Improvement / Construction of 03 Nos. Road, Totalling 1.680 Kms, Including 418.20 M Protection

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

Contract Package No.: e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03

September 2017

Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) (ADB Loan No. L3133-BAN (SF)/L8284-BAN (SCF)/G0394-BAN (SCF))

Batch 2: Stage I CTEIP Programme

Improvement / Construction of 03 nos. Road, totalling 1.680 kms, including 418.20 m protection. In Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 31 December 2017)

Currency unit – taka (Tk)

Tk1.00 = $0.01209

$1.00 = Tk82.650

NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Bangladesh ends on 30 June. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2017 ends on June 2017.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This IEE is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

APPENDIX-E

Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP)

(ADB Loan No. L3133-BAN (SF)/L8284-BAN (SCF)/G0394-BAN (SCF))

Local Government Engineering Department (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

Batch 2: Stage I CTEIP Programme

Contract Package No.: e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03

Improvement / Construction of 03 nos. Road, totalling 1.680 kms, including 418.20 m protection. In Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna

September 2017

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Package: CTEIP/KAL/RD/03: IEE Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AP - Affected Persons BAN - Bangladesh BC - Bituminous Carpeting BFIDC - Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation BFRI - Bangladesh Forest Research Institute BNH - Bangladesh National Herbarium BOQ - Bill of Quantities BPL - Below Poverty Line CC - Cement Concrete CDTA - Capacity Development Technical Assistance CIF - Climate Investment Fund CTEIP - Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project DC - Deputy Commissioner DDS - Detailed Design services DoE - Department of Environment DO - Dissolved Oxygen DoI - Department of Irrigation DPHE - Department of Public Health Engineering DSC - Design and Supervision Consultant ECA - Environmental Conservation Act ECC - Environmental Clearance Certificate ECR - Environmental Conservation Rules EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan FGD - Focus Group Discussion FHH - Female House Hold GAP - Gender Action Plan GoB - Government of Bangladesh HFL - High Flood Level HH - House Hold ICB - International Competitive Bidding ICCDC - Institutional Capacity and Communication Development Consultant IEE - Initial Environmental Examination ILO - International Labor Organization ISA - Initial Social Assessment LAO - Land Acquisition Officer LGED - Local Government Engineering Department LCC - Location Clearance Certificate MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forest MCM - Million Cubic Meters MLD - Million Liters Per Day MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forest MS - Mild Steel NFP - National Forest Policy NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NRW - Non-Revenue Water NWP - National Water Policy O&M - Operations and Maintenance OBC - Other Backward Classes PAF - Project Affected Family PAP - Project Affected Person PIU - Project Implementation Unit

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE i Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

PLO - Project Liaison Officer PMSC - Project Management Supervision Consultant PMU - Project Management Unit POL - Petrol, Oil and Diesel PWD - Public Works Department PPCR - Pilot Programme for Climate Change PPTA - Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RP - Resettlement Plan REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment SIA - Social Impact Assessment SPCR - Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience TLCC - Town Level Co-ordination Committee SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TDS - Total Dissolved Solids UBL - Urban Local Body UHC - Upazila Health Complex WBM - Water-based Macadam WMM - Wet-mix Macadam WTP - Water Treatment Plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS

°C - Degree Celsius ha - Hectare Km - Kilometer M - Meter mm - Millimeter Tk - Taka % - Percentage

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE ii Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF IEE ...... 3 1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES ...... 5 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 7 1.5 FORMAT OF THE REPORT ...... 8 CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ...... 10 2.1 NATIONAL RELEVANT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ...... 10 2.1.1 National Environmental Policy ...... 10 2.1.2 National Water Policy (NWP) ...... 10 2.1.3 National Forest Policy (NFP 1994) ...... 10 2.1.4 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP 2009) ...... 10 2.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS...... 11 2.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS / FRAMEWORK ...... 12 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE PROCEDURE ...... 13 2.4.1 Environmental Category: Bangladesh ...... 15 2.4.2 Environmental Category: ADB ...... 15 2.4.3 Bangladesh Environmental Standards ...... 16 2.4.4 Institutional Capacity ...... 16 CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 17 3.1 STUDY AREA ...... 17 3.2 EXISTING EVIRONMENT OF BARGUNA ROADS AND THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 17 3.2.1 Road no.06 ...... 17 3.2.2 Road no. 07 ...... 18 3.2.3 Road no. 08 ...... 19 3. 3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 19 3.4 LOCATION AND SELECTION OF ROADS ...... 19 3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION ...... 20 3.6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 20 3.6.1 Without Project Alternative ...... 20 3.6.2 With Project Alternative ...... 21 3.7 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WORK AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ...... 21 3.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ...... 23 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINES ...... 25 4.1 METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE BASELINE STUDY ...... 25

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE iii Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

4.1.1 Secondary data ...... 25 4.1.2 Primary data ...... 25 4.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 25 4.2.1 Topography ...... 25 4.2.2 Rainfall and Temperature...... 26 4.2.4 Hydrology ...... 27 4.2.5 Drainage and Flood Control ...... 28 4.2.6 Ambient Air Quality ...... 28 4.2.7 Ambient Noise ...... 29 4.2.8 Ground Water Quality ...... 30 4.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 32 4.3.1 Bioecological zone ...... 32 4.3.2 Vegetation ...... 35 4.3.2 Aquatic flora and fauna ...... 35 4.3.4 Economic Development ...... 36 4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 36 4.5.1 Population ...... 36 4.5.2 Land use...... 37 4.5.3 Socio-economic Status ...... 37 4.5.4 Other Existing Amenities for Community Welfare ...... 37 CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 38 5.1 APPROACH ...... 38 5.2 POSITIVES IMPACTS ...... 39 5.2.1 Impact during Planning and Design Phase ...... 39 5.2.2 Impacts during Construction Phase ...... 39 5.2.3 Impacts during Project Operation ...... 40 5.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 40 5.3.1 Impact during Planning Phase ...... 40 5.3.2 Impact during Construction Phase ...... 41 5.4 IMPACTS ANALYSIS ...... 46 5.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ...... 46 CHAPTER 6: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 52 6.1 GENERAL ...... 52 6.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS ...... 52 6.2.1 1st Level Grievance ...... 52 6.2.2 2nd Level Grievance ...... 52 6.2.3 3rd Level Grievance ...... 53

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE iv Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

6.2.4 4th Level Grievance ...... 53 6.3 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ...... 53 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 54 7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND PARTICIPATION ...... 54 7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION TOOLS ...... 55 7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION HISTORY ...... 56 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 58 8.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 58 8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 59 8.3 DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS INSTRUMENTS ...... 59 ANNEXURE I: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLISTS ...... 60 ANNEXURE II: GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM ...... 61 ANNEXTURE IIIa: CATEGORIZATION FORM ...... 62 ANNEXURE IIIb: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-1 ...... 63 ANNEXURE IIIb: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-2 ...... 64 ANNEXURE IIIb: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-3 ...... 65

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE v Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Barguna Road Package Scope of Work (CTEIP Batch 1, Stage 1) 5 Table 2 Applicable GoB Environmental Legislation 11 Table 3 DoE Classification of Roads (Source: ECR 1997) 15 Table 4 Relevant Environmental Quality Standards (Source: ECR 1997) 16 Table 5 Detailed description of the proposed development works and construction materials 21 Table 6 Typical project implementation schedule* 24 Table 7 Projections of climate change in Project Area in Future 27 Table 8 Ambient Air Quality in Amtali Pourashava near Barguna pourashava 29 Table 9 Ambient Noise Level in Amtali Pourashava 30 Table 10 Groundwater Quality in Amtali Pourashava. 31 Table 11 Quality of the surface water supply system in Barguna Pourashava 31 Table 12 Barguna Pourashava Population Data 36 Table 13 Environmental sectors in which the Subproject Is Not Expected to have Significant Impacts 38 Table 14 Noise levels during construction (dBA) 44 Table 15 Noise generated by construction machineries and their maximum exposure time 45 Table 16 Noise generated by various vehicle types in dB(A) 46 Table 17 Matrix of Potential Environmental Impact of the sub-project 48 Table 18 Matrix of the Cumulative Environmental Impacts of the sub-project 49

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE vi Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Elevation map of Bangladesh (Source: www.FloodMap.net) 1 Figure 2 Location map of Barguna Porasava in Barguna district (Source: Banglapedia 2017) 3 Figure 3 Road map of Barguna (Source: LGED) 4 Figure 4 Location map of Road 06 and 07 of BAR/RD/03 package 6 Figure 5 Location map of Road 08, BAR/RD/03 package 7 Figure 6 IEE approach and methodology resulting to EMP 9 Figure 7 Environmental Clearance Process in Bangladesh 14 Figure 8 Existing environment of Road 06 (Source: Field Work 2017) 18 Figure 9 Existing condition of road 07 (Source: Field Work 2017) 18 Figure 10 Existing condition of Road 08 (Source: Field Work 2017) 19 Figure 11 Topographic map of Barguna pourashava and adjacent area 26 Figure 12 Historical record of temperature and rainfall in Barguna 27 Figure 13 Agroecological Zones of Bangladesh (Source: IUCN) 33 Figure 14 General soil map of Bangladesh (Source: BARC) 34 Figure 15 Vegetation in Barguna Pourashava seen during field visit 2017 35 Figure 16 Aquatic vegetation in Barguna pourashava (Source: Field Survey 2017) 36 Figure 17 Areas vulnerable to soil loss during construction in Barguna 41 Figure 18 Grievance redress process 53 Figure 19 Public consultation held in Barguna during field visit at 6 August 2017 57

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE vii Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i. Coastal region of Bangladesh mostly comprises low lying areas and is exposed to sea level rise, storm surges and frequent and intense storm events leading to widespread disastrous consequences. Uncontrolled urbanization, coupled with existing inadequate capacities of the Pourashavas to manage requisite infrastructure, makes this region still more vulnerable to adverse impacts of severe and highly variable climatic conditions. Such adverse conditions, along with the burden of increased urban growth, prevailing regional poverty, exacerbated by weak urban governance, have resulted in undue pressure on basic urban services and infrastructure, which has severely impaired economic growth. As a result of these natural disasters the population in the coastal region remains poor and development significantly lags behind the rest of the country even though there is a lot of potential for further development. However, the number, intensity and the regularity of such disasters appear to be increasing and this trend is restricting further development of the coastal region. ii. The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) is a key infrastructure initiative of the Government of Bangladesh. The intervention is planned to develop climate resilient structures, including roads infrastructural works. The proposed subproject is for the Construction/Improvement of 3 Roads, totalling 0.870 km, including 0.329 km road side drain in Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna, mostly urban and semi-urban in nature. iii. The challenge for the project is that the roads are implemented in the most economically feasible, and environmentally and socially sensitive, manner. The PPTA feasibility study provided a comprehensive set of recommendations for the planning, design and implementation of the Project. Based on the recommendations of this study, the DDS Consultant has completed the detailed engineering design for the construction/improvement of the Barguna roads. iv. The proposed locations for the 3 (three) roads for construction/improvement in Barguna Pourashava area under the package CTEIP/BAR/RD/03 were selected based on the recommendations of the PPTA report and subsequent site verification by the DDS Consultant, which is assessed to have minimum environmental impacts. The selected sites are well suited for their intended purpose, and have the advantages of immediate accessibility from the immediate local vicinity catchment areas within Barguna Pourashava area. v. Categorization. An environmental assessment using ADB‟s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for urban development (Annexure I) was conducted and results of the assessment show that the subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. Barguna roads subproject is classified as environmental category Orange B as per Bangladesh ECR 1997 and environmental category B as per the SPS 2009 as no significant impacts are envisioned. This initial environmental examination (IEE), hence, has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Bangladesh ECR 1997 and ADB SPS 2009 for, respectively, environment category Orange B and environmental category B projects and provides mitigation and monitoring measures to ensure no significant impacts as a result of the subproject. vi. Initial Environmental Examination of construction/improvement of the 3 (three) Barguna roads under package CTEIP/BAR/RD/03 has followed and fulfilled the requirements of the Environmental Assessment Review Framework (EARF) Subproject Selection Criteria enumerated in the PPTA document. vii. There is some resettlement require but no land acquisition requirement in this subproject. The adverse environmental impacts will occur during the construction period, and will be of a relatively short duration. Adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the roads to minimize or mitigate these unavoidable environmental impacts that are a result of the works. viii. No baseline survey report exists for Barguna pourashava. Secondary literatures are also scarce. This consultant used PPTA survey reports from Amtali (being the nearest location) for assumptions and estimations with the help of some secondary information publicly available on internet.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE viii Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ix. It is clear that in many cases Amtali region exceeds permissible noise limit. Due to similar traffic structure and civil establishments, Barguna Pourashava is expected to show similar noise levels. Therefore, noise level monitoring during construction is strongly suggested and included in the EMP (Appendix F) that to be read in conjunction with this report. x. The smell of rotten egg in surface water supply system has been confirmed by the local residents. This consultant deduced that, the „rotten egg‟ odor might occur from excessive Sulphur reacting with anaerobic bacteria in the presence of magnesium and aluminum sacrificial anodes. This is indicative of excess salinity in the region that might react with cementing materials. Therefore proper monitoring of salinity in water is recommended and included in the EMP (Appendix F) that to be read in conjunction with this report. xi. Excess TSS exists in water samples in the locality (Amtali). It is expected that, Barguna and Amtali Pourashava are likely to share same aquifer due to short distance. As a consequence excess TSS might feature Barguna Pourashava ground water too. Therefore groundwater quality needs to be closely monitored during construction of the roads. xii. The environmental costs are estimated as Tk 265,000 refer to Appendix F: The Environmental Management Plan (EMP), for details of the cost break-up. xiii. The adverse environmental impacts will occur during the construction period and will be of a relatively short duration. Adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the roads to minimize or mitigate these unavoidable environmental impacts that are a result of the works. xiv. The major positive achievements of roads are:

a. Development of roads will serve not only the influence area but also the surrounding area in the town. b. Establishment of roads development will stimulate ancillary projects which will improve economic status of the local population; c. More employment of people during construction phases; d. Will be potential socio-economic enhancement of rural economy by connecting people to semi-urban areas; e. Reduction in travel time and road safety; f. Reduction in fuel consumption, exhaust emission and greenhouse gases; g. Skill transfer, capacity development and training. xv. The major negative impacts, to be limited within and around the areas of construction sites, will be changes in land use, soil loss in terms of soil erosion from RoWs, borrow-pits, quarries, etc., soil pollution, disruption in drainage patterns, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, etc.

xvi. The subproject‟s potential cumulative impacts were considered with respect to valued components in environmental and socio-economic categories. There are no foreseeable projects that will overlap with the subproject.

xvii. Tree plantation is proposed along roadsides as protection against negative attributes of climate change phenomena and toward improving the quality of environment. This will keep the ecological function in circulation. The noise impact at source will be mitigated by job rotation and use of ear plug and other measures suggested in EMP. xviii. The environmental mitigation measures as stipulated in EMP (Chapter 6) and in the obtained environmental permit shall be monitored during implementation of the road sub-project. In order to perform monitoring of EMP, the contractor shall engage experienced laboratory and third party services in complying the required environmental testing of parameters listed in Chapter 8.

xix. The labour camps shall be established with the septic tank and soak pit for treatment and disposal of sewage and sludge water to avoid pollution of water bodies. Contractor shall submit the EMP for construction camp site for approval of engineer in charge. In addition, contractor shall arrange water of required quality for the camp and construction activities.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE ix Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

xx. The environmental monitoring will be required before the start of the construction and during the construction phase. It has been found that ground water quality is already unsatisfactory in the region (TSS exceeding permissible limit). Therefore special attention to groundwater quality monitoring during construction is necessary. The parameters of Water Quality, Air Quality, Noise quality, and Soils shall be monitored; as specified in Chapter 8.

xxi. During public consultation recommendations were drawn including: i) involve local communities in all stages of project planning and development, ii) establish permanent communication between project initiators and local authorities, iii) setup grievance redress mechanism which will publicized through Pourashava level co-ordination committee and monitoring register and iv) during construction, local people including women shall be given first priority in the employment of skilled and unskilled labour.

xxii. In view of above, it is concluded that the Project will bring benefit to the people of the area. The negative impacts occurring during implementation are within the manageable limits and shall be mitigated with the proposed Environmental Management Plan and hence project may be implemented. xxiii. LGED will disclose this Environmental Management Framework by making copies available at its head office and in District / Pourashava where the Project is situated. The copies shall also be made available to the Local Government‟s Agencies, the Environmental and Social Group and other stakeholders. The Government of Bangladesh will also authorize the Asian Development Bank to disclose this IEE and EMP electronically through its InfoShop.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE x Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Coastal region of Bangladesh is densely populated (35.1 millions) and mostly comprised of low lying areas (< 10m) and is exposed to Sea Level Rise (SLR), storm surges and frequent and intense cyclone events leading to widespread disastrous consequences (see Figure 1). Uncontrolled urbanization, coupled with existing inadequate capacities of the Pourashavas to manage requisite infrastructure makes this region even more vulnerable to adverse impacts of severe and highly variable climatic conditions prevailing in Bangladesh. Such adverse conditions, along with the burden of increased urban growth and prevailing regional poverty exacerbated by weak urban governance, have resulted in undue pressure on basic urban services and infrastructure, which has severely impaired economic growth. As a consequence, the population in the coastal region remains poor and development significantly lags behind the rest of the country even though there is a lot of potential for further development. However, the number, intensity and the regularity of such disasters, many of which are related to climate change, appear to be increasing and this trend is restricting further development of the coastal region.

Figure 1 Elevation map of Bangladesh (Source: www.FloodMap.net)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 1 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Recently, Climate Change (CC) has become more critical issue, particularly in low lying coastal areas, exposed to SLR. Climate change will exacerbate many of the current problems and natural hazards Bangladesh faces. Floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and storm surges are likely to become more frequent and severe in coming years. The changes will threaten the significant achievements, Bangladesh has made over the last 20 years and it will make it difficult to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. According to IPCC‟s 4th Assessment Report, global warming will result in sea level rises between 0.18 and 0.79 meters1. This has major implications for coastal infrastructure in relation to storm surges and salinity intrusion. In a recent study2, it was estimated that increased storm surges and growth in the road network, will lead to additional damages of around $239.5 million to roads, bridges, culverts, etc and a loss of about $52.7 million in road infrastructures.6 These estimates are based on repair and damage costs from the 2007 Sidr cyclone

Bangladesh‟s rural road network is essential for improving the health, education, and the livelihoods of about 66 percent of the county‟s people. Yet the rural roads across the country badly need regular repair and rehabilitation. Poor quality, construction, and carrying capacity of part of the secondary and tertiary road network is common, and large portions of roads are impassable during the rainy season. Yet, the national maintenance budget for rural roads is increasingly in deficit. Road repair is often reactive and, therefore, more expensive over the long run.The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) is a key infrastructure initiative of the Government of Bangladesh. The Project was prioritized in the Government's 2010 Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR), prepared under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), whereby the CTEIP is eligible for financing from the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) within the multi-donor coordinated Climate Investment Funds (CIF) as a pilot project for demonstrating ways to mainstream climate resilience into development. Intervention is planned to develop climate resilient structures, including Cyclone Shelters; roads and bridges; water supply; sanitation; drainage; solid waste management; municipal facilities and flood protection infrastructural works.

Barguna Pourashava (Barguna district) is a coastal region of 15.58 sq km, located in between 21°58' and 22°15' north latitudes and in between 89°59' and 90°14' east longitudes within the boundaries of Barguna Sadar Upazilla. It is bounded by Betagi, Mirzaganj and Patuakhali sadar upazila on the north, Bay of Bengal and Amtali Upazila on the south, Amtali upazila on the east, Patharghata and Bamna upazilas on the west. (Figure 2). The upazila is vulnerable to frequent cyclones and storm surges that originate from the Bay of Bengal. Three (3) roads, inclusive roadside drains, within Barguna Pourashava area proposed for construction/improvement through this project are mostly within urban and semi urban areas of Barguna District (See roadmap of Barguna in Figure 3). The roads are designed to meet all weather requirements This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted by EPTISA Services de Ingenieria S.L., the Detailed Design Services (DDS) Consultant under the CTEIP, in accordance with the ADB‟s requirements and guidelines. The IEE is based upon a study of available reports and documents, including the Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA), under TA 8128 BAN; relevant sections of the Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) Report; discussions with related stakeholders and PIU/Pourashava authorities. Read this IEE in conjunction with the following documents, attached to this Bid Document:

 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) attached hereto as Appendix F;  Resettlement Plan (RP): (Due Diligence Report) attached hereto as Appendix G;  Gender Action Plan (GAP) attached hereto as Appendix H.

1 IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers. Working Group II Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC, Geneva. 2 Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khan, Z.H., Ahmed, M.M.Z., Mukherjee, N., Khan, M.F., Pandey, K. (2010). Vulnerability of Bangladesh to Cyclones in a Changing Climate: Potential Damages and Adaptation Cost\ Policy Research Working Paper, 5280, World Bank.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 2 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Figure 2 Location map of Barguna Pourashava in Barguna district (Source: Banglapedia 2017)

1.2 PURPOSE OF IEE

The initial environmental examination aims to provide guidance on safeguard screening, assessment, institutional arrangement and process to be followed for components of the project, where design takes place after Boards approval. This IEE (i) describes the project and its components; (ii) explains the general anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the subprojects; (iii) specifies the requirements that will be followed in relation to screening and categorization, assessment, and planning,

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 3 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) including arrangements for meaningful consultation with affected people and other stakeholders and information disclosure requirements; (iv) assesses the capability of the project proponents to implement national laws and ADB‟s requirements, and identifies needs for capacity building; (v) specifies implementation procedures, institutional arrangements, and capacity development requirements; and (vi) specifies monitoring and reporting requirements. Moreover, this IEE is to ensure, in line with ADB EARF, that the road project, in the entirety of its project cycle, will not deteriorate or interfere with the environmental sensitivity of the project area, but rather improve environmental quality.

Figure 3 Road map of Barguna (Source: LGED)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 4 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES

The scope of the project includes nine infrastructure categories: (i) roads, bridges and culverts, (ii) solid waste management, (iii) cyclone shelters, (iv) boat landing stations, (v) markets, (vi) bus terminals, (vii) drainage and flood control, (viii) water supply, and (ix) sanitation. The major components to be taken up in Barguna under this project are described in Table 1. This report is on IEE of Barguna roads in Barguna Pourashava area, District: Barguna and the package is designated as e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03.

10 (ten) no. roads scheme proposed in SPAR, Stage-I and Stage-II. Three road packages designed in Barguna Pourashava, as Package No. CTEIP/BAR/RD/01, e-GP/CTEIP/2016-17/BAR/RD/02 and e- GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03. The 3rd road package, RD-03 has been designed in stage –II program without major resettlement issues and land acquisition. The package no. e-GP/CTEIP/2017- 18/BAR/RD/03, the total designed length of Flexible pavement is 1.680 km, 10 no. RCC box culverts and pavement side protection work is 418.20 m. Designed Flexible Pavement width is 3.70 m ~3.00m. the package includes:

a) R-06:Improvement of road from Abdul Kader BC road at Hussain Miah Mill to Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road (Ward no.06) (see Figure 4 for location)

b) R-07: Improvement of Hasan Mollah road from Forman Ali BC road (near Mahbub house) to Zahed Smriti road at Kashem Bhuiyan house. (Ward No. 06 ) (see Figure 4 for location)

c) R-08: Improvement of road from Kali Bari BC road (near Talukder Bari Jame Mosque) to Police Lines SI Quarters east side road. (Ward No. 02 ) (see Figure 5 for location)

Refer to Table 1 for the summarized scope of work:

Table 1 Barguna Road Package Scope of Work (CTEIP Batch 1, Stage 1)

SPAR Proposed SPAR Proposed Proposed Designed Type of Sl.No. Name of Road Road Sl. Pavement Length Length Pavement No. Width (m) (km) (km)

R-06:Improvement of road from Abdul Flexible Kader BC road at Hussain Miah Mill to Road Pavement 1 0.200 0.660 3.00 Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road (Ward No.06 (Bituminous no.06) Carpeting) R-07: Improvement of Hasan Mollah road Flexible from Forman Ali BC road (near Mahbub Road Pavement 2 house) to Zahed Smriti road at Kashem 0.315 0.880 3.70 No.08 Bhuiyan house. (Ward No. 06 ) (Bituminous Carpeting)

R-08: Improvement of road from Kali Bari Flexible BC road (near Talukder Bari Jame Mosque) Road Pavement 3 to Police Lines SI Quarters east side road. 0.340 0.420 3.70 No.09 (Ward No. 02 ) (Bituminous Carpeting)

Total Length 1.969 1.680 km Flexible Pavement, Total length 1.680 km (Source: Detailed Design Report, 2017)

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The scope of work includes ensuring that construction and/ or implemented of the works will be in an environmentally sustainable manner and in full compliance with Bangladesh‟s and the Asian Development Bank‟s environmental safeguard policies and regulations. The scope of services in brief is as follows:

 Document baseline data for various environmental attributes on physical, water, ecological pollution and physical cultural resources and Socio-economic profile;  Assess positive and negative environmental impacts of the proposed works;  Prepare environmental mitigation measures and management plans to effectively address the impacts;  Prepare IEE so that these are acceptable to Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh and the Asian Development Bank;  Prepare post-project monitoring programs, institutional arrangement to implement the environmental plans; and  Prepare cost estimates for the management and monitoring programs.

Figure 4 Location map of Road 06 and 07 of BAR/RD/03 package

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Figure 5 Location map of Road 08, BAR/RD/03 package

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

The package e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03 has followed the Environmental Assessment Review Framework (EARF) subproject selection criteria as enumerated in PPTA document. The approach in preparation of Initial Environmental Examination has been to follow the sequence of steps adopted in an EIA study in relation to EARF. Apart from following standard environmental impact assessment practices and procedures, methodologies have deployed advanced technologies, techniques and tools to the extent these are applicable and relevant to this project. The approach and methodology flow chart is presented in Figure 6. Toward ascertaining baseline conditions and assessing the impacts during construction and operation of the project, the consultants have taken into account the various parameters of the environment – topography, physiography, soils, hydrology and drainage, meteorology, qualities of ambient air and noise, surface water, groundwater, biodiversity, socio-economic aspects including gender issues, land/property, physical and cultural resources. The baseline data for environmental attributes were collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include site visits and visual inspection. The secondary sources include the reports, books, maps and documents from various government and non-government organizations on subject matter. The impacts are assessed for various phases of project cycle namely:

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 Impacts due to project location and design,  Impacts due to project construction, and  Impacts due to project operation.

1. The impacts are categorized as negative and positive. The standard methodology for the review, field visit data collection, impact assessment and formulation of management plans is adopted. The Bangladesh National Acts, Legislation and Laws were consulted with a view to ensuring compliance with various requirements. The environmental attributes were compiled from both primary and secondary sources.

2. The management plans are essential to ensure that stress/ loads on the systems are within carrying capacity. The management plan aims at maintaining the environmental quality of project area at-least in pre-project stage. An environmental management strategy/ plans was developed to mitigate the adverse impacts. Efforts are made to enhance the quality of environmental attributes.

3. It is necessary to monitor the environmental attributes during construction and operation. Monitoring would indicate any environmental problems, which have reviewed. This will facilitate to assess the effectiveness of management and/or mitigation measures.

1.5 FORMAT OF THE REPORT

This report has been prepared taking into consideration the IEE mechanisms, procedures and contents spelt out in Environmental Conservation Act of 1995 and its amendments in 2000, 2002 and 20103 of Bangladesh and ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003) and Safeguard policy statement (2009). The main findings are reported in conclusions and recommendations for discloser locally and the ADB web site. The report has an Executive Summary in the beginning.

 Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the project along with the project background, objectives and scope of the study and an outline on the approach and methodology adopted for the study.  Chapter 2 is a concise document on the policy and strategies; legal instruments, and institutional arrangement under which the project will be developed.  Chapter 3 is on the Project Description which highlights the need for the development. The project Construction Schedules material requirements and cost of project are also summarized.  Chapter 4 is on the baseline environmental and social conditions in pre-construction phase in sufficient detail to enable an adequate assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts.  Chapter 5 is on Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and describes the environmental impacts that could occur as a result of the proposed project.  Chapter 6 is on Grievance Redress Mechanism;  Chapter 7 is on public consultation;  Chapter 8 is on Conclusion and Recommendations. The literature, books, reports and maps referred are presented as foot notes in the main body of the report. At the end, the report has Annexure which are reported in the main body of the report.

3ECA Amendment 2000 focuses on ascertaining responsibility for compensation in cases of damage to ecosystems, increased provision of punitive measures both for fines and imprisonment and the authority to take cognizance of offences. ECA Amendment 2002 elaborates restrictions on polluting automobiles; restrictions on sale, production of environmentally harmful items like polythene bags; assistance from law enforcement agencies for environmental actions; break up of punitive measures; and authority to try environmental cases. In ECA Amendment 2010, no individual or institution (government or semi-government/non-government/ self-governing can cut any hill or hillock; earth-fill or change the status of any water body/wetland/lakes/natural canals, etc., even in national interest; the aforementioned activities can be done only after getting clearance from respective the departments/agencies/authorities.

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DESK RESEARCH

- Lit review

- Acts and legislation - Reconnaissance - Discussion

SCOPING FIELD VISIT

- Screening - GPS analysis - Method development - Visual analysis

- Identification of parameters - Photographic documentation - Etc.

ECOLOGY POLLUTION PHYSICAL SOCIAL

- Flora - Water - Topography - Demography - Fauna - Air - Hydrology - Infrastructure - Fisheries and - Noise - Land use - Cultural

forestry - Soil - Drainage resources - Food chain - Economy - Education

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE PUBLIC CONSULTATION

- Compilation of baseline data - Collect public opinion - Cross check and superimposition - Share info with stakeholders

with design - Analysis and interpretation

ANALYSIS AND SCREENING OF No Impact ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Impact

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FIELD VERIFICATION

(IEE) - Review for actual cost - Review for applicability PREPARATION OF EMP - Rationale

ENV MONITORING PROGRAMS

Figure 6 IEE approach and methodology resulting to EMP

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CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

2.1 NATIONAL RELEVANT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

This Section describes the relevant policies and strategies, legal instruments, institutional arrangement and framework applicable to CTEIP-related rehabilitation and /or construction activities in various Pourashava areas in the Bangladesh coastal region. It summarizes the National Laws and describes the procedure for obtaining environmental permits to allow project implementation. Over the years the Government of Bangladesh has enacted environmental acts, rules, policies and regulation toward imposing restrictions facilitating minimization / mitigation of likely impacts due to development projects. The most important Act is Environmental Conservation Act, 1995 (ECA, 1995) and Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997).

2.1.1 National Environmental Policy

The National Environmental Policy was adopted in 1992 and is now under revision. It embraces different sectors related to agriculture, forest, power, health, transport, housing etc. The central theme of policy is to ensure protection and improvement in environment. The policy gives a thrust to sustainable development and long term use of natural resources. The National Environment Policy contains policy statements and strategic options with regard to population and land-use management, management and utilization of natural resources and other socio-economic sectors, as well as the necessary arrangements for the implementation of the policy. The policy enables:

 the country to strike a dynamic balance between population and resources while complying with the balance of ecosystems;  to contribute to sustainable and harmonious socio-economic development such that, both in rural and urban areas, and well-being in a sound and enjoyable environment; and  to protect, conserve and develop natural environment.

2.1.2 National Water Policy (NWP)

The National Water Policy 2004 (NWP) aims for sustainable management of water. The Policy also integrates the environmental impact assessment for water development projects. The policy stresses on issues related to climate change such as:

 Augmentation of dry season flows;

 Awareness raising in consumptive use of surface and ground water;

 Structural and non-structural mitigation measures (early warning systems).

2.1.3 National Forest Policy (NFP 1994)

National Forest Policy (NFP) was established in 1994. Under this policy it is proposed to increase the forest cover and to promote and oversee forestry activities. The policy fixed the target of forest cover at least 20% of geographic area by the year 2015. Tree plantation on the roadside verges courtyards of rural organization such as Union Parishad, school, Eidgah, mosque-Moktob, temple, club, orphanage home, madrassa etc. and other fallow lands around will be encouraged. The government will encourage this type of initiative and extend technical and other supports.

2.1.4 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP 2009)

The Bangladesh climate change strategy and action plan was approved in 2009. The climate change plan is built on six pillars namely i) food security, social protection and health; ii) Comprehensive Disaster

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Management; iii) infrastructure; iv) research and knowledge management; v) Mitigation and low carbon development; and vi) capacity building and institutional. The strategy and action plan emphasizes on eensuring existing assets (e.g., coastal and river embankments) are well maintained and fit for purpose and that urgently needed infrastructure is put in place to deal with the likely impacts of climate change. - enhance the capacity government ministries, civil society and private sector to meet the challenge of climate change.

2.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

The environmental policies are prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). MoEF also has formulated regulation toward clearance of projects from environmental angles based on environmental impact assessment report. The Department of Environment is responsible for environmental issues while forest issues are looked after Department of Forests. Over the years the MoEF has adopted number of legal instrument in the form Acts for the protection and conservation of the environment. Table 2summarizes the Environmental Legislation applicable to the sub-project.

Table 2 Applicable GoB Environmental Legislation Sl.No Legislation Requirement for the Project Relevance  Restriction on operation and process, which can be continued or cannot be initiated in the Environmental ecologically critical areas Conservation Act of The provisions of the Act apply to  Regulation on vehicles emitting smoke harmful 1995 and the entire subproject in the to the environment 1 amendments in construction and operation and  Remedial measures for injuries to ecosystems 2000, 2002and maintenance (O&M) phases.  Standards for quality of air, water, noise and 20104 soil for different areas and limits for discharging

and emitting waste  Environmental guidelines Environmental The subproject is categorized as Conservation Rules  Environmental clearances Orange-B and requires LCC and 2 of 1997 and  Compliance to environmental quality standards ECC. All requisite clearances amendments in from DoE shall be obtained prior 2002 and 2003 to commencement of civil works.

Forest Act of 1927  Clearance for any felling, extraction, and 3 and amendments Refer to Baseline and EMP transport of forest produce (2000)  Ensure existing assets (e.g., coastal and river Bangladesh Climate embankments) are well maintained and fit for Change Strategy purpose and that urgently needed infrastructure Considered in project design 4 and Action Plan of is put in place to deal with the likely impacts of components 2009 climate change.  Enhance the capacity government ministries,

4ECA Amendment 2000 focuses on ascertaining responsibility for compensation in cases of damage to ecosystems, increased provision of punitive measures both for fines and imprisonment and the authority to take cognizance of offences. ECA Amendment 2002 elaborates restrictions on polluting automobiles; restrictions on sale, production of environmentally harmful items like polythene bags; assistance from law enforcement agencies for environmental actions; break up of punitive measures; and authority to try environmental cases. In ECA Amendment 2010, no individual or institution (government or semi-government/non- government/ self-governing can raise any hill or hillock; earth-fill or change the status any water body/wetland/lake/natural canal, etc., even in national interest; the aforementioned activities can be done only after getting clearance from respective departments.

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civil society and private sector to meet the challenge of climate change  Compliance to the provisions on employment The provisions of the act apply to standards, occupational safety and health, Bangladesh Labor the entire subproject in the welfare and social protection, labor relations 5 Law of2006 construction and O&M phases. and social dialogue, and enforcement Provides the safety of workforce  Prohibition of employment of children and during construction phase. adolescent (Source: TA 8128 Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project Volume 6)

2.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS / FRAMEWORK

The main Ministry, Department, Institutions and Boards responsible for development of policy, framing regulation, developing projects, monitoring and approval of issues related to environment protection and conservation are presented in this section. The Department of Environment (DoE) was established in 1977 under the Environment Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977. During 1987-89, Forestry was a Division of Agriculture Ministry with a Secretary to Government in charge of the Forestry Division. With the formation of the new Ministry of Environment and Forests, in 1989, both the departments were transferred to this new Ministry. The DoE has been placed under the MoEF as its technical wing and is statutorily responsible for the implementation of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. Besides these two departments, MoEF controls the Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI) and Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH).

The Ministry of Environment & Forests is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government, for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programmes. MoEF oversees all environmental matters in the country and is a permanent member of the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council. The Ministry also plays a pivotal role as a participant of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The principal activities undertaken by Ministry of Environment & Forests consist of conservation & survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife, prevention & control of pollution, forestation & regeneration of degraded areas and protection of environment, in the framework of legislations. The main tools utilized for this include surveys, impact assessment, control of pollution, regeneration programmes, support to organizations, research to solve solutions and training to augment the requisite manpower, collection and dissemination of environmental information and creation of environmental awareness among all sectors of the country's population. The organizational structure of the ministry covers a number of divisions, directorate, board, subordinate offices, autonomous institutions and public sector undertakings. In short, Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) has the following major functions:

i. Management of environment and ecology. ii. Matters relating to environment pollution control. iii. Conservation of forests and development of forest resources (government and private), forest inventory, grading and quality control of forest products. iv. Forestation and regeneration of forest extraction of forest produce. v. Plantation of exotic cinchona and rubber. vi. Botanical gardens and botanical surveys. vii. Tree plantation. viii. Planning cell is responsible for preparation of schemes and coordination in respect of forest. ix. Research and training in forestry. x. Mechanized forestry operations. xi. Protection of wild birds and animals and establishment of sanctuaries. xii. Matters relating to marketing of forest produce.

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xiii. Liaison with international organizations and matters relating to treaties and agreements with other countries and world bodies relating to subjects allotted to this Ministry.

Apart from two major departments, i.e., Department of Environment and Department of Forest, working under this ministry, there are three others as discussed below:

 Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI) is mandated to provide research support to the Forestry sub-sector of the country, including Forest Department, Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation, NGO and other private enterprises. BFRI's research activities aim to develop appropriate technologies to maintain sustainable productivity of forest land and of forest industries without resource depletion.

 Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH) is a plant survey, collection, identification and conservation organization. It documents the plant biological diversity of the country and its collections are accessible samples of natural population. The collection of the herbarium is a national property that goes down to the posterity through generation for hundreds of years and work as reference materials on the flora of the country. The National Herbarium serves as repository of technical information on plant genetic resources and advises the Government on technical aspects of question dealt with by the herbarium. It also provides direction required in the implementation of policies laid down by the Government in relation to plant biodiversity conservation.

 Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC) is mandated to rubber plantation, processing and to extract timber from inaccessible Forest areas. After sawing, seasoning and treatments, these timbers are used in wood based industries for production of quality furniture, electric poles, anchor logs, cross arms, railway sleepers, doors & windows and plywood etc. In addition to this, BFIDC have been raising Rubber plantation in the district of greater Chittagong, Sylhet, Mymensingh and Tangail, BFIDC so far has raised 32,625 acres of started plantation. Besides, about 33,000 acres of rubber plantation has been raised in private sector with technical assistance of BFIDC.

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE PROCEDURE

Under ECR 1997 industrial units and projects are classified into four categories according to “their site and impact on the environment”, and each category (Green, Orange-A, Orange-B and Red) requires a different level of environmental assessment as a prerequisite for granting the ECC that allows the project to proceed. The Environmental Clearance Certification Process is shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 7 Environmental Clearance Process in Bangladesh

Rule 7 of the ECR indicates that the application for ECC must be made to the relevant DoE Divisional Officer, and the application for Orange-B category projects will include the following:

 Completed Application for ECC, and the appropriate fee;

 Report on the feasibility of the project;

 Report on the IEE for the project;

 Report on the environmental management plan (EMP);

 No objection certificate from the local authority;

 Emergency plan relating to adverse environmental impact and plan for

 Mitigation of the effect of pollution; and

 Outline of the relocation and rehabilitation plan (where applicable).

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Under the ECR, DoE has 30 days to respond to receipt of the ECC application for an Orange-B category project.

2.4.1 Environmental Category: Bangladesh

For the purpose of issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificate, the industrial units and projects shall, in consideration of their site and impact on the environment, be classified into the following four categories: (a) Green; (b) Orange – A; (c) Orange – B; and (d) Red. The Industries and projects included in the various categories are specified in sub-rule (1) have been described in Schedule – 1. The ECA indicates that all industrial units or projects must obtain a Location Clearance Certificate (LCC) and Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment (DoE). No industrial unit or project shall be established or undertaken without obtaining environmental clearance from DoE in the manner prescribed by the rules. The environmental category of projects is listed in Schedule – 1 of ECR and the road sub-project in Barguna falls in Orange-B.Table 3 describes DoE classification for roads.

Table 3 DoE Classification of Roads (Source: ECR 1997)

Sl.No Components Items in Schedule-1 of ECR DOE Classification

1 Feeder road and Local Construction, Re-construction and Orange-B Roads (Sl. No. 63 of Extension of Roads ECR)

2.4.2 Environmental Category: ADB

Asian Development Bank (ADB) requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB‟s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB SPS (2009). This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.

Screening and categorization: The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of cost- effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:

 Category A: Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts.

 Category B: Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.

 Category C: Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.

 Category FI: Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

As per above ADB environmental classification, the road sub-project in Barguna falls in Category B.

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2.4.3 Bangladesh Environmental Standards

The Ministry of Environment and Forest has developed standards from time to time for water and air quality for discharge in the ambient air. The relevant standards are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4 Relevant Environmental Quality Standards (Source: ECR 1997)

Sl.No Standards ECR 1997 Rule 1 Air Quality Schedule 2 2 Inland Surface Waters Schedule 3 3 Drinking Water Schedule 3 4 Noise Schedule 4 5 Sound from Motor Vehicles Schedule 5 6 Emission from Motor Vehicles Schedule 6 7 Odor Schedule 8 8 Sewage Discharge Schedule 9 9 Waste water from Industrial Units Schedule 10

2.4.4 Institutional Capacity

The MoEF has the capacity to formulate policy, legislation, standards and review the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the development projects. The project is cleared by two committees. The Pourashava gives the site clearance by location clearance committee (LCC). The project is submitted to DoE for environmental clearance committee (ECC). The projects are implemented at local or Pourashava level and executed at central level. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) execute the projects on water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, etc. The environmental impact assessment is conducted by the consulting agencies by outsourcing. The sphere of LGED activities is for a better environment and health. Most of the engineers involved with design and construction activities are familiar with the environmental issues. LGED has also appointed an Executive level officer to look into the critical issues. The LGED is assisted by consultants for monitoring of environmental attributes and training. LGED has established a quality control lab where parameters related to water, waste water and soils can be monitored. However, there is a scope to train engineers at each level for conducting environmental impact assessment and preparation of management plans. Further, to avoid adverse negative environmental impacts of a proposed works, no contract tender should be launched before specific IEE / EIA based on final design is prepared, the EMP with the management measures is approved by DoE.

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CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 STUDY AREA

The proposed sites for the roads under Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna are located within the Pourashava area, which are mostly within urban and semi urban areas. The roads have been on the basis of Sub Project Appraisal Report (SPAR). SPAR Volume-II, Annexure-2 on scorings matrices have been followed for prioritization. 03 (three) no. roads including 10 no.RCC box culverts, 418.20 m protection work have been designed in package no. e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03. Total designed road length is 1.680 km, 10 no. RCC box culverts and pavement side protection work length is 418.20m.

Barguna district is bounded on the north by Barisal, Jhalokati and Patuakhali districts, on the east by Patuakhali district, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Pirojpur district and a part of Sundarbans under Bagerhat district. It lies between 21º48′ and 22º29′ north latitudes and between 89º52′ and 90º22′ east longitudes. The total area of the district is 1,831.31 sq. km. (707.07 sq. miles) of which 399.74 sq.km. is riverine and 97.18 sq.km. is under forest. Barguna Municipality was established in 1973. It was renamed as Barguna Pourashava in 1977. The Pourashava consists of 9 wards and 18 mahallas. The total area of the Pourashava is 15.57 sq. km.5The location map is shown in Figure 2 in Chapter 1.

3.2 EXISTING EVIRONMENT OF BARGUNA ROADS AND THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT

A total number of 3 (three) roads, along with roadside drain are to be developed and upgraded through the subproject under package e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03. Existing condition of these roads is summarized as under in the next paragraphs.

Road surfacing generally range from Bituminous Carpeting and/or concrete surfaced, herring bone brick and earthen roads. The formation level of most roads is typically raised above existing ground levels but not flood resilient. Roads are found to be in various degrees of deterioration mainly due to poor construction practices and inadequate maintenance provisions.

3.2.1 Road no.06

 Package Name: Improvement of road from Abdul Kader BC road at Hussain Miah Mill to Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road (Ward no.06)  Total Length of road:0.660 km, Pavement width:3.00 m  Proposed Type of Pavement: Flexible Pavement

Existing Environment and need for improvement

This road starts from Abdul Kader BC road at Latif Master House side damaged Steel bridge, Hussain Miah Mill area and ends at Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road. The road passes through the urban fringe areas. Poor/distressed people are living in their thatched house adjacent the road areas. Existing pavement is earthen/brick flat soling road. Modern communication system is absent in that areas. This is very essential to develop the road communication and to easy connect to newly proposed cyclone shelter.

Consultants observed this road as katcha (earthen) road with one side couple of ponds and trees (mainly rain tree, nuts, mehagany, mango and banana) and other side with paddy field. Only in few places, some sort of brick chips soling was found. During monsoon the road becomes quite muddy and absolutely improper for movement. This road is essential to develop as re construction of road to ease of immense sufferings of disrupts communication for local people (Figure 8).

5 For More Information: http://www.thebangladesh.net/barguna-details.html

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Figure 8 Existing environment of Road 06 (Source: Field Work 2017)

3.2.2 Road no. 07

 Package name: Improvement of Hasan Mollah road from Forman Ali BC road(near Mahbub house) to Zahed Smriti road at Kashem Bhuiyan house. (Ward No. 06 )  Total length of road:0.610 km, Pavement width: 3.00m  Proposed type of pavement: Flexible Pavement (Bituminous Carpeting)

Existing Environment and need for improvement

This road starts from Forman Ali BC road near Mahbub house and ends at Zahed Smriti road at Kashem Bhuiyan house. The road passes through the urban fringe areas. Poor/distressed people are living in their thatched house adjacent the road areas. Existing pavement is earthen road. Modern communication system is absent in that areas. No major vegetation alongside the road was found. This is very essential to develop the road communication and to easy connect to newly proposed cyclone shelter. These areas are vulnerable zones; there is no easy opportunity to take shelter during Cyclone, surge effect (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Existing condition of road 07 (Source: Field Work 2017)

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3.2.3 Road no. 08

 Package Name: Improvement of road from Kali Bari BC road (near Talukder Bari Jame Mosque) to Police Lines SI Quarters east side road. (Ward No. 02 )  Length of road= 0.410 km and Pavement width= 3.70 m  Proposed type of pavement = Flexible Pavement (Bituminous Carpeting)

Existing Environment need for improvement

This road starts from Kali bari BC road near Talukder bari Mosque and ends at Police line staff quarter. Existing pavement is earthen road. This road passes through the Pourashava fringe residential areas which connect to Barguna Police line and Barguna town main official zones newly proposed cyclone shelter is at Maytha School beside the Kali Bari BC road (Figure 10) .The road is earthen, with some brick chips soling was observed in some areas. During monsoon the road becomes vulnerable to flooding which causes excessive mud and road side erosion. Locals have reported a few accidents and injuries due to such muddy and erosion conditions on this road. No major trees were observed along roadside.

Figure 10 Existing condition of Road 08 (Source: Field Work 2017)

3. 3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROPOSED PROJECT

Roads and drains to be constructed and/or rehabilitated under the subproject are considered using the following utilization factors: (i) leading to existing and proposed works, or any other establishment used as a shelter during disasters; (ii) used for key public safety and health care facilities for post-disaster response; (iii) critical for emergency evacuation during disasters; (iv) access for emergency services, and provision of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction goods (relief workers, food, medical supplies, etc.); (v) contributing to flood defenses and vulnerable areas; (vi) frequently inundated due to floods; and (vii) serving slum areas. Simultaneously with consideration of the above factors, assessment has also been made of each of the subproject roads against whether: (i) existing crest level is 600 millimeters (mm) above existing normal flood level; (ii) embankments are protected against surges; and (iii) drainage is adequate to accommodate storm flows toward ensuring resilience to climate change and other disaster- related phenomena.

3.4 LOCATION AND SELECTION OF ROADS

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 19 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) been followed for prioritization. 03 (three) no. roads including 10 RCC box culverts, 418.20 m protection work have been designed in package no. e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03. Total designed road length is 1.680 km,10 no. RCC box culverts and pavement side protection work length is 418.20m. In Sub Project Appraisal Report SPAR, there are 06 (six) no. roads in stage-I and 04(four) no. roads proposed in stage- II and total length is 4.855 in stage-I and total length is 2.348 in stage-II, i.e. total length is 7.203 km.

3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION

As mentioned earlier in this report, the construction of the proposed works, as per ECA 1995 classification and ADB SPS 2009 categorization, falls in Bangladesh environmental category Orange-B and in ADB SPS category B, respectively. As a consequence of the construction of the proposed works, which entails improvement of existing infrastructure and existing RoWs (Right of Way), there is no problem due to land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement. The environmental issues related to construction are anticipated during construction phase. IEE has, hence, been conducted following ECA, Bangladesh and ADB SPS 2009. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and by adopting environmentally sound engineering and construction practices as referred to in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

3.6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Various options were explored during the IEE stage of the proposed road construction/improvement project and were weighed from all considerations such as cost, environment, and ease of implementation and maximum utilization of available infrastructure. The aim of alternative analysis has been to arrive at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The two alternatives were considered “No Project Scenario” and “With Project Scenario”. More alternatives are presented along with environmental management plan.

3.6.1 Without Project Alternative

The „No Project Option‟ in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option may be suitable alternative from an environmental perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing environmental conditions. This option will however, involve several losses on socioeconomic condition both to the local population and the nation as a whole. The local farmers/ population will continue to face the constraints they are currently experiencing due to inefficient transport network and system and the anticipated economic development aimed at fulfilling the infrastructure gap remain unattainable. The „No Project Option‟ is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors:

 The socio economic status of the Barguna residents would remain unchanged with reduced interaction both at local and national levels;  The local skills would remain under-utilized as no employment opportunities will be created for local population who would have otherwise worked at the project area;  Reduced business development due to current bad condition of the road project;  The current erosion rate in the feeder road due to lack of drainage system will remain; and

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 No project scenario case will also avoid social impacts due to the implementation of the project.

3.6.2 With Project Alternative

Implementation of the project will contribute to socioeconomic improvement and will have positive impacts on residents‟ life quality. The „With Project Alternative‟ has the following advantages:

 There will be improved and assured transport facilities to the residents of the Pourashava/District.  Transport development will stimulate socio-economic development of the area. The proposed roads with existing damaged conditions comprise major deterrent to commercial growth in the area, the project scenario will catalyse commercial growth in various centres of the respective locality and will facilitate better business opportunities for local people.  Roads improved through the project will also result in savings in the vehicle operation cost (fuel, operation and maintenance) due to better road condition.  Less emission from road vehicles due to better roads will result in better environmental conditions along the influence area. This alternative will have negative impact on land use, forest/trees, noise and air qualities during construction and operation phases.

3.7 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WORK AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

The Barguna road sub-project proposes the upgrading, re/construction of 03 roads involving widening of the existing road formation. Bidding process shall not be launched for road until ECC is obtained. The design report summarizes the quantities of construction material6. These have been further utilized in assessing the environmental impact due to development of roads. Table 5 summarizes the proposed development work and construction material needed:

Table 5 Detailed description of the proposed development works and construction materials

Total Total SPAR SPAR Road Box Protection Total Road Road Type of Length Culvert work/'U/pipe Estimated SL.No. Name of Scheme Sl. Length Work /Drain /Cross drain Length Cost No. (km) Length Drains (m) (Tk.) (km) (No.) Road (BC) 0.660 5,843,883.01 RCC Box Culvert 2 867,979.79 (1.00x 1.5x8.00m) R-06: Improvement of road from Abdul RCC Box Culvert Kader BC road at 1 512,957.70 1 6 0.660 Hussain Miah Mill to (1.00x 1.5x Nowab Ali Hawlader 10.00m) house BC road (Ward RCC Box Culvert no.06) 1 967,860.13 (1.50x 2.5x 12.00m) 250 mm dia uPVC pipe 2 43,330.73

Cross drain

6 Detailed Design Report of 03 Roads in Barguna Porasava, Barguna. LGED: August 2017

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 21 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

RCC Protection 46.00 517,301.59

work Pre Cast CC Block 127.20 1,824,165.85

Protec. work Sub Total(1)= Tk. 0.660 173.20 10,577,478.80 Road (BC) 0.610 5,767,878.79 R-07: Improvement of RCC Box Hasan Mollah road Culvert 3 1,301,969.74 from Forman Ali BC (1.00x 1.5x road(near Mahbub 8.00m) 2 8 0.880 house) to Zahed 250 mm dia Smriti road at uPVC pipe 3 64,996.16

Kashem Bhuiyan Cross drain house. (Ward No. 06 RCC ) Protection 188.00 1,981,378.14

Work

Sub Total(2)= Tk. 0.610 3 188.00 9,116,222.83

Road (BC) 0.410 4,804,691.25 RCC Box Culvert 1.50x 1 615,488.29

R-08: Improvement of 2.00x8.00m) road from Kali Bari RCC Box BC road (near Culvert Talukder Bari Jame 2 867,979.79 3 9 0.420 (1.00x Mosque) to Police 1.50x8.00m) Lines SI Quarters 250 mm dia east side road. (Ward uPVC pipe 1 21,665.43

No. 02 ) Cross drain RCC Protection 57.00 601,042.54

Work Sub Total(3)= Tk. 0.410 3 58.00 6,910,867.30

Total SPAR 1.960 Road Length=

(A) Total Cost(Tk.) Road no. (06+07 and 08) 26,604,568.93

Total Proposed Road Length (km)= 1.680 Total RCC Box Culvert (nos.) = 10

Total uPVC pipe cross drain (nos.) = 6 Total Pre cast CC block/ RCC post protection work 418.20 (m)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 22 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Environmental Mitigation Enhancement works of Barguna 4 265,000.00 Pourashava (Pkg. No.e- GP/CTEIP/2017- 18/BAR/RD/03) (B)Total Cost of Environmental Mitigation Cost 265,000.00 (Tk.)=

Grand Total (A+B) ,Road and Environmental 26,869,568.90 Mitigation Enhancement Cost (Tk.)=

(Source: DDR August 2017)

3.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

Construction schedule of roads depends on the methodology adopted for construction. In general, the time period will also depend on the resources put in place by the contractor. Designs were finalized in June 2014. The package for the construction of the Barguna Roads is proposed to be implemented by post-qualified contractors under a single envelope single stage bidding process through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) procedures. The road project may take about 12 months for construction. A Typical Construction Schedule is shown in Figure 3 including pre-construction and post construction activities. The post construction will also include defect liability period of 12 months.

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Table 6 Typical project implementation schedule*

Duration of month (number) Pre- Construction Post-construction Activity constrn

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 26 27 28 30 ------2 4 6 8 10 - - - - - 7 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 24 25 26 2 29 Detail designs, Tender documents and BOQ

Notice inviting Tender, Tender process evaluation & award

Mobilization, Preliminary works (site office, site clearing, identification of material collection site)

1 Dismantling, Picking up existing Material, Earth work for Box cutting, and sand Filling (road and Drainage Works)

Road 06

Road 07

Road 08

2 Constructing Sub Base for road i.e. BC/CC and drainage works (bottom, vertical and top slabs)

Road 06

Road 07

Road 08

3 Base Course and footpath work with pre-cast CC block.

Road 06

Road 07

Road 08

4 Wearing Course (BC/CC)

Road 06

Road 07

Road 08

5 Tree Plantation, Turfing, Jute mat and Vetiver grass

Road 06

Road 07

Road 08

6 Testing, Commissioning, Monitoring and Evaluation and Defect liability Period *This is a model implementation schedule. Actual implementation schedule may differ.

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CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINES

4.1 METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE BASELINE STUDY

4.1.1 Secondary data

Data for this study has been primarily collected through comprehensive literature survey, discussion with stakeholder agencies, and field visits to the proposed subproject sites. The literature survey broadly covered the following:

 Subproject details, reports, maps, and other documents available with the ADB CDTA PPTA and DDS consultants, LGED, and Barguna Pourashava information available at website;

 Relevant acts and extraordinary gazettes, and guidelines issued by Government of Bangladesh agencies; and

 Literature on land use, soil, geology, hydrology, climate, socioeconomic profiles, and environmental planning documents collected from Government of Bangladesh agencies and websites.

 Web search for literature

4.1.2 Primary data

Visits were undertaken to the subproject sites toward assessing the existing environment (physical, biological, and socioeconomic) and gathering information in respect of the proposed sites and scale of the proposed subproject. A separate socio-economic study was conducted to determine the demographic information, archeological and religious places, densely populated pockets, and settlements. The methods used for primary data collection were:

 Transect walk, field GPS measurement, photographic records, need basis environmental survey, observations

Data were collected during the above site visits and were analyzed based upon which interpretations were made to assess the physical, biological, and socio-economic features of the project area. The relevant information is presented in the subsequence paragraphs.

4.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.2.1 Topography

Barguna Pourashava is located in the coastal zone south of Barisal, and is a district town with moderate growth and subject to coastal climatic and tidal influences. The Pourashava is located on the bank of the Barguna Lohalia River. These rivers are connected to the Bay of Bengal and as per the master plan, the major part of Barguna Pourashava is located below 5 m in elevation in a low-lying location whose surroundings are an intricate system of interlaced rivers and tidal channels. Barguna is considered at high risk to climate driven events due to its close location to the Bay of Bengal and geographically surrounded by low-lying areas. It lies between 22º14´ and 22º29´ north latitudes and between 90º12´ and 90º28´ east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by Dumki Upazila, east by Bauphal Upazila, Dashmina Upazila and Galachipa Upazila, south by Amtali Upazila of Barguna Zila and Galachipa Upazila and on the west by Mirzaganj Upazila.

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The topography of Pourashava is mostly flat. The sedimentary layers are mostly horizontal to sub- horizontal and are free from major tectonic deformation in the fore deep area covering the central part of the basin and this is expressed as river to delta plain topography of the land (Figure 11)7.

Figure 11 Topographic map of Barguna pourashava and adjacent area

4.2.2 Rainfall and Temperature

The annual average rainfall in Barguna is 2,493 mm/year between years 1960 to 2012, against Bangladesh annual average rainfall of 2,286 mm. The seasonal distribution shows that most of the rainfall occurs in monsoon season (June to September). The monsoon rainfall is amounting to 1,432 mm (58% of annual rainfall) against Bangladesh monsoon rainfall of about 1,656 mm/year, is 72.0% of annual rainfall. Rainfall exhibits increasing trend in all seasons8.

Barguna bears a hot summer and a mild winter. But almost all the area of the project is occasionally affected by cyclonic storm surges and tidal bores that originate from the Bay of Bengal during monsoon. The analysis has predicted that increase in average monthly temperature was 0.25 0C/decade or about 0.025 0C/year. Both the minimum and maximum have shown increase trends. However the country average minimum and maximum temperature shows that the minimum temperature has been increasing at the rate of 0.0094 0C/year and maximum temperature increasing at the rate of 0.007 0C/year9. The SPAR report has mentioned the increase as 0.07-0.15 0C per decade for minimum temperature and 0.07- 0.380C/decade for maximum temperature.

The Bangladesh delta has number of geological factors such as land subsidence and deposition. The studies have indicated subsidence and sedimentation rate around 3 mm/year. TA 8128 BAN (SPAR) has

7 (Source: http://www.maphill.com/bangladesh/barisal-div/barguna-zl/3d-maps/shaded-relief-map/physical-outside/) 8TA 8128 BAN: Preparing Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project- Final report –Annex 4: Infrastructure, Water Resources; October 2013. 9Singhvi A K et al Instrumental Terrestrial and Marine Records of South Asia during Holocene in Global Environmental changes in South Asia: A Regional Perspective Page 54-124

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indicated the net sea rise for Bangladesh between 29.4 cm to 39.4 cm in year 2050. Because of sea level rise the height of storm surge as well as tide level will increase. The surge level may reach up to 9.4 m in 2050. In case this event occurs at high tide the surge height may increase by another 2 m. The climate change results are summarized in Table 7. See Figure 12 for historical records of temperature and rainfall for Barguna10.

Table 7 Projections of climate change in Project Area in Future

SPAR (ADB)11 Year Sea level Rise (cm) Temperature Rise (0C) Change in Rainfall (%) 2010 3.5-5.5 0.49-0.51 3.6-3.8 2030 15-21 1.38-1.42 13.5-18.7 2050 29-39 1.98-2.35 22.3-24.7

4.2.3 Wind Speed

Figure 12 Historical record of temperature and rainfall in Barguna

Prior to the onset of the monsoon in March and April, hot conditions and thunderstorms prevail while winds gradually start blowing from the south or southwest - a pattern that continues throughout the monsoon period. Winds are generally stronger in the summer than they are in winter. The direction of prevailing winds is generally consistent during the winter and monsoon seasons and more variable during the transition periods. The Himalayan mountains are influence wind patterns. Recirculation of winds during the monsoon season under the influence of the Himalayas can result in winds circling to the east– southeast in the northern parts of the country.

The statistical wind speed data shows that wind speed at Khepupara was comparatively higher than the other considered areas of weather stations. The wind speed remains maximum, with 4.8 knots in Mayin, the area of Khepupara weather station. The minimum wind speed was 0.3 knots for Barisal station in the month of November and December.

4.2.4 Hydrology

Barguna Pourashava is surrounded and dissected by a myriad of watercourse networks and is particularly prone to flooding during high tidal surges. The Pourashava is directly drained by two major local rivers, the Laukathi River, and the Lohalia River, which flanks the northern and eastern side of the Pourashava. The Tentulia River skirts the western borderline between the Barguna and Bhola divide,

10 https://en.climate-data.org/location/59235/ 11 TA 8128 BAN (PPTA): Preparing Coastal Towns Infrastructure Improvement Project : Final Report Annex-Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation Strategy

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 27 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) flowing directly into the Bay of Bengal. The Rivers on the southern flank of the Pourashava include the Kazal River, the Rabonabad River with the Burishwar River dissecting the western region of the Pourashava before flowing directly into the Bay of Bengal, via Barguna Pourashava. In general, the Pourashava does not suffer from external flooding, but internal flooding occurs in most of the wards due to localized storm rainfall. Due to inadequate road system, it has become very hard to manage local storm water during heavy rain period and causes internal flood. Floods are naturally occurred in every rainy season. The highest elevation of land is 5.521 m in ward no. 2 and lowest land level is 1.024 m in ward no. 4. The core area of the Pourashava is slightly high compared the surrounding areas.

However Water Logging is common throughout Barguna, which results from man-made and natural causes. High volume of rainfall and poor road system are most important causes of water logging. There is no river within the Pourashava area. The main road network encompasses 3 canals which are interconnected and carry out the storm water and the waste water to the river Meghna. The Meghna River is the main road channel of the surface run-off for Barguna Pourashava.

4.2.5 Drainage and Flood Control

About 140.72 km of road network exist in the Barguna Pourashava and about 52% of the households have no access to planned road facilities. The road network of the Pourashava consists of both natural and man-made road. Most of the road are open and natural. Besides, the man-made road network includes both Pucca and Katcha. Natural road network includes 5 khals and 232 Ponds etc, which drain out or sometimes store not only waste water but also storm water. Especially, the khals play vital roles to drain out the storm water. During high tide or Cyclone these khals act as the natural bless to the Pourashava people. The man-made road network consists of Pucca and Katcha road. In Pourashava area, about 39% roads are primary, which is followed by 33% secondary road and 28% tertiary road. The pucca and katcha drain coverage in the Pourashava area is about 92 km and 18 km respectively.

There is one embankment outside of the Pourashava which is mainly used as primary road. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) has constructed the embankment around the Pourashava which protests tidal water. BWEB is the maintenance authority also. The embankment is Pucca, its present condition is good and is regularly maintained. There is 1 sluice gate across the embankment. BWDB is the main construction and maintenance authority of the sluice gates. The major outfalls are River and the Khals which are connected to the River including low lying areas.

However, the congestion of road and water is a common scenario in Barguna Pourashava because of uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of solid waste and garbage into road, lack of purposive utilization of sluice gates connecting canals and river, illegal connection of latrines to the road, absence of adequate road-side road, lack of secondary road, missing links in road network, very low road coverage in some wards, low elevation and lack of proper slop of road, lack of proper and adequate maintenance of road, and lack of proper dumping site.

4.2.6 Ambient Air Quality

People of Pourashava do not face the problem of air pollution severely. Air pollution mainly occurs from wood burning. These industries have been identified as main source of air pollution. Wood based industries are prevalent in Barguna Pourashava. There are 21 structures which are using for different industrial purpose such as saw mill, ice mill and rice mill. There also are other industries such as metal factory, metal products, plastic industries, plastic products, poultry farms, broiler industry, textiles, garments, fish processing industry ware house and other mills or factories. These industries and factories mostly are within the residential areas and create sound and noise and pollute water and air. Besides, a number of heavy vehicles (highway bus and truck) move through the road and extract some pollutant particle that also causes air pollution.

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Ambient Air Quality is not monitored yet in Barguna Pourashava from this project. Therefore, the baseline information of air quality for Barguna has been established from nearest location (Amtali Pourashava) where the air quality testing was performed in Amtali Pourashava in 2016 through the Environmental Safeguard Monitoring of CTEIP implemented Contracts. Results of the air quality monitored at the subprojects location have been showed in below. Refer to Table 8 for results of air quality test showing that the ambient air quality parameters of locations for Amtali are within National Standard for Bangladesh.

Table 8 Ambient Air Quality in Amtali Pourashava near Barguna Pourashava Bangladesh Bandar Hosinia Fazil Basugi Govt. Surikata Govt. Parameters Unit Standard Madrasha Primary School Primary School PM2.5 µg/m3 65 26.30 26.05 26.82 PM10 µg/m3 150 108.46 108.11 109.20 SPM µg/m3 200 127.92 127.50 128.45 SO2 µg/m3 365 13.10 13.02 13.25 NOx µg/m3 100 35.08 34.25 34.20 CO mg/m3 10 <2 <1 <1 Source: CTEIP Environmental Safeguard Monitoring Report, April 2016

4.2.7 Ambient Noise

The proposed sites of the sub-project road components are in built-up areas of Barguna within residential, commercial and institutional establishments. Volume of traffic passing through these sections is not significant and traffic jams are very much infrequent. However, vehicular movement can be considered as a major cause of noise pollution. The proposed site of the sub-project public toilets management components are in peri-urban areas of Barguna within where vehicular movement can be considered as a minor cause of noise pollution. Hence, two primary sources of noise have been identified in the subproject area:

 Traffic: Road traffic is one of the major noise sources in the sub-project area. The sub-project area is common route of transportation for several Pourashavas. This Pourashava road carries a relatively high volume of both motorized and non-motorized vehicles, resulting in road traffic noise impacts along the road corridors.

 Commercial Areas: There are several commercial and refreshment areas where always significant number of people gather and makes chaos continuously. This is another source of noise pollution within the sub-project area.

Noise Level is not measured yet in Barguna Pourashava from this project. Therefore, the baseline information of noise level for Barguna has been established from nearest location (Amtali Pourashavas) where the nose level was performed in Amtali Pourashava in 2016 through the Environmental Safeguard Monitoring of CTEIP implemented Contracts. Noise level has been monitored in Amtali Pourashava during day and night time. Results of the noise level monitored along with details of the sampling locations, as given in Table 9.It is clear that in many cases Amtali region exceeds permissible noise limit. Due to similar traffic structure and civil establishments, Barguna Pourashava is expected to show similar noise levels. Therefore, noise level monitoring during construction is strongly suggested and included in the EMP (Appendix F) that to be read in conjunction with this report.

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Table 9 Ambient Noise Level in Amtali Pourashava

Noise Level Land Use Time Location GPS Location (dBA) Category Day Night Day Night Bandar Hosinia Fazil 22.13981ºN Residential 08.08 19.56 58.00 49.45 Madrasha 90.22848ºE Basugi Govt. Primary 22.13134ºN Residential 10.34 20.21 47.34 42.68 School 90.22537ºE Surikata Govt. Primary 22.12552ºN Residential 12.09 20.45 59.58 46.34 School 90.23178ºE Notes:  Land use category is based on the classification provided in the Noise Pollution Control Rules (2006)  Shaded cells indicate noise levels in excess of Noise Pollution Control Rules ambient noise limits for a given land use area  The sound level standards for residential area at day and night are 55 dBA and 45 dBA respectively.  Noise Level is the average noise recorded over the duration of the monitoring period Source: CTEIP Environmental Monitoring Report, 2016

4.2.8 Ground Water Quality

The water table in the Barguna varies generally from 1.5 m to 3.0 m and does not go beyond suction limit. Shallow hand tube wells are used by the general population to abstract water from the ground. But most of the water from hand tube wells is iron and saline contaminated, and in some cases arsenic contaminated.12 Consequently, most of the tube well water is not used for drinking, but used for other domestic purposes.

The hydro-geological investigation in Barguna Pourashava carried out under the DPHE-DANIDA WSS Project shows underground water of sufficient quantity is available within the area. The water quality from all of the test results indicates that aquifer is confined and fully protected by an impermeable layer. The potential abstraction rate and acceptable water quality make the aquifer suitable for the Pourashava water supply. The water in the deep aquifer in Barguna is also severely saline contaminated. The deep aquifer salinity data, collected from BWDB Groundwater Circle, show that the salinity level in the groundwater is much higher than the Bangladesh Standard. Available data on the water quality of the deep aquifer indicate that the deep groundwater is highly saline and unsuitable as a source for municipal water supply.

The lithological study of the coastal region (including the sub-project area) shows that the shallow aquifers occur up to 150m depth where the deeper aquifers occur at 200 to 300m depth (GWTF, 2001). According the GWTF (2002), the groundwater aquifers of the sub-project area falls in to South West Region-Unit 3: Coastal Plain and coastal deltaic Plain with Mangrove Forest where arsenic contamination may be present in shallow aquifers. The lithology of the coastal islands of Barguna shows that the shallow aquifers occurred up to 150m depth are made of medium to fine sand with clay cover. Deep aquifers are made of coarse to medium sand with extensive clay cover and confined in nature (GWTF, 2002). The deeper aquifers are early to mid-Pleistocene deposited (UNDP, 1982). The average depth of fresh groundwater for drinking purpose in the sub-project area is between 250m and 300m. Groundwater quality is not measured yet in Barguna Pourashava from this project. Therefore, the baseline information of groundwater for Barguna has been established from nearest location (Amtali Porashava) where the

12 Groundwater used for drinking in many areas of Bangladesh has been reported to have contamination by arsenic above the Bangladesh National Standard of 50 parts per billion (ppb). The percentage of contaminated tubewells in villages varies from more than ninety percent to less than five percent. Geographically, the tube wells in the delta and the flood plains regions, which comprise 72% of the land area, are more or less affected by arsenic contamination. Arsenic contaminated aquifers have no regular pattern, varies both horizontally and vertically within short distances.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 30 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) groundwater was performed in Amtali Pourashava in 2016 through the Environmental Safeguard Monitoring of CTEIP implemented Contracts. Ground water quality was tested from the existing tube well of the Amtali Pourashava area. The observed parameters are Arsenic (As), Chloride, EC, Hardness, Iron (Fe), Manganese, pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Groundwater sample was collected from the subproject area and pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was tested in the field. Groundwater quality result of the existing tube well is given in Table 10. It reveals that excess TSS exists in water samples in the locality. It is expected that, Barguna and Amtali Pourashava are likely to share same aquifer due to short distance. As a consequence excess TSS might feature Barguna porasava ground water too. Therefore groundwater quality needs to be closely monitored during construction of the roads.

Table 10 Groundwater Quality in Amtali Pourashava.

Bandar Basugi Govt. Surikata Standards for Parameters Unit Hosinia Fazil Primary Govt. Primary Potable Water Madrasha School School pH - 6.5-8.5 8.4 8.3 8.4 Total Suspended mg/L 10 31.64* 83.40* 36.20* Solids (TSS) Turbidity NTU 10 1.73 0.63 0.60 Total Coliform (TC) N/100ml 0 0 0 0 Fecal Coliform (FC) N/100ml 0 0 0 0 *The red marked numbers exceeds TSS permissible limits. **Source: CTEIP Environmental Monitoring Report, 2016

Recently (2017) water supply system in Barguna Pourashava has been tested at Tulatoli Pump House. The results are tabulated in Table 11.

Table 11 Quality of the surface water supply system in Barguna Pourashava

No Particulars Unit Results 1 Location Tulatoli Pump House 2 Source Type Deep Tube Well 3 Catchment Area/Depth Ft 940 4 Color Light Yellowish Brown 5 Odor Smell of Rotten Egg 6 pH 8.16 7 ORP mV -155.8 8 Electrical conductivity µs/cm 1158 9 Turbidity NTU 1.1 10 As mg/l 0 11 Fe mg/l 0.05 12 Mn mg/l 0.4 13 Nitrate mg/l 8.5 Source: Karmakar et al. 201713

13 Kormoker T, Proshad R, Khan MM (2017) Analysis of Water Quality in Urban Water Supply System of Bangladesh. J Environ Anal Toxicol 7:492. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000492

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The smell of rotten egg in surface water has been confirmed by the local residents. This consultant deduced that, the „rotten egg‟ odor might occur from excessive Sulphur reacting with anaerobic bacteria in the presence of magnesium and aluminum sacrificial anodes. This is indicative of excess salinity in the region that might react with cementing materials. Therefore proper monitoring of Salinity is recommended and included in the EMP (Appendix F) that to be read in conjunction with this report.

4.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.3.1 Bio-ecological zone

Barguna Pourashava belongs to the Ganges tidal flood plain zone according to Agro-ecological zone classification of Bangladesh based on ecological characteristics (Figure 13). The region also fall into to “grey floodplain soils” according to soil classification (Figure 14).

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Figure 13 Agroecological Zones of Bangladesh (Source: IUCN)

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Figure 14 General soil map of Bangladesh (Source: BARC)

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4.3.2 Vegetation

The site is similar to the character to many areas of alluvial delta in Bangladesh with mixed crop vegetation. Rice, other grains and seasonal vegetables are the main crops in this area. Other than monoculture tree plantations no forestland is involved in this area. The composition of plant community includes low growing grasses and herbaceous vegetation as well as other flora (Figure 15).

Location

Figure 15 Vegetation in Barguna Pourashava seen during field visit 2017

4.3.2 Aquatic flora and fauna

The main aquatic floras in this area are Kalmilata (Ipomoea reprans), Shapla (Nymphaea lotus) Helencha (Alternathera philoxeroides), Kuchuripana (Eihhcormiacrassipes) (see Figure 16). The main aquatic fauna in this area are different types of fishes. The region is the abode of shrimp culture. A vast area in the coastal zones hasbeen converted into shrimp farm. Shrimp culture in gher or through excavation of ponds thatare seeded with fry, which are later harvested. Two cultured species are Penaeus monodon (brackish-water prawn) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (freshwater prawn), which aremainly cultured in ponds, beels, and paddy fields. The fishes include Pomfrets (Rup chanda, Foli chanda and Hail Chanda), catfishes (katamachh, Nuna tengra), other (Churi mach,koral/bhetki mach, Loitya Macch, Golsha Tengra, Bele, Nuna, Tangra, Koitor, poa, Bata,Tular dandi, lal chewa, Tapasi, Rishi, Olive Bard, Chiring, and Plotosus canius (magur). The other fauna found as tortoise, frogs, water snake, etc.

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Figure 16 Aquatic vegetation in Barguna pourashava (Source: Field Survey 2017)

4.3.3 Agriculture

Principal crops include rice and pulses. Jute cultivation was once important, but it gradually lost popularity as a cash crop. Being a coastal district, Barguna has a thriving fishing industry. Produce of the district includes betel leaf, pulses, bananas, betel nut, molasses, marine fish, and shrimp.

4.3.4 Economic Development

The Pourashava has insufficient capacity and resources in basic urban infrastructure and services. This undercuts sustainable local urban governance, makes local planning ineffective and undermines local economic development. The impact of climate change further exacerbates the weaknesses in municipal management more generally.

4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

4.5.1 Population

The total area of the District is 3,221.31 sq. km and 768.11 sq. km is under forest. The district has a population of 1,535,854. Out of these 7, 53,441 are male and 7, 82,413 female. The urban households in the district are 27,911. The size of household is 4.32. The population density is 477 people /km2. The literacy of the district is 54.1% (Male-56.2% and Female-52.0%). Information on population and number of households of Barguna Pourashava is presented in Table 12.

Table 12 Barguna Pourashava Population Data Administrative Area Households Population Unit (km2) (nos.) Total Male Female Barguna Pourashava 26 13994 65000 33630 31370 Ward No - 01 1.90 1138 5577 2863 2714 Ward No - 02 1.02 1645 7123 3627 3496 Ward No - 03 1.22 1041 5002 2573 2429 Ward No - 04 0.80 2443 11291 5967 5324 Ward No - 05 0.58 1465 6715 3287 3428 Ward No - 06 0.65 1115 5154 2632 2522 Ward No - 07 1.63 1943 8417 4409 4008 Ward No - 08 2.10 1195 6256 3417 2839 Ward No - 09 2.76 2009 9465 4855 46105 Source: BBS Community Report, Zilla - Barguna, 2011.

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4.5.2 Land use

The following chart shows that there is dominance of agricultural land (about 44% of the total) followed by residential land use (about 32%). Basing on the percentage of land under different use categories the ranking is: Agriculture (40.23%), Residential (33.94%), Water bodies (9.51%), Transportation (8.01%), Administrative (3.55%), Recreational & Open Space (1.73%), Commercial (1.25%), Educational (0.77%), Community Facility (0.35%), Health (0.31%), mixed use (0.22%), Utility Service (0.10%) and Industrial (0.03%).Besides, different wards have dominance of different categories of land uses as per context of the Pourashava and density of built up area. In ward no. 1, the major land use is Residential (46.3%) and Transportation (21.3%), ward no. 2 and 3 have highest land use coverage of agricultural lands about 38% and 62.1% of total respective ward area. Ward no. 4, 5 and 6 have the dominance of both agricultural and residential lands. On the other hand, Ward no. 7 encompasses the mixed use characteristics with 23.2% residential lands, 17.6% commercial lands, 20.5% agricultural lands, 17.3% water bodies. Besides, most of the lands of Ward no. 8 are devoted for residential purpose (75.6%).

4.5.3 Socio-economic Status

According to MDP (2012), about 33% and 30% of the people are engaged in services and business activities respectively. The scenario reveals that there are significant numbers of respondents who are engaged as businessman and service holders, while 33% service holders both government and semi- government including employees in private offices. The day labors accounts for 18% of the total occupation group in the study area. About 4% is engaged in agricultural activities.

4.5.4 Other Existing Amenities for Community Welfare

The subproject components are not immediately located near historical, cultural and archaeological sites, no excavation works will be conducted in the vicinities of such sites. There are no other scheduled or unscheduled archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites of heritage listed by local and/or national authority.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 37 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

5.1 APPROACH

Issues for consideration have been raised by the following means: (i) input from interested and affected parties; (ii) desktop research of information relevant to the proposed subproject; (iii) site visits; and (iv) evaluation of proposed design scope and potential impacts. Categorization of the subproject and formulation of mitigation measures have been guided by ADB‟s REA Checklist for Roads and ADB SPS 2009.

The subproject will not have major negative impacts because activities will be localized/site-specific and short in duration, corridors of impact of will be on existing public ROWs, and construction will be conducted within a relatively small area. Because of these there are several aspects of the environment that are not expected to be significantly affected by the subproject (Table 13).

Refer to the guidelines detailed in the Traffic Management Plan (TMP) given in Annexure I of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), whereby the Contractor shall prepare and submit for approval from the Employer, details of all required mitigate measures, associated with vehicular and pedestrian road-user issues, during any possible closure and/or infringement to road access through the course of implementation.

Table 13 Environmental sectors in which the Subproject Is Not Expected to have Significant Impacts Field Rationale A. Physical Characteristics Topography, landforms, geology and Required amount of materials will not cause alteration of topography, landforms, geology and Soils soils. Erosion hazard is insignificant as trenching and excavation works will be conducted only during construction stage (short-term) and specific to sites along public ROWs. Climatic conditions Short-term production of dust is the only effect on atmosphere. However, impact is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area. There are well developed methods for mitigation. Water quality Trenching and excavation, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants may result to silt- laden runoff during rainfall which may cause siltation and reduction in the quality of adjacent bodies of water. However, impact is short- term, site- specific and within a relatively small area. There are well developed methods for mitigation. Air quality Conducting works at dry season and moving large quantity of materials may create dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle- related pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, Sulphur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons) which will affect people who live and work near the sites. However, impact is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area. There are well-developed methods for mitigation. Acoustic environment Construction activities will be on settlements, along and near schools and areas with small- scale businesses. Temporary increase in noise level and vibrations may be caused by excavation equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people. However, the proposed subproject will follow existing ROW alignment and impact is short-term, site- specific and within a relatively small area. There are well developed methods for mitigation. B. Biological Characteristics Biodiversity Activities being located in the built-up area of Barguna Pourashava will not cause direct impact on biodiversity values. The construction activities do not anticipate any cutting of trees. C. Socioeconomic Characteristics Land use No alteration on land use. Rehabilitation of existing roads and bridges is prioritized over new construction, using vacant government land and right of way (ROW).

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 38 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Field Rationale Type of community spread Existing  No alteration on type of community spread. Road closure is not anticipated. Hauling of provisions for pedestrians and other construction materials and operation of equipment on-site can cause traffic problems. forms of transport  However, the proposed subproject will follow existing ROW alignment and impact is short-term, site-specific and within a relatively small area. There are well developed methods for mitigation. Socio-economic status  Subproject components will be located in government land and existing ROWs thus there is no requirement for land acquisition or any resettlements. Manpower will be required during the 24-months construction stage. This can result to generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Thus potential impact is positive and long-term.  Although construction of subproject components involves quite simple techniques of civil work, the invasive nature of excavation and the subproject sites being in built-up areas of Barguna Pourashava where there are a variety of human activities, will result to impacts to the sensitive receptors such as residents, businesses, and the community in general. These anticipated impacts are temporary and for short duration. D. Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Characteristics Physical and cultural heritage The subproject components are not located in or near and excavation works will not be conducted in the vicinities of identified historical and sites.

5.2 POSITIVES IMPACTS

Based on project particulars Chapter 3 and the existing environmental conditions Chapter 4 potential positive impacts have been identified that are likely to result from the proposed project and wherever possible these have been quantified. Positive impacts have been identified for different phases of project cycle and discussed in the following sections

5.2.1 Impact during Planning and Design Phase

Employment opportunities

During the planning and design period, new jobs will be created for the skilled and unskilled manpower in the community to conduct topographical and geological investigations. In addition employment will also be generated for planning and design of infrastructure. Women will also have equally an opportunity to secure employment. Skills transfer

The international consultant will associate with local partners. In the process of planning and design the local technical manpower will work with the international experts. This process of working together will transfer design and planning tools, computer design software and other useful guideline which are used in similar topographical conditions in the world. Training

The international consultant will provide training to local counter parts for activities likely to be implemented during planning and construction phases. This training and trained manpower will go a long way in meeting the requirements of the country in the infrastructure sector and buildings in particular.

5.2.2 Impacts during Construction Phase

Employment Opportunities

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During the construction phase it is estimated that about 30 people will be working as labour both skilled and unskilled. A majority of unskilled labour will be sourced from the local residents and hence this will create and employment. In addition new jobs will be created in the Government to implement, monitoring and evaluation of the project. Women will also have an opportunity to secure employment. Enhanced Social Interaction

The National and International; local and regional manpower will be working together for the project. This interaction will enhance social interaction between the people of two different places and levels. Boost to Industrial Activities

During construction country made product will be utilized such as cement, gravel, reinforced pipes etc. The consumption of these will give boost to industrial production of material manufacturing organization. In addition, the transport sector will be benefited for transport of material from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect employment. Road Safety

The operation of roads will make travelling easy. Improved road will improve road Safety and reduction in road accidents. Reduction in Greenhouse Gases

During operation of road the vehicles will operate closer to design speed which will help reduction of emission of hydrocarbons and carbon-monoxide from exhaust. Hence the emission reduction of carbon monoxide will decrease the greenhouse gases at local and regional levels which will have positive impact locally and regionally. Reduction in Fuel Consumption

The vehicles provide better fuel performance at optimum air to fuel ratio which is optimum around design speed. The roads are designed for 40 km per hour or more which is closer to design speed. This will facilitate in less fuel consumption which will have less burden on exchequer and will be direct impact on country economy.

5.2.3 Impacts during Project Operation

The proposed works will play an important role in its post construction period. It will ensure adequate transport communications particularly during critical times of storm events, which will be useful in ensuring the safety and life of people during such storm events. This will add directly to GDP by saving the life of people.

5.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Impacts on environmental component due to project activities, during different phases of project cycles, are summarized in Table 15. Mostly the impacts during project construction have been considered and reported.

5.3.1 Impact during Planning Phase

Change of Land Use due to Proposed Road/Borrow/Quarry Areas

This consultant found that the existing land use in the project site is mostly fallow land and farmland. It is likely that excavation and movement of soil during construction phase of the project might lead to localized erosion and dumping of soil. The estimates of how much earth work will take place are still needs to be computed. However, since the roads proposed for improvement are mostly earthen in

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 40 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) nature, it is safe to assume that a significant amount of soil to be moved in the area. This would disrupt localized stream flow, and made some changes to local land use. These changes are not expected to be long term. Post project management of the site is expected to clear any soil dumping from the site. Use of Barmuda grass on the both side edges of the roads are recommended to control soil erosion. Some trees (mainly producing fuel wood, like rain tree, chambal etc) were found on both sides of the proposed roads. However, removing such trees will not have major effect on local land use. Refer to Table 15 for the impact matrix of potential environmental impacts for the pre-construction and construction phases of implementation.

5.3.2 Impact during Construction Phase

Soil Loss

The soil loss will be in terms of top soil erosion from right of way, borrow pits, quarries, and storage of material areas. Erosion is of relevance to slope stability, which is a level topography. The construction will be completed in 12 months. The soil erosion is likely to take place due to construction of road. Excavated earth material will be reused in the road construction or will be used to fill the low laying areas hence its disposal is not likely to have impact on the environment (Figure 17)14 To prevent the soil erosion, monsoon season work is likely to be stopped during the construction; vegetation will need to be cleared within the proposed RoW, which may pose some soil erosion problem during first few rains. Embankment/slopes near newly constructed culverts and structures may be prone to the soil erosion. Such embankment and slops will need to be stabilized as soon as construction is over. The impact of soil loss is of short duration and will be reversible.

Areas vulnerable to soil loss

Figure 17 Areas vulnerable to soil loss during construction in Barguna. (Source: Field visit 2017)

Soil Pollution

The soil pollution will be due to first stripping of soil which is rich in carbon to nitrogen ratio being 13.8 to 18.2; secondly due to improper disposal of waste material on the open ground. The waste likely to fall on the ground may be solid waste / liquid waste form labour camps. Soil pollution may also be due to spillage of oil and grease by construction machinery and equipment. Appropriate waste disposal

14 Sample taken from Road 06, Barguna RD/03 package

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 41 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) methods have to be adopted. Proper care should be taken while locating the above utilities / facilities so as to minimize the soil pollution. The impacts are of short duration and will be reversible. Disruption in Drainage Pattern

The roads that intersect drainage basins generally modify the natural flow of surface water by concentrating the flow to certain points and increasing the velocity of flow. Depending upon the flow, these changes can contribute to flooding, soil erosion, channel modification, siltation of streams etc. These effects are often felt well beyond the immediate vicinity of the road. Being the existing road getting modified by upgrading which is on the existing alignment; hence no change in drainage pattern is anticipated due to the project. However proper cross drainage works on the alignments will be required. There are numbers of cross drainage works which will also need improvement Water Pollution

Surface water bodies such as canal and ponds are located along the road. Construction of road may also create water pollution during construction phase. The short-term increase in runoff laden with sediment and nutrients may also occur due to the construction activities. The suspended sediments and the associated pollutants may get washed into these water sources leading to change in water quality. In addition construction of culverts may increase turbidity. Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials, oils and greases and paint during transportation and at the equipment yards. But the quantity of such spills will be negligible. Care however, needs to be taken to provide adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary colonies of the construction workers. Provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities with septic tanks and appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory. Water pollution impacts on surface water quality during construction will be low, spatially restricted and very short term. Such impacts during the construction phase will be moderate particularly in areas of bridge construction but short term and reversible Increased Water Demand

The water requirement will be increased during construction phase. About 120 people are estimated during peak period. The peak demand is estimated about 48 KL/day. In addition, water will be required for construction purpose all along the roads. All these activities shall have to be located within the vicinity of the project site during construction phase, hence proper care have to be taken while deciding the location of these activities. Identification of suitable locations shall have to be carried out based on water availability in order to safeguard the nearby environment. Water sources and quality, including surface water, is likely to be impacted due to road construction activities such as setting up of workers camp, transportation and storage of construction material. Health Risks due to Waste Disposal

Health risks include disease hazards due to lack of sanitation facilities (water supply and human waste disposal) to the workers during construction both at construction site and at Contractor‟s camp. Unscientific disposal of waste from contractor‟s camp can lead to contamination of both ground and surface water. This could lead to outbreak of water borne disease such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid etc. The solid waste generated (about 180 kg/day) in contractor‟s camp if not treated properly may cause leaching and environmental pollution. Management measures include proper sanitation, health care, and solid waste disposal facilities. In addition to these, efforts need to be made to avoid water spills, adopt disease control measures. The impact will be of short duration and reversible. Pollution at Construction Site

Construction materials will be required for the construction of road pavement, bridges and culverts, road side drains etc. About 10-15% of the construction material is left behind by the contractor as construction waste / spoils. Dumping of construction waste / spoil in haphazard manner may cause surface and

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 42 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ground water pollution near the construction sites and breeding site for mosquitoes, hence, it is proposed to clean the area and dump/dispose the construction spoils at the dumping site specified by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-being of people. Air Pollution

The impact on air environmental is a factor of type of vehicle, fuel used and its capacity. The consultant has taken emission factor to estimate the pollution potential on air environment during construction. The material will be transported by canal route and hence the impact on air environment will be insignificant. In the construction phase, air quality impacts are of short duration. The most important pollutant during this phase will be suspended particulate matter. Such deterioration of air quality can be assigned to:

 Fugitive dust emission from construction activities like excavation, back-filling and concreting;  Hauling and dumping of earth & construction spoils;  Vehicular movement along the feeder roads or temporary diversions.  Gaseous emission from construction equipment and vehicular traffic.

Impacts on air quality will be low and spatially restricted along the immediate site of construction. The above will be operated at different location the impact at a particular site will be insignificant. Noise Levels

The magnitude of impact during the construction phase will depend upon the types of the equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of the work. Noise associated with road development affects the environment through which road passes and has four main sources: a) vehicles; b) friction between vehicles and the road surface; c) driver behaviour; and d) construction and maintenance activity. Vehicle noise comes from the engine, transmission, exhaust, and suspension, and is greatest during acceleration, on upgrades, during engine braking, on rough roads, and in stop-and-go traffic conditions. Poor vehicle maintenance is a contributing factor to this noise source. Frictional noise from the contact between tires and pavement contributes significantly to overall traffic noise. The level depends on the type and condition of tires and pavement. Frictional noise is generally greatest at high speed and during quick braking. Drivers contribute to road noise by using their vehicles‟ horns, by playing loud music, and sudden braking or acceleration. Road construction and maintenance generally require the use of heavy machinery, and although these activities may be intermittent and localized, they nevertheless contribute sustained noise during equipment operation. Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80-85 dB (A) at 15 m distance which will decrease with increase in distance.. The noise levels will be with a limit of 55-65 dB (A) at a distance of 100-125 m from construction site. The expected noise levels due to operation of construction machinery at site are summarized in Table 14. The noise levels will decrease with distance. Noise due construction machinery is predicted as presented in Table 15.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 43 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Table 14 Noise levels during construction (dBA)

Source Dump Truck Compactor Dozer Excavation by Shovel Excavation by caterpillar Noise Level dB(A) 83 81 85 87 87 Source Distance (m) 15 15 15 15 15 Noise Levels at Distance (m) from source 20 78.5 76.5 80.5 82.5 82.5 25 76.1 74.1 78.1 80.1 80.1 30 74.0 72.0 76.0 78.0 78.0 35 72.1 70.1 74.1 76.1 76.1 40 70.5 68.5 72.5 74.5 74.5 45 69.0 67.0 71.0 73.0 73.0 50 67.5 65.5 69.5 71.5 71.5 55 66.2 64.2 68.2 70.2 70.2 60 65.0 63.0 67.0 69.0 69.0 75 61.5 59.5 63.5 65.5 65.5 100 56.5 54.5 58.5 60.5 60.5 125 54.6 52.6 56.6 58.6 58.6 150 53.0 51.0 55.0 57.0 57.0 175 51.7 49.7 53.7 55.7 55.7 200 50.5 48.5 52.5 54.5 54.5 225 49.5 47.5 51.5 53.5 53.5 250 48.6 46.6 50.6 52.6 52.6

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 44 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Table 15 Noise generated by construction machineries and their maximum exposure time

Source: http://construction.worksafe.govt.nz/assets/resources Air Pollution

The extent of air pollution will depend upon i) the rate of vehicular emission and ii) the prevailing meteorological conditions. The emission factors for vehicles have been used to estimate the ground level concentration near the roads. The Caline4 has been used to predict the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The results so obtained has indicated that increase in pollutants concentration will not be

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 45 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) significant due to less growth of vehicles up to year 2034.Air quality is likely to improve in the initial years after commissioning because of saving of fuel in the vehicular traffic riding on smooth and improved roads with much less interruption. Noise Levels

During the operation phase of the road, movement of heavy and light vehicles is expected to give rise to higher ambient noise levels. In order to quantify the project induced noise impacts with respect to existing noise levels, noise monitoring was carried out. The day-time noise levels may vary from 35 to 45 dB (A). Assessment of noise impacts due to the project have been carried out using Highway Noise Model based on the guidelines suggested by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The maximum speed assumed for the present scenario is 40 km/hr. Table 18 shows noise emitted by different vehicle types. The computed results have indicated a maximum increase in noise level to the tune of 5 dB (A) being average around 43 dB (A) during peak hours.

Table 16 Noise generated by various vehicle types in dB (A)

Vehicle Type Speed (Kmph) Cars Trucks Buses 2-Wheelars 40 65.0dB(A) 81.0 dB(A) 81.0 dB(A) 68.0 dB(A)

Water and Soil Pollution

The spill of oil, grease and other chemical/ material on road may pollute the soil and surface and ground water. Such spills shall be closely monitored.

5.4 IMPACTS ANALYSIS

Checklist is the list of environmental parameters or impact indicators, which the environmentalist is encouraged to consider when summarizing the potential impacts. A typical checklist identifying the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project activities are shown in Table 17. The impacts have been categorized and analyzed in the following manner:

i. Nature (positive/negative, direct/indirect); ii. Magnitude (high, moderate, low); iii. Extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution); iv. Timing (during construction or operation, immediate; or delayed); v. Duration (short term/long term, intermittent/continuous); vi. Reversibility/irreversibility; vii. Likelihood (probability, uncertainty); and viii. Significance (local, regional, global)

5.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACT

The subproject‟s potential cumulative impacts were considered with respect to valued components in environmental and socio-economic categories. There are no foreseeable projects that will overlap with the subproject. Matrix of the Cumulative Impacts of the sub-project is given in Table 18.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 46 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 47 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Table 17 Matrix of Potential Environmental Impact of the sub-project Project Activity Pre- construction Construction Phase Operation Phase Component Phase Affected Vehicles & Removing Construction/m Land Site Contractor Machines Construction trees and Quarries odification of Operation Demarcation clearance camps operation & Machinery vegetation Roads maintenance Soil Loss of land Loss of Soils Erosion and Contamination Contamination by Increase in Soil pollution Pollution due to Soil contamination loss of top soil from wastes fuel and lubricants erosion, from Construction spills due to surface Compaction of siltation and Spoils runoff soil slope instability Ground Water Evaporation Water extraction Water extraction Exploitation of Maintenance of for drinking and for cleaning water for trees /shrubs other purposes construction Surface water Loss of water Change in Siltation Torrent Pollution from Contamination by Water logging Change in water Pollution due to Degradation due body water quality runoff sanitary & other fuel & lubricants and mosquito quality and spill into water to spills & road wastes breeding reduction of GW bodies runoff recharge Drainage Change in Change in Change in Change in natural Change in Interference with Cleaning & natural natural drainage drainage pattern drainage pattern drainage natural drainage maintenance drainage pattern due to disposal due to spills pattern and water logging pattern of wastes on soils Air Quality Increase in Reduced Pollution due to Dust & air Dust pollution Dust pollution SPM, SO2 Increase in SPM, SPM buffering of air fuel burning pollution and odour SO2 and NOX pollution, problems change in climate Noise Quality Increase in Reduced Increase in Noise Vibration from Vibrators, mixing Increase in Noise Increase in noise Noise level buffering of level blasting plant noise etc. levels due to Noise operations increased traffic. Flora & Fauna Loss of trees Loss of trees Cutting of trees Disturbance to Impact on for fuel burning Flora and fauna Fishery Socio- Land Acquisition Loss of Trees Transmission of economic Disease Loss to Utilities

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 48 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Table 18 Matrix of the Cumulative Environmental Impacts of the sub-project S. Activity Potential Impact Extent/ Reversible Nature Magnitude Timing/ Phase Duration Likelihood Significance No. Location /Irreversible i) Planning and Design of Skill Transfer & Positive Low Medium Pre-Construction Long Probable Regional Roads Training Direct Term ii) Disposal of waste Soil Pollution Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local material, construction Direct Term spoils, spill of oil and grease from construction machinery. iii) Exposed surface due to Soil Loss/ Erosion on Negative Low Small area Construction/ Short Reversible Probable Local widening of ROW, ROW Direct Operation Term borrow pits, quarries site Soil Loss from Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local construction of cross Borrow/Quarry Areas Direct Term drainage iv) Vehicles Movement on Loss of soil fertility Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local adjoining productive land Direct Term v) Construction of road, Change in Natural Negative Low Small area Construction Short Reversible Probable Local borrow areas and quarry Drainage Pattern Direct Term sites vi) Runoff from roads, Water Pollution Negative Low Small Construction Short Reversible Probable Local quarry site and borrow Direct Distribution Term areas; construction of abutments on canals vii) Disposal of waste Health Risk Negative Low Low Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Direct Term viii) Use of water in Increased Water Negative Low low Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Construction and Demands Direct Term drinking ix) Widening of Road, Encroachment into Negative Low low Construction Short Irreversible Probable Local construction of culverts water bodies Direct Term x) Widening of Road, Loss of Physical No Cultural Resources Impact xi) Widening of Road, Re location of Negative Low Less Construction Short Reversible Probable Local electrical poles Direct Term

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S. Activity Potential Impact Extent/ Reversible Nature Magnitude Timing/ Phase Duration Likelihood Significance No. Location /Irreversible xii) Movement of vehicles for Air Quality Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional construction works and Direct Operation Term then use of road Increase in Green Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional House Gases Direct Operation Term Fuel Consumption Negative Low low Construction/ Long Irreversible Probable Regional Direct/ Operation Term Indirect Noise Levels Negative Low low Construction/ Long Reversible Probable Regional Indirect Operation Term xiii) Construction and Employment Positive Medium Large Construction/Operation Long Probable Regional operation of road Opportunities Direct Distribution Term Enhancement of Rural Positive Medium Large Construction/Operation Long Permanent Probable Regional Economy Direct Distribution Term xiv) Operation of road Reduction in length Positive Medium Permanent Operation Long Probable Regional and travel time Direct Term Enhanced Social Positive Medium Permanent Construction/Operation Long Probable Regional Interaction Direct Term xv) Construction of roads, Skill Transfer and Positive Medium Permanent Construction/Operation Long Probable Regional culverts and Operation of Training Direct Term road xvi) Construction Activities Workers Safety Negative Low Temporary Construction Short Reversible Probable Local Term xvii) Employment of outside Health Safety Negative Low Temporary/ Construction Short Reversible Probable Local labour (Transmission of STD, Permanent Term HIV/AIDS)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 50 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 51 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

CHAPTER 6: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

6.1 GENERAL

Generally complaint procedures are developed for those who have been adversely affected by the Project infrastructure and/or have not been compensated as per law/ legal entitlement. In this case no land related dispute is applicable as the land is already owned by the authorities. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established to receive, evaluate, and facilitate the concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance at the level of the project. The GRM will aim to provide a time-bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns linked to the project. A common GRM will be in place for social, environmental, or any other grievances related to the project. GRM was discussed with stakeholders during field visits. The GRM will provide an accessible and trusted platform for receiving and facilitating grievances related to the project. The multi-tier GRM for the project is outlined below, each tier having time-bound schedules and with responsible persons identified to address grievances and seek appropriate persons‟ advice at each stage, as required.

Pourashava-wide public awareness campaigns will ensure that awareness on grievance redress procedures is generated through the campaign. The project implementation unit (PIU) safeguards assistant and institutional capacity and community development consultants (ICCDC) that will conduct Pourashava-wide awareness campaigns to ensure that poor and vulnerable households are made aware of grievance redress procedures and entitlements, and will work with the PIU safeguards assistant to help ensure that their grievances are addressed. Affected persons (APs) will have the flexibility of conveying grievances/suggestions by dropping grievance redress/ suggestion forms in complaints/suggestion boxes that have already been installed by project Pourashavas or through telephone hotlines at accessible locations, by e-mail, by post, or by writing in a complaints register in Pourashava offices.

The grievance registration form is available in Annexure II. Careful documentation of the name of the complainant, date of receipt of the complaint, address/contact details of the person, location of the problem area, and how the problem was resolved will be undertaken. The project management unit (PMU) safeguards officer will have the overall responsibility for timely grievance redressal on environmental and social safeguards issues and for registration of grievances, related disclosure, and communication with the aggrieved party through the PIU safeguards assistant.

6.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS

In case of grievances that are immediate and urgent in the perception of the complainant, the contractor and supervision personnel from the project management and supervision consultants (PMSC) on-site will provide the most easily accessible or first level of contact for quick resolution of grievances. Contact phone numbers and names of the concerned PIU safeguards assistant, contractors, PMU safeguards officer, PMSC environmental and social safeguards specialists will be posted at all construction sites at visible locations.

6.2.1 1st Level Grievance

The contractors, PIU supervision personnel and PIU safeguards assistant can immediately resolve issues on-site in consultation with each other, and will be required to do so within 3 days of receipt of a complaint/grievance. Assistance of ward level coordination committees (WLCC) will be sought if required for resolution of the issue, by any one or all of them jointly.

6.2.2 2nd Level Grievance

All grievances that cannot be redressed within 3 days at field/ward level will be jointly reviewed by the grievance redress committee (GRC) at town-level and PIU safeguards assistant, who will attempt to

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 52 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) resolve them within 7 days. The PIU safeguards assistant will be responsible to see through the process of redressal of each grievance.

6.2.3 3rd Level Grievance

The PIU safeguards assistant will refer any unresolved or major issues to the PMU safeguards officer and PMSC (third level of grievance redress), who will resolve them within 15 days.

6.2.4 4th Level Grievance

Very major issues that are beyond the jurisdictional authority of the GRC or those that have the potential to cause social conflicts or environmental damage or those that remain unresolved at PMU level, will be referred to the project steering committee (PSC) to be resolved within 14 days. All paperwork (details of grievances) needs to be completed by the PIU safeguards assistant and circulated to the respective WLCC, GRC and PSC members at least a week in advance of the scheduled meetings. All decisions taken by the GRC and PSC will be communicated to the APs by the PIU safeguards assistant. Despite the project GRM, an aggrieved person shall have access to the country's legal system at any stage, and accessing the country's legal system can run parallel to accessing the GRM and is not dependent on the negative outcome of the GRM. In the event that the established GRM is not in a position to resolve the issue, the affected person also can use the ADB Accountability Mechanism (AM) through directly contacting (in writing) the Complaint Receiving Officer (CRO) at ADB headquarters or the ADB Bangladesh Resident Mission (BRM). The complaint can be submitted in any of the official languages of ADB‟s DMCs. The ADB Accountability Mechanism information will be included in the PID to be distributed to the affected communities, as part of the project GRM.

6.3 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM

Grievance redress process can be diagrammatically represented as presented in Figure 16 below:

Aggrieved Persons

FIELD/WARD LEVEL st 1 Level Contractor, PIU Supervision 3 days Grievance Package:Grievance CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE Personnel and PIU Safeguards Days3 Redressed53 Assistants (to be assisted by ICCDC) AssistanceDays of WLCC (as and when required) Not redressed days Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Records will be kept by PIU of all grievances received, including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were processed and final outcome. The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the PMU office, municipal office, and on the web, as well as reported in monitoring reports submitted to ADB on a semi-annual basis. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting/information dissemination) will be borne by the concerned PIU at town-level; while costs related to escalated grievances will be met by the PMU.

CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND PARTICIPATION

Public participation and community consultation has been taken up as an integral part of environmental assessment process of the project. Consultation was used as a tool to inform and educate stakeholders

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 54 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) about the proposed action both before and after the development decisions were made. It assisted in identification of the impacts problems associated with the project as well as the needs of the Project Affected People (PAP). This participatory process helped in reducing the public resistance to change and enabled the participation of the local people in the decision making process.

7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION TOOLS

Following three (3) tools were used for Public Consultation:

a. Public Consultation Meeting (PCM) b. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) c. Stakeholder Consultation

7.2.1 Public Consultation Meeting (PCM)

Presentations, panel debates, keynotes, workshops, and lectures are all examples of information sharing meetings. The primary goal of these meetings is for the speaker to share information with the attendees. At information sharing meetings attendees have historically been passive listeners.

While there are several types of information sharing meetings, they usually feature two main roles: the presenter(s), and the audience members.

Presenter: Often, the presenter is in a position of authority, like a manager passing on information or instructions to subordinates, or a subject matter expert sharing her knowledge with those present. The role can also fall on a keynote speaker, members of a panel, or project leader, to name just a few.

Audience members: Audience members make up the bulk of participants in information sharing meetings. Depending on the meeting size, there may be as many as hundreds, or even thousands, of audience members present. Their level of interest, and motivation to absorb the information shared, is highly dependent on their motivation for attending. In some cases, they have chosen to attend out of their own interest, while in other cases they are required to attend by their employer, professor, or other authority.

During these consultations, the communities were explained about the project, its benefits, social and environmental impacts. The participants were encouraged to (i) be open and make known their concerns and claims. The presentation highlighted the project background, objectives, expected upcoming activities, social economic information, and environmental information. The salient features of the meetings are presented below:

 Create awareness of the project;  To obtain stakeholders responses, feedback and concerns on the project;  To obtain environmental information on the community.

After the presentations, the community was given opportunity to give their views, comments and queries. Different community problems were addressed during the meeting in which the local participants expressed repeatedly their main concerns as follows:

 Road connectivity and access;  Prospects of jobs and income generating activities;  Disruption to road users and public access during construction phase.

Comments or questions raised by audience were responded to. The consultant explained that positive and negative impacts of the project on people and the environment will be analysed such as air pollution, dust, influx of people, employment. All the participants confirmed that they appreciate the Project. The

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 55 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) project received high degree of acceptability, which will boost local economy due to improved climate change resilient designs, road access and assured durability.

7.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather together people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. The group of participants is guided by a moderator (or group facilitator) who introduces topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves.

The strength of FGD relies on allowing the participants to agree or disagree with each other so that it provides an insight into how a group thinks about an issue, about the range of opinion and ideas, and the inconsistencies and variation that exists in a particular community in terms of beliefs and their experiences and practices.

FGDs can be used to explore the meanings of survey findings that cannot be explained statistically, the range of opinions/views on a topic of interest and to collect a wide variety of local terms. In bridging research and policy, FGD can be useful in providing an insight into different opinions among different parties involved in the change process, thus enabling the process to be managed more smoothly. It is also a good method to employ prior to designing questionnaires.

Key issues discussed were similar to those already voiced during the community consultation meetings and included:

 Community benefits realized as a result of the road schemes;  Resettlement and Environmental issues and mitigation measures according to Resettlement Framework prepared and approved by ADB and government Bangladesh for this project;  Participation of local community during the construction phase;  Roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders for realizing desired outcome;  Potential social and economic impacts of the proposed road construction/ improvement.

7.2.3 Stakeholder Consultation

Consultation is a formal process by which the Commission collects input and views from stakeholders about its policies. Consultation is a continuous process and formal stakeholder consultations complement the Commission's broader interaction with stakeholders (e.g. meetings or exchanges or through existing permanent platforms for dialogue). The term 'stakeholder consultation' applies to all consultations with stakeholders in the process of the evaluation or the preparation of a policy initiative or the implementation of an existing intervention.

7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION HISTORY

Initial Public consultation has been carried out in the project area with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the community on the benefits of the project. As part of the project consultations, efforts were made to consult with the public as well as a number of local authorities, to determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback on the impact of the proposed Shelter in their respective locations. Information and comments collected from the public early in the study process were of use.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 56 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Different stakeholders were consulted to give them the opportunity to express their views and concerns. As part of the process, they were also provided with relevant and sufficient information on the project prior to its start-up. These stakeholders include the central and local authorities, as well as the local population so as to determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback on the impact of the project. Attendees in the consultation meeting were apprised of the processes through which the project was to proceed toward implementation and the environmental impacts to arise out of such processes along with the steps to be taken toward mitigating the impacts. They were told about the impacts all of which could be easily mitigated. The audience expressed satisfaction of such mitigation measures (Figure 19). The public consultation was held during field visit in 6 August 2017.

Figure 19 Public consultation held in Barguna during field visit at 6 August 2017

As part of the impact assessment, the consultants conducted focus group discussions with selected groups at the locations of the proposed three roads, refer to the Due Diligence Report given in Appendix G.

7.4 FINDINGS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING

For details of the public consultations and Focus Group discussions held during the design stage of the sub-project, refer to the Due Diligence Report given in Appendix C. The people in the area largely depend on agriculture. Most of the people were keen to know the possibility of employment in the project. There is a requirement of about 120 people during the peak period of the project. The employment largely depends on the types of job and will be assessed on a case to case basis by the contractor according to needs:

a) People were happy to know that road project is coming to their town. However they were also keen to know if there is any land acquisition and, if yes, then people shall be paid the market cost of the land. b) Priority for jobs should also be given to those who will have any negative impact due to the project. Both men and women shall be consider with equal opportunity; c) Few technical suggestion also came from the floor such as provide RCC box culvert for drainage, railing on existing bridge/ culverts and light at such places for visibility during night to avoid accidents. d) Participants have also shown their willingness to participate in the project during planning and construction. The participants were also interested to know the likely date of start which will be after monsoon.

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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 CONCLUSIONS

Based on Project Description (Chapter 3), Environmental Baseline Data (Chapter 4), Environmental Impacts (Chapter 5), and Environmental Mitigation Measures, (Chapter 6), the following conclusions are drawn: a. The Barguna roads are in plain terrain in the Barguna District of Barisal Division. The total length of roads 3 (three) is 1.680km with 418.20 m road side protection. There are 3 roads in Package No. CTEIP/BAR/RD/03. The roads have been selected based on criteria explained in Project Administrative Management (PAM).

b. The PPTA feasibility study has provided a comprehensive set of recommendations for the planning, design and implementation of the Project. Based on the recommendations of this study, the DDS Consultant has completed the detailed engineering design for the construction of roads in Barguna.

c. The integration of roads with urban and semi-urban areas will help in economic development of the town. The roads will help improve social and cultural environment and development of other sectors like agriculture, commerce and trade. Hence the proposed roads will play an important role in economic growth and reduction of poverty. Educational, cultural and health centres will have an easy access thus making improved living standards and quality of life of the people. The supporting activities in trade and material supply will also get benefitted from the project.

d. The adverse environmental impacts will occur during the construction period, and will be of a relatively short duration. Adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the roads to minimize or mitigate these unavoidable environmental impacts that are a result of the works.

e. The major positive achievements of roads are:

i. Development of roads will serve not only the influence area but also the surrounding area in the town. ii. Establishment of roads development will stimulate ancillary projects which will improve economic status of the local population; iii. More employment of people during construction phases; iv. Reduction in fuel consumption, increase in road safety, less emission and greenhouse gases responsible for climate change; v. Will be potential socio-economic enhancement of rural economy by connecting people to semi-urban areas; vi. Skill Transfer and Training. f. Noise level monitoring during construction is strongly suggested. The smell of rotten egg in surface water supply system has been confirmed by the local residents. This is indicative of excess salinity in the region that might react with cementing materials. Therefore proper monitoring of Sulphur, magnesium and aluminium in water is recommended. Groundwater quality needs to be closely monitored during construction of the roads.

g. It is proposed to plant trees on roadside to mitigate the negative impact of trees. This will keep the ecological function in circulation. The noise impact at source will be mitigated by job rotation and use of ear plug and other measures suggested in EMP. Retaining wall is planned to protect the ponds from soil erosion and water pollution. In addition,

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 58 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

embankments wherever required has been protected against erosion due to climate change by jute fabric and sowing of grass.

h. The environmental mitigation measures as stipulated in EMP and in the obtained environmental permit shall be monitored during implementation of the road sub-project. In order to perform monitoring of EMP the contractor shall engage experienced laboratory and third party services in complying the required environmental testing of parameters listed in Chapter 8.

i. The labour camps shall be established with the septic tank and soak pit for treatment and disposal of sewage and sludge water to avoid pollution of water bodies. Contractor has to make own arrangement for water supply for construction and domestic purpose.

j. The environmental monitoring will be required before the start of the construction and during the construction phase. The parameters of Water Quality, Air Quality, Noise quality, and Soils shall be monitored; as specified in Chapter 8.

k. During public consultation recommendations were drawn including: i) involve local communities in all stages of project planning and development, ii) establish permanent communication between project initiators and local authorities, iii) setup grievance redress mechanism which will publicized through Pourashava level co-ordination committee and monitoring register and iv) during construction, local people including women shall be given first priority in the employment of skilled and unskilled labour.

8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of above, it is concluded that the Project will bring benefit to the people of the area and especially during emergency created by cyclones. The negative impacts occurring during implementation are within the manageable limits and shall be mitigated with the proposed Environmental Management Plan and, hence, the project may be implemented.

8.3 DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS INSTRUMENTS

The LGED will disclose this Environmental Management Framework by making copies available at its head office and in District / Pourashava where the Project is situated. The copies shall also be made available to the Local Government‟s Agencies, the Environmental and Social Group and other stakeholders. The Government of Bangladesh will also authorize the Asian Development Bank to disclose this IEE and EMP electronically through its InfoShop

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 59 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXURE I: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLISTS Construction/Improvement of 03 nos. Road, totaling 1.680 kms, including 418.20 m protection in Barguna Pourashava, Barguna District. Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following areas:

 Underground utilities No

 Cultural heritage site No

 Protected Area No

 Wetland/Ponds yes EMP to be followed

 Mangrove No

 Estuarine No

 Buffer zone of protected area No

 Special area for protecting biodiversity No

 Bay No

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause:

 Encroachment on historical/cultural areas? No

 Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)? No

 Impacts: associated sanitation/solid waste disposal systems? No

 Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No

 Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous No Peoples or other vulnerable groups?  Accident risks: increased vehicular traffic, leading to loss of life? yes EMP to be followed

 Increased noise and air pollution resulting from increased traffic volume? Yes EMP: to be followed

 Occupational and community health and safety risks? yes EMP to be followed

 Risks vulnerabilities: occupational health & safety due to physical, No chemical, biological, radiological hazards during project constrn/operation?  Generation of dust in sensitive areas during construction? Yes EMP: to be followed

 Requirements for disposal of fill, excavation, and/or spoil materials? Yes EMP to be followed

 Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works? Yes EMP: to be followed

 Long-term impacts on groundwater flows as result of needing to drain the No project site prior to construction?  Long-term impacts on local hydrology as a result of building hard surfaces No in or near the building?  Large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as No

water supply and sanitation systems)?  Social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired? No

 Risks to community safety caused by fire, electric shock, or failure of the No buildings safety features during operation?  Risks to community health and safety caused by management and disposal yes EMP to be followed of waste?  Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure No

could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 60 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXURE II: GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM (Bangla translation to be available)

The Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback.

Should you choose to include your personal details but want the information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name.

Thank you.

Date Place of Registration Contact Information/Personal Details Name Gender * Male Age * Female Home Address Place Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where, and how) of your grievance below: If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here:

How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Registered by: (Name of Official Registering Grievance)

Mode of Communication: Note/Letter E-mail Verbal/Telephonic Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Officials Reviewing Grievance)

Action Taken:

Whether Action Taken Yes Disclosed: No Means of Disclosure:

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 61 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXTURE III: CATEGORIZATION FORM INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION

Date: ___/___/2017

A. Project Data Country/Project No./Project : Country: Bangladesh Title ADB No.: (No. to be designated) Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project (CTEIP) Subproject: e-GP/CTEIP/2017-18/BAR/RD/03

B. Involuntary Resettlement Category [ ] New [ ] Recategorization ― Previous Category [ ]

 Category A  Category B  Category C  Category FI C. Comments

No unavoidable dislocation or involuntary resettlement of persons affected by the subproject will take place as a result of the construction of the Barguna roads at the below listed sites located within Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna

Refer to Involuntary Resettlement Impact Categorization Checklist below.

The Package e-GP/CTEIP/2017-19/BAR/RD/03 comprises the construction of 03(three) roads, totaling 1.680 km including 10 (ten) no. box Culverts, 06 nos. 250mm inner dia uPVC pipe cross drain and 418.20 m protection work designed with pre cast cement concrete RCC post and cast in situ RCC wall beside the pond and 170 gm/m2 Non-Woven needle punched Geo-textile Mat, beside the canal in Barguna Pourashava, District: Barguna.

The sub-packages are:

 R-06: Improvement of road from Abdul Kader BC road at Hussain Miah Mill to Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road (Ward no.06)

 R-07: Improvement of Hason Mollah road from Forman Ali BC road (near Mahbub house) to Zahed Smriti road at Kashem Bhuiyan house. (Ward No. 06 )

 R-08: Improvement of road from Kali Bari BC road (near Talukder Bari Jame Mosque) to Police Lines SI Quarters east side road. (Ward No. 02 )

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 62 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXURE IIIa: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-1 R-06: Improvement of road from Abdul Kader BC road at Hussain Miah Mill to Nowab Ali Hawlader house BC road (Ward no.06)

Not Probable Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Remarks Known

Involuntary Acquisition of Land

1. Will there be land acquisition? No

Not 2. Is the site for land acquisition known? applicable 3. Is the ownership status and current usage of land to be Not acquired known? applicable 4. Will easement be utilized within an existing Right of Way Not

(ROW)? applicable 5. Will there be loss of shelter and residential land due to land Not acquisition? applicable 6. Will there be loss of agricultural and other productive assets Not due to land acquisition? applicable 7. Will there be losses of crops, trees, and fixed assets due to Not land acquisition? applicable 8. Will there be loss of businesses or enterprises due to land Not acquisition? applicable 9. Will there be loss of income sources and means of livelihoods Not due to land acquisition? applicable

Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

10. Will people lose access to natural resources, communal No facilities and services? 11. If land use is changed, will it have an adverse impact on No social and economic activities? 12. Will access to land and resources owned communally or by No the state be restricted?

Information on Displaced Persons: Not Applicable Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by the Project? [--] No [--] Yes If yes, approximately how many? ______Are any of them poor, female-heads of households, or vulnerable to poverty risks? [--] No [--] Yes Are any displaced persons from indigenous or ethnic minority groups? [--] No [--] Yes Note: The project team may attach additional information on the project, as necessary.

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 63 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXURE IIIb: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-2 R-07: Improvement of Hason Mollah road from Forman Ali BC road (near Mahbub house) to Zahed Smriti road at Kashem Bhuiyan house. (Ward No. 06 )

Not Probable Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Remarks Known

Involuntary Acquisition of Land

1. Will there be land acquisition? No

Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 64 Section 6: Employer’s Requirements: Subsection 3 Particular Specification: Appendix-E: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

ANNEXURE IIIc: INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT IMPACT CATEGORIZATION CHECKLIST-3 R-08: Improvement of road from Kali Bari BC road (near Talukder Bari Jame Mosque) to Police Lines SI Quarters east side road. (Ward No. 02 )

Not Probable Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Remarks Known

Involuntary Acquisition of Land

1. Will there be land acquisition? No

Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

Package: CTEIP/BAR/RD/03: IEE 65