Program: B. Sc. (Hons.) Semester: Fourth Course: Production Technology – II (Rabi ) Course Objective: 1. To know the Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of rabi crops 2. Identify weeds in rabi season crops 3. To understand the yield attributing characters of kharif crops an d Estimate yield of Rabi crops Unit I: Cereals –wheat and barley Unit II: Pulses-chickpea, lentil, peas; oilseeds-rapeseed, mustard and sunflower; sugar crops- Unit III: Medicinal and aromatic crops-mentha, lemon grass and citronella Unit IV: Forage crops-berseem, lucerne and oat. Practical: 1. Sowing methods of wheat and sugarcane, 2. Identification of weeds in rabi season crops 3. Study of morphological characteristics of rabi crops 4. Study of yield contributing characters of rabi season crops, yield 5. Juice quality analysis of sugarcane 6. Study of important agronomic experiments of rabi crops at experimental farms. 7. Study of rabi forage experiments 8. Oil extraction of medicinal Crops 9. Visit to research stations of related crops.

Botanical Name and Economic Importance of Wheat Local Name : Gahu Family : Gramineae Botanical : Triticum aestivum Origin : 1. Soft Wheat (Bread wheat) – Hindukush mountainous regions adjoining to and Afganistan. Economic Importance: Wheat is the staple food of north Inidan people. Wheat grains are grounded into flour (atta) and consumed in the form of chapatee i.e. 80 85% Soft wheat is used for making chapatee, bread, cake, biscuits, pastry and other bakery products. Hard wheat is used for manufacturing rawa, suji and sewaya. In areas where is a staple food grain, wheat is eaten in the form of puri and uppumav. It is also used for making flakes and sweet meats like kheer, shira, etc. Wheat grain is used for preparing starch. Wheat straw is used as fooder, padding material and mulching material. 1. Good Point about Wheat Cultivation 1. In India wheat is second important staple food crop next to rice. 2. It is only food grain having leavened bread making quality. 3. It is widely adapted to different soil and climatic conditions. 4. It is simple to cultivate. 5. Its grain is easy to handle, transport and store. 6. The mechanism of manufacture of flour and other products is simple to handle. 7. It has high nutritive value among cereals. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist)

Introduced Dwarf Varieties from Mexico: Sonora – 63, Sonora – 64, Mayo – 64, Lerma Rojo etc.These Mexican varieties were developed by Dr. Norman Borlaug and his co workers by using Norin dwarfing gene from Norin – 10, a variety of wheat from Japan which has a dwarf and non-lodging plant habit. Improved Rainfed Wheat Varieties: N-59, MACS-9, MACS-1967, NIDW-15 (durum type), Ajantha,NI-5439, Hira, Moti etc. Improved Irrigated Wheat Varieties: Kalyan Sona, sonalika, Malvika, Lok-1, HD-21889, PBN-142, PBN-51 Characteristics of Wheat Varieties N-59: Sonalika (JDM – 1553): 1. It is released at Agri. Res. Stn. Niphad in 1964. 1. It is released at IARI in 1967. 2. It is produced by crossing Gaza x Motia. 2. It is produced by selection from Mexican bulk of S-308. 3. It matures in 115-120 days. 3. It is single dwarf wheat widely grown in whole India. 4. Grain is bold, lustrous, hard and amber coloured. 4. It matures early in about 105 days. 5. It is tall growing variety and suitable for timely sowing. 5. Grain is amber coloured, bold, hard and attractive. 6. It is susceptible to rust disease. 6. It is resistant to rust. 7. It is suitable for dry cultivation all over the state. 7. It is suitable for late sowing in highly fertile soils under 8. Av. Yield is about 6-9 qt/ha. irrigation. 8. Average yield is about 30-35 qt/ha. Kalyan Sona (HDM – 1593): 1. It is released at I.A.R.I. in 1967. Malvika (HD – 4502): 2. It is produced by selection from Mexican bulk of S- 1. It is raised at IARI in 1975. 227. 2. It is triple dwarf bansi type wheat grown all over 3. It is double dwarf wheat widely grown all over India. . 4. It matures in 116-120 days. 5. Grain is amber coloured, hard and of medium size. 3. It matures medium late in about 120-125 days. 6. It is suitable for medium and high fertile soil under 4. Grain is amber coloured, short, bold and lustrous. irrigation condition. 5. It is resistant to rust. 7. It is suitable for medium and high fertile soil under 6. It is responsive to manuring and suitable under irrigation condition. irrigation. 8. Av. Yield is 40-45 qt/ha. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) 7. Average yield is 30-35 qt/ha. MP 3336: It matures in 118 days, bold grain, good appearance and high protein content. It has resistant to rust and suitable for irrigated condition of Madhya Pradesh. Yield potential is 53 q/ha. MP 3269: A semi dwarf wheat released by SVRC in the month of December, 2010 for the farmers of MP under partially irrigated condition. Tolerant to drought and rusts Grains bold and sarbati. It has 42-45 q ha-1 yield under limited irrigation. Suitable for chapatti JW 3288: JW 3288: A aestivum wheat for Rainfed/Restricted irrigated condition of Central Zone. Bold grain, non lodging and non shattering Profuse tillering. Resistant to rust It has 45-47 q ha-1 yield under two irrigation Sujata : Tall, bold and shining grain, Resistant to drought, Popular for chapatti, Average yield: 16- 18 q/ha C 306 and Sujata are sister lines JW 3020 : Suitable for RF/RI, Yield: 35-38 q/ha under two irrigations, Resistant to lodging, Bold grain and long ear, Resistant to all the rusts HD 2864 : Terminal heat tolerant, Suitable for late sown irrigated condition, Suitable under climate change, Yield: 45-50 q/ha JW 1142 :Suitable for late and timely sown condition, Resistant to rust, Good for chapati, Yield: 55-60 q/ha GW 273 :Suitable for late and timely sown condition, Resistant to rust and Ug 99, Good for chapati, Yield: 55-60 q/ha, Widely accepted GW 322 : Resistant to rust, Yield: 55-60 q/ha, Widely accepted JW 1201 : Resistant to rust, Yield: 55-60 q/ha JW 1106 : Bred for irrigated timely sown condition. resistant to rusts, Bold shining grain, Yiels: 50-57 q/haHI 8498 : Resistant to rust, bold shining grain, Yield: 50-57 q/ha, Widely accepted JW 1215 : Newly released durum wheat varieties, Resistant to rusts, Bold shining grain, Yield: 50-57 q/ha Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist)

Year of Duration Yield Variety Important features release (days) (q/ha)

Suitable for rainfed conditions, Tall, known for C 306 1969 135-140 14-16 chapati making quality, Susceptible to rust, blight

GW 366 2007 110-115 55-57 Suitable for irrigated, timely sown condition Suitable for irrigated, timely sown condition, MP 1106 (d) 2003 115-120 55-60 Grain bold, Resistant to rust, blight and loose smut

Suitable for Irrigated, late sown condition, Lok 1 1982 105-110 42-45 Medium grain, Resistant to rust, blight

Suitable for irrigated, late sown condition, GW 173 1994 100-105 43-45 Medium grain, Resistant to rust, blight and loose smut

2009 JW 3173 SO: 449(E) Dated 11.2.2009 C-306, Sujata, Lodging tolerant, rust Lok-1, 2005 JW 3020 SO: 1566 (E) Dated 05.11.2005 resistance and good Narmada-4, proprty for chapati 2011 JW 3288 SO: 2326 (E) Dated 10.10.2011 Narmada 112 making quqality 2010 JW 3211 SO: 211 (E) Dated 21.01.2010 and 195 Suitable for late sown 2013 JW 3336 SO: 2817(E) Dated 19.09.2013 Lok-1 condition Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Ecological Requirement for Wheat Cultivation A) Climatic Requirement for Wheat Cultivation: 1. Wheat is a temperature crop but widely adapted to varying climate conditions. 2. It needs cool, dry and clear climate for better growth and yield. 3. The optimum temperature range for growth is between 70C to 210C. 4. The rainfall requirement is 750 to 1600 mm/year. 5. Hot and humid climate is harmful because it encourages the infestation of diseases like rust, root rot etc. 6. In early growth stage, it requires cool temperature and dew formation which increases tillering. 7. Very low temperature, cloudy atmosphere and frost during grain filling stage is harmful. B) Soil Requirement for Wheat Cultivation: 1. Wheat crop is grown in different types of soils ranging from desert soil to heavy clay soil. 2. Well drained, fertile clay loam soils having moderate water holding capacity are ideal for irrigated wheat. 3. Heavy soil with open structure which can retain the monsoon rainfall for longer period is ideal for dry wheat crop. 4. In M.S. black soils (regurs) are most suitable for cultivation of wheat.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Tillage for Wheat Cultivation Preparation of land (Tillage): 1. Wheat crop requires well pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform germination. 2. The seed bed should not be cloddy or dusty. 3. Preparatory tillage operations varies with type of cultivation i.e. whether grown as rainfed or irrigated crop. Tillage for Dry or Rainfed Wheat Crop: i) Usually land is kept fallow in monsoon season. ii) During monsoon 3 to 5 harrowings are given to remove the weed to conserve the moisture. iii) Land is ploughed deep with an iron plough or tractor, once in about three years. iv) After cessation of monsoon one shallow harrowing is given and compaction of land is done with the help of planker just before sowing. Tillage for Irrigated Wheat Crop: i) Usually wheat is taken as second crop after kharif as irrigated crop. ii) The field is cross ploughed by tractor after the harvest of kharif crop. iii) 3 to 4 harrowing are given for crushing the clods and the stables of previous crop, weeds are picked to make the field clean. iv) One pre-soaking irrigation is given to the field 4 to 5 days prior to sowing. v) After wapsa condition harrowing and plankings are given to prepare final seed bed for sowing. vi) Saras are made with the help of sarayantra or bund former and irrigation channels are opened by running ridger between two rows of saras after sowing of wheat. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Selection of Wheat Seed and Seed Treatment for Sowing Selection of Wheat Seed for Sowing: 1. Well developed, bold seed should be collected from fully dried crop and stored separately. 2. The seed should be healthy and free from seed borne diseased. 3. It should be fee from admixture of weed seed. 4. It should be stirred one to two times during hot period of the day. 5. The dried seed should be then stored in gunny bags for sowing in new season. Seed Treatment: Organo Mercurial Treatment: 1. The seed be treated with mercurial fungicides like agroson, vitavex, thiram @ 2.5 to 3 gm/kg seed. 2. the treatment is given by using rotating type seed treating drum. 3. This treatment is given to prevent diseases like flag smut, foot rot, wilt etc. Hot Water Treatment:

1. Wheat seed is soaked in hot water at 520 C temperature for 10 minutes before sowing. 2. This treatment is given for the control diseases like alternaria blight, smut etc. Broadcasting - Method of Sowing for Wheat Cultivation i) The seed is broadcasted and covered by giving harrowing. ii) This method is followed in the north India on light alluvial soil having sufficient moisture in the surface layer. iii) This method is inefficient because of poor germination and irregular plant stand. iv) It requires more seed rate than drilling method. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Sowing Time, Sowing Direction and Sowing Depth for Wheat Cultivation Sowing Time: 1. The sowing time of wheat depend upon temperature, type of cultivation i.e. dry or irrigated and duration of wheat varieties. 2. In Maharashtra optimum sowing time is late October to early November. 3. Usually rainfed crop is sown from 15th to 30th October and irrigated crop from 1st to 15th November. 4. Early October sowing when day temperatures are high results in mortality of seedling due to foot rot or root rot disease. 5. While late sowing in last week of November of December give low yield. 6. However the right time of sowing of wheat is early winter when freezing of coconut oil starts. Sowing Direction: 1. Basically wheat is a long day crop but in winter day period is short hence sowing direction should be such that would allow maximum interception of sunlight and promote. 2. During winter direction of sun over India is south-south-east to west-north-west. 3. Therefore sowing is done north-north-east or north-south direction to get higher yield. Sowing Depth: 1. Wheat seed should be placed in a moist zone for better germination and establishment of seedling. 2. Under rainfed condition when crop taken on residual moisture sowing is done at 8 to 10 cm depth. 3. Under irrigation condition the sowing is done at 3 to 5 cm depth after pre-sowing irrigation. 4. Dwarf Mexican wheat varieties have a very short coleoptiles and hence sown only upto 5 cm depth. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Seed Rate and Sowing Distance (Spacing) for Wheat Cultivation Seed Rate: 1. Seedrate of wheat depend upon the variety, sowing method, type of cultivation and time of sowing. 2. Seed rate of wheat varies from 44 to 132 kg/ha. 3. For Mexican variety optimum seed rate is 88 kg/ha. under average soil conditions. 4. Higher seedrate is used in case of late sowing to reduce the loss in yield. Sowing Distance (Spacing): 1. In case of drilling method spacing depends upon variety, type of soil, type of cultivation and time of sowing. 2. Generally rainfed wheat crop is sown at 30 cm distance and irrigated wheat crop is sown at 22.5cm distance between two rows. 3. The variety having less tillering habit should be sown at closer distance than profusely tillering habit. 4. Similarly in delayed sowing spacing should be brought closer than timely sowing. 5. It means spacing of wheat is 22.5 to 30 cm between two rows. Manuring in Wheat Cultivation 1. FYM to compost @ 25 to 30 c.l./ha is added at the time of land preparation before last harrowing. 2. Fertilizer dose for rainfed crop is 50kg N, 25KgP2O5 and 25Kg K2O/ha. 3. All NPK dose is applied at the time of sowing in case of rainfed crop. 4. Fetilizer dose for irrigated crop is 100Kg N, 50Kg P and 50Kg K/ha. 5. In this case ½ dose of N and full dose of P and K is applied at the time of sowing. 6. Remaining ½ dose of N is given after about 20 to 25 days at the time of first irrigation.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Intercultural Operations, Crop Rotation and Mixed Cropping in Wheat Cultivation Intercultural Operations: 1. Usually no intercultural is given to the rainfed wheat crop. 2. But in case of irrigated crop one hoeing is done when the crop is about 15 to 18 days old to remove the weeds and prolongs the first irrigation. 3. In addition to this one to two hand weedings are also given for aerating the soil and light earthing up. Rotation: It is not desirable to grow wheat year after year on the same piece of land. The rotations followed in wheat care: i) Mung/udid/soyabean (kharif) – wheat (rabi) ii) Paddy/bajri/jowar (kharif) - - wheat (rabi) iii) Groundnut/sesamum (kharif) - wheat (rabi) iv) On irrigated lands wheat is rotated with , sugarcane and mustard. Mixed Cropping: 1. Usually 12 different types of crops are sown mixed with wheat. 2. Among these gram, linseed and mustard are very commonly grown mixed with wheat. 3. Mixed cropping in dry cultivation is followed to safe guard the crop stand. 4. Mixed cropping with legume (gram) improves the nitrogen status of the soil. 5. It is done either by mixing wheat seed with seeds of gram or by sowing 15 rows of wheat alternated with 3 rows of gram crop.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Salient Features of Fertilizer Application of Wheat Crop 1. The response of wheat to organic manure is less as compared to fertilizers but it helps in improving structure of the soil and moisture holding capacity. 2. The irrigated wheat crop with Mexican varieties gives good response to N but lower response to P and K. 3. The response to the application of nitrogen along with the phosphorous is better than the application of N and P alone. 4. Different agro climatic regions show different response to fertilizer. 5. Indo-Gangetic alluvial soil gives better response to fertilizers than black cotton soil of Maharashtra. 6. The response to the fertilizer is also depend upon time of sowing spacing, seed rate, method of fertilizer application, variety etc. 7. Drilling of fertilizer at 6 cm depth below the seed gives better response than broadcasting. 8. Different type of Nitrogenous fertilizer give more or less equal response but in some cases ammonium sulphate nitrate has proved better than others. 9. Foliar application of urea in addition to part application on through soil at sowing give good response in case of rainfed wheat.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Irrigation for Wheat Cultivation 1. Rainfed wheat crop is grown on residual moisture in soil and dew formed during winter. 2. In this case according to availability of water on to two irrigation at crown root initiation and flowering stage may be given to obtain good yield. 3. For irrigated wheat crop five to six irrigations are given at 20-21 days interval. 4. First presoaking irrigation is given before preparing the final seedbed get better crop stand. 5. Other irrigations are given at critical stages of growth. These stages are- i) C.R.I. stage (Crown root initiation) after 20 to 25 days of sowing to promote tillering. ii) Late tillering stage. iii) Earring or heading stage. iv) Flowering stage. v) Milk or Dough or grain formation stage.

6. Out of these CRI stage is the most critical stage for irrigation in wheat, because any shortage of moisture at this stage results in less tillering, formation of small eartheads and great reduction in yield. 7. Last irrigation is help full only for dwarf wheat but for tall growing wheat it may result in lodging of the crop.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Harvesting and Yield of Wheat Cultivation Harvesting: 1. Harvesting time of wheat depends upon the variety and type of cultivation i.e. Whether rainfed or irrigated. 2. Rainfed crop reaches the harvest stage much earlier than the irrigated crop. 3. It is harvested when the grains harden and the straw becomes dry. 4. Harvesting is done by cutting crop close to ground level with sickle. 5. The plants are tied in small bundles and kept to dry under sun for few days. 6. Threshing is done by trampling under bullocks feeds or by a stone-roller or by thresher. 7. In recent year harvesting id done by reapers in bigger wheat plots in which operations like harvesting threshing, cleaning and bagging are done at same time. Yield: Av. Yield of wheat in Maharashtra is – A) For Local Varieties: 1. Rainfed crop - 3 to 4 qt/ha. 2. Irrigated crop - 10 to 12 qt/ha. B) For Mexican Varieties: 1. Rainfed crop - 15 to 20 qt/ha. 2. Irrigated crop - 35 to 40 qt/ha.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Quality of Wheat 1. Physical Quality: The wheat grain should be amber coloured, bold, longwish-oval in shape and lustrous. 2. Nutritional Quality: Wheat grain contains proteins, starch, fat, minerals and vitamins. But the nutritional quality is judged on the basis of protein content wheat grains and classified as low protein (> 8% protein), medium protein (8 to 12% protein) and high protein (< 12% protein). 3. Milling Quality:The milling quality is judged by the easiness in milling and yield of flour obtained after milling. 4. Chapatee Making Quality: The flour should be medium strong and have a high water absorbing capacity. The dough should be non sticky, pliable,, elastic and extensible. While baking chapatee should puff fully and taste sweetish. 5. Bread Making Quality: The flour should have a high water absorbing capacity and the dough must be of good elasticity and stability. After baking it should produce loaf of a large volume, good internal crumb, structure, golden brown crust. 6. Biscuits Making Quality: For biscuits flour should be soft and weak or pliable but non elastic. 7. Rawa or Suji Making Quality: The hard wheat is more suitable for rawa or suji because of their strong gluten. 8. Straw Quality:The straw should be soft and palatable.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Nutrition Quality of Wheat i) Wheat grain contains proteins, starch, soluble sugars, cellulose, fat, minerals like P and Fe and vitamins like thiamin and riboflavin. ii) On the basis of protein content wheat grains are classified into three categories. a) Low protein content : below 8% protein. b) Medium protein content : 8 to 12% protein. c) High protein content : above 12% protein iii) Specially gluten and lysine percentage of the proteins decides the quality of wheat. iv) Gulten content is very important because it largely affects the quality of bread and other pastry products. Flour Quality for Chapatee and Bread Flour Quality for Chapatee: i) The flour should have a high water absorbing capacity. ii) It should make a dough which is not sticky, pliable, elastic and extensible. iii) While baking chapatee should puff fully and rapidly. iv) Chapatee should be palatable and sweetish in taste. v) It should have a good keeping quality. vi) The flour should have about 13 to 14% protein of which 3% is lysine. vii) The sedimentation value should be 25 to 35ml. viii) The sedimentation value should be 120 to 150 min. ix) Total sugar content should be 2.5 p.c. x) Diastatic activity between 200 to 300 mg maltose per 10 gm. Flour. Flour Quality for Bread: i) The flour should have a high water absorbing capacity. ii)The dough should have good elasticity, stability and baking quality. iii) After baking it should produce loaf of a large volume, good internal crumb, structure, golden brown crust. iv) 90% variation in the bread is due to its protein contents. v) The gulten percentage in the flour largely affects the quality of bread.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Important Pests of Wheat 1. Termites (White ants) 2. Rats 3. Cutworms 4. Stem borer 1. Termites: N.D: 1. The termites (worker group) feed on the roots and underground stem. 2. The damaged plants are dry up and are easily pulled out. 2. Cutworms: N.D: The caterpillars of cutworms remain hidden under the soil during day-time and cut the plants of soil level and feed on them during night- time. C.M: Mix 5% aldrin powder @ 125 kg/ha. at the time of land preparation 3. Stem-borer: N.D: 1. The caterpillar bore into the stem and tillers and feed on central shoot. 2. Finally there is formation of dead hearts. C.M: 1. Pull out and destroy dead-hearts. 2. Spray 0.05% endosulfan. 4. Rats: N.D: 1. Rats cause heavy losses by directly feeding on the wheat crop. 2. Their borrowings in the soil lead to lodging of the crop. C.M: 1. Rat are controlled by using the zinc phosphide poison basis and selphos tablets. 2. One part of zinc phosphide and som e oil is mixed in 50 parts of wheat flour and small balls (baits) are prepared. 3. One ball is put in every rat hole and close the mouth of hole by wet soil. 4. Next day put half pellet of 3 gm selphos in holes that have been opened and close the properly to kill the remaining rats. 5. Repeat the process twice at 15 to 20 days interval. 6. If such operations has been done on mass scale the rats can be controlled completely. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Important Diseases of Wheat 1. Rust 2. Flag smut 3. Leaf blight (Alternaria blight) 4. Foot rot 5. Loose smut 1. Rust: Symptoms: 1. Wheat crop is affected by three types of rusts i.e. black, brown and yellow. 2. In case of black rust elongated brown colored pustules (rusty outgrowth of fungus) are appeared on stalk, leaf sheath and leaves which further turn black and burst. 3. In case of brown rust small, rounded, reddish brown pustules are formed on leaves in clusters which further burst and turn black. 4. In case of yellow rust strips of yellow coloured pustules are occurred on leaves and stalks. 5. All the rusts result in reduction in yield as well as quality of grains and straw. 6. High yielding varieties of irrigated wheat are more susceptible to rust. C.M: 1. Grow rust resistant varieties and avoid late sowing. 2. Do not use excess dose of nitrogenous fertilizers. 3. Spray a mixture of 10kg urea + 1875 gm Zineb (dithane Z-78) in 500 lit. water for two times at flag leaf stage and flowering stage. 4. Dust fine sulphur @ 30 kg/ha. at 4 days interval.

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) 2. Loose Smut: Symptoms: 1. The flag leaf turn yellow and starts drying from the tip which later becomes brownish in colour. 2. The spikelets are affected and black powder is produced in place of wheat grains. C.M.: 1. Solar heat treatment or hot water treatment to seed. 2.Grow resistant varieties. 3. Rogue out diseased earheads and destroy them by burning. 3. Flag smut: Symptoms: 1. First grayish-black, long streak appears on leaves. 2. Later these streaks rupture and black powdery mass of spores comes out. 3. The affected leaves become twisted and assume a drooping habit (flagging) fallowed by withering. 4. Affected plant remains stunted and there is no ear formation. C.M.: 1. Grow resistant varieties. 2. Seed treatment with agrosan or ceresin @ 2.5 gm/kg seed. 3. Rogue out diseased plants and destroy them by burning. 4. Foot rot: Symptoms: 1. First dark brown patches appear on collar region of plant which later on get rottened. 2. Affected plant turns yellow and dries up. C.M.: 1. Seed treatment with agrosan or ceresan @ 2.5 gm/kg seed. 2. Apply heavy irrigation for seed bed preparation

Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist)