especially due to exposure to faecal contaminated water. See Figure 9, 10 and 11 for detailed sold waste collection, storage and dumping process in Barguna Pourashava4.

Figure 9 Existing solid waste collection process in Barguna Pourashava

Figure 11 Existing solid waste dumping process in Barguna Pourashava

Figure 10 Existing solid waste dumping process in Barguna Pourashava

4 Photo credit: Faizul Karim, CM, CTEIP, Barguna.

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3.2.2 Proposed site

The proposed IES site is 5.036 acre in size and located at the southern boundary of the PTI area, 0.50 km south of the Pourashava Ward No.04 boundary, 3.500 km south of the Pourashava core commercial and residential areas. The site is fallow and barren, without any structures or crop, which is bound by a dry khal which only revives during peak monsoon. Few vegetable farms have been

Figure 12 The proposed site for IES in Barguna Pourashava and vegetable farm beside the site seen around the proposed site (see Figure 12).

3.2.3 Current dumping system In baseline situation (2017), 61% of the waste is collected and disposed in a crude dumping manner and 38% of waste remains unmanaged 1% of the waste is recycled by informal sector. The project by 2018 shall be able to divert 30% of the generated waste for composting, 50 for landfilling 10% of inorganic waste shall be recycled by informal sector. In all 40 % will be recycled and 50 % will be landfilled. Remaining estimated 10% of waste will be disposed locally in the peripheral areas. Using this percentage of waste recycling, the current landfill site can be used upto 2040 i,e another 22 years.

The waste in the landfill shall be scientifically managed using „cut and fill‟ system (controlled landfill), where leachate water from waste, venting of landfill gas, impermeable matter introduced at the base as liner, daily cover material on the top fresh waste are considered to be handled scientifically. Out of 5.02 Acres of total land, 53% of the land is dedicated for landfill cells and internal roads. Allocation for land for other facilities is shown in Figure 3. As a mitigating measure, special consideration has been given to situate the landfill cells as far as possible from the highway in order to avoid potential inconveniences. The proposed facility can receive waste till 2040, and can be operated via an innovative management model. Examples of this include a municipally owned and municipally operated system, or a municipally owned and privately operated system.

3.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROPOSED PROJECT

3.3.1 Criteria for Site selection

The following criteria has been followed for the selection of the treatment site of faecal sludge and solid waste: Table 5 Selection criteria for proposed IES site

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3.3.2 Rationale for choice of technology (excerpt from DED)

Technology Choice The selection of the right technology for municipal waste management is important for local governments and operators. Source separation of municipal waste is required for proper recycling operation, such as organic (biodegradable) and inorganic (non- biodegradable). In most cases, technologies are prescribed without any consideration of the local context, and as a result the projects often fail. A combination of technologies has been proposed for the Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility (IL&RRF). Such as composting technique used to tackle vegetable and food wastes, biogas digesters for fish and meat waste, and recycling for dry organic waste of economic value. The key criteria to be considered before selecting the type of organic waste treatment system are as follows: Population Size and Waste Volume Based on population size and the daily waste volumes, a city can decide the scale of organic waste-recycling facilities. Larger cities with high waste volumes can consider more mechanical systems, as their higher operational costs may be recovered through increased revenues from the sale of compost, higher tipping fees, and carbon financing. Efforts should be made to find cost-effective solutions. Waste Composition The physical composition and chemical characteristics of the municipal waste will enable local government officials and private operators to decide which organic waste technology will be most suitable for a particular city. As indicated earlier, a significant (above 80%) portion of waste in Barguna is biodegradable organic waste, while the rest consists of inorganic recyclables and miscellaneous inert matter. Ratios vary from city to city, with more industrial and economically developed cities possibly containing more hazardous or construction waste material. DOE study (2013) has undertaken physical composition analysis of waste by collecting samples from households, markets, and from trucks arriving at landfill sites. The following table (Table 6) shows the average physical composition of solid waste for Class A, B and C municipalities; it is representative for Barguna which is a Class A municipality. Table 6 Physical composition of municipal waste

The large quantity of degradable organic contents present in the waste composition indicates the necessity for frequent collection and removal. This also indicates the potential of recycling of organic waste for resource recovery, such as composting and waste to energy projects using anaerobic digestion. Availability of Land The type of technology selected to cater to the amount of waste volumes is a factor in determining the amount of land required. However, as land scarcity is a major issue throughout the country, the facility is designed to divert significant part of waste from the landfill. Availability of Workers and Capacity An abundance of unskilled workers makes labor intensive technology more attractive for South Asian cities. In smaller cities, mechanized approaches should be avoided to minimize investment and operational costs. The health and safety of the workers must be considered, and personal protective equipment (e.g., hard hats, closed shoes, reflective wear, gloves,

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and masks) and occupational health and safety plans must be basic requirements in all facilities. Facilities should also promote the employment of women. Existing Policies Linked to Waste Management Policies conducive to promoting public, private, and community partnerships that also encourage waste reduction, recycling, and reuse are helpful. For example, without proper policy guidelines, source segregation of waste is difficult. Private investment in waste management and the recycling sector should be encouraged with up-front capital subsidies, incentives, and tax breaks, or reduced subsidies on chemical fertilizers or nonrenewable energy sources to create a level playing field for the organic waste product market. Greenhouse Gas Reduction It is estimated that direct emissions reductions from improved municipal organic waste management are 20%–98% for composting and 60%–100% for anaerobic digestion when compared to landfilling. Marketing of Product Financial sustainability of facilities relies on a dependable consumer market for selling organic end products (e.g., compost, biogas). For example, a compost or biogas plant that does not generate constant revenues from compost or electricity sales will not last. The following Table summarizes some of the key criteria for selecting the right technology.

Table 7 Criteria for selection of appropriate technology

3.3.3 Proposed system

It is suggested that for O & M of the landfill, composting and faecal sludge treatment facilities, the private sector will be involved. Currently, license-carrying operators of compost plants can sell compost for a price varying between BDT 6000-10,000/ton. The consultant‟s assessment shows that the landfill site can be designed and converted into an integrated facility, where the collected waste will be disposed of in a controlled manner, and the a significant portion of the waste shall be converted into a number of resources, such as compost, and inorganic recyclables etc. The proposed design of the landfill site is based on the physical observation of the site. Figure 13 gives a comparative analysis of the current and proposed system of landfill. The Resource Recovery Facility has the following advantages: • It promotes resource recovery and minimizes pollution and health hazards • It significantly improves the environmental condition of the landfill • It increases the lifespan of the landfill by diverting waste from the landfill site and converting waste into resource • It can generate revenue from profits made from waste recycling

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Figure 13 Comparative analysis of current and proposed system Source: DED CTEIP 2018

3.3.4 Proposed Integrated Landfill with Resource Recovery Facility (IL&RRF)

The primary objective of the proposed Landfill with Resource Recovery Facility is to provide effective control measures to prevent (or reduce as far as possible) negative effects on the environment, in particular the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, as well as the resulting risks to human health arising from land filling of waste. The fundamental objective of the proposed facility is to enhance sustainability and promote the 3Rs of waste (reduce, reuse and recycle). In baseline situation (2017), 61% of the waste is collected and disposed in a crude dumping manner and 38% of waste remains unmanaged 1% of the waste is recycled by informal sector. The project by 2018 shall be able to divert 30% of the generated waste for composting, 50 for landfilling 10% of inorganic waste shall be recycled by informal sector. In all 40 % will be recycled and 50 % will be landfilled. Remaining estimated 10% of waste will be disposed locally in the peripheral areas. Using this percentage of waste recycling, the current landfill site can be used up to 2040 i,e another 22 years.

The waste in the landfill shall be scientifically managed using „cut and fill‟ system (controlled landfill), where leachate water from waste, venting of landfill gas, impermeable matter introduced at the base as liner, daily cover material on the top fresh waste are considered to be handled scientifically. Out of 5.02 Acres of total land, 53% of the land is dedicated for landfill cells and internal roads. Allocation for land for other facilities is shown in Table 8. As a mitigating measure, special consideration has been given to situate the landfill cells as far as possible from the highway in order to avoid potential inconveniences. The proposed facility can receive waste till 2040, and can be operated via an innovative management model. Examples of this include a municipally owned and municipally Table 8 land allocation for proposed site

operated system, or a municipally owned and privately operated system.

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3.3.5 Design parameters

The following parameters (Table 9) are considered in the proposed design:

Table 9 Design parameters considered in the proposed site

3.3.6 Proposed Facilities

Controlled landfill cell The landfill cell will accept municipal waste. It will not accept industrial and hazardous waste. The landfill site has embankments on three sides and wall on one side. Design height of the landfill site is 5m from the existing ground level. Leachate Control To reduce leachate generation, control measures have been considered that will enable minimizing the quantities of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater entering the landfilled waste. These measures include soil cover and an impermeable material placed at the base. Contaminated water called leachate has been taken into consideration by the inclusion of a proper drainage system for collection, and in-facility treatment of leachate prior to discharge. Protection of Soil and Water An impermeable liner is suggested for the protection of soil, groundwater and surface water. The liner system will consist of a natural or artificially established clay/mineral layer combined with a geo-synthetic liner that must meet prescribed permeability and thickness requirements. Leachate Management Leachate collection system has been introduced to ensure that leachate accumulation at the base of the landfill is kept to a minimum. The leachate system will consist of a leachate collection pipe network to convey the leachate to a storage and treatment facility. Gas Control The accumulation and migration of landfill gas will be controlled. The most effective manner of managing landfill gas is to collect, treat and utilize it. Considering the cost implications, we have proposed venting it out. Environmental Nuisances Special consideration will be taken to minimize and control nuisances arising from the construction, operation, closure and aftercare phases of the landfill. Nuisances that may arise from landfilling include: noise, odors, dust, litter, birds, vermin, and fires. Stability: Stability of the landfill cells is considered with 1:2.5 ratio slope of the cell to avoid excessive settlement or slippages. The hydraulic uplift pressure on the lining system (due to groundwater) has been considered during the detailed structural design stage. Daily earth covering/capping system has been introduced to ensure stability against sliding. Internal Road Considering existing subsoil condition of the proposed site, the Internal RCC roads are designed to withstand heavy duty vehicles all-round the year, especially during monsoon season for uninterrupted operation. Visual Appearance and Landscape Consideration was given to the visual appearance of the landform during operation, at termination of landfilling, and its impact on the surrounding landforms. Operational and Restoration Requirements Infrastructural requirements during landfill operation and restoration have been considered. Landfill cells shall be developed on a phased basis. Site

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infrastructure includes the provision of: guard room, site accommodation, weighbridge, waste inspection area, wheel wash, site services, and security fencing. Enhancing the Lifespan of Landfill Landfill cells are designed considering the proper utilization of the decomposed old waste in the cell. There are 2 cells in the proposed facility. Considering the volume of each cell, daily incoming waste, and density of waste, each cell will take a minimum of 8-10 years to be filled up. Upper layers of the freshly disposed waste can be covered with old decomposed waste harvested from the dumpsites. Consequently, old cells will be incrementally emptied and can receive fresh incoming waste, thereby increasing the life of the landfill site and reducing the demand for new land requirement. Compost Plant A 3 tons/day capacity compost plant has been proposed at the initial stage. The earmarked land for the compost plant can accommodate total 7-8 tons/day in future. So, the compost plant will divert significant portion of the incoming waste for land filling. The facility can utilize significant portion of organic waste in a cost effective way. This compost plant is designed mainly focuses on `organic waste’ (fresh organic waste coming mainly from kitchens, restaurants, vegetable wholesale markets, parks and lawns). Three major activities are carried out in compost plant; they are `collection’ of segregated waste from the source, `processing’ of waste using aerobic compost technology, `marketing’ of resources produced from waste (Figure 14).

Figure 14 Typical composting process

In natural environments, the slow decomposition of organic matter by different microorganisms and invertebrates produces a black-brown earthy material called humus – a valuable component of good soils. Composting runs along the same lines, but is accelerated by optimized and controlled process parameters like input material, temperature, moisture, and pH. This distinguishes composting from natural decomposition. The quality of the input materials and certain biological and physical parameters has a major influence on the quality of the compost and on the occurrence of operational problems with the composting facility. A properly constructed compost pile can be compared to an interactive biological and ecological system. It contains various microorganisms dependent on the nutritional and environmental condition of the pile. It is important for composters to understand the physical, chemical and biological processes involved in the decomposition of biodegradable organic material. The solid material is the biodegradable waste, the moisture inside and outside of the waste is the liquid part and the air in the gaps between the solid particles the gaseous phase. All three constituents play a key role in the composting process, as the main activity of microorganisms can be observed at the interfaces of these three phases. Microorganisms can only make use of dissolved nutrients found in the liquid phase. However, they require oxygen for their metabolism, which they draw from the air in the gaps.

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3.3.7 Operation and Maintenance requirement

The O&M requirements for the proposed site are given in Table 10.

Module Operational Requirements Maintenance Requirements

Screen Chamber  Ensure the flow of sludge into the  Cleaning the solid waste and debris from the base and chamber is at the required pressure screen once in a week or as and when found in excess to avoid splashing  Inlet and outlet pipe of the chamber to be cleaned for debris or sludge deposits regularly (once a week)  Cleaned debris and solid waste needs to be properly disposed off in the nearby land fill area Unplanted Drying  Feeding of the defined volume of  Emptying of beds is carried out once in 15 days (designed Bed sludge into the designated period) compartment of the UPDB as per the  Cleaning of drainage pipes needs to be carried out once in time frame defined a year or whenever found clogged  Feeding frequency and drying period  Repair of any wear and tear in the civil structure for each compartment of the drying beds are followed as per the design Sludge percolate  Ensure pumping of wastewater from  Regular maintenance of the pump and accessories for treatment trickling the effluent tank regularly (preferably wear and tear or whenever found not working filter automatic pumping using level  Repair of any wear and tear in the civil structure controller) to the trickling  In Trickling Filter the incoming pre-treated wastewater is  In case of power failure or pump „trickled‟ over the filter, e.g., with the use of a tumbler with failure use standby pump (portable alternate rotation cycle. In this way, the filter media goes motor mounted) to discharge the through cycles of being dosed and exposed to air. water out of effluent tank However, oxygen is depleted within the biomass and the inner layers may be anoxic or anaerobic.  A skilled operator is required to monitor the filter and repair the pump in case of problems. The sludge that accumulates on the filter must be periodically washed away to prevent clogging and keep the bio film thin and aerobic. High hydraulic loading rates (flushing doses) can be used to flush the filter. Optimum dosing rates and flushing frequency should be determined from the field operation. The packing must be kept moist. This may be problematic at night when the water flow is reduced or when there are power failures.

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION

As mentioned earlier in this report, the construction of the proposed works, as per ECA 1997 classification and ADB SPS 2009 categorization, falls in Bangladesh environmental category Red and in ADB SPS category B, respectively. As a consequence of the construction of the proposed works, which entails improvement of existing infrastructure and existing RoWs (Right of Way), there is no problem due to land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement. The environmental issues related to construction are anticipated during construction phase. IEE has, hence, been conducted following ECA, Bangladesh and ADB SPS 2009. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and by adopting environmentally sound engineering and construction practices as referred to in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

3.5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Various options were explored during the IEE stage of the proposed water supply instalment/improvement project and were weighed from all considerations such as cost, environment, and ease of implementation and maximum utilization of available infrastructure. The aim of alternative analysis has been to arrive at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The two alternatives were considered “No Project Scenario” and “With Project Scenario”. More alternatives are presented along with environmental management plan.

3.5.1 Without Project Alternative

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The „No Project Option‟ in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option may be suitable alternative from an environmental perspective as it ensures non- interference with the existing environmental conditions. This option will however, involve several losses on socioeconomic condition to the local population. The management of solid waste by the Barguna Pourashava is not satisfactory. The local population will continue to face the constraints they are currently experiencing due to inefficient solid waste management system and open dumping. The „No Project Option‟ is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors:  The socio economic and water/air borne diseases health status of the Barguna residents would remain unchanged;  The local skills such as planner, plumbing and construction would remain under-utilized as no employment opportunities will be created for local population who would have otherwise worked at the project area;  Reduced health and sanitation state due to current bad condition of the solid waste management system;  Opportunity to exploit tourism will not change; and  No project scenario case will also avoid social impacts due to the implementation of the project.

3.5.2 With Project Alternative

Implementation of the project will contribute to socioeconomic and health improvement and will have positive impacts on residents‟ life quality. The „With Project Alternative‟ has the following advantages:  There will be improved and assured health and sanitation facilities to the residents of the Barguna Pourashava.  Health and sanitation will stimulate socio-economic development of the area. The inadequate waste management is major deterrent to health and sanitation improvement in the area.  Soil waste management infrastructure will also result in savings on health facilities due to water/air borne disease.  The project will provide cleaner and improved sanitation facilities in the locality. This alternative will have positive impact on land use (i.e., no open dumping), trees, noise and air qualities during construction phases.

3.6 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

The proposed technological options for the IES site are presented in Table 10 Table 10 Proposed Technological options for IES site

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3.7 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

Construction schedule of IES depends on the methodology adopted for construction. In general, the time period will also depend on the resources put in place by the contractor. Designs are fully finalized. The package for the construction of the Barguna IES is proposed to be implemented by post-qualified contractors under a single envelope single stage bidding process through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) procedures. The IES project may take about 18 months for construction. A Typical Construction Schedule is shown in Table 11 including pre-construction and post construction activities. The post construction will also include defect liability period of 12 months.

Table 11Typical IES project implementation schedule Duration (in months) Pre- Construction Post- Activity construction construction

2 4 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 42 48 ------0 3 5 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 37 43

Detail designs, Tender documents and BOQ Notice inviting Tender, Tender process evaluation & award

Mobilization and Preliminary works Community/ Public Awareness Campaign

Earthworks and Clearance of site Construction of Landfill Cells

Construction of Composting Plant Facility

Construction of Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant

Facility Construction of Amenity Buildings/ Out Building

Works Construction of Integrated Landfill and Resource

Recovery Facilities/ Internal Roads & Drainage Procurement of equipment / vehicles

Capacity Building: Pourashava Staff,

Community Post Construction: Liquidated Liability period Commissioning Testing and Handover of and hand-over of systems / facilities: SWM; Collection; FSM Review EoI‟s and possible Third party: operations / maintenance

3.8 COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES & MONITORING The project components are part of IES comprising of a compost plant, pump house, drying bed, effluent plant, coco peat filter, landfill cell and embankment, underground tank, internal roads etc.The Sub-project components also include the following:

 SWM: Transfer Stations;  Construction of Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facilities;

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 Third party: operations / maintenance and hand-over of systems / facilities: Public Toilet; Integrated Landfill; SWM Collection and FSM facility; and  Procurement of equipment and vehicles.

The contract is designated as CTEIP/BAR/IES/01. Capacity Building of Pourashava Staff and Community members, along with related Community/ Public Awareness Campaigns shall also be conducted by ICCDC as part of the CTEIP programme. The environmental monitoring cost is estimated as Tk. 590,000 while environmental management cost is Tk. 200,000. The total cost of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan is Tk. 390,000 (excluding those included in the cost of IES design). This APPENDIX E: IEE is to be read in conjunction with the attached Appendix F: EMP, which gives a detailed breakdown of the costs for the Environmental Management and Monitoring, which are also referred in the attached Bill of Quantities (BoQ).

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CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINES 4.1 METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE BASELINE STUDY 4.1.1 Primary data Visits were undertaken to the subproject sites toward assessing the existing environment (physical, biological, and socioeconomic) and gathering information in respect of the proposed sites and scale of the proposed subproject. A separate socio-economic study was conducted to determine the demographic information, archeological and religious places, densely populated pockets, and settlements. The methods used for primary data collection were:

 Transect walk, field GPS measurement, photographic records, need basis environmental survey, observations

4.1.2 Secondary data Data were collected during the above site visits and were analyzed based upon which interpretations were made to assess the physical, biological, and socio-economic features of the project area. The relevant information is presented in the subsequence paragraphs.

Data for this study has been primarily collected through comprehensive literature survey, discussion with stakeholder agencies, and field visits to the proposed subproject sites. The literature survey broadly covered the following:

 subproject details, reports, maps, and other documents available with the ADB CDTA PPTA and DDS consultants, LGED, and Barguna Pourashava information available at websites;  relevant acts and extraordinary gazettes, and guidelines issued by Government of Bangladesh agencies; and  literature on land use, soil, geology, hydrology, climate, socioeconomic profiles, and environmental planning documents collected from Government of Bangladesh agencies and websites.  Web search for literature. 4.2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1 Topography and landform A topographic and physical feature survey of Barguna was conducted by the Sheltech consultants Pvt. Ltd. (SCPL) in 2009 to 2010. Barguna Pourashava area is flat with slightly higher land at its central part; the lowest spot height is 1.17 m and the highest spot height is 3.4 m PWD. Average height of land in Barguna is 1.67 m. A substantial part of the town (116 ha) is covered by water bodies like river, ponds, ditches and khals. Some water body areas especially ditches are not under water throughout the year. But some ponds have water all year round. These latter water bodies act as water reservoirs in the area. The Pourashava area is located on the southern part of Bengal Basin making a part of Barisal Gravity High. The sedimentary layers are mostly horizontal to sub-horizontal and are free from major tectonic deformation in the fore deep area covering the central part of the basin and this is expressed as river to delta plain topography of the land. 4.2.2 Rainfall and Temperature Barguna has a tropical monsoonal climate with an annual average rainfall of 2,758 mm against Bangladesh annual average rainfall of 2,286 mm. The seasonal distribution shows that most of the rainfall occurs in monsoon season amounting to 2,079 mm against Bangladesh monsoon rainfall of about 1,656 mm/year which is 60.0% of annual rainfall. Rainfall exhibits increasing trend in all seasons. The geographic distribution of annual rainfall shows that the coastal zone experiences around 2000-3500 mm of rainfall, but it is relatively higher over the south-eastern coastal zone and gradually decreases towards the west. Over the areas containing the study towns the annual rainfall is around 2400-3000 mm (Figure 13). The deficit and excess rainfall from normal becomes critical causing droughts and floods.

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Figure 15 Historical Rainfall and temperature records of Barguna Source: www.meteoblue.com

Annual average temperature in Barguna is about 25 °C with monthly means varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August.

The Bangladesh delta has number of geological factors such as land subsidence and deposition. The studies have indicated subsidence and sedimentation rate around 3 mm/year. TA 8128 BAN (PPTA) has indicated the net sea rise for Bangladesh between 29.4 cm to 39.4 cm in year 2050. Because of sea level rise the height of storm surge as well as tide level will increase. The surge level may reach up to 9.4 m in 2050. In case this event occurs at high tide the surge height may increase by another 2 m. The climate change results are summarized in Table 12.

Table 12 Projections Climate Change in Project Area in Years

Year PPTA (ADB)5 Sea level Rise Temperature Rise Change in Rainfall (cm) (0C) (%) 2010 3.5-5.5 0.49-0.51 3.6-3.8 2030 15-21 1.38-1.42 13.5-18.7 2050 29-39 1.98-2.35 22.3-24.7 *Source: PPTA, CTEIP, (2014) 4.2.3 Hydrology Normal tide level in the subproject area is 2.69 m PWD as compared to the average elevation of the land here which is 1.67 m PWD. A number of khals run through the Pourashava which serve as drainage arteries. There are approximately 20 km of drains in the Pourashava. The drainage system is not well planned despite undergoing improvement as part of the DANIDA project. As the system is under-designed even with relatively little rainfall, the drains overflow. Minor flooding is observed during periods of heavy rain due to inadequate drainage. More severe flooding occurs when there is an extreme tide and water flows back up the drains.

4.2.4 Drainage and Flood Control Field surveys were done for the inventory of canals and drains in Barguna Pourashava considering necessary issues like existing conditions, re-excavation of silted up canals and widening to their right- of-way (RoW), making new street drains etc., with a view to prepare preliminary designs and cost estimates. The survey was done during the PPTA study October 20136. The detailed inventory of the drains was assessed with the assistance of Pourashava engineers.

5TA 8128 BAN (PPTA): Preparing Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project : Final Report Annex-Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation Strategy 6 TA-8128 BAN (PPTA): Preparing Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project. FINAL REPORT, VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT, October 2013

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Drainage plays a vital role in the management of soil (salinity, soil health) in the region. As per the SRDI (1988), the drainage characteristics have been divided into six classes from the agriculture point of views. Total area of the NCA is under poorly drained condition i.e., the soil remains under water from 15 days to 7/8 months and water is drained from the soil slowly. In most cases, the land remains wet/water logged for a considerable period of time after the rainy season. Poorly drained condition of the soil indicates that the removal of water in rainy/ moon soon season is the main constraint for growing dry land crops in the polder area7.

4.2.5 Ambient Air Quality People Pourashava do not face the problem of air pollution severely. Air pollution mainly occurs from wood burning. These industries have been identified as main source of air pollution. Wood based industries are prevalent in Barguna Pourashava. There are few structures which are using for different industrial purpose such as saw mill, ice mill and rice mill. There also are other industries such as plastic industries, plastic products, poultry farms, broiler industry, textiles, and fish processing industry ware house and other mills or factories. These industries and factories mostly are within the residential areas and create sound and noise and pollute water and air. Besides, a number of heavy vehicles (highway bus and truck) move through the road and extract some pollutant particle that also causes air pollution.

As there are no major air pollution sources, the air quality of Barguna Pourashava, in general, is within acceptable limits. The air quality testing was performed in Barguna Pourashava in 2017 through the Environmental Testing and Monitoring of CTEIP implemented Contracts. Results of the air quality monitored at the sub-projects location have been showed in below. Refer to Table 13 for results of air quality test showing that the ambient air quality parameters of locations for Barguna are within National Standard for Bangladesh.

Table 13 Ambient Air Quality in Barguna Pourashava

Parameter BD Spot #1 Spot #2 Spot #3 Spot #4 Unit Standard PM2.5 65 19.67 27.68 22.44 29.23 PM10 150 95.89 101.76 107.23 107.23 SPM µgm-3 200 104.45 98.08 115.43 115.43 SO2 365 21.30 23.56 21.68 21.68 NOx 100 23.67 29.43 33.23 33.23 CO ppm 10 <1 <1 <1 <1 Source: CTEIP Environmental Test Report, July 2017

4.2.6 Ambient Noise The proposed sites of the sub-project sanitation components are in built-up areas of Barguna within residential, commercial and institutional establishments. Volume of traffic passing through these sections is not significant and traffic jams are very much infrequent. However, vehicular movement can be considered as a major cause of noise pollution. The proposed site of the sub-project management components is in peri-urban areas of Barguna within where vehicular movement can be considered as a minor cause of noise pollution. Hence, two primary sources of noise have been identified in the sub-project area:

 Traffic: Road traffic is one of the major noise sources in the sub-project area. The sub-project area is common route of transportation for several Pourashavas. This Pourashava road carries a relatively high volume of both motorized and non-motorized vehicles, resulting in road traffic noise impacts along the road corridors.  Commercial Areas: There are several commercial and refreshment areas where always significant number of people gather and makes chaos continuously. This is another source of noise pollution within the sub-project area.

7 Revised Final Report on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on Rehabilitation of Polder 43/2F. Blue Gold Program. June 2015. CEGIS.

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Noise level has been monitored in Barguna Pourashava during day and night time. Results of the noise level monitored along with details of the sampling locations, as given in Table 14.

Table 14 Ambient Noise Level in Barguna Pourashava

Location Land use category Noise level (dBA) Day Night Spot #1 Commercial 55.76 56.99 Spot #2 Residential 66.91 53.01 Spot #3 Residential 55.57 56.71 Spot #4 Commercial 63.97 59.42 Source: CTEIP Environmental Test Report, July 2017

Note: a. Land use category is based on the classification provided in the Noise Pollution Control Rules (2006) b. Red marked cells indicate noise levels in excess of Noise Pollution Control Rules ambient noise limits for a given land use area c. The sound level standards for residential area at day and night are 55 dBA and 45 dBA respectively. d. Noise Level is the average noise recorded over the duration of the monitoring period

4.2.7 Groundwater Quality and Availability The water table in the Barguna varies generally from 1.5 m to 3.0 m and does not go beyond suction limit. Shallow hand tube wells are used by the general population to abstract water from the ground. But most of the water from hand tube wells is iron and saline contaminated, and in some cases arsenic contaminated8. Consequently, most of the tube well water is not used for drinking, but used for other domestic purposes.

The hydro-geological investigation in Barguna was carried out under the DPHE-DANIDA WSS Project shows underground water of sufficient quantity is available within the area. The water quality from all of the test results indicates that aquifer is confined and fully protected by an impermeable layer. The potential abstraction rate and acceptable water quality make the aquifer suitable for the Pourashava water supply. The water in the deep aquifer in Barguna is also severely saline contaminated. The deep aquifer salinity data, collected from BWDB Groundwater Circle, show that the salinity level in the groundwater is much higher than the Bangladesh Standard. Available data on the water quality of the deep aquifer indicate that the deep groundwater is highly saline and unsuitable as a source for municipal water supply.

The lithological study of the coastal region (including the sub-project area) shows that the shallow aquifers occur up to 150m depth where the deeper aquifers occur at 200 to 300m depth (GWTF, 2001). According the GWTF (2002), the groundwater aquifers of the sub-project area falls in to South West Region-Unit 3: Coastal Plain and coastal deltaic Plain with Mangrove Forest where arsenic contamination may be present in shallow aquifers. The lithology of the coastal islands of Patuakhali shows that the shallow aquifers occurred up to 150m depth are made of medium to fine sand with clay cover. Deep aquifers are made of coarse to medium sand with extensive clay cover and confined in nature (GWTF, 2002). The deeper aquifers are early to mid-Pleistocene deposited (UNDP, 1982). The average depth of fresh groundwater for drinking purpose in the sub-project area is between 250m and 300m. Ground water quality was tested from the existing tube well of the Barguna Pourashava area. The observed parameters are Arsenic (As), Chloride, EC, Hardness, Iron (Fe), Manganese, pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Groundwater sample was collected from the subproject area and pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was tested in the field. Groundwater quality result of the existing tube well is given in Table 15. The water exhibit high concentration of TSS which is expected in

8 Groundwater used for drinking in many areas of Bangladesh has been reported to have contamination by arsenic above the Bangladesh National Standard of 50 parts per billion (ppb). The percentage of contaminated tube wells in villages varies from more than ninety percent to less than five percent. Geographically, the tube wells in the delta and the flood plains regions, which comprise 72% of the land area, are more or less affected by arsenic contamination. Arsenic contaminated aquifers have no regular pattern, varies both horizontally and vertically within short distances.

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coastal waters9. Coastal waters are saline and due to the existence of huge estuaries sedimentation is a common feature in the region. Mainly saline waters and sediment contribute to high TSS in the coastal waters. Fecal coliform and Total Coliform also exceeded the BD standards in most cases which is severely hazardous to human health

Table 15 Groundwater Quality in Barguna Pourashava

Parameters Unit BD Standard Spot #1 Spot #2 Spot #3 Spot #4 pH 6.5-8.5 8.5 7.9 8.7 8.6 TDS mg/L 1000 450 510 500 50 TSS mg/L 10 13.9 87 23.4 47.5 Turbidity NTU 10 3.89 0.65 0.81 0.43 Fecal Coliform (FC) Counts/100mg 0 0 25 22 61 Total Coliform (TC) Counts/100mg 0 0 31 25 72 Source: CTEIP Environmental Test Report, July 2017

4.2.8 Surface Water Quality Four major water quality parameters (pH, TDS, Temp., and DO) were measured in the region in May 2014 from eight different locations by CEGIS under the Blue Gold programme10. The pH values were higher than neutral scale (pH=7) which means that the water in these locations was alkaline in nature during May. Values of TDS were found within a lower range at the ponds inside the polder, as tidal water could not enter into them. Values of DO were mostly found close to the standards set by the DoE for both irrigation (5 to 6 mg/l) and fishing (5 mg/l). Temperature values varied within a typical range for different locations as samplings were made in different periods of the day. See Table 16 for details.

Table 16 Surface water quality in Barguna region

Source: CEGIS 2014. See Footnote 10 for reference.

4.2.9 Biological Environment Soil environment Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. It is very important for agriculture crop production. Maximum area in the Barguna region is covered with clay texture (64%) and the rest is clay loam texture (36%)11.Geographically, the soil can be classified into three: the Ganga Polol, the Mixed Ganga Polol and the Ganga Kotal Polol. While northern part is appropriate for good crop production, soils in the south are both saline and clayey. The soils of the region become very slightly

9 Park GS. (2007) The role and distribution of total suspended solids in the macrotidal coastal waters of Korea. Environ Monit Assess. 2007 Dec; 135(1-3):153-62. 10 Revised Final Report on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on Rehabilitation of Polder 43/2F. Blue Gold Program. June 2015. CEGIS. 11 CEGIS estimation from SOLARIS-SRDI, 2006. Please refer to Footnote 10 for reference.

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saline in the dry season (Jan-May). The soil and water salinity gradually increases with dryness from January and reached maximum level in the month April-May and then decreases due to onset of monsoon rainfall. From the SRDI soil salinity data, it is found that over the periods soil salinity inside the region is not increases. Agro-ecological zone According to the physiography, ecosystem features and species diversity, IUCN Bangladesh have identified Barguna to belong to the bio-ecological zone of the Ganges Flood Plain (Figure 14).Barguna has large areas of water bodies and vegetation. The Pourashava is free from any large scale carbon emission as there is an extremely small number of vehicular transport and smoke emitting industries in the Pourashava. However, its river water is contaminated by salinity due to direct link with the sea. Most of its groundwater is also saline due to saline water intrusion into the aquifer.

Figure 16 Agro-ecological zone of Bangladesh (Source: IUCN)

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4.2.10 Terrestrial ecology Homestead vegetation Homestead is one of the most important natural resource bases of Bangladesh having huge number of diversified plant species. Homestead plants play an important role for the livelihoods of people living in the polder area. Majority of the people of polder area largely depend on homestead production for their survival. About one third of the total income of the household was used to earn directly from the homestead outputs. Most of the homestead consists of fruit yielding plant, medicinal plants, vegetables and timber trees. According to the vegetation survey, homestead vegetation of this polder is exclusively dominated by Narikel (Cocos nucifera), Supari (Areca catechu), Tal (Boassus flabelifer) and Babla (Acacia nilotica) trees. The same species occupied top canopy of the vegetation layers. Among the other species, Aam (Mangifera indica), Kola (Musa sp), Mahogoni (Swietenia mahagoni), Khejur (Phoneix sylvestirs), Sil Koroi (Albizia procera) etc. are alsocommon. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp) and Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformes) are the common exotic species. Shrubs and herbs occupy lower canopies. Bamboo bushes are commonly found in each homestead. The homestead vegetation is important place for wildlife dwelling (See Figure 15).

Many species of undergrowth wild plants are found in homestead vegetation and village groves. Among this type, Swetkan (Euphorbia thymifolia), Bhui amla (Phylanthus niruri), Nata (Caesalpinia bonduc), Dudhikalmi (Ipomoea alba) are common. Major homestead plants including their status and importance are presented in Table 17.

Table 17 List of homestead plants found in Barguna

Canopy Canopy Local and scientific name Family name Abundance Layers height (ft) Upper canopy 40-50 Rendi Koroi (Albizia saman) Leguminosae H Sil Koroi (Albizia procera) Leguminosae H Middle canopy 30-40 Narikel (Cocos nucifera) Palmae H Suparee(Areca catechu) Palmae H Mahogoni (Swietenia mahogoni) Meliaceae M Tal (Boassus flabelifer) Palmae H Akasmoni (Acacia moniliformis) Mimosaceae M Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) Elaeocarpaceae M Bash (Bamboosa sp.) Gramineae M Siso (Dalbergia sissoo) Fabaceae M Upper bole 20-30 Aam (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae M Jambura (Ciitrus grandis) Rutaceae H Khajur (Phonix sylvestris) Palmae H Amra (Spondias dulcis) Anacardiaceae H Peyara (Psitium guajava) Myrtaceae M Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Moraceae M Nim (Azadirachta indica) Meliaceae M Jamrul (Syzygium samarangense) Myrtaceae H Kadom(Anthochephalous kadamba) Rubiaceae M Lower canopy 10-20 Kola (Musa sp) Musaceae H Chalta ( Dillenia indica ) Dilleniaceae M Source: Consultant’s observation and compilation from secondary sources (Note: Abundance Code, H= High, M= Medium, L= Low)

Embankment /Village road and bank side vegetation

Major species found along the village road are:Sirish (Albizia odoratissima), Tal (Boassus flabelifer), Narikel (Coccos nucifera), Suparee (Areca catechu), Khejur (Phoenix sylvestris), Kola (Musa sp), etc. Jiga (Lennea coromandelica), Akand (Calotropis procera), Vaant (Clerodendron viscossum), Hatisur

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(Heliotropium indicum) are common wild shrubs and herbs sighted along most of the roadsides (See Figure 15).

Embankment is exclusively dominated by Sirish (Albizia odoratissima) Narikel (Coccos nucifera), Suparee (Areca catechu), Tal (Boassus flabelifer), Khajur (Phonix sylvestris), and Kola (Musa sp). These plants are mostly planted by villagers for providence of timber and fuel wood. Vegetation of this

Figure 17 Local homestead vegetation in Barguna IES site (Source: Field visit 2017) type supports good habitats for local avifauna.

4.2.11 Aquatic ecology Barguna is one of the newly Stalinized areas of the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Unplanned and over- extraction of groundwater has caused depletion of the freshwater layer above a depth of 400 m. In addition, saltwater intrusion into the aquifer is increasing steadily during the dry season. Higher salinity causes contagious diseases.

Aquatic habitats area includes external rivers, internal channels and homestead ponds. Wetlands provide necessary nutrients to the entire ecosystem. Seasonal wetlands are mainly flood plains, which are inundated in the monsoon. Moreover, nearby seasonal aquaticeco systems are abounded not only with numerous aquatic flora but also with many aquatic wildlife species including birds, fish amphibians and reptiles. Aquatic ecosystems of this polder may be classified into following major categories:

 The surrounding rivers  Internal canals  Homestead‟s ponds and ditches  River foreshore.

The surrounding rivers are the mainstreams of aquatic life form that carry regular tidal flow and distribute its influence inside the polder through internal canals and tributaries. Homestead ponds are normally use for domestic purposes. Ditches exist between settlement and crop fields, which bear comparatively high diversity of plant population. Internal canals possess luxurious growth of dense marginal vegetation. All major canals are connected with surrounding tidal rivers. River foreshore is confined and difficult to distinct from the homesteads and the rivers. The common aquatic plants found in the region are:Kochu (Colocasia esculenta), Kochuripana (Eichhornia crassipes), Kutipana (Azolla pinnata), Dhol Kolmi (Ipomoea aquatic), Helencha (Enhyra flactuans), Khudipana (Lemna perpusilla), Topapana (Pistia stratiotes) etc (Figure 16).

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Figure 18 Kochuripana (Eichhornia crassipes)and Helencha (Enhyra flactuans) commonly seen on the project location

Fisheries

The area is tidal in nature and the fish habitats of Barguna area are primarily classified under two broad categories, such as capture and culture fishery. Capture fisheries habitats include Peripheral River, tidal floodplain, intertidal floodplain and internal khals. The open water fish habitats of the area are internal khals and floodplain which are acting as major arteries of fish migration into the area. These are playing vital role in maintaining fisheries productivity of the open water fish habitats inside the polder area. The culture fishery of the polder area is dominated by cultivable fish pond. The Periphery Rivers are Paira and Gulishakhali is located on the west-north part of the polder. These rivers are having potentials of appearing saline and brackish habitat and diversified with different fresh and brackish water fish habitats.

The study area is moderate in fish biodiversity though the biodiversity of fishes has the declining trend over the years. Local people reported that about 100 numbers of fish species are available in the area. The study area comprises an assemblage of both fresh and brackish water fish species (photo below). Checklist of the fishes of different habitats reported by local fishermen is analyzed to draw an indicative scenario Baila,Chanda, Mola, Shol, Taki, Puti, Koi, Shing etc are dominant fresh water fish species. And the dominant cultured fish species include Tilapia, Rui, Catla, Pungus, Bighead, Silver carp, Thai sarputi etc. List of fishes of different habitat in the study area are presented in Table 18. A list of locally found species with conservation significance is presented at Table 19.

Table 18 List of available fisheries species in Barguna

Habitat type Scientific Name Local Name Periphery River Khal Fish pond Brackish water fisheries Polynemous paradiseus Tapasi / Muni H L NA Sillaginopsis panijus Tolar dandi H L NA Scylla serrata Kankra H H NA Macrobrachium rosenbergii Golda chingri L L H Metapenaeus monoceros Horina Chingri H M NA Penaeus monodon Bagda chingri M L H Fresh Water Fish Species Clarius batrachus Magur NA L NA Mystus vittatus Tengra M M NA Macrognathus pancalus Chirka baim M L NA Macrognathus aral Tara baim M M NA Lepidocephalus guntea Gutum L L NA Channa punctatus Taki L L NA Channa striatus Shol NA L L

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Habitat type Scientific Name Local Name Periphery River Khal Fish pond Puntius chola Chola puti NA L L Channa marulius Gojar NA L L Wallago attu Boal L L NA Aorichthyes seenghala Guijja Ayre M L NA Puntius sophore Datina puti L NA NA Glossogobius giuris Baila M L L Eutropiichthyes vacha Bacha M L L Culture Fish Species Telapia nilotica Telapia NA L H Labeo rohita Rui L NA M Catla catla Catla P L M Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver Carp NA NA H Puntius suchi Sharputi NA NA H Ctenopharyngodon idellus Grass Carp NA NA L Source: Consultant’s compilation from field visit and literature review Note: Abundance Code: H= High; M= Medium; L= Low; NA= Not available

Table 19List of fisheries species with conservation significance

Scientific Name Local Name Local Status Rare Unavailable Aorichthyes aor Ayre √ Nandus nandus Veda / Roina √ Notopterus chitala Chital √ Notopterus notopterus Foli √ Channa marulius Gojar √ Macrobrachium rosenbergii Golda chingri √ Source: Consultant’s compilation from field visit and literature review

4.2.12 Farming Practices Farming practices in Barguna area are largely controlled by physical, biological, climatologic and socioeconomic factors. Agricultural crops are grown by cropping seasons. There are two distinct cropping seasons in a year. They are the Kharif and the Rabi seasons. The Kharif season starts from March and ends in October while the Rabi season starts from November and ends in February. Based on crop adaptability and crop culture, the Kharif season has been further sub-divided into Kharif-I (March-June) and Kharif-II (July-October) season.

The Kharif-I season is characterized by high temperature, low humidity, high evaporation, high solar radiation and uncertainty of rainfall of low alternating dry and wetspells. In this season, HYV Aus crops are grown. The Kharif-II season is characterized by high rainfalls, lower temperatures, high humidity, low solar radiation and high floods that recede towards the end of the season. Rice is the predominant crop grown during this season due to the submergence of soil. Excessive soil moisture also restricts other crops suitable for a high temperature regime. High Yielding Varieties (HYV Aman) rice crops are grown in Kharif-II season in Barguna.

During Rabi season, crops are favored with high solar radiation, low humidity, salinity and temperature, but lack of adequate soil moisture depresses the crop yield because of very low or evens no rainfall throughout the season. Wide ranges of crops can be grown in this season. Major crops grown in this season of Barguna area are Kheshari, Lentil, Mungbean, Sesame, Chilli, Sunflower, Ground nut, Mustard and Potato (Figure 17). However, there are occasional overlaps such that Kharif-I crops (HYV Aus) are harvested in Kharif-II season, Kharif-II season crops (Aman rice) are harvested in Rabi season and Rabi season crop are harvested in Kharif-I season.

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Figure 19 During Rabi season Chilli (left) & Mustard (right) is commonly cultivated in Barguna region

4.2.13 Economic Development

The Pourashava has insufficient capacity and resources and is finding it difficult to respond to the need for forward planning and investment in basic urban infrastructure and services. This undercuts sustainable local urban governance, makes local planning ineffective and undermines local economic development. The impact of climate change further exacerbates the weaknesses in municipal management more generally

Besides, as a coastal region town, Barguna is under severe threat of climate change impact. It is likely to face the following potential climate change impacts:

 There will be an increase in the number and severity of tropical cyclones, causing damage to property and life. Cyclone-induced surge and flooding will cause damage to agriculture and water bodies. Agriculture will be affected leading to an increase in rural-urban migration of the unemployed poor. More funds will have to be injected to tackle unemployment and poverty.  The major source of vulnerability for Barguna Pourashava arising from climate change is due to the lack of basic services, especially water supply, sanitation and waste management.  Unplanned development, lack of control over development arising from a lack of attention to urban planning, will cost dearly in the long run.  As identified in the PPTA report, reliance on climate dependent livelihoods will be one of the major causes of vulnerability for Barguna‟s population. Poverty reduction should be a major target of development.

Emerging issues

While there is a lack of infrastructure for drainage, roads, solid waste, water supply and sanitation, identification of the resilience dimensions and prioritization of goals for development would be the major tasks for climate resilient

The Pourashava has insufficient capacity and resources and is finding it difficult to respond to the need for forward planning and investment in basic urban infrastructure and services. This undercuts sustainable local urban governance, makes local planning ineffective and undermines local economic development. The impact of climate change further exacerbates the weaknesses in municipal management more generally integrated urban development in the Pourashava.

4.2.14 Socio-economic Characteristics a) Population

Information on population and number of households with average size of Barguna Pourashava is presented in Table 20.

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Table 20 BargunaPourashava population data

Administrative Area Households Population Average Density Unit (km2) (nos.) HH Size (per km2) Total Male Female Barguna Pourashava 15.57 7,353 32,235 16,697 15,538 4.38 2070 Ward No - 01 7.89 1002 4118 2148 1970 4.11 522 Ward No - 02 5.85 1057 5209 2836 2373 4.93 890 Ward No - 03 0.46 904 4272 2253 2019 4.73 9287 Ward No - 04 0.26 805 3543 1863 1680 4.40 13627 Ward No - 05 0.26 884 3801 1837 1964 4.30 14619 Ward No - 06 0.12 431 1897 932 965 4.40 15808 Ward No - 07 0.20 708 2769 1504 1265 3.91 13845 Ward No - 08 0.27 868 3609 1839 1770 4.16 13367 Ward No - 09 0.26 694 3017 1485 1532 4.35 11604 Source: BBS Community Report, Zilla: Barguna, 2011. b) Livelihoods status

According to secondary sources12Barguna area is comprised of different occupations. Although agriculture is still the mainstay of the economy, the area provides varied sources of livelihood which are not commonly observed in other parts of Bangladesh. At present, most of the population is engaged in agriculture sector (83%).These occupational groups are mainly farmer, agriculturallabor,fishers,daylaborsetc.About12% population is engaged in salaried service sectorandonly5%isengaged in industry, petty trade, handicrafts and other manual sectors c) Land ownership status

Landownership pattern can be an indicator to understand the poverty incidence in a given area. Statistics shows that in Barguna region there are 76% smallholders, 19% medium and only 5% large landholders (BBS 2009). In the study area, arable land is mainly used for crop production. Generally small and medium holders cultivate variety of crops at those lands. They cannot produce crops or paddy due to drainage congestion. The large farmers are mostly from absentee category. They usually are living in the Patuakhali sadar or Barguna and appoint caretaker to take care their land.

d) Other Existing Amenities for Community Welfare

According to field observations, there are 4 union health complexes and 13 community clinics. These health services are not adequately functioning. As a result, local people are to receive health service and facility from peripheral hospitals i.e. Barguna sadar or Patukhali sadar. However, it is observed that communication within the region is not good and some parts of the road network are threats under erosion. Nevertheless, they are tending to go upazila or district hospitals when patient reach in a severe condition. Local people opined that, it is need to repair of the damaged road networks as early as possible. e) Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Characteristics

The subproject components are not immediately located near historical, cultural and archaeological sites, no excavation works will be conducted in the vicinities of such sites. There are no other scheduled or unscheduled archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites of heritage listed by local and/or national authority.

12 See footnote 10

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5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CONSIDERATIONS Issues for consideration have been raised by the following means: (i) input from interested and affected parties; (ii) desktop work on information relevant to the proposed subproject; (iii) site visits; and (iv) evaluation of proposed design scope and potential impacts. The baseline environmental data (chapter 4) indicates that the subproject component is located in Barguna urban area and hence no natural habitat is left at the site. There are no protected areas, forest within or near the location of the proposed IES system. The landfill site will be constructed on an open land. The proposed subproject has been planned to minimize any adverse environmental impacts, and adequate provisions have been incorporated into the subproject design to mitigate the impacts.

Categorization of the subproject and formulation of mitigation measures have been guided by ADB‟s REA Checklist for Urban Development (Annexure II) and ADB SPS 2009 Refer the DDR, Appendix G. From this, it can be seen that the environmental impacts have been identified as temporary impacts, including noise and dust, occurring during the time of the construction activities.

Preliminary design and results of the rapid environmental assessment indicate that Pourashava Water Supply subproject implementation will not be having major negative impacts as activities will be localized/site-specific and short duration. There is no rehabilitation and resettlement issues due to the proposed sub-project, as the construction works will be on existing government land. Several aspects of the environment, that are not expected to be affected by the subproject, can be screened out of the assessment at this stage (Table 21).

Table 21 Environmental sectors in which the Subproject Is Not Expected to have Significant Impacts

Field Rationale A. Physical Characteristics  Required amount of materials will not cause alteration of topography, landforms, geology and soils. Topography, landforms, geology  Erosion hazard is insignificant as trenching and excavation works will be and Soils conducted only during construction stage (short-term) and specific to sites along public ROWs.  Short-term production of dust is the only effect on atmosphere. However, impact is Climatic conditions short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area.  There are well developed methods for mitigation.  Trenching and excavation, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants may result to silt- laden runoff during rainfall which may cause siltation and reduction in the quality of adjacent bodies of Water quality water.  However, impact is short- term, site-specific and within a relatively small area. There are well developed methods for mitigation.  Conducting works at dry season and moving large quantity of materials may create dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle- related pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, Sulphur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and Air quality hydrocarbons) which will affect people who live and work near the sites.  However, impact is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area. There are well-developed methods for mitigation.  Construction activities will not be on settlements, along and near schools and areas with small-scale businesses.  Temporary increase in noise level and vibrations may be caused by excavation Acoustic environment equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people.  However, the proposed subproject will follow existing ROW alignment and impact is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area.  There are well developed methods for mitigation. B. Biological Characteristics

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Field Rationale  Activities being located in the built-up area of BargunaPourashava will not cause Biodiversity direct impact on biodiversity values.  The construction activities do not anticipate any cutting of trees. C. Socioeconomic Characteristics Land use  Alteration of land use will take place in specific site (proposed site).  No alteration on type of community spread.  Hauling of construction materials and operation of equipment on-site can cause Type of community spread traffic problems. However, the proposed site is in an open field. Therefore, congestion and disturbance on locality will be minimum. Existing provisions for pedestrians  However, the proposed subproject will follow existing ROW alignment and impact and other forms of transport is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area.  There are well developed methods for mitigation.  Subproject components will be located in government land and existing ROWs thus there is no requirement for land acquisition or any resettlements.  Manpower will be required during the 24-months construction stage. This can result to generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Socio-economic status  Thus potential impact is positive and long-term.  Construction of subproject components involves quite simple techniques of civil work. The construction work will take place in an open filed, therefore the disturbance is expected to be at minimum level.  These anticipated impacts are temporary and for short duration. D. Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Characteristics Physical and cultural heritage  The subproject components are not located in or near and excavation works will not be conducted in the vicinities of identified historical and sites.

5.2 POSITIVE IMPACTS Based on project particulars Chapter 3 and the existing environmental conditions Chapter 4 potential positive impacts have been identified that are likely to result from the proposed project and wherever possible these have been quantified. Positive impacts have been identified for different phases of project cycle and discussed in the following sections

5.2.1 Impact during Planning and Design Phase Employment opportunities

During the planning and design period, new jobs will be created for the skilled and unskilled manpower in the community to conduct topographical and geological investigations. In addition, employment will also be generated for planning and design of infrastructure. Women will also have equally an opportunity to secure employment. Skills transfer

The international consultant will associate with local partners. In the process of planning and design the local technical manpower will work with the international experts. This process of working together will transfer design and planning tools, computer design software and other useful guideline which are used in similar topographical conditions in the world. Training

The international consultant will provide training to local counter parts for activities likely to be implemented during planning and construction phases. This training and trained manpower will go a long way in meeting the requirements of the country in the infrastructure sector and buildings in particular.

5.2.2 Impacts during Construction Phase Employment Opportunities

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During the construction phase it is estimated that about 120 people will be working as labor both skilled and unskilled. A majority of unskilled labour will be sourced from the local residents and hence this will create and employment. In addition, new jobs will be created in the Government to implement, monitoring and evaluation of the project. Women will also have an opportunity to secure employment. Boost to Industrial Activities

During construction country made product will be utilized such as cement, gravel, reinforced pipes etc. The consumption of these will give boost to industrial production of material manufacturing organization. In addition, the transport sector will be benefited for transport of material from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect employment. 5.2.3 Impacts during Project Operation The operation of the sub-project will bring the following benefits:

Benefits from composting:

 Treats significant amount of waste and reduce the burden of waste to be disposed by the local authorities;  Creates economic opportunity for enterprises from resource management from waste;  Uses low cost and labor intensive appropriate technology and creates jobs for the poor;  Promotes decentralized composting approach;  Improves community participation in source-separation of waste to reduce the amount of soiling of waste with economic value;  Reduces carbon emission and harness carbon trading related income;  Saves foreign currency of the government by avoiding import of raw virgin materials;  Creates new jobs for the urban and benefits the farmers;  Promotes the concept of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling) by demonstration;  Promotes public, private and community partnerships; and  Provides higher and more regular income and better working conditions for the waste pickers as it relies on two relatively stable sources of income, namely user fees and the sale of compost

Benefits from Public toilet:

 Improvement of public health and hygiene  Toilet facilities for travelers

Benefits from Landfill:

 Improved solid waste management system  Less public nuisance  Odor and dust free environment  Cleaner air and water

5.3NEGATIVE IMPACTS Negative impacts on environmental component due to project activities, during different phases of project cycles, are summarized in Table 22. Mostly the impacts during project construction have been considered and reported.

5.3.1 Impact during Planning Phase Change of Land Use due to proposed excavation

This area need to be identified in the vicinity of proposed roads to avoid transport problems. Emphasis should be laid on maximum use of the stripped top soil in road junctions, redevelopment of borrow areas and additional landscape works in the project. Excavations of earth from borrow areas may also lead to loss of topsoil and soil erosion problem during rains.

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5.3.2 Impact during Construction Phase Soil Loss

The soil loss will be in terms of top soil erosion from right of way, borrow pits, quarries, and storage of material areas. Erosion is of relevance to slope stability, which is a level topography. The construction is expected be completed in 18 months. The soil erosion is likely to take place due to construction of IES and subsequent excavation. Excavated earth material will be reused in the construction or will be used to fill the low laying areas hence its disposal is not likely to have impact on the environment (Figure 15). The proposed site is a flat open land. Therefore, massive soil loss is not expected except a few localised surface run-offs. To prevent such soil erosion, monsoon season work is likely to be stopped during the construction; vegetation will need to be cleared within the proposed RoW, which may pose some soil erosion problem during first few rains.

According to the consultant‟s observation in both IES sites, no trees to be removed, except some shrub and woody plants. However, the impact of soil loss is of short duration and will be reversible.

Soil Pollution

The soil pollution may occur due to: first - stripping of soil which is rich in carbon to nitrogen ratio being 13.8 to 18.2; secondly due to improper disposal of waste material on the open ground. The waste likely to fall on the ground may be solid waste / liquid waste form labour camps. Soil pollution may also be due to spillage of oil and grease by construction machinery and equipment. Appropriate waste disposal methods have to be adopted. Proper care should be taken while locating the above utilities / facilities so as to minimize the soil pollution. The impacts are of short duration and will be reversible.

Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts

 The key to avoiding erosion problems is to reduce water flow over bare, erodible soils, and particularly reducing the velocity of water as it drains over the terrain or through drainage courses. This can be accomplished using effective contouring to reduce slope grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff velocities and prompt and effective re-vegetation of bare ground whenever possible, which stabilizes the soil and helps to reduce run-off water velocities.  Contouring of the landfill facility and surface water diversion channels shall be constructed so that surface water run-on in the event of severe storm events is directed to the on-site storm pond. The concept shall be based on maintaining surface water flows that are no more, in terms of instantaneous flows, than what would be considered as the natural undisturbed site conditions. The storm runoff system shall be controlled by constructing drainage channels and a large storm pond will handle at least a one hour, a 100-year return period storm event.  All new and existing storm drainage courses shall be constructed to keep velocities to a reasonable level and the use of culverts, ditch blocks and rip rap will be undertaken to limit soil erosion in drainage channels.  As the development and operation of the landfill progresses, the number of slopes that will be exposed at any given time, and their cumulative surface area, shall be kept to a minimum.  For the post-operational phase, the landfill shall be capped, contoured, and vegetated appropriately, with full attention to providing effective drainage and erosion prevention. All slopes on finished areas will be limited to a no steeper slope by choosing appropriate vertical to horizontal ratio, in order to limit soil erosion. This can be compared to normal sites that have steeper slopes.  It is expected that if these measures including the storm pond are put into effect, the landfill may be constructed, operated and decommissioned with no significant adverse effects to soils or to surface water through the effects of soil erosion.

Health Risks due to Waste Disposal

Health risks include disease hazards due to lack of sanitation facilities (water supply and human waste disposal) to the workers during construction both at construction site and at Contractor‟s camp.

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Unscientific disposal of waste from contractor‟s camp can lead to contamination of both ground and surface water. This could lead to outbreak of water borne disease such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid etc. The solid waste generated (about 120 kg/day) in contractor‟s camp if not treated properly may cause leaching and environmental pollution. Management measures include proper sanitation, health care, and solid waste disposal facilities. In addition to these, efforts need to be made to avoid

Figure 20 Areas vulnerable to soil erosion in the Barguna IES site water spills, adopt disease control measures. The impact will be of short duration and reversible.

Source: Field visit 2018)

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Table 22 Impact Matrix of Potential Environmental Impacts on the site

Project Activity Pre-construction Construction Phase Operation Phase Phase Component Vehicles & Affected Land Removing trees Contractor Machines Construction/mod Construction Site clearance Quarries Operation Demarcation and vegetation camps operation & ification of site Machinery maintenance Soil Loss of land Loss of Soils Localized Contamination Contamination Increase in Soil pollution from Pollution due to Soil contamination Erosion and loss from wastes by fuel and erosion, Construction Spoils spills due to surface runoff Loss of of top soil lubricants siltation and potential slope instability agricultural land Removal of Compaction of plants are not soil expected.

Ground Water Evaporation Water extraction Water extraction Exploitation of Maintenance of trees for drinking and for cleaning water for /shrubs other purposes construction

Surface water No loss of water Change in Siltation Torrent Pollution from Contamination Water logging Change in water Pollution due to spill Degradation due to body is expected water quality runoff sanitary & other by fuel & and mosquito quality and into water bodies spills & road runoff wastes lubricants breeding reduction of GW recharge

Drainage Interference with Cleaning & natural drainage maintenance and water logging

Air Quality Increase in Reduced Pollution due to Dust & air Dust pollution Dust pollution SPM, SO2 SPM buffering of air fuel burning pollution pollution, change in climate

Noise Quality Increase in Reduced Increase in Vibration from Vibrators, mixing Increase in Noise Increase in noise Noise level buffering of Noise Noise level blasting plant noise etc. levels due to operations increased traffic. A Madrassa is about 200m from the site.

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Project Activity Pre-construction Construction Phase Operation Phase Phase Component Vehicles & Affected Land Removing trees Contractor Machines Construction/mod Construction Site clearance Quarries Operation Demarcation and vegetation camps operation & ification of site Machinery maintenance Vehicle movement and noise must kept on reasonable level (i.e., 55- 60 dB)

Flora & Fauna Loss of few No tree of Cutting of trees Disturbance to woody plants conservation for fuel burning Flora and fauna and shrubs are significance (lower canopy) anticipated were found in which belong the site to the Pourashava

Socio-economic Land Acquisition No tree of Possible Disturbance of not required conservation Transmission of operation of significance Disease small business were found in in the vicinity the site

Ecology Not expected Localized Localized disturbances of disturbances of do do do top soil living flora top soil living and fauna flora and fauna

Source: Consultant’s deduction, Blue coloured bold type face text denotes site specific remarks

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Surface Water Pollution at Construction Site

Construction materials will be required for the construction of pillars, basement, roofing etc. About 10- 15% of the construction material is left behind by the contractor as construction waste / spoils. Dumping of construction waste / spoil in haphazard manner may cause surface and ground water pollution near the construction sites and breeding site for mosquitoes, hence, it is proposed to clean the area and dump/dispose the construction spoils at the dumping site specified by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-being of people.

Mitigation measures

The proposed measures for surface water pollution are:

 All landfill surface runoff will be directed to a large on-site holding pond where it will undergo natural aerobic stabilization and sedimentation. These ponds will be sized to handle a 1 hour 100- year return period storm event, during normal operations of the landfill;  Only surface water that has not come into contact with the waste material (i.e., noncontact surface water) will be allowed to directly enter the storm water drainage;  All contact water will be conveyed to the leachate retention and treatment ponds described in following sections. In the initial stages of operation of each landfill cell the surface run-off will be diverted into the leachate collection and treatment system, until it can be adequately handled as clean water;  During construction, appropriate measures including provision of berms, silt traps, etc., will be taken to ensure that significant amounts of sediments do not impact adjacent watercourses; and  Upon closure of the landfill, the surfaces will be contoured and re-vegetated in such a way as to prevent erosion and resulting sedimentation of adjacent surface waters.  Since the non-contact surface water or treated leachate alone will be allowed to directly enter the surface water drainage, regular monitoring of surface water quality at key locations shall be conducted at critical points in operational life of the landfill.

Where the above measures are implemented during the construction, operations and closure phases of the landfill development, there is no significant adverse impacts on surrounding surface waters are anticipated.

Ground water pollution

The ground water condition at the landfill site as well as the entire Pourashava was assessed briefly. Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a hydrologic setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground water. Through this, the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the groundwater, particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the groundwater table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of the groundwater regime was required. Such detailed literatures are unavailable for the region. Investigative study was also beyond the scope of this report and sub-project. Therefore, the consultant gathered information from available published literature:  the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including long-term and seasonal fluctuations;  the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and minimum values;  the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any spring;  the groundwater levels; and  the groundwater protection or recharge zones.

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Potential Impacts The leachate from landfill cells may leak into ground water, affecting groundwater quality, well water, and potentially surface water at discharge points. A potential impact that must be mitigated at many sanitary landfill sites is the possibility that leachate from the waste cell is allowed to enter the groundwater underlying the site. This could have long-term adverse effects on groundwater quality, well water quality, and surface water quality stemming from discharge of the groundwater to the surface water. It is noted that there are no known active wells within vicinity of the proposed landfill site.

Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts

 A normal mitigative practice in landfill operation is to provide a liner – either natural or synthetic - to contain the leachate. The leachate is collected via a system of pipes and pumps where necessary, and segregated for treatment. A natural liner normally consists of impermeable clay.  The proposed sanitary landfill at the proposed site has been selected partly to take advantage of the significant depths of impermeable clay found, which will act as a natural liner, preventing percolation of leachate into potentially a much deeper groundwater regime.  In the proposed design of the facility, the leachate will be collected from each cell and will be conveyed by gravity, to leachate ponds, which will also be lined with HDPE or constructed using the native impermeable clays. Leachate will undergo natural anaerobic treatment in these cells followed by aerobic (oxidative) treatment, before draining. No leachate shall be released from the pond area until analyses for basic parameters have been completed and it has been determined suitable for release.  The leachate cells will be sized to also accommodate the incident rainfall flooding storm event during normal operating conditions, plus the amount of leachate produced in a specified period.  The waste stream shall be screened at the transfer stations to remove household and other hazardous materials such as batteries, solvents, used oil, chemicals, etc., which normally contribute high levels of contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic organics to the waste stream. (These need to be handled specially).  In the post-operational phase, an impermeable 0.5m layer of clay or similar material will be placed on top of the closed cells, to curtail the percolation of water into the cell and hence the ongoing production of leachate.

With the groundwater protection that will be provided by the natural clay at the site, with the leachate collection and management system in effect, with the screening of the incoming solid waste stream, and with the proper closure of each cell so as to curtail the production of leachate, as well as other measures, no significant effects on ground water is anticipated.

Air Pollution

The impact on air environmental is a factor of type of vehicle, fuel used and its capacity. The consultant has taken emission factor to estimate the pollution potential on air environment during construction. The material will be transported by canal route and hence the impact on air environment will be insignificant. In the construction phase, air quality impacts are of short duration. The most important pollutant during this phase will be suspended particulate matter. Such deterioration of air quality can be assigned to:

 Fugitive dust emission from construction activities like excavation, back-filling and concreting;  Hauling and dumping of earth & construction spoils;  Vehicular movement along the feeder roads or temporary diversions.  Gaseous emission from construction equipment and vehicular traffic.

Impacts on air quality will be low and spatially restricted along the immediate site of construction. The above will be operated at different location the impact at a particular site will be insignificant.

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Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts

Landfill Gas: Landfill gas is a product of all municipal solid waste landfills, and occurs as a natural consequence of the microbial breakdown of the waste material. The flaring of landfill gas (or, if in sufficient quantities, its use as an energy supply) are accepted practices in contemporary landfill operation when the site is in very close proximity to urban development. At remote sites the normal practice is to allow the gas to vent to the atmosphere and be taken up by vegetation. Landfill gas contains primarily methane and carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of hydrogen and various trace chemicals in small quantities. At an early stage of degradation, the proportion of carbon dioxide is high, but as a landfill ages, the process gives off a progressively higher proportion of methane. The planning of a large municipal landfill usually has some future provisions for landfill gas collection and possibly flaring. Flaring will burn the produced methane, converting it to carbon dioxide, heat and water vapour. Neither methane nor carbon dioxide is particularly harmful, although both are “greenhouse” gases, implicated as contributors to global warming.

The actual quantities for a landfill of this size, however, are very small compared to the emissions from diesel engines and automobiles along the highway for example.

A portion of gases that would vent to the surface from a municipal waste landfill would be absorbed by the green foliage of broad leaf plants in the buffer zones. With the natural buffers and state of the surrounding areas this would reduce the problems offsite, at the proposed site. Subsequent flaring of landfill gas, albeit an expensive and complex operation could provide small environmental benefits but this process is not economically justified at this site.

Dust and Smoke: The facility may create some dust resulting from vehicle movements; however there is provision for dust suppression in the design and operating plan. This involves the gravel surfacing of the access road and service roads within the site, as well as using water to suppress dust that does arise. The timeframe of the impact will be short as most of it will occur during the construction phase, and the dust issue during the operational phase is mitigatable. This site will be very remote from development at the initial construction phase and should not need mitigation efforts.

Fires could occur at the landfill, which requires vigilance to extinguish them quickly. Fires are usually the result of hot loads being received at landfills. These hot portions can be ash covered charcoals.

With the use of transfer stations for a large portion of the Municipal Solid Waste the hot loads should be greatly reduced. Loads that are directly hauled to the site could also pose a problem and site operational staff should be on the lookout for these wastes. Ideally, when a hot load is encountered it should be isolated in an open area and extinguished with water before being considered for incorporation in the fill area. Clearly, smoke irritation can be avoided through the prevention of fires at the landfill.

Fire prevention procedures which should be adhered to at all times throughout the operational life of the landfill should be prepared. Good communications with neighbouring facilities and surveillance for fires and dust by the landfill operating staff can prevent significant problems from occurring. Quick reaction to any observed blazing loads will also reduce these problems.

Odour: Odours from decaying waste material are produced at sanitary landfills, particularly when waste high in organic material (e.g., animal waste, domestic waste, faecal waste) is disposed. It is noted that there is no existing development located within four to five kilometres downwind of the site from the proposed landfill. However, it is possible and quite feasible to prevent odours from being a problem to downwind neighbouring residents and facilities by applying adequate cover material sufficiently, frequently and effectively. There is an ample supply of soil (clay, silt, sand

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and mixtures thereof) existing on the site, which can be used as cover material. The methods for applying daily cover, intermediate cover (when an individual cell is non-active for a period of time), and final cover (when the cell or landfill is permanently closed) will help in reducing obnoxious odours. Additionally, it is recommended that the active face (area of uncovered wastes placed during the daily operation) of the landfill at any given time be minimized. It is absolutely essential that even at remote sites the above provisions be implemented at the landfill facility, if problems with odours impinging on neighbouring facilities are to be avoided.

Apart from this, good communications with future development and monitoring of odours by the landfill operating staff can help to prevent significant problems from occurring.

Noise Levels

The most significant period of construction noise generation will be noted during the initial site infrastructure works, which are anticipated to be carried out over a period of 12 months. Following this initial phase, the construction activities will extend throughout the lifetime of the development, as new cells and phases of the site will be required progressively as the site develops. The construction site is close to a borrowing pit for the sand and construction materials. The noise relating to the construction of a sanitary landfill primarily depends on the deployment of the facilities and the proximity of the construction activities to noise-sensitive receivers. (It is likely that the construction activities will depend on the use of skilled and unskilled labor, as well as mechanical equipment. The noisiest construction works that are most likely to have an impact on the nearby environment are expected to be related to the construction of the basic containment layer of the site. The mechanical equipment used for this activity will be similar to the one for the land filling operations.

The magnitude of impact during the construction phase will depend upon the types of the equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of the work. Noise associated with development/construction affects the environment through which road passes. Construction and maintenance generally require the use of heavy machinery, and although these activities may be intermittent and localized, they nevertheless contribute sustained noise during equipment operation. Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80-85 dB (A) at 15 m distance which will decrease with increase in distance. Noise due construction machinery is predicted as presented in Table 23. The noise levels will be with a limit of 55-65 dB (A) at a distance of 100-125 m from construction site. The expected noise levels due to operation of construction machinery at site are summarized in Table 24. The noise levels will decrease with distance.

Table 23 Noise levels during construction, dB (A)

Excavation by Source Dump Truck Compactor Dozer Excavation by caterpillar Shovel Noise Level dB(A) 83 81 85 87 87 Source Distance (m) 15 15 15 15 15 Noise Levels at Distance (m) from source 20 78.5 76.5 80.5 82.5 82.5 25 76.1 74.1 78.1 80.1 80.1 30 74.0 72.0 76.0 78.0 78.0 35 72.1 70.1 74.1 76.1 76.1 40 70.5 68.5 72.5 74.5 74.5 45 69.0 67.0 71.0 73.0 73.0 50 67.5 65.5 69.5 71.5 71.5 55 66.2 64.2 68.2 70.2 70.2 60 65.0 63.0 67.0 69.0 69.0

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Excavation by Source Dump Truck Compactor Dozer Excavation by caterpillar Shovel 75 61.5 59.5 63.5 65.5 65.5 100 56.5 54.5 58.5 60.5 60.5 125 54.6 52.6 56.6 58.6 58.6 150 53.0 51.0 55.0 57.0 57.0 175 51.7 49.7 53.7 55.7 55.7 200 50.5 48.5 52.5 54.5 54.5 225 49.5 47.5 51.5 53.5 53.5 250 48.6 46.6 50.6 52.6 52.6 Source: http://www.worksafe.govt.nz/worksafe/

Table 24Noise due to construction machinery

Sl. No. Machine Operation Noise In dB(A) 1 Dump Truck Haul 83 2 Compactor Fill 81 3 Dozer Fill 85 4 Excavation by Shovel Cut 87 5 Excavation by Caterpillar Cut 87 Source: http://www.worksafe.govt.nz/worksafe/

5.3.3 Impact during Operation Phase

Public Health

The proposed site may be of very little effect on health:

Noise: As human presence is sparse, exposure to high noise levels during unloading and compacting the solid waste is minimal. The impact could be limited to the landfill workers.

Dust: The workers may be exposed to high dust levels during constructing new cells.

Traffic accidents: There is no danger to local people due to the traffic accidents during transportation of the solid waste.

Odour: Installation of gas flaring equipment will reduce noxious odors.

Infectious diseases: If the landfill is not properly constructed and maintained impact of animals and insects existing within site may result in diseases and annoyance to the local people

Impact on Occupational Health and Safety

Noise: The workers may be exposed to high noise levels during unloading, sorting, composting and compacting the solid waste.

Dust: the workers may be exposed to high levels of dust during new cell construction, unloading and covering the cell.

Odour: Odour will be generated around the composting workshop, sorting process and composting process. Impact of the odour will be limited to workers as no residents live nearby.

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Hazardous waste: probable existence of hazardous waste entering the site may have an effect on the workers if not managed in a proper manner.

Noise Levels

During the operation phase of the road, movement of heavy and light vehicles is expected to give rise to higher ambient noise levels. In order to quantify the project induced noise impacts with respect to existing noise levels, noise monitoring was carried out. The day time noise levels may be 35 to 45 dB (A). Assessment of noise impacts due to the project have been carried out using Highway Noise Model based on the guidelines suggested by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The maximum speed assumed for the present scenario is 40 km/hr. Table 25 shows noise emitted by different vehicle types. The computed results have indicated a maximum increase in noise level to the tune of 5 dB (A) being average around 43 dB (A) during peak hours.

Table 25 Noise generated by various vehicle types in dB(A)

Vehicle Type Speed (kmph) Cars Trucks Buses 2-Wheelars 40 65.0 81.0 81.0 68.0

Water and Soil Pollution

The spill of oil, grease and other chemical/ material on the proposed site may pollute the soil and surface and ground water. Such spills shall be closely monitored.

5.4 IDENTIFICATION OF SCREENING AND IMPACT EVALUATION 5.4.1 Identification and Rationale of IESCs The proposed interventions will not affect all environmental and social components. Some environmental and social components will be impacted while others will be independent of the interventions. Environmental and social components likely to be impacted by the project interventions are termed as Important Environmental and Social Components (IESCs). The IESCs have been selected based site location and its environmental significance. The IESCs are:

A. Water resources a. Drainage congestion and water resources b. Surface water availability c. Erosion B. Agricultural resources a. Cropping pattern and intensity b. Crop production c. Crop damage d. Irrigated area C. Fisheries resources a. Fish habitat b. Hatchling and fish movement c. Capture fisheries productivity D. Ecological resources a. Terrestrial vegetation b. Aquatic vegetation

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E. Socio-economic condition a. Access to open water bodies b. Communication c. Gender promotion d. Employment opportunity

5.4.2 Impact evaluation matrix This section describes the prediction of potential environmental and social impacts that may cause by various project activities during pre-construction, construction, and post-construction stages on already identified IESCs. Proposed intervention which may cause potential environmental impacts during pre- construction, construction, and post- construction stages. The following detailed investigations have been carried out to assess the magnitude of these prioritized impacts:

– Observation and survey to assess the loss of vegetation, occupation, income and poverty levels of the affected households, etc. – Environmental quality baseline monitoring of noise, surface water, groundwater and soil, – Ecological surveys comprising vegetation, wildlife and fisheries covering both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, – Observation and surveys in the region comprising socio-economic status and environmental settings, – Expert consultations focus group discussions, and public consultation.

5.4.3 Impact screening As part of the environmental impact assessment process, a screening matrix was used tailored specifically to the proposed Project, focusing the potential environmental impacts during the design, construction and operation phases. The matrix examined the interaction of project activities with various components of the environment. The impacts were broadly classified as physical, biological and social, and then each of these broad categories further divided into different aspects. The potential impacts thus predicted were characterized as follows: – Highly negative (adverse) impact; – Moderately negative impact; – Insignificant impact; – Highly positive (beneficial) impact; – Moderately positive impact.

The Impact screening matrix for this project is provided in Table 26. 5.4.4 Impact analysis checklist Checklist is the list of environmental parameters or impact indicators, which the environmentalist is encouraged to consider when summarizing the potential impacts. A typical checklist identifying the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project activities are shown in Table 27. The impacts have been categorized and analyzed in the following manner: i. Nature (positive/negative, direct/indirect); ii. Magnitude (high, moderate, low); iii. Extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution); iv. Timing (during construction or operation, immediate; or delayed); v. Duration (short term/long term, intermittent/continuous); vi. Reversibility/irreversibility; vii. Likelihood (probability, uncertainty); and viii. Significance (local, regional, global)

An impact assessment matrix is provided in Table 28.

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Table 26Screening matrix of impact for the Barguna IES sub-project

LAND AND PHYSICAL: AIR & WATER FISHERIES ECOLOGICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC AGRICULTURE

Project Phases and activities availability

Drainage congestionDrainage and waterlogging Surfacewater Erosion qualityAir and dust quality Noise Crop production Crop damage Irrigated area Fish habitat quality Hatchingfish and movement Capture fisheries Terrestrial vegetation Aquatic vegetation Fauna toAccess open water bodies Communication Genderpromotion Employment opportunity Preconstruction Phase Land demarcation ------Labor, equipment and materials mobilization - - - MN MN ------I - I - - MP MP Site preparation - - - MN HN ------I - I - - - MP Construction Phase Re-excavation - - MN MN ------I - - MP MP Piling - - - MN HN ------MP MP Pile caps and grade beams - - - MN MN ------MP Column casting and floor level foundation - - - MN MN ------MP Heavy machineries movement - - - - HN ------MP General finishing and painting - - - - I ------MP MP Electrification, plumbing and utilities works etc. ------MP MP Post construction and O&M Phase Maintenance - - - MN I ------I - MP - - Movement of people - - - MN MN ------I - MP - - Note: No Impact (-), Highly negative (adverse) impact (HN); Moderately negative impact (MN); Insignificant impact (I); Highly positive (beneficial) impact (HP); Moderately positive impact (MP)

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Table 27 Impact Analysis matrix for the Barguna IES package

S. Activity Potential Extent/ Reversible Nature Magnitude Timing/ Phase Duration Likelihood Significance No. Impact Location /Irreversible i) Planning and Design of Skill Transfer & Positive Low Medium Pre-Construction Long Probable Regional Ramps and Landing Training Direct Term station ii) Disposal of waste Soil Pollution Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local material, construction Direct Term spoils, spill of oil and grease from construction machinery. iii) Exposed surface due to Soil Loss/ Negative Low Small area Construction/ Short Reversible Probable Local widening of ROW, Erosion on Direct Operation Term borrow pits, quarries site ROW construction of cross Soil Loss from Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local drainage Borrow/Quarry Direct Term Areas iv) Vehicles Movement on Loss of soil Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local adjoining productive land fertility Direct Term v) Construction of cells, Change in Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local borrow areas and quarry Natural Direct Term sites Drainage Pattern vi) Runoff from roads, Water Pollution Negative Low Small Construction Short Reversible Probable Local quarry site and borrow Direct Distribution Term areas; construction of abutments on canals vii) Disposal of waste Health Risk Negative Low Low Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Direct Term viii) Use of water in Increased Negative Low low Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Construction and Water Direct Term drinking Demands ix) Widening of the Encroachment Negative Low low Construction Short Irreversible Probable Local approach road for work into water Direct Term area, construction of bodies ramps, stations

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S. Activity Potential Extent/ Reversible Nature Magnitude Timing/ Phase Duration Likelihood Significance No. Impact Location /Irreversible x) Movement of vehicles for Air Quality Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional construction works Direct Operation Term Increase in Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional Green House Direct Operation Term Gases Fuel Negative Low low Construction/ Long Irreversible Probable Regional Consumption Direct/ Operation Term Indirect Noise Levels Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional Indirect Operation Term xi) Construction and Employment Positive Medium Large Construction/Operation Long Probable Regional operation of IES Opportunities Direct Distribution Term Enhancement Positive Medium Large Construction/Operation Long Permanent Probable Regional of Rural Direct Distribution Term Economy xii) Operation of IES Reduction in Positive Medium Permanent Operation Long Probable Regional length and Direct Term travel time Enhanced Positive Medium Permanent Construction/Operation Long Probable Regional Social Direct Term Interaction xiii) Construction Activities Workers Safety Negative Low Temporary Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Term xiv) Employment of outside Health Safety Negative Low Temporary/ Construction Short Reversible Probable Local labour (Transmission Permanent Term of STD, HIV/AIDS)

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Table 28 Impact assessment matrix for Barguna IES project

Impact (+/-) IESC Location Baseline Condition Impact Magnitude (1-10) 1. WATER RESOURCES Activity: Land demarcation, labor and equipment mobilization, site preparation activities There is no waterbody in the site location. a. Local waterbodies Site location The nearest waterbody (i.e. a ditch) is No impact anticipated 0 located about 75m away from the site Activity: Excavation, machineries movement, construction activities Based on camp site the source of water to Extraction of either groundwater or surface a. Ground water be used in the camp and construction site Camp site water to use in the camp and construction site -2 b. Surface water will be located. with pose pressure on local aquifer

2. LAND AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES There would be no impact during construction phase as the excavated spoil materials would be used on existing sand-filled non-agricultural land. 3. AIR AND NOISE Activity: Land demarcation, labor and equipment mobilization, site preparation activities a. Local air quality  Construction site The sites of OHT are close to residents. Noise and dust level will increase significantly b. Local noise quality  Camp site in the location. Therefore impact of noise on -7 residents are expected to be quite high

Activity: Excavation, machineries movement, construction activities a. Local air quality  Construction site Do Do b. Local noise quality  Camp site -4

4. FISHERIES RESOURCES There is no source of fisheries in the site location. Therefore no impact is expected. 5. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES Activity: Land demarcation, labor and equipment mobilization, site preparation activities

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a. Terrestrial flora  Construction site Both sites exhibit some woody plants and Removal of woody plants and shrubs are not b. Terrestrial fauna shrubs expected. c. Aquatic flora -2 d. Aquatic fauna

a. Terrestrial flora  Camp site The camp site has not been selected yet. Some disturbance to terrestrial flora is b. Terrestrial fauna expected at the camp site due labor movement c. Aquatic flora and activities. -4 d. Aquatic fauna Activity: Excavation, machineries movement, construction activities a. Terrestrial flora  Construction site Terrestrial flora removal is anticipated Disturbance to microfauna at the construction b. Terrestrial fauna  Camp site There are few woody plants and shrubs in site is expected. Some woody plants and c. Aquatic flora the area. shrubs are to be removed. Some disturbance d. Aquatic fauna in terrestrial flora and fauna is expected at the -4 e. Top soil micro-fauna The camp site is not selected yet. camp site due to daily activities. There is also possibility of soil contamination due to waste material dump 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC Activity: Land demarcation, labour and equipment mobilization, site preparation activities a. Employment opportunity Barguna Pourashava Local monetary activities are quite limited Increase of local employment opportunity b. Communication to small and discrete shops +2 c. Local money flow Activity: Excavation, machineries movement, construction activities a. Employment opportunity Barguna Pourashava Local monetary activities are quite limited Increase in local communication activities, and b. Communication to small and discrete shops. Employment local money flow. Local employment +5 c. Local money flow opportunities are not generating. opportunities will increase. Note: Low impact (1-3); Medium impact (4-6); High impact (7-10)

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Many of the mitigation measures are discussed in earlier section 5.4. The general mitigative recommendations are:

1. During construction no waste should be discharged at the khal or near the khal in the site location. 2. There should be no contact with ground water, base of fill must be above highground water table avoid sole –source aquifer avoid areas of ground water recharge 3. Landfill operation should ensure to minimize fugitive emission and odor impacts 4. Noise due to truck traffic and equipment operation noise is to be minimized 5. Land use conflicting due to existing activities such as grazing should be avoided or minimized. Alternative grazing and quarrying sites should be designated prior to construction activities. 6. To avoid the odor and noise impacts on staff health, protecting measures and training should be taken. The personal protection such as gloves, boots, masks, ear protection devices should be provided to workers. Besides, fresh waste will be sprayed to reduce odour and nuisance from flies and birds. 7. Composting windrows will be sprayed with water to avoid dust emissions 8. Municipal Solid Waste will not be stored in the processing facility, and need to recycled back for process water requirement of composting.

Specific mitigation measures are given in the following sections:

5.5 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5.5.1 Land acquisition and resettlement The proposed IES will be located in the lands that Pourashava will buy from people. There are no residential/commercial structures in these lands. There are few woody plants and vegetation in the project area that will not be removed.

Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible. Locations and siting of the proposed infrastructures were considered to further reduce impacts. The subproject will be in properties held by the Pourashava and access to the subproject sites is through public ROW and existing sand filled area; hence, land acquisition and encroachment on private property will not occur.

Mitigation measures

The detailed engineering design has integrated a number of measures, both structural and non-structural, to mainstream climate resilience into the Barguna IES subproject, including: (i) design life of 50 years; (ii) Finished Ground Level (FGL) of 2.00 m PWD with plinth level (PL) of ground floor raised to 2.90 m PWD for Design Option- at existing IES to avoid higher storm surges and sea levels; and (iii) day-to-day use for the IES such as integration of these with the use of the community that are responsible for their maintenance needs. As a result, appropriate measures have already been included in the subproject designs. This means that the impacts and their significance have already been reduced. 5.6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – CONSTRUCTION PHASE In the case of this subproject (i) the key elements of construction are relatively simple and small and will involve straight forward construction, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because that process is invasive, involving precast piling, and excavation works, inclusive of earth movements; and (iii) being located in the built-up area of the Pourashava, will not cause direct impact on biodiversity values.

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Although construction of the IES involves quite simple techniques of civil work, invasive precast piling and related excavation works shall be conducted. The subproject sites are located in a built-up area of Bargunaand variety of human activities will not prevail, and so will not adversely impact on the environment and sensitive receptors such as residents, businesses, and the community in general. The anticipated impacts are short-term, site-specific and within relatively small areas. There are no impacts that are significant or complex in nature, or that need an in-depth study to assess the impact. Thus, BargunaIES subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with construction activities can be mitigated to acceptable levels as detailed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), given in Appendix F. However, a list of proposed mitigation measures is presented below:

5.6.1 Air pollution During construction air pollution should be avoided by provision of nose masks to the workers and preferably wetting the dusty surfaces neighboring residences. These are all the areas where the trenches for the pipeline will be excavated and at the site of treatment works. Though the ambient air conditions in the project area is dusty to an extent, effort must be made to reduce dust and particulate emission adjacent to residences. To minimize pollution from hydro – carbon fumes from the excavator, exhaust should be oriented away from neighbors‟ residences. This should apply throughout the project cycle from construction to decommissioning.

5.6.2 Noise pollution Generation of noise during construction activities is inevitable due to use of mechanical excavation equipment, concrete mixers and material delivery trucks. To minimize noise around the construction site, potentially low noise equipment which is also regularly serviced should be used. The major works sites apart from the pipeline should be temporarily enclosed using iron sheets. Further the material delivery vehicle engines should not be kept idling at the construction site. To ensure minimal disturbances of the neighboring community members at night and early morning hours, the work should be done between 8.0 am and 5.0 pm.

5.6.3 Removal of local flora and fauna Though it may be inevitable to clear some woody plants and vegetation along the pipeline and site for the water works, the vegetation covers and trees destroyed should be replaced soon after completion or as the rainy season begins. The spillage water at the kiosks should be harnessed to grow tree nurseries for increasing vegetative cover and replacing those destroyed during project implementation activities.

5.6.4 Accumulation of solid waste All the solid waste generated during construction activities should be collected and sorted into non- recyclable and recyclable. The recyclable waste e.g., metal and plastic pieces and papers could be sold to licensed waste handlers while the hardcore materials could be re-used on site for construction and filling the voids along the road.

5.6.5 Soil erosion The soil removed from pipeline trenches, reservoirs and water works foundation excavation should be re- used in filling back the voids and compacted properly to avoid any chances of transport down the valley during the rainy season. Where necessary the appropriate vegetative cover should be planted to reduce chances of future soil erosion.

5.6.6 Prevention and management of accidents To prevent accidents caused by slipping into the dug trenches or stumbling into heap of trenched out materials along the road, warning tapes should be put along the trench line to alert pedestrians on the

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dangers. Additionally, before the start of construction in each area, the residents should be warned of possible accidents to prevent idling around the sites.

Accidents could also occur to the workers while on duty. To avoid these accidents, the following should be observed:

 The workers should be provided with personal protection gear to avoid cuts on the feet, hands and head during the course of duty. This include helmets, gloves, safety boots overalls, face masks and ear plugs in dusty and noise activities, goggles for welders etc  Training: the foreman should train the workers on procedures to prevent accidents while on site.  The workers or their representatives should be trained on first aid and provided with first aid kits  Emergencies: the workers should be provided with emergency telephone numbers to request for assistance at any time of accident. In areas of poor cell phone network there should be a stand by means of transmitting information  The workers should be insured against accidental medical requirements and workmanship compensation. 5.7 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS / MITIGATION MEASURES – O&M PHASE In the operations and maintenance (O&M) phase, the IES will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Routine repairs will be very small in scale, to conducted manually by small team of men and works will be very short in duration thus will not cause significant physical impacts. The IES will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only. O&M will be the responsibility of Barguna local authority, which will be given training under this project. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with O&M activities can be mitigated to acceptable levels as detailed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) given in Appendix F. 5.8 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT The cumulative impact assessment examined the interaction between the subproject‟s residual effects (i.e., those effects that remain after mitigation measures have been applied) and those associated with other past, existing, and reasonably foreseeable future projects or activities. The interaction of residual effects associated with multiple projects and/or activities can result in cumulative impacts, both positive and negative. The project‟s potential cumulative effects were considered with respect to valued components in environmental and socioeconomic categories, in four areas:

a. of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time; b. consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the project; c. potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if not directly related to the proposed subproject; and d. Future developments that are reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to proceed.

The subproject has identified the valued components as acoustic environment, socioeconomic and socio- community components, and human health and safety. There are no foreseeable projects that will overlap with the subproject. Refer to the cumulative impact matrix in Table 29.

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Table 29 Cumulative Impact Matrix of Potential Environmental Impacts in Barguna IES project

Project Activity Pre- Operation construction Construction Phase Phase Component Phase Affected Vehicles & Removing Land Site Contractor Machines Construction/modification of Construction trees and Quarries Operation Demarcation clearance camps operation & IES Machinery vegetation maintenance Soil Loss of Soils Erosion and Contamination Contamination Increase in Soil pollution from Pollution due to Soil loss of top soil from wastes by fuel and erosion, Construction Spoils spills contamination lubricants siltation due to surface and slope runoff Compaction of instability soil

Ground Water Evaporation Water Water Exploitation of water for Maintenance of extraction for extraction for construction trees /shrubs drinking and cleaning other purposes

Surface water Change in Siltation Pollution from Contamination Water Change in water quality and Pollution due to Degradation due water quality Torrent runoff sanitary & other by fuel & logging and reduction of GW recharge spill into water to spills & drain wastes lubricants mosquito bodies runoff breeding

Drainage No impact No impact No impact No impact No impact No impact No impact No impact No impact

Air Quality Increase in Reduced Pollution due to Dust & air Dust Dust pollution and odour SPM, SO2 Increase in SPM, SPM buffering of air fuel burning pollution pollution problems SO2 and NOX pollution, change in climate

Noise Quality Increase in Reduced Increase in Vibration Vibrators, mixing plant noise Increase in Increase in noise Noise level buffering of Noise level from etc. Noise levels due to Noise blasting increased traffic. operations

Flora & Fauna Loss of trees Cutting of trees Disturbance to Flora and fauna and shrubs for fuel burning

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Project Activity Pre- Operation construction Construction Phase Phase Component Phase Affected Vehicles & Removing Land Site Contractor Machines Construction/modification of Construction trees and Quarries Operation Demarcation clearance camps operation & IES Machinery vegetation maintenance Socio- Transmission of economic Disease

Loss to Not determined Not Not determined Not determined Not determined Not Not determined Not determined Not determined Utilities determined determined

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6. CHAPTER 6: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 6.1 GENERAL Generally, complaint procedures are developed for those who have been adversely affected by the Project infrastructure and/or have not been compensated as per law/ legal entitlement. In this case no land related dispute is applicable as the land is already owned by the authorities. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established to receive, evaluate, and facilitate the concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance at the level of the project. The GRM will aim to provide a time-bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns linked to the project. A common GRM will be in place for social, environmental, or any other grievances related to the project. GRM was discussed with stakeholders during field visits. The GRM will provide an accessible and trusted platform for receiving and facilitating grievances related to the project. The multi-tier GRM for the project is outlined below, each tier having time-bound schedules and with responsible persons identified to address grievances and seek appropriate persons‟ advice at each stage, as required.

Pourashava-wide public awareness campaigns will ensure that awareness on grievance redress procedures is generated through the campaign. The project implementation unit (PIU) safeguards assistant and institutional capacity and community development consultants (ICCDC) that will conduct Pourashava-wide awareness campaigns to ensure that poor and vulnerable households are made aware of grievance redress procedures and entitlements, and will work with the PIU safeguards assistant to help ensure that their grievances are addressed. Affected persons (APs) will have the flexibility of conveying grievances/suggestions by dropping grievance redress/ suggestion forms in complaints/suggestion boxes that have already been installed by project Pourashavas or through telephone hotlines at accessible locations, by e-mail, by post, or by writing in a complaints register in Pourashava offices.

The grievance registration form is available in Annexure II. Careful documentation of the name of the complainant, date of receipt of the complaint, address/contact details of the person, location of the problem area, and how the problem was resolved will be undertaken. The project management unit (PMU) safeguards officer will have the overall responsibility for timely grievance redressal on environmental and social safeguards issues and for registration of grievances, related disclosure, and communication with the aggrieved party through the PIU safeguards assistant.

6.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS In case of grievances that are immediate and urgent in the perception of the complainant, the contractor and supervision personnel from the project management and supervision consultants (PMSC) on-site will provide the most easily accessible or first level of contact for quick resolution of grievances. Contact phone numbers and names of the concerned PIU safeguards assistant, contractors, PMU safeguards officer, PMSC environmental and social safeguards specialists will be posted at all construction sites at visible locations.

6.2.1 1st Level Grievance The contractors, PIU supervision personnel and PIU safeguards assistant can immediately resolve issues on-site in consultation with each other, and will be required to do so within 3 days of receipt of a complaint/grievance. Assistance of ward level coordination committees (WLCC) will be sought if required for resolution of the issue, by any one or all of them jointly.

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6.2.2 2nd Level Grievance All grievances that cannot be redressed within 3 days at field/ward level will be jointly reviewed by the grievance redress committee (GRC) at town-level and PIU safeguards assistant, who will attempt to resolve them within 7 days. The PIU safeguards assistant will be responsible to see through the process of redressal of each grievance.

6.2.3 3rd Level Grievance The PIU safeguards assistant will refer any unresolved or major issues to the PMU safeguards officer and PMSC (third level of grievance redress), who will resolve them within 15 days.

6.2.4 4th Level Grievance Very major issues that are beyond the jurisdictional authority of the GRC or those that have the potential to cause social conflicts or environmental damage or those that remain unresolved at PMU level, will be referred to the project steering committee (PSC) to be resolved within 14 days. All paperwork (details of grievances) needs to be completed by the PIU safeguards assistant and circulated to the respective WLCC, GRC and PSC members at least a week in advance of the scheduled meetings. All decisions taken by the GRC and PSC will be communicated to the APs by the PIU safeguards assistant. Despite the project GRM, an aggrieved person shall have access to the country's legal system at any stage, and accessing the country's legal system can run parallel to accessing the GRM and is not dependent on the negative outcome of the GRM. In the event that the established GRM is not in a position to resolve the issue, the affected person also can use the ADB Accountability Mechanism (AM) through directly contacting (in writing) the Complaint Receiving Officer (CRO) at ADB headquarters or the ADB Bangladesh Resident Mission (BRM). The complaint can be submitted in any of the official languages of ADB‟s DMCs. The ADB Accountability Mechanism information will be included in the PID to be distributed to the affected communities, as part of the project GRM.

6.3 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM Grievance redress process can be diagrammatically represented as presented in Figure 19 below:

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Aggrieved Persons

FIELD/WARD LEVEL 1st Level Contractor, PIU Supervision 3 days Grievance Grievance Personnel and PIU Safeguards Days3 Redressed Assistants (to be assisted by AssistanceDays of WLCC ICCDC) (as and when required) Not redressed days

TOWN LEVEL 7 days 2nd Level Grievance PIU Safeguard Assistant and Redressed Grievance GRC

Not redressed

3rd Level PMU LEVEL 15 days Grievance Grievance PMU Safeguard Officer and PMSC Safeguard Specialists Redressed

Not redressed

4th Level PROJECT STEERING Grievance COMMITTEE

Figure 21Grievance redress process

Recordswill be kept by PIU of all grievances received, including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were processed and final outcome. The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the PMU office, municipal office, and on the web, as well as reported in monitoring reports submitted to ADB on a semi-annual basis. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting/information dissemination) will be borne by the concerned PIU at town-level; while costs related to escalated grievances will be met by the PMU.

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CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 7.1 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CUNSULTATION AND PARTCIPATION Participation is a process, through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, the decisions and the resources, which affects them. The effectiveness of environment and social management plan is directly related to the degree of continuing involvement of stakeholders in the project development process. Participation of stakeholders in the projects is also a primary requirement in developing an appropriate ESMP that addresses project‟s requirement and suited to the needs of the stakeholders. Stakeholder‟s involvement is also vastly increases the probability of successful implementation of management plan. In order to make consultation and disclosure process effective and fruitful, comprehensive planning is required to assure that local government, NGOs, host population and project staff interacts regularly and purposefully, throughout all stages of the project and contribute toward a common goal.

7.1.1 Regulatory context As per ADB‟s safeguard requirements, public consultations and information disclosure is to be undertaken by project proponent to comply with the requirements of the legislation of Bangladesh and international practices. Specific ADB guidance used in the preparation of this IEE includes:

- ADB‟s safeguard policy statement (2009) with respect to environmental safeguards, involuntary resettlement safeguards, and Indigenous Peoples safeguards. - ADB‟s Safeguard Policy and Public Communications Policy (2011) set out disclosure requirements for various ADB activities, including safeguards.

7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION TOOLS Following three (3) tools were used for Public Consultation:

a. Public Consultation Meeting (PCM) b. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) c. Stakeholder Consultation

7.2.1 Public Consultation Meeting (PCM) Presentations, panel debates, keynotes, workshops, and lectures are all examples of information sharing meetings. The primary goal of these meetings is for the speaker to share information with the attendees. At information sharing meetings attendees have historically been passive listeners.

While there are several types of information sharing meetings, they usually feature two main roles: the presenter(s), and the audience members.

Presenter: Often, the presenter is in a position of authority, like a manager passing on information or instructions to subordinates, or a subject matter expert sharing her knowledge with those present. The role can also fall on a keynote speaker, members of a panel, or project leader, to name just a few.

Audience members: Audience members make up the bulk of participants in information sharing meetings. Depending on the meeting size, there may be as many as hundreds, or even thousands, of audience members present. Their level of interest, and motivation to absorb the information shared, is highly dependent on their motivation for attending. In some cases, they have chosen to attend out of their own interest, while in other cases they are required to attend by their employer, professor, or other authority.

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During these consultations, the communities were explained about the project, its benefits, social and environmental impacts. The participants were encouraged to (i) be open and make known their concerns and claims. The presentation highlighted the project background, objectives, expected upcoming activities, social economic information, and environmental information. The salient features of the meetings are presented below:

 Create awareness of the project;  To obtain stakeholders responses, feedback and concerns on the project;  To obtain environmental information on the community.

After the presentations, the community was given opportunity to give their views, comments and queries. Different community problems were addressed during the meeting in which the local participants expressed repeatedly their main concerns as follows:

 IES connectivity and access;  Prospects of jobs and income generating activities;  Disruption to road users connecting to the current Pourashava Bhaban and public access during construction phase.

Comments or questions raised by audience were responded to. The consultant explained that positive and negative impacts of the project on people and the environment will be analysed such as air pollution, dust, influx of people, employment. All the participants confirmed that they appreciate the Project. The project received high degree of acceptability, which will boost local economy due to improved climate change resilient designs, IES access and assured durability.

7.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather together people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. The group of participants is guided by a moderator (or group facilitator) who introduces topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion.

The strength of FGD relies on allowing the participants to agree or disagree with each other so that it provides an insight into how a group thinks about an issue, about the range of opinion and ideas, and the inconsistencies and variation that exists in a particular community in terms of beliefs and their experiences and practices.

FGDs can be used to explore the meanings of survey findings that cannot be explained statistically, the range of opinions/views on a topic of interest and to collect a wide variety of local terms. In bridging research and policy, FGD can be useful in providing an insight into different opinions among different parties involved in the change process, thus enabling the process to be managed more smoothly. It is also a good method to employ prior to designing questionnaires.

Key issues discussed were similar to those already voiced during the community consultation meetings and included:

 Community benefits realized as a result of the construction of IES;  Resettlement and Environmental issues and mitigation measures according to Resettlement Framework prepared and approved by ADB and government Bangladesh for this project;  Participation of local community during the construction phase;  Roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders for realizing desired outcome;  Potential social and economic impacts of the proposed IES construction/ improvement.

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7.2.3 Stakeholder Consultation Consultation is a formal process by which the Commission collects input and views from stakeholders about its policies. Consultation is a continuous process and formal stakeholder consultations complement the Commission's broader interaction with stakeholders (e.g. meetings or exchanges or through existing permanent platforms for dialogue). The term 'stakeholder consultation' applies to all consultations with stakeholders in the process of the evaluation or the preparation of a policy initiative or the implementation of an existing intervention.

7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION HISTORY Initial Public consultation has been carried out in the project area with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the community on the benefits of the project. As part of the project consultations, efforts were made to consult with the public as well as a number of local authorities, to determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback on the impact of the proposed Shelter in their respective locations. Information and comments collected from the public early in the study process were of use.

Different stakeholders were consulted to give them the opportunity to express their views and concerns. As part of the process, they were also provided with relevant and sufficient information on the project prior to its start-up. These stakeholders include the central and local authorities, as well as the local population so as to determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback on the impact of the project. Attendees in the consultation meeting were apprised of the processes through which the project was to proceed toward implementation and the environmental impacts to arise out of such processes along with the steps to be taken toward mitigating the impacts. They were told about the impacts all of which could be easily mitigated. The audience expressed satisfaction of such mitigation measures (Figure 20). The public consultations were held during field visit in 12 February 2018.

Figure 22 Public consultation and FGDs held in Barguna during field visit in 12February 2018

As part of the impact assessment, the consultants conducted focus group discussions with selected groups at the location of the proposed IES. Few comments were collected from public. The summary is given in section 7.4 of this report. For details report please refer to the Due Diligence Report given in Appendix G.

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7.4 FINDINGS OF FGDs AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS The people in the area largely depend on agriculture. Most of the people were keen to know the possibility of employment in the project. There is a requirement of about 60 people during the peak period of the project. The employment is largely depending on the types of job and will be assessed on a case to case basis by the contractor according to needs.Findings of the public consultation (FGD and PCM) are summarized below (Table 30). For more details, please see Appendix G.

Table 30 Summary of the public consultation and FGDs

1 Question What are the key issues that you will be discussing here? Answer  Justification of site selection and routing for sub-project components;  Ownership and present position of land with regard to the proposed IES/SWM systems;  Resettlement and Environmental issues and mitigation measures according to Resettlement Framework prepared and approved by ADB and government Bangladesh for this project;  Participation of local community in construction and operation & maintenance of the IES/SWM systems;  Roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders for realizing desired outcome;  Potential social and economic impacts of the proposed IES/SWM systems. 2 Question What are the possible benefits that the Barguna citizens may get from such IES, since it is a new concept for us? Answer  Overall, the project is expected to contribute to the achievement of the results, such as: Reduce Waterborne and water related diseases; Development of Climate resilient infrastructure in project towns; Reduce Climate disaster risk of life and wealth in project towns urban environmental improvement, leading to better quality of life, Poverty reduced. And increase of Health benefits. Improved conditions of poor, women and children. Increased satisfaction and willingness to pay for improved urban services. 3 Question  It was revealed from the discussion that a despite considerable improvement in urban sanitation coverage, rural based urban Pourashava sanitation coverage and practice remains unsatisfactory. Faecal sludge is discharged through open drains into rivers. The maintenance of septic tanks and pit latrines is inadequate. This results in waste water leakage and threatens ground water contamination, with flows into low-lying areas and open drains without treatment. Besides, other sanitation related services are also not available in the town. Solid Waste Management (SWM), collection and disposal have not been well managed in Barguna Pourashava. Hazardous waste such as infectious hospital waste is often handled as domestic municipal waste. How these problems will be addressed in the IES? Answer  The IES is designed considering all these information. 4 Question During labour recruitment, should the locals be given priority during construction? Answer This largely depends on the types of job and will be assessed on a case to case basis by the contractor according to needs. 5 Question Councillors, Pourashava authority and local people accepted the proposed subproject with thanks and gratitude. Answer Accepted thankfully 6 Question Priority for jobs should also consider women; women can do the same work. Answer Priority will include women and there will not be any discrimination as far as possible depending on the nature of the job. 7 Question People present at site suggested that the local people should be the first ones tobe employed in the subproject. Answer The consultant team explained that local people will be employed accordingly to job requirement. 8 Question Wishes to speed up the subproject. Answer It was explained that implementation will take place immediately after the rainy season. 9 Question Construction creates lot of dust and noise, is there any increase in dust anticipated? Answer There will be dust and noise at the construction site and all mitigation measures will be put in place by the contractor according to EMP.

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7.5 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS The IES is located in suitable places of Barguna Pourashava with good road communication. The proposed IES will be constructed and established on land of the mentioned open land. The representatives of Pourashava, Institutions and local people considered that the selected sites are suitable from technical and social point of view.

The local people have expressed their greater interest for this WIE for their safety and improvement. They have also assured that they will provide required support in construction, operations and maintenance of this IES. Pourashava, Institutions‟ management and local community will be responsible for providing required services for construction, operation and maintenance of IES. The services/uses of IES will result in saving lives of local people and reduce damage to their properties that caused due to irregular disaster in this coastal area.The list of participants and written documents of the FGDs are attached herewith this report as Annex IV. 7.6 FUTURE CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE This IEE and other relevant documents will be made available at public locations in the Pourashava and posted on the websites of executing agencies and ADB. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during the project implementation, to ensure stakeholders participate fully in project execution, as well as to implement comprehensive information, education, and communication plan.

The public consultation and disclosure program with all interested and affected partied will remain a continuous process throughout the subproject implementation, and shall include the following:

i. Consultations during construction phase: (a) public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programs and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and (b) smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and to provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in project monitoring and evaluation. ii. Project disclosure: (a) public information campaigns (via newspaper, flyers, and media) to explain the subproject to the wider Pourashava population and prepare them for disruptions they may experience once construction is underway; (b) public disclosure meetings at key subproject stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in local language; (c) formal disclosure of completed subproject reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the subproject areas, and informing the public of their availability; and (d) providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.

For the benefit of the community, the summary of the IEE will be translated in the local language and made available at (i) offices of executing and implementing agencies, (ii) area offices, (iii) consultant teams‟ offices; and (iv) contractor‟s campsites. It will be ensured that the hard copies of IEE are kept at places which are conveniently accessible to people, as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. An electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of executing and implementing agencies and the ADB website after approval of the IEE by ADB.

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 CONCLUSIONS The IES contract package are designated as e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/IES/01: for the Upgraded Sanitation: Toilets/ Septic Tank Systems; Faecal Sludge Management; Solid Waste Management System; and Procurement of Equipment and Vehicles.

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In addition, for assured operations and maintenance of the proposed facilities, interventions will take place at the design, construction and operation stages of the CTEIP programme, including effective Public Awareness and Community Motivation Campaigns; Capacity Building and related Business Development Requirements.

The location of the Barguna sanitation and integrated landfill and resource recovery facilities have been assessed as being viable engineering solutions in safeguarding against unsanitary conditions of the localities for providing more healthy and improvement standard of living of the people of Barguna and visiting populous.

The PPTA feasibility study, completed in October 2013, has provided a comprehensive set of recommendations for the planning, design and implementation of the Project. Based on the recommendations of this study, the DDS Consultant has completed the detailed engineering design for the construction of the integrated sanitation and solid waste management facilities in Barguna. The sites are located in such a way so that it has minimum environmental and social impacts.

Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed. No further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009).

Based on Project Description (Chapter 3), Environmental Baseline Data (Chapter 4), and Environmental Impacts (Chapter 5), and Environmental Mitigation Measures, (Chapter 6); the following conclusion are drawn:

i. The locations of the Barguna IES has been assessed as being a viable solution local potable water problem.

ii. The challenge for the subproject is that the IES is implemented in the most economically feasible, and environmentally and socially sensitive, manner.

iii. Based on the recommendations of feasibility study, the DDS Consultants designed the IES.

iv. The proposed locations for the IES at Barguna Pourashava was selected based on the recommendations of the SPAR report and subsequent site verification by the DDS Consultant, which is assessed to have minimum environmental impacts.

v. The selected sites are well suited for its intended purpose, and have the advantages of composting solid waste though the Pourashava area. There is no resettlement issue but land acquisition requirement in this subproject. Categorization form is prepared and submitted in Annexure –III.

vi. The adverse environmental impacts will occur during the construction period, and will be of a relatively short duration. Adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the IES to minimize or mitigate these unavoidable environmental impacts that are a result of the works.

vii. The management plans, bill of quantities and cost estimates were prepared. The emphasis was given for protection of environment, capacity building, training, monitoring and evaluation. The environmental costs are estimated at Tk. 530,000.00 viii. The major positive achievements of IES are as follows:

a. Development of IES will serve health and sanitation improvement for the entire Pourashava.

b. Establishment of IES development will stimulate ancillary subproject which will improve health status of the local population;

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c. More employment of people during construction phases;

d. Will be potential socio-economic enhancement of rural economy by saving the life of people;

e. Skill Transfer and Training.

ix. The environmental mitigation measures as stipulated in the EMP and in the obtained environmental permit shall be monitored during implementation of the IES subproject. In order to perform monitoring of the EMP, the contractor shall engage experienced laboratory and third party services in complying the required environmental testing of parameters listed in Chapter 8.

x. The noise and air quality of the subproject area is within the permissible limits. The overall impact on air and noise quality during construction is limited to site and of short duration and can be mitigated. The labour camps shall be established with the septic tanks and soak pits for treatment and disposal of sewage water to avoid pollution of water bodies. The environmental monitoring will be required before the start of the construction and during the construction phase. The parameters of Water Quality, Air Quality, Noise quality, and Soils shall be monitored; as specified in Chapter 8.

xi. During public consultation recommendations were drawn including: i) involve local communities in all stages of subproject planning and development, ii) establish permanent communication between subproject initiators and local authorities, iii) setup grievance redress mechanism which will publicized through Pourashava level co-ordination committee and monitoring register and iv) during construction, local people including women shall be given first priority in the employment of skilled and unskilled labour.

8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS In view of above, it is concluded that the subproject will bring benefit to the people of the area and improve sanitation. The negative impacts occurring during implementation are within the manageable limits and shall be mitigated with the proposed Environmental Management Plan and hence subproject may be implemented.

8.3 DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS INSTRUMENTS The LGED will disclose this Environmental Management Framework by making copies available at its head office and in District / Pourashava where the subproject is situated. The copies shall also be made available to the Local Government‟s Agencies, the Environmental and Social Group and other stakeholders. The Government of Bangladesh will also authorize the Asian Development Bank to disclose this IEE and EMP electronically through its InfoShop.

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ANNEXURE I: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLISTS Construction of Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following areas:

 Underground utilities No

 Cultural heritage site No

 Protected Area No

 Wetland/Ponds Yes There is a ephemeral canal within 10m of the proposed site

 Mangrove No

 Estuarine No

 Buffer zone of protected area No

 Special area for protecting biodiversity No

 Bay No B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause:

 Encroachment on historical/cultural areas? No

 Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)? No

 Impacts on the sustainability of associated sanitation and solid waste disposal yes Sub-project will develop collection, transport and systems? disposal of wastes.

 Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No

 Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous No Peoples or other vulnerable groups?  Accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to loss of No life?  Increased noise and air pollution resulting from increased traffic volume? yes EMP: to be followed

 Occupational and community health and safety risks? yes EMP to be followed

 Risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to yes EMP: to be followed physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation?  Pollution of surface and groundwater from leachate, methane gas from yes Leachate gas decomposition of solid wastes at the Landfill site? management measures given in design

 Requirements for disposal of fill, excavation, and/or spoil materials? yes EMP to be followed

 Noise, dust and vibration during civil works? yes EMP to be followed

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 Long-term impacts on groundwater flows as result of needing to drain the No project site prior to construction?  Long-term impacts on local hydrology as a result of building hard surfaces in No or near the building?  Large population influx during project construction and operation that causes No Small scale at all sites increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?  Social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired? No Local labour to be hired

 Risks to community safety caused by fire, electric shock, or failure of the No buildings safety features during operation?  Risks to community health and safety caused by management and disposal of yes EMP to be followed waste?  Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially No where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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ANNEXURE II: GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM (Bangla translation to be available) The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback. Should you choose to include your personal details but want the information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name.

Thank you.

Date Place of Registration Contact Information/Personal Details Name Gender * Male Age * Female Home Address Place Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where, and how) of your grievance below: If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here:

How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official Registering Grievance)

Mode of Communication: Note/Letter E-mail Verbal/Telephonic Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Officials Reviewing Grievance)

Action Taken:

Whether Action Taken Yes Disclosed: No Means of Disclosure:

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ANNEXTURE III: CATEGORIZATION FORM INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION

Date: ___/___/2017

A. Project Data

Country/Project No./Project : Country: Bangladesh Title ADB No.: (No. to be designated)

Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP)

Subproject: CTEIP/BAR/IES/01

B. Involuntary Resettlement Category

[ ] New [ ] Recategorization ― Previous Category [ ]

 Category A  Category B  Category C  Category FI

C. Comments

No unavoidable dislocation or involuntary resettlement of persons affected by the sub-project will take place as a result of the Construction of the Integrated Environmental Sanitation (IES)/ Solid Waste Management including Landfill and Resource Recovery Facilities under Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna:

 Solid Waste Management System; Faecal Sludge Management; Green Zone Development;  Procurement of Equipment and Vehicles;

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Annexure IIIa: Involuntary Resettlement Impact Categorization Checklist: Barguna Water Supply System Rehabilitation - Construction of OHTs (02 nos.-525 cum each), Laying of Transmission (4.0 km) and Distribution Pipelines (12.347km, Ring Main) under Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna

Not Probable Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Remarks Known

Involuntary Acquisition of Land

Pourashava will purchase the land from 1. Will there be land acquisition? Yes local land owners Pourashava identified 5.0163 acres land 2. Is the site for land acquisition known? Yes adjacent to the pourashava boundary

Land Purchase of Pourashava on 3. Is the ownership status and current usage of land to be process (last stage where the Yes acquired known? Pourashava will handover the cheques to land owners)

4. Will easement be utilized within an existing Right of Way Not applicable (ROW)?

5. Will there be loss of shelter and residential land due to No land acquisition?

The proposed land is barren, however it 6. Will there be loss of agricultural and other productive Yes is cultivated by farmers sometimes on assets due to land acquisition? lease contract

7. Will there be losses of crops, trees, and fixed assets due No to land acquisition? 8. Will there be loss of businesses or enterprises due to land No acquisition? 9. Will there be loss of income sources and means of No livelihoods due to land acquisition? Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

10. Will people lose access to natural resources, communal No facilities and services?

11. If land use is changed, will it have an adverse impact on No social and economic activities?

12. Will access to land and resources owned communally or No by the state be restricted?

Information on Displaced Persons: Not Applicable

Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by the Project? [--] No [--] Yes

If yes, approximately how many? ______

Are any of them poor, female-heads of households, or vulnerable to poverty risks? [--] No [--] Yes

Are any displaced persons from indigenous or ethnic minority groups? [--] No [--] Yes

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Note: The project team may attach additional information on the project, as necessary.

ANNEXURE IV: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OF THE FGD PERFORMED

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