Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production in Rajasthan Special Reference to Rapeseed & Mustard

Home , Kharif crop, Sri Ganganagar district

AERC REPORT 147

Mrutyunjay Swain

February 2013

Agro-Economic Research Centre For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Dist. Anand, Gujarat AERC REPORT 147

Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production in Rajasthan: Special Reference to Rapeseed & Mustard

Mrutyunjay Swain

Report submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi

Agro-Economic Research Centre For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Dist. Anand, Gujarat

February 2013

AERC Report No. 147

Prepared by Mrutyunjay Swain Research Officer

Research Team Dr. Mrutyunjay Swain, Research Officer Mr. Manish Kant Ojha, Research Associate Mrs. Kalpana Kapadia, Research Associate Mr. Natawar Chauhan, Research Fellow Mr. Himanshu Parmer, Research Fellow

Published by

The Director Agro-Economic Research Centre For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) H.M. Patel Institute of Rural Development, Opp. Nanadalaya Temple, Post Box No. 24, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, Dist. Anand, Gujarat.

Ph. No. +91-2692-230106, 230799; Mobile- 09822437451; 7383554616 Fax- +91-2692-233106 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Published in February 2013

Printed at: Gramoddhar Mudranalaya, Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Dist. Anand, Gujarat.

FOREWORD

Rajasthan plays a prominent role in oilseed production in the country. Oilseeds area and production in the state constitute about 10.8 per cent and 14.5 per cent respectively in India. The diverse agro-ecological conditions in the state are favourable for growing oilseeds. A wide range of oilseed crops is grown in different agro-climatic regions of the state. Among the oilseeds, rapeseed-mustard, sesamum, soybean and groundnut are the major oilseed crops produced in the state. Groundnut and soybean are the major Kharif crops largely dependent on rainfall conditions while rapeseed-mustard and taramira are important Rabi crops grown in the majority of districts of the state. The share of oilseeds in gross cropped area in the state is around 21 per cent in 2010-11. The state claims first position in the production of rapeseed-mustard in India. The state also ranks third in the production of sesamum (13.8%) and soybean (8.1%). The growth performance of these crops in the state had been prone to various kinds of risk over time. Several biotic, abiotic, technological, institutional, and socio-economic constraints inhibit exploitation of the yield potential of oilseeds and need to be addressed. Rising input prices, timely availability of good quality inputs, insufficient extension services have potential negative effects on the farmers in the state.

This study on problems and prospects of oilseeds production in Rajasthan is a part of national level coordinated study which was coordinated by Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM Ahmedabad. This report analyzes the performance and potential of oilseeds sector in Gujarat and identifies the major constraints facing the sector in the state. The study uses both primary data and the secondary data collected from various published sources. On the basis of the findings, policy relevant suggestions have been made for improvement in agricultural policies and practices. I am thankful to Dr. Mrutyunjay Swain and his research team for putting in a lot of efforts to complete this excellent piece of work.

I also thank the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for the unstinted cooperation and support. I hope this report will be useful for those who are interested in understanding the problems and prospects of oilseeds sector in the state of Rajasthan.

Agro-Economic Research Centre S. S. Kalamkar For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan Director (Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Dist. Anand, Gujarat, India

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The study on “Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production in Rajasthan: Special Reference to Rapeseed & Mustard” has been carried out at the Agro-Economic Research Centre, S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, as suggested and sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi. I am extremely thankful to our Director Dr. S. S. Kalamkar for providing administrative and intellectual support for undertaking this study. I am also thankful to him for reviewing the draft and making many useful comments for further improvements. I thank our Honorary Advisor Dr. Mahesh T. Pathak and Deputy Director Dr. R. A. Dutta for their useful suggestions at different stages of the study. I express my sincere gratitude to Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India and State Government Departments for providing latest statistical information for inclusion in this document. I am grateful to B.S. Bhandari, Advisor, Ministry of Agriculture and Mrs. A. Sebastian, Deputy Economic Advisor, Ministry of Agriculture for their encouragement and cooperation at every stage of the study. I register my sincere thanks to Prof. Vijay Paul Sharma, Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM Ahmedabad, who as a coordinator of the study, provided necessary intellectual support as and when required. I thank the research team at our Centre for their assistance in data collection and tabulation as required for the study. I am thankful to all administrative staff and other support staff for providing excellent support during the study. I thank all other agencies/ individuals who have provided directly or indirectly the valuable help and guidance for preparing this report.

Agro-Economic Research Centre Mrutyunjay Swain For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Project Leader Sardar Patel University,

Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Dist. Anand, Gujarat, India

CONTENTS

Foreword iii Acknowledgements v List of Tables ix List of Figures and Maps xii List of Abbreviations xiii

Chapter I Introduction 01

1.1 Role of Agriculture in State Economy 01

1.2 Importance of Oilseeds in State Agriculture 06

1.3 Problems in Oilseeds Production 11

1.4 Objectives of the Study 13

1.5 Organization of the Report 13

Chapter II Coverage, Sampling Design and Methodology 15

2.1 Coverage and Sampling Design 15

2.2 Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Model of the 18 Study

Chapter III Overview of Oilseeds Sector: Current Status and 25 Growth Behaviour

3.1 Cropping Pattern Changes in the State: Area Shifts in 25 Major Crops and Crop Groups

3.2 Factors Underlying Changes in Cropping Pattern 32

3.3 Growth Trends (Absolute and Compound Annual 33 Growth Rates) in Area, Production and Yield of Major Oilseeds Variability in Area, Production and Yield of Major 3.4 Oilseeds vis-à-vis Competing Crops 44

3.5 Sources of Growth in Output of Oilseeds in the State 55

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3.6 Variability in Monthly/Annual Prices of Major Oilseeds 60 and Edible Oils in the State

Chapter IV Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production: 65 An Empirical Analysis

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Main Features of Sample Households: Land 66 Ownership Pattern, Cropping Pattern

4.3 Production, Retention and Marketed Surplus Pattern 76 of Oilseeds

4.4 Comparative Economics/Profitability of Oilseeds vis-à- 77 vis Competing Crop(s)

4.5 Access to Improved Technology and Markets for 83 Oilseeds

4.6 Marketing Pattern of Oilseeds 84

4.7 Sources of Technology and Market Information 87

4.8 Determinants of Oilseed Production and Acreage 88 Allocation

4.9 Perceived Constraints in Cultivation of Oilseeds 91

4.10 Suggestions for Improving Production and Productivity 93 of Oilseeds

Chapter V Conclusions and Recommendations 97

5.1 Introduction 97

5.1 Summary of Findings of the Study 97

5.2 Conclusions and Policy Implications 111

References 117 Annexure Tables 121 Appendix I : Comments on the Report 153 Appendix I : Action Taken on the Comments 155

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page 1.1 Sectoral Composition of Net State Domestic 4 Product(NSDP) At Constant (2004-05)Price 1.2 Major Oilseeds Producing States in the Country In TE 7 2007-08 1.3 Compound Growth Rate (%) in Area, Production 10 and Yield of Major Crops in Rajasthan 2.1 Major Oilseeds Producing States 16 2.2 Selected Crops, States and Sample Size 16 2.3 Criteria for Selection of Study Districts 17 2.4 Sample Size Distribution across Caste and Villages in 18 Study Districts Of Rajasthan 3.1 Change In Cropping Pattern in The State: TE1973-74 To 27 TE 2009-10 3.2A Cultivated Area And Irrigated Area: TE 1973-74 To TE 27 2009-10 3.2B Changes in Gross Cropped Area: Area Expansion And 28 Crop Intensification Effects: TE 1973-74 To TE 2009-10 3.3 Net Changes in Area in Absoulute and Relative Termsfor 30 Major Crops in The State TE 1993-94 And TE 2009-10. 3.4 Trends in Average Area, Production, and Yield of Total 33 Oilseeds in the State 3.5 Changing Shares in Area Under Kharif and Rabi Oilseeds 36 in Major Oilseeds Producing Districts in the State: TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10 3.6 Changing Shares in Production of Kharif and Rabi 37 Oilseeds in Major Oilseeds Producing Districts in the State: TE 1993-94 And TE 2009-10 3.7 Share of Selected Oilseeds: TE 2009-10 38 3.8 Share of Major Districts in Oilseeds Acreage in the State: 39 TE 1993-94 And TE 2009-10 3.9 Share of Major Districts in Oilseeds Production in the 41 State: TE 1993-94 And TE 2009-10 3.10 Irrigated Area under Oilseeds in the State: TE 1993-94 43

3.11 Trends in Average Area, Production, and Yield of Major 45 Oilseed (Rapeseed & Mustard) Vis-A-Vis Major Competing Crop (Wheat) in the State 3.12 Share of Major Districts in Area under Rapeseed-Mustard 47 in the State : TE 1983-84 and TE 2009-10

3.13 Share of Major Districts in Production under Rapeseed- 48 Mustard in the State: TE 1983-84 and TE 2009-10.

3.14 Share of Rapeseed-Mustard Irrigated Area to Total Area 50 under Rapeseed - Mustard and Gross Irrigated Area of the State

3.15 Classification of Districts according to Growth in Area 52 under Rapeseed-Mustard

3.16 Classification of Districts according to Growth in 53 Production of Rapeseed- Mustard

3.17 Classification of Districts according to Productivity Levels 54 and Growth In Productivity of Rapeseed - Mustard In The State

3.18 Decomposition of Main Oilseeds and Competing Crops in 56 the Selected Districts of Rajasthan

3.19 Growth in Input Use for Oilseeds in the State 59 3.20 Variation In Annual Farm Harvest Price And Minimum Support60 Price Of Major Oilseeds In Rajasthan

3.21 Average Wholesale Price Of Main Oilseed Crop 62 (Rapeseed-Mustard) during 2012

3.22 Average Wholesale Price Of Main Oilseed Crop (Wheat) 62 During 2012

Distribution Of Villages And Sample Households 4.1 65 Socio-Economic Status of Sample Households 4.2 66 Land Ownership Pattern of Sample Households 4.3 68 4.4 Terms of Lease 69 Irrigated Area by Sources 4.5 70 Cropping Pattern 4.6 71

4.7 Average Yield of Major Crops on Sample 74 Households

4.8 Total Oilseeds Production, Retention and Sale 76 Pattern

4.9 Cost, Production and Profitability of Major Oilseeds and 78 Competing Crops

Profitability vis-à-vis Risks in Oilseeds Production 4.10 81 Yield Gap Analysis 4.11 82 4.12 Technology Gap (TG) in Rapeseed-Mustard Cultivation 83 Prevailing at Farmers' Level 4.13 84 Access to Improved Technology and Markets

4.14A 85 Sale Pattern of Major Oilseeds (Rapeseed-Mustard)

4.14B Sale Pattern of Wheat (Main Competing Crop) 86 4.15 Sources of Technology and Market Information 87 4.16 Description and Results of Estimation of Production 89 Function for Main Oilseed (Rapeseed-Mustard) and Main Competing Crop ( Wheat)

4.17 Description and Results of Estimation of Short-Run Area 90 Response Function for Main Oilseed (Rapeseed-Mustard) and Main Competing Crop ( Wheat)

4.18 Constraints in Cultivation of Oilseeds Crops 92 4.19 Suggestions for Improving Production and Productivity of 94 Oilseeds(% of Farmers With 'Yes' in respective Farm Category)

LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS

Figure Figures Page No./Map No. 1.1 Sectoral Composition of NSDP at Current Price in 5 Rajasthan 1.2 Changing shares of major oilseeds in total production in 7 India between TE1998-99 and TE 2008-09 1.3 Change in cropping pattern between 1990-91 and 2010- 8 11 in Rajasthan 3.1 Changing share of districts in area under oilseeds in 34 Rajasthan 3.2 Changing share of districts in oilseeds production in 34 Rajasthan 3.3 Growth in area, production and yield of Rapeseed- 45 mustard and Wheat 3.4 Growth in Minimum Support Price and Farm Harvest 61 Price of Rapeseed-mustard and Wheat (1990-91 to 2011- 12) Map 3.1 Crop distribution in Rajasthan 26

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AMDP - Accelerated Maize Development Programme APMC - Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee ATC - Advance Technology Centre ATMA - Agricultural Technology Management Agency CAGR - Compound Annual Growth rate CV - Coefficient of Variation DES - Directorate of Economics and Statistics DMIC - Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor FYP - Five Year Plan FHP - Farm Harvest Price F&V - Fruits and Vegetables GCA - Gross Cropped Area GIA - Gross Irrigated Area GDP - Gross Domestic Product GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product GoI - Government of India GoR - Government of Rajasthan Ha/ha - Hectare HYV - High Yielding Variety ISOPOM - Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize KUMS - Krishi Upaj Mandi Samitee KVK - Krishi Vigyan Kendra MSP - Minimum Support Price NAFED - National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd NFSM - National Food Security Mission NHM - National Horticulture Mission NIA - Net Irrigated Area NPDP - National Pulses Development programme NSA - Net Sown Area NSDP - Net State Domestic Product xiii

NSSO - National Sample Survey Organisation NOA - Net Operated Area OCI - Oilseed Constraint Index OGL - Open General Licenses OPDP - Oil Palm Development Programme OLS - Ordinary Least Square OPP - Oilseed Production Programme RBD - Refined, Bleached and Deodorised R&M - Rapeseed & Mustard TE - Triennium Ending TMO - Technology Mission on Oilseeds WHS - Water Harvesting Structure

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Rajasthan is the largest state of India constituting 10.4 per cent of total geographical area and 5.67 per cent of total population of India (GoI, 2011a). The state is divided into 7 divisions, 33 districts, which are further subdivided into 244 Tehsils, 249 Panchayat Samitees and 9168 Gram Panchayats. Physiographically, the State can be divided into 4 major regions, namely (i) the western desert with barren hills, rocky plains and sandy plains, (ii) the Aravalli hills running south-west to north-east starting from Gujarat and ending in Delhi, (iii) the eastern plains with rich alluvial soils and (iv) the south-eastern plateau. Mahi, Chambal and Banas are the three major rivers of the state. The state enjoys a strategic geographical position wherein it is situated between Northern and Western growth hubs in the country and 40 per cent of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) runs through it. The state has well identified 10 agro-climatic zones. The state is endowed with diverse soil and weather conditions comprising of several agro climatic situations, warm humid in south eastern parts to dry cool in western parts of the state. About 65 per cent population (56.5 million) of the state are dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The three major canal irrigations, other than the vast area under arid and dry lands offer great help for agricultural development of the state. Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily rainfed covering country’s 13.27 per cent of available land. The diversity in climatic conditions of the state is conducive for growth of oilseeds and horticultural crops. The arid part of the state which receives not more than an annual rainfall of 25 cm thrives on agriculture that is done with irrigation systems and painstaking efforts of the poor farmers of Rajasthan. As a major portion of the state is parched, the risk and instability in agricultural production and productivity are quite high.

The State of Rajasthan contributes significantly to oilseeds production in India. Among the oilseeds, rapeseed-mustard, sesamum, soybean and groundnut are the major oilseed crops produced in the state. Groundnut and soybean are the major Kharif crops largely dependent on rainfall conditions while rapeseed-mustard and taramira are important Rabi crops grown in the majority of districts of the state. Rajasthan claims first position in the production of rapeseed-mustard in India with a

1 share of 48.6 percent (in TE 2007-08). The state also ranks third position in production of sesamum (13.8%) and soybean (8.1%).

At the national level, the domestic achievements in oilseeds production are unparallel when we observe that six times increase in oilseeds production during the period of 1950–2011 was achieved under predominantly rainfed (72%) agro- ecological conditions, which is even higher than the production increase in total food grains during the corresponding period (Hegde, 2009). Though the growth in oilseeds area and production at national level is impressive, there is still a huge demand- supply gap in oilseeds and vegetable oils in the country (GoI, 2011b). Since there is limited scope to bring additional area exclusively under oilseeds as the demand for land for other purposes and for producing other remunerative crops will continue to rise due to population increase and rising living standards, it is crucial to search for newer approaches to expand their cultivation under different cropping/farming situations. In this context, the present study being a part of an all-India level coordinated study attempts to analyze the prospects and constraints in cultivation of the edible oilseeds with a special reference to rapeseed-mustard and to suggest policy options to increase oilseeds production and productivity in Rajasthan.

1.1 Role of Agriculture in State Economy Agriculture and allied sector plays an important role in State’s economy. Though its contribution in NSDP has fallen from about 35 per cent in 1990-91 to around 23 per cent in 2011-12, agriculture yet forms the backbone of overall development. Around two third of Rajasthan’s population (56.5 million) is still dependant on agricultural activities for their livelihood. Thus, a higher priority to agriculture was given to achieve the goals of reducing poverty and malnutrition as well as of inclusive growth. Since agriculture forms the resource base for a number of agro-based industries and agro- services, it would be more meaningful to view agriculture not as farming alone but as a holistic value chain, which includes farming, wholesaling, warehousing, processing, and retailing. Though agriculture forms the source of livelihood of the majority in the state, it is largely dependent on rainfall. Only 34.9 per cent of the net sown area is irrigated (in TE 2009). Since the rainfall amount is very scanty and highly erratic, the expansion of irrigation provisions and efficient water management are major challenging tasks for the policy makers.

As highlighted in the Draft State Agriculture Policy (GoR, 2012a), major challenges for agriculture sector in Rajasthan are: (1) frequent droughts leading to decline in productivity and reduced performance and even death of animals, (2) climate change and global warming, (3) strengthening of comprehensive technology- based developmental approach to promote dryland/arid agriculture, (4) deteriorating soil health including imbalanced use of fertilizers, micronutrient deficiency, lack of organic matter content, inadequate soil microbial flora and fauna etc., (5) low productivity, unfavorable prices and practically very little value addition, distress sales, rising cost of cultivation (6) lack of efforts for stabilization of sand dunes and for greening the desert through agro-forestry programmes, (7) missing mechanisms of export promotion, adherence to sanitation and phyto-sanitation (SPS) standards and measures for minimizing the export rejections, (8) lack of integrated farming approach, (9) lack of up-scaling of farm-validated modern technologies and agricultural Innovations, (10) gender mainstreaming in agriculture, and (11) proper institutional mechanisms and organizational and management (O&M) reforms for overcoming the felt constraints coming in way of the farm prosperity in the state.

The Rajasthan economy is largely agrarian in nature with high level of fluctuation in agricultural production and productivity that has resulted in wide fluctuation in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) over the years in Rajasthan. However, the state economy has exhibited a healthy growth path during the recent years. The state’s GSDP at current prices has increased by more than double from Rs 1, 42,236.14 crore in 2005-06 to Rs 3, 68,319.52 crore in 2011-12. This has made Rajasthan one of India’s faster growing states (GoR, 2011a).

The state’s NSDP at constant (2004-05) prices has increased from Rs 120202.28 crore in 2005-06 to Rs 140471.48 crore in 2007-08 and further to Rs 1, 87,749.14 crore in 2011-12 (Table 1.1). On contrary, the state’s NSDP at current prices has increased more steadily from Rs 151427.86 crore in 2005-06 to Rs 172249.65 crore in 2007-08, and further to Rs 325265.55 crore in 2011-12.

Table 1.1 Sectoral Composition of Net State Domestic Product(NSDP) at constant (2004-05)price (Rupees in crore) Agriculture Industries Econo mic Per Agriculture Growth Total Total Capita Year including Manufa- Services Total NSDP Rate as agriculture Industries Income animal cturing per sector sector (Rs) husbandry GSDP (%) 2007-08 28149.3 33124.1 18171.7 42108.8 65238.6 140471.5

(20.0) (23.6) (12.9) (30.0) (46.4) (100.0)

2008-09 (29459.8) (34474.7) (19766.4) (44391.6) (73417.3) (152283.5) 9.1 23356 (19.3) (22.6) (13.0) (29.2) (48.2) (100.0)

2009-10 (P) (28585.7) (33690.2) (20661.0) (46711.9) (79845.7) (160247.8) 5.5 24166 (17.8) (21.0) (12.9) (29.1) (49.8) (100.0)

2010-11(Q) (37491.0) (42767.6) (22377.3) (49304.9) (86111.7) (178184.3) 11.0 26436 (21.0) (24.0) (12.6) (27.7) (48.3) (100.0)

2011-12(A) (38514.7) (43830.8) (23381.6) (51993.9) (91924.4) (187749.1) 5.4 27421 (20.5) (23.3) (12.5) (27.7) (49.0) (100.0) Notes: (1)The figures shown in brackets denote percentage of NSDP; (2) P- Provisional , Q- Quick, A- Advance estimates

Source: GoR (2011a).

Rajasthan’s economy has undergone considerable transformation in the recent past in terms of growing manufacturing and service sectors, with the reducing share of agriculture (including livestock) in the state’s NSDP. As discussed earlier, the services sector contributes around 49.0 per cent in NSDP at constant (2004-05) prices followed by the industry and agriculture sectors at 27.7 per cent and 23.4 per cent, respectively. Over the last five years (2007-08 to 2011-12) the share of agriculture, industry and services sectors to the NSDP has changed from 23.6 per cent to 23.4 per cent, from 30.0 per cent to 27.7 per cent and from 46.4 per cent to 49.0 per cent, respectively. Thus, there have been no significant changes in relative share of the agriculture sector in total NSDP during last five years in Rajasthan, though the contribution of service sector is constantly growing. This indicates a shift from the traditional agrarian economy towards a service dominated one.

More importantly, decrease in agriculture’s contribution to NSDP has not been accompanied by a matching reduction in share of agriculture in employment. About 5.4 million households continue to be engaged in farming, of which roughly half are small or marginal farmers. Increasing agricultural productivity (water, land, labour) is critical for the future of the sector in Rajasthan. Given the size of the agriculture

4 sector, improved agriculture productivity is also one key element for a further structural transformation of the overall economy of the state (GoR, 2012b).

It may be observed from Figure 1.1 that the contribution of agriculture and allied sector has significantly increased during last five years. Agricultural NSDP at current prices has been more than doubled from Rs 45609 crore in 2007-08 to Rs 91957.9 crore in 2011-12 in Rajasthan. Interestingly, the share of agriculture and allied sectors in NSDP in the State has increased from 26.5 per cent in 2007-08 to 28.3 per cent in 2011-12.

Figure 1.1: Sectoral Composition of NSDP at Current Price in Rajasthan

Sectoral Composition of NSDP at Current Price Sectoral Composition of NSDP at Current Price (Rs Crores) , 2007-08 (Rs Crores) , 2011-12 45609.3, 26.5% 76585.9, 146462.3, 91957.9, 44.5% 45.0% 28.3%

50054.4, 86845.4, 29.1% 26.7%

Agriculture and allied Industry Service Agriculture and allied Industry Service

The structural changes in Rajasthan agriculture have been in favour of more growing of oilseeds, pulses and horticultural crops. The share of oilseeds, pulses and horticultural crops has increased substantially during the last two decades which proves that the process of diversification of agriculture towards high valued crops is in right direction, while there is a need of increasing the pace of diversification towards high valued cash crops in the State. National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and the National Horticulture Mission (NHM) have also emerged as the path breaking interventions which have helped in agricultural diversification towards cash crops in Rajasthan (Swain et al, 2011; Dutta and Kapadia, 2011). Rajasthan is India’s largest producer of mustard, pearl millet (bajra), and three spices: coriander, cumin, and fenugreek; cluster beans, isabgol and it is the second largest producer of maize. The growth in livestock in the state is also remarkable. The reliance on livestock has also

5 increased because of risky rainfed agriculture. Rajasthan has the second largest herd of livestock amongst Indian states, contributing about 10 percent of the country’s milk and 30 percent of mutton production (GoR, 2012b). Agriculture and livestock production take place in major parts of Rajasthan often in extreme agro-climatic conditions. In much of the state only one rain-fed crop can be grown during the kharif season. In future, farmers need to adapt further and make agriculture practices still more resilient in the light of ever harsher and changing agro-ecological conditions.

1.2. Importance of Oilseeds in State Agriculture

A wide range of oilseed crops are grown in different agro-climatic regions of India. Among the oilseeds, groundnut which was the most important crop in TE1998-99 in the country has lost its prime position to soybean in TE2008-09. Soybean is largely grown in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, accounting for about 95 per cent of total production in the country (Figure 1.2 and Table 1.2). The second most important oilseed crop is groundnut, which is grown mainly in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The third major oilseed crop, mustard/rapeseed, is grown in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. The production of these three crops accounted for about 87 per cent of the total oilseeds production in the country. The other edible oilseeds are sunflower, sesame, and safflower. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are major sunflower producing states while west Bengal, Gujarat and Rajasthan are major sesame producing states (GoI, 2011a).

The major crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan are bajra, wheat, jowar, maize, cotton, rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, moth, gram and horticultural crops. The state of Rajasthan plays a prominent role in oilseeds production in India. Among the oilseeds, rapeseed-mustard, sesamum, soybean and groundnut are the major oilseed crops of the State. Groundnut and soybean are the major Kharif crops largely dependent on rainfall conditions while rapeseed-mustard and taramira are important Rabi crops grown in the majority districts of Rajasthan.

Figure 1.2 Changing Shares of Major Oilseeds in Total Production in India (TE1998-99 and TE 2008-09) TE 1998-99 TE 2008-09 Seasmu Linseed Castor Safflowe Niger m 2.5% 0.6% seed r 1.2% Linseed seed Castor 1.2% seed Safflowe Nigersee 3.6% Seasmu 0.6% Sunflow m 2.5% 3.4% r 0.8% d 0.4% Sunflow Groundn er 5.0% er 4.4% ut 35.1% Soybean R&M 34.2% R&M 26.1% 24.9%

Soybean Groundn 26.6% ut 26.9%

Source: Sharma (2012)

Table 1.2 Major Oilseeds Producing States in the Country in TE 2007-08

Crop Major producers

Groundnut Gujarat (37.1%), Andhra Pradesh (21.7%), Tamil Nadu (13.6%), Rajasthan (7.5%), Karnataka (7.0%)

Rapeseed- Rajasthan (48.6%), Uttar Pradesh (13.8%), Haryana (12.4%), Madhya Pradesh Mustard (10.2%), Gujarat (4.6%)

Soybean Madhya Pradesh (59.1%), Maharashtra (27.8%), Rajasthan (8.1%) Sunflower Karnataka (42.8%), Andhra Pradesh (28.2%), Maharashtra (13.4%)

Safflower Maharashtra (68.5%), Karnataka (25.7%), Andhra Pradesh (4.2%)

Sesamum West Bengal (24.6%), Gujarat (17.6%), Rajasthan (13.8%), Madhya Pradesh (10.5%), Karnataka (9.1%), Uttar Pradesh (5.2%), Tamil Nadu (4.2%), AP (4.2%) Oil Palm Andhra Pradesh (85.7%), Kerala (10.7%), Karnataka (2.0%) Note: The figures in parentheses are the percentages of total oilseeds production in India. Source: Sharma (2012)

As far as the share of total oilseeds in total cropped area is concerned, it is evident from Figure 1.3 that the share of oilseeds has increased from 15 per cent in 1990-91 to 21 per cent in 2010-11, while the share of total cereals has decreased drastically from 52.0 per cent in 1990-91 to 42.0 per cent in 2010-11. The total cereals, oilseeds, pulses and fodder crops account for about 42 per cent, 21 per cent,

18 per cent and 15 per cent of gross cropped area (GCA) respectively in 2010-11. Among the oilseeds, rapeseeds and mustard (45.4%), taramira (21.7%), soybean (14.0%), sesamum (10.0%) and groundnut (6.3%) are the major crops, while among the cereals, bajra (50.5%), wheat (27.9%), maize (10.5%) and jowar (6.7%) are the major crops. Among various pulses crops, gram, moth and moong accounts for 37.5 per cent, 33.5 per cent and 22.1 per cent respectively in 2010-11. The share of fodder crops has remained unchanged around 15 per cent of GCA during both 1990-91 and 2010-11. The share of pulses has increased slightly from 17 per cent in 1990-91 to 18 per cent in 2010-11.

Figure 1.3 Changes in Cropping Pattern in Rajasthan (1990-91 and 2010-11)

(Area in 000 ha) 63, 0% 27, 0% 127, 1% 256, 1% 58, 0% 17, 0% 1990-91 2010-11 55, 0% 563, 2% 53, 0% 281, 1%

3170, 15% 3931, 15% Total Cereals Total pulses Total Oilseeds 10871, 42% Fodder crops 3080, 15% 11021, 52% Condiments & spices 5488, 21% Fruits Vegetables Medicinal & Narcotic 3683, 17% All other crops

4755, 18%

Among the oilseeds, the shares of taramira, soybean and castor have increased from 4.0 per cent, 4.7 per cent and 0.9 per cent in 1990-91 to 21.7 per cent, 14.0 per cent and 2.7 per cent in 2010-11, respectively. However, the share of rapeseed-mustard, sesamum and groundnut has decreased sharply during last two decades. The share of rapeseed- mustard and sesamum in total area under oilseeds has declined from 62.3 per cent and 18.9 per cent in 1990-91 to 45.4 per cent and 10.0 per cent in 2010-2011, respectively.

Among the cereals, the shares of bajra, wheat, maize and barley have increased from 44.1 per cent, 16.5 per cent, 8.9 per cent and 2.1 per cent in 1990-91 to 50.5 per cent, 27.9 per cent, 10.5 per cent and 3.0 per cent in 2010-11,

8 respectively. On the other hand, the share of jowar and small millets has decreased during last two decades.

The analysis on Five Year Plan (FYP) wise growth in area under Kharif, Rabi and total oilseeds in Rajasthan reveals that the growth in area and production of oilseed crops in both the seasons has been quite impressive during all Five Year Plans except 9th FYP (Table 1.3). The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of area under oilseeds has increased significantly from 2.72 per cent per annum in 9th FYP to 16.61 per cent in 10th FYP and 10.96 per cent per annum in 11th FYP. The growth in yield of Rabi oilseeds has grown consistently since 8th FYP. However, the performance of Rabi oilseeds has been much better than the Kharif oilseeds over the plan periods.

Rajasthan claims first position in the production of rapeseed-mustard in India with a share of 48.6 percent (Table 1.1). The area under oilseeds especially under rapeseed-mustard has increased over the years starting from the early 1970’s. The state also ranks third position in production of sesamum (13.8%) as well as soybean (8.1%). Better adoption of technology in agriculture has generated a positive impact in the State through increase in the yield per ha. Also there has been a significant qualitative improvement in the oilseed production in the State. The irrigated area as a percentage of the total area under rapeseed-mustard also increased significantly during last three decades. Furthermore, the use of fertilizer, plant protection and agronomic practices has considerably increased during last couple of decades. The contribution of the oilseeds like rapeseed-mustard, sesasum and groundnut etc. in the incremental output of oilseeds was almost 80 percent and the percentage share has increased subsequently till 1980’s. However during 1990’s the oilseed complexion in Rajasthan changed with soybean as Kharif crop emerging as a significant one, capturing the share in incremental output during TE 2001-02 almost equal with that of rapeseed-mustard. The share of rapeseed-mustard in total oilseed production declined from 70 percent to 66 percent during the same period (Pahariya, 2012). Afterwards, the share of rapeseed-mustard has improved considerably accounting for 58.0 per cent of total area under oilseeds and 63.3 percent of total oilseeds production in the State during TE 2009-10 (discussed in detail in Chapter 3).

Table 1.3 Compound Annual Growth Rate in Area, Production and Yield (%) of major crops in Rajasthan Area Time Period Bajra Maize Wheat Total Kharif Rabi Total Total Kharif Rabi Total Cotton Sugarcane Condiments Fruits Vegetables Medicinal & All Crops Cereals Pulses Pulses pulses Foodgrains Oilseeds Oilseeds Oilseeds & spices Narcotics Annual Plan 1991-92 -5.31 -3.51 -1.92 -23.26 -11.27 -37.11 -23.14 -10.80 13.91 16.49 15.66 4.35 36.81 3.42 -4.60 5.25 -7.31 -6.64 8th Five Year Plan(1992-97) -1.49 -0.70 2.39 -0.82 2.81 1.48 2.24 0.03 4.65 3.30 3.69 8.25 2.33 3.85 1.65 8.16 14.57 0.65 9th Five year Plan(1997-02) 2.19 1.22 -3.88 0.07 2.78 -18.46 -6.44 -1.87 2.72 -13.46 -8.45 -5.68 -20.95 10.45 3.97 5.98 0.68 -1.76 10th Five year Plan(2002-07) 11.17 1.21 9.25 8.69 12.67 22.58 15.49 10.22 8.99 20.62 16.61 -2.43 2.20 -8.01 5.56 7.07 6.40 12.98 11th Five year Plan (2007-11)* 2.42 2.69 5.41 3.61 3.85 13.27 7.12 4.63 6.00 13.78 10.96 -3.10 -19.08 -0.72 1.56 -0.78 19.26 5.10 Production Annual Plan 1991-92 -56.99 -41.13 3.94 -23.34 -69.18 -32.81 -46.66 -27.01 -24.07 28.37 15.07 -7.97 13.10 -27.83 -64.06 0.87 -40.59 -20.42 8th Five Year Plan(1992-97) -5.42 0.47 7.14 2.30 2.91 8.24 6.06 2.80 4.51 10.05 8.56 7.62 3.39 5.22 15.00 11.65 -0.76 4.11 9th Five year Plan(1997-02) 11.07 4.88 -1.18 2.48 0.51 -20.96 -14.19 -0.06 1.84 -3.02 -1.32 -24.57 -21.85 10.27 -12.61 12.66 -7.78 -0.83 10th Five year Plan(2002-07) 47.95 6.46 12.29 17.52 48.52 25.78 32.20 18.64 32.92 30.34 31.00 31.16 10.51 0.88 67.74 27.29 -16.09 20.43 11th Five year Plan (2007-11) 12.83 1.53 13.52 11.80 19.07 39.92 27.98 13.57 6.16 22.76 16.02 80.15 -14.76 8.12 -18.51 -3.82 26.82 13.43 Yield Annual Plan 1991-92 -54.58 -38.99 5.98 -0.11 -65.26 6.83 -30.61 -18.17 -33.35 10.21 -0.51 -11.81 -17.33 -30.21 -62.33 -4.17 -35.91 -5.76 8th Five Year Plan(1992-97) -3.99 1.17 4.63 3.15 0.09 6.66 3.73 2.78 -0.14 6.53 4.69 -0.58 1.04 1.32 13.14 3.23 -13.38 3.44 9th Five year Plan(1997-02) 8.69 3.61 2.80 2.40 -2.20 -3.06 -8.29 1.84 -0.86 12.06 7.79 -20.03 -1.14 -0.16 -15.95 6.31 -8.40 0.94 10th Five year Plan(2002-07) 33.09 5.19 2.79 8.12 31.82 2.61 14.47 7.64 21.95 8.06 12.34 34.42 8.13 9.66 58.91 18.88 -21.14 6.60 11th Five year Plan (2007-11) 10.16 -1.13 7.69 7.91 14.66 23.52 19.48 8.55 0.15 7.90 4.56 85.92 5.33 8.90 -19.76 -3.06 6.34 7.93 Note: * Data taken upto 2010-11. Source: GoR (2008a), GoR (2009), GoR (2010a)

Out of the 21 districts in India, which were predominant in the area and production of rapeseed-mustard production, 12 were from Rajasthan in 1985-86. In 2001-02, out of 28 districts in India producing rapeseed–mustard predominantly 13 were from Rajasthan. Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan continued to hold the number one position in the country in terms of both area and production of rapeseed- mustard, capturing 5.2 percent of area and 5.4 percent of the country’s total production of rapeseed-mustard (Pahariya, 2012). During TE 2009-10, the major districts of Rajasthan growing the rapeseed-mustard were Alwar (10.2% of total State area under oilseeds), Sri Ganganagar (9.6%), Bharatpur (8.3%), Tonk (7.8%) and Sawai Madhopur (6.4%).

1.3. Problems in Oilseeds Production India was self-sufficient in edible oilseeds and oils till the mid 1960s and was a substantial export earner through export of oilseeds, meals, extractions and edible oils. With stagnation in production as well as rise in population, the oilseed production fell short of pits demand in the early seventies. By the mid 1980s, edible oils was the largest import item, constituting about 30 per cent of the total supply, next only to petroleum products despite the fact that India had the world’s second largest area under oilseeds (GoI, 2011). This was a matter of serious concern for the Government and a decision was taken to achieve self-sufficiency in edible oilseeds by 1990s. The initial strategy to overcome stagnant oilseed production was to promote technological change in oilseed production and processing through centrally sponsored schemes. In May 1986, Government of India launched Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) to increase production of oilseed, reduce imports and achieve self sufficiency in edible oil. Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP) was launched during 1991-92 with a focus on area expansion in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Gujarat and Goa. During the Tenth Plan Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM) was implemented by converging earlier schemes like Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP), Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP), National Pulses Development Programme (NPDP) and Accelerated Maize Development Programme (AMDP). From April 2010 pulses component of ISOPOM has been merged with NFSM-Pulses to intensify efforts for production of pulses.

As a result of major initiatives in mid1980s and protection to domestic industry from imports up to early 1990s, there was a significant progress in the

11 production of oilseeds from mid -1980s. Between TE 1985-86 and TE 1993-94, Production of oilseeds increased from 12.1 million tonnes to over 20 million tonnes, largely due to improved yields. Average yields increased from 644kg/ha to772kg/ha during the corresponding period. Increase in area also contributed to higher production of oilseed in the country. Area under oilseeds increased from 18.9 million ha in TE1985-86 to about 26 million ha in TE1993-94. However, in pursuance of the policy of liberalization and globalization in the early 1990s, there were progressive changes in the trade policy in respect of edible oils. Edible oils, which were in the negative list of imports, were first decanalized partially in April 1994 with permission to import edible vegetable palmolein under Open General Licenses (OGL) at 65 per cent duty. This was followed by enlarging the basket of oils under OGL in March 1995, when all edible oils (except coconut oil, palm kernel oil, RBD palm stearin), were brought under OGL import. With decanalization, imports of edible oils under OGL started in 1994-95 and increased substantially during the subsequent years due to reduction in import duty and removal of quantitative restrictions (QRs) and other non-tariff barriers on all edible oils. Due to opening up of domestic markets, the production of oilseeds in the country remained stagnant at about 20 million tonnes during the 1990s but increased during the recent years and reached a level of about 27.9 million tonnes in TE 2010-11. The annual compound growth rate in oilseed production was negative (-1.96%) between 1994-95 and 2000-01 but improved significantly (6.85%) during the 2000s. The average productivity increased from 872 kg/ha in TE 2000-01 to 1042 kg/ha in TE2010-11. However, the productivity levels of oilseeds in the country are still very low compared to world average and other countries. The yields remain low largely on account of dependence on dryland farming. The production of oilseed has not been able to keep pace with the demand for edible oils, which necessitated import of edible oils and India imports about half of its edible oil requirement.

Given the competing demands on agricultural land from various crops, the production of oilseeds can be increased only lf productivity is improved significantly and farmers get remunerative and attractive prices. However, farmers face various constraints in oilseeds production in the state of Rajasthan. Since cultivation of these high value crops requires irrigation facilities, the irrigation expansion has been a major challenge in the state. Only about 33.6 per cent of gross cropped area was irrigated during 2009-10. Nearly 45.3 percent of area under oilseed was found to be irrigated in Rajasthan during TE 1993-94 that has further increased to 59.2 percent

12 during TE 2009-10. The growth performance of these crops in the State had been prone to various kinds of risk over time and across the agro-climate regions because of the rainfall behavior, prolonged drought periods, limited water resources and facilities available in the state (Jain et al., 2005). Several biotic, abiotic, technological, institutional, and socio-economic constraints inhibit exploitation of the yield potential of crops and need to be addressed. Rising input prices, timely availability of good quality inputs, insufficient extension services have potential negative effects on the farmers in the State. Taking into account the changing policy environment, increasing demand, concerns about slow growth in domestic production and rising imports, the present study attempts to analyze performance and potential of oilseeds sector in Rajasthan and identify major problems or constraints facing the sector in the state.

1.4. Objectives of the Study The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To examine trends and pattern of growth of different edible oilseeds over time and across districts and identify the sources of growth in edible oilseeds output in Rajasthan; 2. To determine the impact of price and non-price factors influencing the supply response behavior and demand for edible oilseeds and oil in the state; and 3. To identify major constraints in the edible oilseed cultivation and suggest policy options to increase oilseeds production and productivity in the state.

1.5. Organization of the Report The report has been organized in five chapters. The first chapter discusses the role of agriculture in economy of the state of Rajasthan. The importance of oilseeds in the state agriculture and problems in production of oilseeds in the State has been discussed. Then the major objectives of the study have been stated followed by the chapter scheme of the report. The second chapter presents the methodology used for data collection and data analysis. The coverage, sampling design and conceptual framework of the study have been discussed in this chapter. The third chapter presents an overview of oilseeds sector in the state that discussed the current status and growth behaviour of area under oilseeds and its production and productivity. The factors underlying changes in cropping pattern and the nature of variability in area, production and yield of major oilseeds vis-à-vis competing crops during 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s

13 have been examined in this chapter. The nature of variability in monthly/annual prices of major oilseeds and edible oils in the State has also been discussed in this chapter. An empirical analysis of the problems and prospects of oilseeds production in the state has been carried out with the help of primary level data in the fourth chapter. The main features of study villages and the sample households including land ownership pattern, cropping pattern have been analyzed. The production, retention and marketed surplus pattern of oilseeds and the comparative economics of cultivation of oilseeds vis-à-vis competing crops have been analyzed. The extent of yield gap and technology gap has been analyzed in this chapter. This chapter also discusses the extent of access to improved technology and markets for oilseeds, the marketing pattern of oilseeds and the sources of information on the technology and market. The determinants of oilseed production and acreage allocation have been examined by the use of appropriate regression models. The perceived constraints in cultivation of oilseeds have been also analyzed in this chapter. The farmers’ suggestions for improving production and productivity of oilseeds in the study region have also been presented in the chapter. The last chapter presents the summary, concluding observations and policy implications of the study.

CHAPTER II COVERAGE, SAMPLING DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Coverage and Sampling Design

The study was based on both primary and secondary data pertaining to edible oilseeds, and competing crops in the state. In order to meet the first two objectives of the study, the analysis of secondary data related to area, production and productivity of oilseeds has been undertaken. In order to comprehend the behavior of the oilseeds crops in the context of different policy regimes, the study has attempted a disaggregated analysis of time series data covering different time periods. Apart from a detailed crop-wise analysis of growth patterns and sources of growth of edible oilseeds, the study has attempted to investigate the supply relations for major oilseeds in the State. In order to identify major constraints in edible oilseed production in the State, primary data from households growing oilseeds in the selected districts were collected and analyzed. It may be noted that the present study was a part of larger coordinated study on Problems and prospects of oilseeds and oil palm production in India. The multistate, purposive sampling method was used to select the states, districts, blocks and farm households. At first stage, the States growing considerable quantities of oilseeds and having potential were selected. In total, seven major oilseeds producing states were selected for the study. The Table 2.1 presents the major oilseeds producing states and the major oilseed crops they grow. It was decided to include those crops and states whose share is significant in total acreage and production of edible oilseeds. Accordingly, Rajasthan along with Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were chosen for the detailed study on rapeseed- mustard (R&M) since these states are found to be the major producers of this crop. Table 2.2 gives the details of coverage of states, crops and the allocation of sample size. This study was undertaken to generate better understanding of the specific problems and prospects of oilseeds cultivation in the State of Rajasthan with a special focus on rapeseed- mustard. In the second stage, districts that grow significant quantities (area/production) of rapeseed- mustard were selected. The selection of districts was based on acreage and yield as per the classification presented in Table 2.3. All districts growing rapeseed-mustard were categorized into four groups such as high area and high yield

(HH), high area and low yield (HL), low area and high yield (LH), and low area and low yield (LL). Since HH, HL and LH categories of districts have the potential for further increase in production of rapeseed- mustard, it was decided to select at least one district each from these three categories for household survey. Accordingly, Bharatpur, Tonk and Kota were selected from Rajasthan as HH, HL and LH category of districts respectively for a detailed study.

Table 2.1 Major Oilseeds Producing States in TE 2007-08 Major oilseed crops grown Oil Palm (85.7%), Groundnut (21.7%), Sunflower (28.2%), Castor seeds Andhra Pradesh (12.3%)

Castor seeds (65.9%), Groundnut (37.1%), Rapeseed & Mustard (4.6%) Gujarat Sunflower (42.8%), Safflower (25.7%), Groundnut (7.0%), Sesamum Karnataka (9.1%), Oil Palm (2.0%)

Soybean (59.1%), Sesamum (10.5%), Rapeseed& Mustard (10.2%) Madhya Pradesh Safflower (68.5%), Soybean (27.8%), Sunflower (13.4%) Maharashtra Rapeseed -mustard (48.6%), Sesamum (13.8%), Castor seeds (13.8%), Rajasthan Soybean (8.1%) Groundnut (13.6%), Sesamum (4.2%) Tamil Nadu Rapeseed & Mustard (48.6%), Sesamum (5.2%) Uttar Pradesh Sesamum (24.6%) West Bengal

Source: Sharma, 2012.

Table 2.2 Selected Crops, States and Sample Size

Crop States Sample Size (HHs) Total Sample Size Ground Nut 1. Gujarat 250 500 2. Andhra Pradesh 250 Soybean 1. Madhya Pradesh 250 500 2. Maharashtra 250 Rapeseed & Mustard 1. Rajasthan 200 500 2. Uttar Pradesh 200 3. Madhya Pradesh 100 Sunflower 1. Karnataka 250 400 2. Andhra Pradesh 150 Sesamum 1. West Bengal 250 250 Oil Palm 1. Andhra Pradesh 75 75 Grand Total 2225 2225

Source: Sharma, 2012.

Table 2.3 Criteria for selection of study districts

Area Yield High Low High High area - High yield (HH) High area – Low yield (HL) Low Low area – High yield (LH) Low are – Low yield (LL)

Source: Sharma, 2012.

At third stage, major rapeseed-mustard producing talukas/blocks were selected and an appropriate number of villages (19) were selected for the household survey. From each selected village, an appropriate number of farmers (200) representing different farm categories (Marginal 0-1 ha, Small 1-2 ha, Medium 2-4 ha; Large >4 ha) were selected based on probability proportional to size distribution at district/taluka level and with a condition that in each district we get a minimum of 20 households in each category1. Households representing different farm sizes and socio-economic groups cultivating oilseeds were selected to ensure adequate heterogeneity. Table 2.4 presents the details of the households selected from various study villages of three selected study districts of Rajasthan. About 19 villages from 6 blocks of three study districts were covered to get the desired sample households (200). The reference year of the study for the household survey was 2011-12.

1 The present study initially attempted to categorize the sample farmers under four classes such as Marginal (<1 ha), Small (1-2 ha), Medium (2-10 ha) and Large (>10 ha). However, it was found about 60 per cent farmers came under only one category (Medium farmer with size of operational holdings of 2-10 ha). To avoid the lop-sided distribution of the sample farmers, four categories of the farmers have been defined as Marginal (<1 ha), Small (1-2 ha), Medium (2-4 ha) and Large (>4 ha) in the present study. Also it was observed that the number of farmers with land size of more than 10 ha were not many because of successive land fragmentation over the generations in the study districts.

Table 2.4 Details of the Sample Size Distribution across Caste and Villages in Study Districts of Rajasthan Sr. District Block Village Sample Households No SC ST OBC Gen Total 1 Bhartpur Nadai Bailara 2 0 31 3 36 2 Bhartpur Vair Pali 0 0 31 5 36 3 Kota Ladpura Mandilya 2 2 3 1 8 4 Kota Ladpura Mandana 3 4 17 3 27 5 Kota Ladpura Bakaashpura 0 1 0 0 1 6 Kota Ladpura Daulatpura 0 0 0 1 1 7 Kota Ladpura Dhai manda 0 0 1 0 1 8 Kota Ladpura Phatakhera 0 0 1 0 1 9 Kota Ladpura Neemkheri 0 1 0 0 1 10 Kota Sulantapur Khardiya 7 16 2 2 27 11 Tonk Tonk Prashiya 1 0 9 0 10 12 Tonk Tonk Mehendwash 1 0 26 0 27 13 Tonk Uniyara Uniyara 1 6 9 0 16 14 Tonk Uniyara Alimpura 0 1 1 0 2 15 Tonk Uniyara Pagdi 0 1 0 0 1 16 Tonk Uniyara Barana 0 1 1 0 2 17 Tonk Uniyara Deveri 0 1 0 0 1 18 Tonk Uniyara Kherliya 0 0 1 0 1 19 Tonk Uniyara Dabla 0 0 1 0 1 Total 17 34 134 15 200 (8.5) (17.0) (67.0) (7.5) (100.0) Note: The figures in parentheses are the percentages of total. Source : Field survey

2.2. Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Model of the Study

As discussed earlier, the major objectives of the study were (i) to examine trends and pattern of growth of different edible oilseeds over time and across districts and identify the sources of growth in edible oilseeds output in Rajasthan; (ii) to determine the impact of price and non-price factors influencing the supply response behavior and demand for edible oilseeds and oil in the State; and (iii) to identify major constraints in the edible oilseed cultivation and suggest policy options to increase oilseeds production and productivity in the State. As far as the first two objectives of

18 the study are concerned, secondary data on district-wise area, production, yield of major crops/crop groups, and irrigated area under oilseeds, farm-harvest prices of selected oilseeds and competing crops, annual rainfall (1971-72 to 2009-10) were analysed using the averages, percentages, coefficient of variations and compound annual growth rates.

The analysis on trends and pattern of growth of different edible oilseeds over time and across districts has been carried out in a phased manner during1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The triennium averages of various data points have been used to draw some meaningful conclusions on trends and patterns during different phases. Mostly the data during TE 1983-84, TE 1993-94, TE 2003-04 and TE 2009-10 have been used for analysis of area, production and yield of oilseeds and competing crops. Appropriate graphs and diagrams have been presented at some places for better understanding of the data.

2.2.1 Estimation of Growth in Area, Production and Yield The estimation of growth rate is mostly done by employing two common methods of growth rate including Linear Growth Rate and Compound Growth Rate (CGR). Since the linear growth rate has inherent limitations to perform the comparison of growth rates between periods and crops, it was more appropriate to use the compound growth rate for analyzing the growth trend of agricultural crops between two periods. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was estimated by fitting a semi-log trend equation (1) of the following form:

LnY T......  1 where, Y defines the time series data of production, area and yield of the selected crops. ‘T’ is the trend term and ‘α’ is the constant coefficient. The slope coefficient ‘β’ measures the relative change in Y for a given absolute change in the value of explanatory variable ‘T’. If we multiply the relative change in Y by 100, we will get percentage change or growth rate in Y for an absolute change in variable‘T’. We can calculate the compound growth rate using the following equation:

CAGR Anti log 1 *100......  2

The equation (2) was estimated by applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The t- test was performed to test the significance of ‘β’.

2.2.2 Decomposition of Output Growth of Selected Crops To measure the relative contribution of area and yield towards the total output change with respect of individual crop, the decomposition analysis was performed. Several researchers have used this model to study growth performance of the crops (Bhatnagar and Nandal, 1994; Gupta and Saraswat, 1997; Singh and Ashokan, 2000; Siju and Kombairaju, 2001; Kalamkar, 2003; Kakali and Basu, 2006). With the help of decomposition analysis, the relative contribution of area and yield towards the total change in production of major oilseeds and competing crops has been assessed. The analysis helped in identifying the sources of growth in output by breaking the change in production into three effects i.e., area effect, yield effect and interaction effect.

(Pn-P0) = A0 (Yn-Y0) + Y0 (An - A0) + (An - A0) (Yn-Y0) ------(3)

∆P = A0 ∆Y + Y0 ∆A + ∆A ∆Y ------(4)

Where,

Pn = Production in the current year

P0 = Production in the base year

An = Area in the current year

A0 = Area in the base year

Yn = Yield in the current year

Y0 = Yield in the base year

∆P = Change in production (Pn-P0)

∆Y= Change in yield (Yn-Y0)

∆A = Change in area (An - A0)

The equation-4 states that,

Change in production = Yield effect + Area effect + Interaction effect

Thus, the total change in production is attributed due to area and yield that can be decomposed into three effects viz; yield, area and interaction effects. The decomposition analysis was carried out on the major oilseeds and competing crops mainly for three periods, i.e., Period I (TE1983-84 to TE 1993-94) Period II (TE1993- 94 to TE 2009-10) and overall period of TE1983-84 to TE 2009-10. During Period I, the expansion of area under oilseeds was encouraged by introduction of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in 1986 by Government of India. During Period II, the

20 change in trade policy had considerably affected the domestic production and consumption patter of major oilseeds in the country.

For better understanding of the different sources of growth in output, analysis was also carried out on growth in input use during different time periods. The growth pattern of irrigation coverage, fertilizer consumption, annual rainfall, farm harvest prices and minimum support prices have also been analyzed. The behavior of monthly prices has also been examined so as to assess the variability in short-term prices of the major oilseed and major competing crop.

2.2.3 Log-Linear Models for Estimating Oilseeds Production Function and Acreage Allocation Response Function The attempt has been made to examine the effects of variation in major agricultural inputs on crop yield with the help of a log-linear regression model which has been estimated for main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop (wheat) separately. The relative contribution and significance of the major factors such as area under the crop, seed cost, fertilizer cost, pesticide/insecticide cost, human labour cost, machine labour cost, irrigation charges and working capital to change in yield of major oilseed and competing crop for sample farmers have been examined. The interest on working capital has been taken as the proxy of total capital used for cultivation of the main oilseed and the competing crop since higher the amount of working capital, the higher the amount of interest on working capital. We have stated our regression model with a log-linear functional form due to the fact that the agricultural production function is usually assumed to follow a Cobb- Douglas type that requires a log-linear transformation for estimation of input coefficients. Thus the estimable equation is as follows.

LnYi  A   1 Ln AR i   2 Ln LS i   3 Ln SC i   4 Ln FC i   5 Ln PC i 

6Ln HL i   7 Ln ML i   8 Ln IC i   9 Ln WC i  e i

Where,

Y= Crop yield

AR = Area under the crop

LS= Size of operational holdings

SC = Seed cost

FC = Total cost of fertilizer and manures

PC = Total cost of pesticide and insecticide

HL = Total cost of human labour (family plus hired)

ML = Total cost of machine labour cost

IC = Irrigation charges

WC = Interest on working capital

A= Constant term

As far as the acreage allocation between main oilseed crop and competing crop by the sample farmers is concerned, another similar log-linear regression model was fitted. Some major factors that actually influence the farmers’ decision to allocate the available cultivable area for different crops have been taken into account as explanatory variables and the area allocated for main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) has been considered as the dependant variable. Some price and non-price factors were selected as the explanatory variables for the fitted regression model which were the size of land holdings (LSt), one year lagged area of R&M (At-1), lagged yield of R&M

(Yt-1), lagged price of R&M (Pt-1), lagged area of wheat (ACt-1), lagged yield of wheat

(YCt-1) and the lagged price of wheat (PCt-1). The fitted model was as follows.

LnAt     1 Ln LS t   2 Ln A t-1   3 Ln Y t-1   4 Ln P t-1   5 Ln AC t-1   6 Ln YC t-1   7 Ln PC t-1  e i

Where,

At = area under main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard)

LSt = the average size of land holdings,

At-1 = one year lagged area of R&M,

Yt-1 Lagged yield of R&M

Pt-1 = Lagged price of R&M

ACt-1 =Lagged area of main competing crop (wheat)

YCt-1 = Lagged yield of wheat

PCt-1 = Lagged price of wheat

2.2.4 Yield Gap and Technology Gap Analysis

The yield gap analysis was conducted for the main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) to ascertain the gap between the potential yield and actual yield and between the experimental yield and actual yield. The three types of yield gaps were calculated. The yield gap-I measures the gap between the experimental yield and potential yield (often known as technology gap), whereas the yield gap-II measures the gap between the actual yield and potential yield. The yield gap-III measures the gap between the experimental yield and actual yield which is also known as extension gap. An index for measuring the feasibility of the evolved technology at the farmer’s fields was developed following Samui et. al (2000). The Index is stated as follows:

Technology index= {(Potential yield – Experimental yield)/ Potential yield} x 100.

The lower the value of technology index, the more is the feasibility of technology. A detailed analysis on technology gap has been carried out by comparing the farmers’ practices with recommended technology for different activities of farm operations which has been presented in tabular form.

2.2.5 Identifying and Prioritizing Major Constraints for Growth in Oilseeds Production

Appropriate analytical techniques were used to identify and prioritize major constraints facing oilseeds production in the State. The responses of the sample farmers on the extent of severity of various constraints faced by them have been ranked by using ordinal scores from 4 to 1 (severe =4, Moderate = 3, minor = 2, not important =1). The major constraints considered for the study were technological (non-availability of suitable varieties, poor crop germination, lack of irrigation facilities, weeds infestation etc.), agro-climatic factors (drought at critical stages of crop growth, excessive rains, extreme variations in temperature etc.), economic and institutional (high-input cost on diesel, fertilizers, agrochemicals, shortage of human labor, low and fluctuating prices, problem of timely availability of seed, non-availability of other inputs, lack/poor extension services etc), and post-harvest, marketing and value- addition (availability of marketing infrastructures and transportation facilities, high transportation costs, exploitation by market intermediaries etc.). The results are displayed in the form composite index called Oilseed Constraint Index (OCI) which has been constructed as a weighted average as follows for different farmers’ categories.

n The Oilseed Constraint Index (OCI) =1/nW C i1 ii

Where,

Ci = the number of farmers in a farmer category responded in favour of a particular constraint with a particular rank score or weight (severe =4, Moderate = 3, minor = 2, not important =1).

Wi = the weight attached to ith constraint takes the value ranging from 1 to 4. This reflects the severity of impacts of the concerned constraint for the sample farmers. n = the total number of farmers in a farmer category.

CHAPTER III OVERVIEW OF OILSEEDS SECTOR: CURRENT STATUS AND GROWTH BEHAVIOUR

3.1. Cropping Pattern Changes in the State: Area Shifts in Major Crops and Crop Groups The major crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan are bajra, wheat, jowar, maize, moth, rapeseed and mustard, Kharif pulses, guar, groundnut, cotton and horticultural crops (Map 3.1). The cropping pattern has changed over the last four decades as a result of development of irrigation potential, production technology, increased market prices and industrial demand in the state. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show the nature of shift or changes in cropping pattern in the state. It is evident that the share of oilseeds has increased significantly, while the share of total cereals, total pulses and total food grains has decreased over last four decades. There has been very high growth in area under rapeseed-mustard (R&M) and soybean while the growth in area under groundnut and cotton has been moderate in the state. It could be seen in Table 3.1 that the area under total oilseeds has increased from 7.4 per cent of gross cropped area (GCA) in TE 1973-74 to 18.3 per cent in TE 1993-94. Thereafter, there has been decline in area under oilseeds in the state which has slightly increased to 19.2 per cent in TE 2009-10. However, the area under the main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) has increased steadily from 3.5 lakh ha in TE1973-74 to over 24.7 lakh ha during TE 2009-10. Similarly, the area under soybean has increased from 0.11 lakh ha in TE1973-74 to over 8 lakh ha during TE 2009-10. The area under more water consuming crop like sugarcane has steeply declined from 36.3 lakh ha in TE1983-84 to 7.64 lakh ha during TE 2009-10. The share of rice and other cereals has also declined in the corresponding period. The area under cotton has also varied widely during last four decades. The share of cotton in GCA has increased from 1.93 per cent during TE 1973-74 to 2.55 per cent during TE 1993-94, thereafter declined to 1.67 per cent during TE 2009-10. The GCA and the total area under oilseeds in the state in TE 2009-10 was 222.4 lakh ha and 42.8 lakh ha, respectively. The share of total oilseeds has increased from 7.4 per cent during TE 1973-74 to 19.2 per cent during TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the share of total cereals and total food grains has declined from

55.5 per cent and 76.2 per cent during TE 1973-74 to 43.7 per cent and 60.1 per cent during TE 2009-10 respectively.

Figure 3.1 Crop Distribution in Rajasthan

Overall, the gross cropped area in the state has fluctuated a lot. Particularly during 1990s and early 2000s, there has been a steep decline in GCA (Table 3.2A).

There has been a decline in GCA and NSA by 611.8 thousand ha and 1231.1 thousand ha respectively between TE 1993-94 and TE 2003-04 (Table 3.2B). This may be due to occurrence of frequent droughts in larger part of the state during this period.

Table 3.1: Change in Cropping Pattern in the State (TE 1973-74 to TE 2009-10) (Area in '000 ha) Crops TE 1973-74 TE 1983-84 TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 Rice 133.87 139.51 140.84 109.24 137.31 Wheat 1528.70 1998.91 2014.38 2063.74 2427.09 Other cereals 7720.69 7193.95 6563.05 6604.12 7159.76 Total cereals 9383.26 9332.37 8718.27 8777.10 9724.16 Total pulses 3506.98 3673.69 3199.81 3007.04 3647.89 Total foodgrains 12890.24 13006.06 11918.08 11784.15 13372.04 Groundnut 246.03 176.71 259.50 232.17 313.37 Rapeseed and Mustard 350.37 692.74 2226.88 1671.46 2469.52 Soybean 0.00 11.44 260.76 540.49 801.83 Sunflower 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Other oilseeds 649.22 959.79 1024.88 1024.21 1496.96 Total oilseeds 1245.61 1833.14 3511.27 2927.83 4279.85 Cotton 326.35 397.49 489.70 413.11 372.14 Sugarcane 34.07 36.27 25.38 8.28 7.64 Gross cropped area 16918.63 18623.04 19171.78 18559.96 22241.48 Per cent to Gross Cropped Area Crops TE 1973-74 TE 1983-84 TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 Rice 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.59 0.62 Wheat 9.04 10.73 10.51 11.12 10.91 Other cereals 45.63 38.63 34.23 35.58 32.19 Total cereals 55.46 50.11 45.47 47.29 43.72 Total pulses 20.73 19.73 16.69 16.20 16.40 Total foodgrains 76.19 69.84 62.16 63.49 60.12 Groundnut 1.45 0.95 1.35 1.25 1.41 Rapeseed and Mustard 2.07 3.72 11.62 9.01 11.10 Soybean 0.00 0.06 1.36 2.91 3.61 Sunflower 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other oilseeds 3.84 5.15 5.35 5.52 6.73 Total oilseeds 7.36 9.84 18.31 15.77 19.24 Cotton 1.93 2.13 2.55 2.23 1.67 Sugarcane 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.04 0.03 Gross cropped area 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Sources : GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

Table 3.2A: Cultivated Area and Irrigated Area (TE 1973-74 to TE 2009-10) (Area in ‘000 ha) TE 1973-74 TE 1983-84 TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 GCA 16918.6 18623.0 19171.8 18560.0 22241.5 GIA 2600.2 3941.2 5448.8 6136.6 7769.1 NSA 15362.9 15823.8 16220.0 14988.9 17207.2 NIA 2524.0 3132.3 4470.7 5010.1 6179.7 Notes: GCA: Gross cropped area, NSA: Net Sown Area, GIA: Gross irrigated area, NIA: Net irrigated area Sources : Same as Table 3.1

Table 3.2B: Changes in Gross Cropped Area: Area Expansion and Crop Intensification Effects (TE 1973-74 to TE 2009-10) (Area in '000 ha) Indicators TE 1973- TE 1983- TE 1993-94 TE 2003- TE 1973- 74 to 84 to 1993- to 2003-04 04 to 2009- 74 to 2009- 1983-84 94 10 10 Change in GCA 1704.4 548.7 -611.8 3681.5 5322.8 Change in GIA 1340.9 1507.6 687.9 1632.4 5168.8 Area expansion Change in NSA 460.9 396.2 -1231.1 2218.3 1844.3 Change in NIA 608.3 1338.4 539.5 1169.5 3655.6 Crop TE 1973- TE 1983- TE 1993- TE 2003- TE 2009- intensification 74 84 94 04 10 GCA - NSA 1555.7 2799.3 2951.8 3571.1 5034.3 GIA - NIA 76.2 808.9 978.1 1126.5 1589.4 Notes: GCA: Gross Cropped Area, NSA: Net Sown Area, GIA: Gross Irrigated Area, NIA: Net Irrigated Area Sources : Same as Table 3.1

The overall area expansion effect has been better for the irrigated area than the cultivated area for all reference periods except TE 2003-04 to 2009-10 (Table 3.2b). The net irrigated area has increased by 3655.6 thousand ha between TE 1973- 74 and TE 2009-10 which is around twice of the increase in net sown area (1844.3 thousand ha). However, the crop intensification effect has been much better for the cultivated area (GCA-NSA) than the irrigated area (GIA-NIA) for all reference periods. The average annual increase in GCA over NSA was 5034.3 thousand ha during TE 1973-74 which was much higher than the increase in GIA over NIA in the corresponding period.

The net changes in the cropping pattern from TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10 in absolute and relative terms in various districts of the state are presented in Table 3.3. The GCA has declined in 16 districts out of 33 districts between the two periods2. The number of districts that showed decline in area under cultivation of total cereals, total

2 Data were not available for three districts (Hanumangarh, Banwara and newly created Pratapgarh). Excluding these three districts, more than half of the districts exhibited decline in GCA during the period of TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10.

28 pulses, total oilseeds and cotton was 14, 19, 10 and 10 respectively. The number of districts that showed decline in area under cultivation of main oilseed crop (R&M) and main competing crop (wheat) in the corresponding period was 12 and 13 respectively. However, at the state level, the area under R&M and wheat has increased in both absolute and relative terms. The area under R&M and wheat has increased by 242.63 thousand ha (10.9%) and 295.02 thousand ha (13.8%) respectively between TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10. Significant rise in area under R&M has been observed in Tonk, Jaisalmer, Sikar, Jodhpur and Churu districts while significant decline in area under R&M was found in the districts of Pali, Sawai Madhopur and Jaipur. It is disheartening and paradoxical to note that the selected district with high area and high yield (Bharatpur) and the selected district with low area with high yield (Kota) have experienced a decline in area during the corresponding period of TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the selected district with high area with low yield (Tonk) has experienced an increase in area by 70.13 per cent during the corresponding period.

As far as the case of main competing crop (wheat) is concerned, the area under cultivation has increased in both Bharatpur and Kota, whereas it has declined in Tonk. Thus the farmers in the preceding two study districts have diversified their cropping pattern in favour of the competing crop wheat. The area under wheat in Bharatpur and Kota has increased by 65.5 per cent and 16.9 per cent respectively, while that in Tonk has declined by 40.7 per cent during the corresponding period.

Table 3.3 Net Changes in Area in Absoulute and Relative Terms for Major Crops in the State (TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) Rice Wheat Maize Other cereals Total cereals Total pulses Total food grains District A R A R A R A R A R A R A R Ajmer -0.07 -92.4 -34.85 -68.9 -9.05 -20.3 32.46 16.2 -11.50 -3.9 35.19 51.7 23.69 6.5 Jaipur -0.01 -100.0 -12.76 -8.6 -5.19 -56.1 92.46 31.6 74.51 16.5 -2.54 -2.4 71.97 13.0 Dausa -0.01 -100.0 8.08 11.3 -2.30 -65.6 48.09 50.8 53.86 31.8 -21.48 -80.5 32.38 16.5 Sikar 0.00 -100.0 32.05 58.2 -0.07 -78.3 50.71 18.1 82.70 24.7 -2.13 -1.8 80.57 17.7 Jhunjhunu 0.00 0.0 41.17 119.1 0.00 -46.7 43.69 17.9 84.86 30.5 -16.15 -12.7 68.71 16.9 Alwar 0.17 195.2 49.36 36.4 -4.00 -33.3 99.89 50.5 145.42 42.1 -72.89 -83.4 72.53 16.8 Bharatpur -1.20 -42.7 59.47 65.2 -0.06 -88.9 64.07 62.3 122.27 62.1 -36.43 -82.2 85.84 35.6 Dholpur -0.16 -22.3 16.95 47.1 0.00 -28.9 29.33 59.4 46.12 53.6 -4.71 -57.0 41.41 43.9 S.Madhopur -2.44 -97.1 -48.12 -47.4 -0.74 -51.1 -72.61 -47.2 -123.91 -47.8 -36.21 -66.1 -160.12 -51.0 Karauli NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Bikaner 0.08 2214.3 20.48 58.5 0.00 833.3 -6.22 -2.5 14.34 5.1 128.85 41.8 143.20 24.3 Churu 0.00 0.0 15.73 450.7 0.00 0.0 7.34 1.8 23.07 5.5 40.52 7.6 63.58 6.7 Jaisalmer 0.00 0.0 5.95 147.3 0.00 -100.0 7.68 5.4 13.63 9.3 66.14 9503.4 3.47 1.6 Sri Ganganagar -11.09 -64.0 -148.29 -41.9 -0.15 -85.1 -36.47 -42.1 -195.99 -42.7 -296.18 -68.5 -492.17 -55.2 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Jodhpur 0.00 0.0 18.69 69.7 0.00 -14.3 -23.58 -3.6 -4.90 -0.7 42.29 18.4 286.20 42.7 Barmer 0.00 0.0 -39.43 -74.5 -0.38 -97.6 692.46 247.7 652.65 196.1 193.28 294.4 583.57 88.3 Nagaur 0.00 -100.0 58.14 353.1 0.03 51.2 -383.06 -41.6 -324.89 -34.7 333.19 182.7 126.33 12.6 Jalore 0.00 0.0 -16.60 -36.6 -0.36 -84.9 -233.11 -41.8 -250.07 -41.5 -176.46 -56.4 -281.49 -36.5 Pali -0.02 -100.0 -39.03 -48.6 -6.99 -24.9 -12.99 -6.2 -59.02 -18.6 54.58 98.3 100.50 37.5 Sirohi -0.01 -84.0 -6.98 -20.3 2.35 9.0 -11.73 -35.5 -16.38 -17.5 -12.43 -49.8 -45.99 -33.9 Kota 7.68 156.6 16.86 21.2 -1.17 -10.8 -22.12 -77.3 1.26 1.0 -25.79 -68.7 -24.53 -15.2 Baran 4.45 280.2 32.41 46.1 -7.48 -34.6 -35.86 -87.3 -6.48 -4.8 -33.59 -83.3 -40.07 -22.9 Bundi 7.19 38.5 22.52 23.5 -0.12 -0.4 -18.72 -76.2 10.87 6.2 6.86 30.2 17.73 9.0 Jhalawar 1.51 619.0 12.93 26.7 -23.55 -38.2 -56.32 -91.0 -65.43 -38.0 -41.02 -46.6 -106.45 -40.9 Tonk 0.00 0.0 -40.74 -44.8 -4.21 -23.6 -14.12 -9.1 -59.07 -22.4 17.36 33.4 -41.71 -13.2 Banswara -11.48 -26.5 24.70 42.8 28.64 26.0 -15.47 -85.2 26.39 11.5 -53.30 -58.4 -26.92 -8.4 Dungarpur -12.82 -39.6 3.58 12.6 36.65 77.7 -2.22 -21.8 25.18 21.3 -18.31 -39.5 6.87 4.2 Udaipur -9.89 -68.4 -19.38 -27.6 24.36 15.4 -11.94 -44.6 -16.85 -6.3 -35.63 -62.1 -52.48 -16.1 Bhilwara 0.30 1953.8 -28.77 -33.1 27.74 17.9 -5.78 -11.2 -6.51 -2.2 12.65 20.3 6.15 1.7 Chittorgarh -0.53 -44.7 -6.55 -6.7 45.41 34.6 -17.22 -56.1 21.11 8.1 -65.50 -76.0 -44.39 -12.8 Rajsamand -0.69 -86.4 -11.27 -39.0 -2.14 -3.5 -4.83 -31.6 -18.92 -17.9 -5.02 -62.3 -23.94 -21.1 Pratapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total State -3.87 -2.7 295.02 13.8 134.65 14.4 414.63 7.4 840.43 9.5 261.30 7.7 1101.73 9.0

Table 3.3 Continued …. District Groundnut R & M Sesam Soybean Total Oilseed Cotton S Cane F&V GCA A R A R A R A R A R A R A R A R A R Ajmer -3.79 -60.8 -9.78 -43.8 -11.25 -35.1 0.02 166.7 -29.03 -40.9 -1.72 -22.3 -0.07 -75.5 -0.76 -12.6 -65.49 -12.5 Jaipur 13.79 44.0 -31.64 -21.1 4.06 39.0 -0.01 -100.0 -18.52 -9.0 0.05 110.0 -0.11 -82.2 17.73 155.3 -5.62 -0.6 Dausa -3.56 -19.6 17.25 27.4 6.66 186.9 0.00 -100.0 17.98 19.9 0.05 204.1 -0.01 -75.0 0.04 2.7 57.30 19.3 Sikar 20.36 547.3 34.12 100.7 -0.30 -30.2 0.00 0.0 51.74 124.5 0.13 667.2 -0.03 -68.9 5.55 184.5 9.44 1.3 Jhunjhunu 1.33 229.2 26.26 49.7 -0.05 -28.7 0.00 0.0 27.18 50.3 -0.01 -15.5 0.00 -100.0 1.21 64.4 9.66 1.5 Alwar 0.91 273.1 17.13 7.3 -3.67 -50.1 -0.01 -94.6 2.58 1.0 0.55 20.6 0.01 15.6 6.81 80.9 96.39 13.2 Bharatpur -0.70 -98.1 -22.48 -9.9 -1.54 -42.6 -0.03 -99.0 -31.58 -13.2 0.14 249.4 -0.08 -59.1 3.03 88.0 54.47 10.9 Dholpur -0.69 -87.8 -12.54 -16.8 -0.87 -21.6 -0.02 -100.0 -17.36 -20.9 0.00 0.0 -0.08 -62.4 1.32 32.9 25.63 13.8 S.Madhopur -23.40 -81.1 -57.68 -26.9 33.66 353.1 1.17 4682.7 -56.46 -21.2 0.00 0.0 -0.28 -87.0 -1.23 -48.9 -239.19 -38.9 Karauli NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Bikaner 40.09 165.4 13.20 52.8 -6.64 -63.8 0.00 -100.0 45.14 72.2 -11.57 -77.2 -0.06 -94.7 0.46 608.3 328.26 26.4 Churu 18.78 4128.4 10.10 143.1 -0.53 -25.9 0.00 0.0 27.57 265.4 0.00 -37.9 0.00 0.0 -0.12 -36.4 -361.31 -20.6 Jaisalmer 7.90 1158.7 56.43 2745.2 0.50 329.7 0.00 0.0 70.14 2127.7 0.05 15200.0 0.00 0.0 0.18 358.4 389.27 141.1 Sri Ganganagar -3.91 -52.5 -10.90 -4.4 2.97 552.7 -0.02 -100.0 -28.30 -9.9 -269.66 -66.4 0.08 3.7 1.16 16.4 -1394.57 -58.0 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Jodhpur 36.53 13379.9 33.89 68.0 -41.74 -53.2 0.00 -100.0 41.44 30.8 6.91 308.8 0.00 0.0 13.24 324.4 -99.01 -6.7 Barmer 0.56 23857.1 10.21 97.5 -6.15 -63.6 0.00 0.0 22.99 109.4 -0.12 -92.5 0.00 0.0 -1.69 -76.7 84.07 5.0 Nagaur 8.25 107.6 -20.70 -22.3 -121.13 -86.4 0.00 -50.0 -142.98 -56.1 8.23 188.3 0.00 0.0 10.57 2071.7 -202.28 -12.3 Jalore 3.12 16156.9 -31.18 -28.4 -7.82 -27.5 0.00 0.0 5.20 3.6 -1.61 -71.3 0.00 0.0 -0.60 -26.0 -3.56 -0.4 Pali -0.45 -23.5 -70.84 -65.0 -0.97 -0.8 -0.01 -87.5 -72.35 -30.2 -9.58 -69.6 -0.01 -100.0 0.03 1.5 -77.60 -10.5 Sirohi 4.15 514.5 -18.74 -52.5 -3.36 -21.6 0.00 0.0 5.72 9.7 -2.17 -51.1 -0.01 -97.7 0.80 47.5 -45.29 -20.4 Kota -1.36 -82.9 -6.87 -7.6 14.04 580.9 75.64 149.4 76.00 50.3 0.00 700.0 -0.06 -80.8 -0.59 -20.2 60.45 16.4 Baran -3.33 -86.0 19.90 24.2 2.25 41.5 144.80 257.2 152.70 95.9 0.01 3800.0 -0.30 -90.3 0.59 41.5 142.15 35.6 Bundi -0.58 -56.6 -4.13 -5.6 5.13 52.7 50.04 259.4 49.82 46.3 0.00 100.0 -6.31 -73.6 0.61 28.7 42.24 12.0 Jhalawar -4.99 -78.2 21.98 168.1 -1.09 -31.2 162.39 223.5 170.69 164.2 -1.03 -98.4 -0.43 -94.8 6.47 206.5 74.30 15.8 Tonk -10.95 -44.4 70.13 57.4 32.30 235.3 0.09 462.1 79.03 42.2 0.13 125.1 -0.45 -91.5 1.97 77.1 26.52 5.0 Banswara -0.02 -7.9 -0.11 -57.5 0.16 49.2 19.14 728.0 18.93 512.3 2.59 31.1 -1.47 -86.0 -0.50 -57.2 -82.90 -20.0 Dungarpur -0.09 -70.1 0.13 40.3 0.82 222.0 0.58 3729.8 0.97 66.3 0.32 416.1 -0.78 -86.3 -0.49 -72.7 -46.69 -20.6 Udaipur -2.97 -42.7 3.80 36.2 -1.44 -32.3 2.44 926.1 1.14 5.0 0.43 425.3 -2.06 -79.0 -1.41 -60.2 -76.68 -19.4 Bhilwara -13.61 -58.9 13.40 81.3 5.24 21.3 3.33 3596.0 5.95 8.7 -1.62 -9.2 -0.92 -82.9 -0.53 -21.8 -27.71 -5.3 Chittorgarh -29.97 -56.7 14.45 27.3 -1.19 -15.8 15.62 26.6 -4.26 -2.4 3.51 312.5 -2.75 -72.9 -0.88 -35.6 -91.40 -15.0 Rajsamand -2.22 -50.9 0.31 15.2 -0.89 -28.3 -0.01 -43.6 -3.06 -31.2 3.51 121.8 -1.63 -77.9 -0.62 -53.8 -31.06 -21.4 Prtapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total State 53.77 20.7 242.63 10.9 -78.09 -14.0 541.07 207.5 747.47 21.3 -118.40 -24.2 -17.74 -69.9 66.39 78.7 197.63 0.9 Notes: 1. A: Absoulate change in '000 ha ; R: Relative change in percentag 2. Because of unavailability of data, two years data (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for avaraging for TE 1993. 3. F&V implies fruits and vegetables; S Cane implies sugarcane. Soucres : 1. Directoratete Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

The area under cotton and sugarcane has declined while that of fruits and vegetables (F&V) has increased during the period of TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10 in the state. Significant fall in area under cotton has been observed in Sriganganagar and Pali while significant rise in area under fruits and vegetables was found in the districts of Jaipur, Jodhpur and Nagaur during the corresponding period.

3.2. Factors Underlying Changes in Cropping Pattern Among various factors responsible for changes in cropping pattern, profitability, change in tastes and preferences, availability of irrigation provisions and climatic aberrations are the major ones in the state of Rajasthan. Since the majority of farmers are adopting HYVs for better income, the crop on which value addition is relatively high will claim a larger share provided requisite inputs, especially irrigation water and remunerative market prices are made available to them.

Looking at the district level data, it is well revealed that the area under cotton and sesamum has declined by 24 per cent and 14 per cent in 11 districts and 18 districts respectively during the period of TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10. The decline was basically due to poor post harvest price and poor production of these crops induced by water stress and infestation. Thus, the provision of irrigation facilities plays a crucial role in change in the cropping pattern. On the other hand, the area under crops like sugarcane and rice has been reduced by 69.9 per cent and 2.7 per cent in 22 districts and 16 districts respectively in the corresponding period due to frequent rainfall aberrations. Change in taste and preferences are also responsible for decline in area under rice since majority of people in Rajasthan don’t prefer to consume rice. Since wheat, maize and pulses are widely consumed by the people in Rajasthan, the share of these crops has increased considerably.

The expansion of area under horticultural crops, pulses and oilseeds have been promoted through various programmes like National Horticulture Mission (NHM), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Maize and Oil palm (ISOPOM), Agricultural Technology Management Agency Programme (ATMA) etc. in the State. Since the required inputs in proper quality and quantity have been provided at subsidized prices and remunerative prices have offered to the farmers, the area under these crops have depicted significant increase in recent years compared to earlier periods in most of the districts in Rajasthan.

3.3. Growth Trends in Area, Production and Yield of Major Oilseeds The growth in average area, production and yield of major oilseeds has been magnificent in Rajasthan over last 3 decades. Though the growth in area, production and yield of major oilseeds has been steady since 1950s, significant increase in these variables has been observed since 1980s. The average annual area under oilseeds has increased from 1088.3 thousand ha in 1960s to 2082.2 thousand ha in 1980s, that has further increased to 4055.5 thousand ha in 2000s (Table 3.4). Similar trend has been observed in the case of production and yield of oilseeds in the State. However, there has been steep increase in average production and yield from 1970s to 1980s. The average production and yield of oilseeds has increased from 395.1 thousand ha and 312.7 kg/ha during 1970s to 1274.9 thousand ha and 612.2 kg/ha during 1980s. Thereafter, the increased production and productivity of oilseeds have been sustained comfortably in the State.

Table 3.4 Trends in average area, production, and yield of total oilseeds in the State 1956-57 to 1961-62 to 1971-72 to 1981-82 to 1991-92 to 2001-02 to 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2009-10 Area (000 hectares) 921.4 (-4.3) 1088.3 (0.6) 1263.6 (0.7) 2082.2 (4.6) 3676.0 (-3.2) 4065.5 (3.7) Production (’000 tonnes) 226.8 (-12.1) 270.5 (8.3) 395.1 (-0.3) 1274.9 (15.5) 2964.5 (-3.1) 4378.9 (4.5) Yield (kg/ha) 246.1 (-8.2) 248.6 (7.7) 312.7 (-1.0) 612.27 (10.4) 806.4 (0.1) 1077.1 (0.7) Note: Figures in parentheses are the CAGR in per cent. Sources : Same as Table 3.1

However, the intra-year variation in area, production and yield of oilseeds is considerably large as noticed from variation in compound annual growth rates across last five decades. Particularly, the annual growth of area and production of oilseeds has exhibited negative growth during 1970s and 1990s in the State. The annual growth of oilseeds production has sharply increased from -12.1 per cent during 1950s to 8.3 per cent during 1960s. The same has again dropped to -0.3 per cent during 1970s and revived nicely to 15.5 per cent during 1980s. The similar fall and rise in growth in area and production of oilseeds is also noticed between 1990s and 2000s. Thus, the prevailing risk in production of oilseeds has been quite high in the State.

33 districts has declined marginally during TE 2009-10. The share of Sri Ganganagar, Sawai Madopur, Bharatpur, Alwar and Nagaur has decreased to 6.0 per cent, 4.9 per cent, 4.9 per cent, 6.0 per cent and 2.63 per cent of total area under oilseeds during TE 2009-10 respectively. Some of the districts where the share of area has increased during TE 2009-10 over TE 1993-94 were Baran (7.3%), Jhalwar (6.5%) and Tonk (6.3%).

In absolute terms, there has been moderate level of changes in the position of the districts with respect to their share in total area under oilseeds in the State. Sri Ganganagar, Bharatpur, Alwar and Sawai Madhopur have been among first seven districts during both the periods (TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10). However, Nagour, Pali and Jaipur have gone down the ladder giving the way to Baran, Tonk and Kota to take place among seven major districts cultivating oilseeds in Rajasthan.

As far as the oilseeds production in the State is concerned, five districts out of seven districts having major share of oilseed acreage are among the seven major districts producing oilseeds during both the corresponding periods. They were Sri Ganganagar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Alwar and Nagaur during TE 1993-94 and Baran, Alwar, Jhalawar, Kota and Sri Ganganagar during TE 2009-10 (see Figure 3.3 and Table 3.6).

The major districts growing Kharif oilseeds during TE 1993-94 were Nagaur (13.6%), Pali (11.6%), Chittorgarh (10.9%), Jhalawar (7.6%) and Jodhpur (7.2%); whereas the major districts growing Kharif oilseeds during TE 2009-10 were Jhalawar (14.0%), Baran (12.3%), Chittorgarh (6.0%) and Pratapgarh (5.8%). Thus there have been major changes in share of districts with respect to Kharif oilseeds acreage between the two reference periods.

The major districts growing Rabi oilseeds during TE 1993-94 were Sri Ganganagar, (11.4%), Alwar (10.2%), Bharatpur (9.7%), Sawai Madhopur (9.4%) and Jaipur (6.8%). However, there have not been major changes in the share of the districts with respect to Rabi oilseeds acreage between two reference periods. Only Tonk with Rabi oilseeds acreage of 2.06 lakh ha replaced Jaipur during TE 2009-10 and occupied 3rd rank in terms of percentage share of the districts. Similar pattern was observed with respect to absolute and relative share of districts in production of oilseeds during Kharif and Rabi seasons which is evident from Table 3.6.

Figure 3.2: Changing share of districts in area under oilseeds in Rajasthan

Dungarpur Bhilwara Dungarpur Bhilwara Rajsamand 0% 2% TE 1993-94 Udaipur Jaipur TE 2009-10 Udaipur Rajsamand 0% 2% 0% 1% Dausa 1% Pratapgarh 4% Sikar Banswara Chittorgarh 0% Jhunjhunu 3% Chittorgarh 3% Ajmer 2% 0% 5% Ajmer Jaipur Dausa 2% Jhalawar Tonk 2% 6% Sikar Banswara 4% 1% 3% Alwar Bharatpur 3% 5% 1% Jhunjhunu 1% 5% 2% Tonk 6% Bundi Alwar 6% Dholpur 3% 7% Jhalawar Baran 6% 2% 5% Bharatpur Kota 7% Bundi S.Madhopur 4% S.Madhopur 4% 5% Sirohi 8% 2% Dholpur Sri Ganganagar Karauli 2% Baran Pali 6% 2% 7% 7% Bikaner Bikaner Kota Jalore 2% 3% Nagaur 5% Sirohi 4% Churu Pali 7% Barmer 2% Churu Jodhpur 0% 4% Jalore Nagaur Jodhpur 1% 4% 1% Jaisalmer 3% 3% 4% Jaisalmer 0% 2% Sri Ganganagar Barmer Hanumangarh 8% 1% 2%

Figure 3.3: Changing share of districts in oilseeds production in Rajasthan TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Dungarpur Udaipur Chittorgarh Dungarpur Bhilwara TE 1993TE 1993--94 0% 4% TE 2009-10 1% Chittorgarh 0% 0% 7% Ajmer Pratapgarh Dausa Banswara 3% Dausa Banswara 1% Rajsamand Rajsamand 3% 0% 3% 0% Udaipur Sikar Jhunjhunu 0% 0% Jaipur Ajmer Jaipur Jhalawar 0% 1% 2% Bhilwara 6% Tonk 0% 4% Sikar Jhunjhunu 4% Tonk 4% 1% 2% Bundi 4% Alwar 2% 3% 7% Jhalawar Alwar 7% 8% Baran Bundi Bharatpur 5% Bharatpur 3% 7% Kota 8% 6% Baran 8% Dholpur S.Madhopur 2% 8% Dholpur S.Madhopur Kota 3% 4% Sirohi Pali 6% 2% Karauli 4% 3% Bikaner Sirohi Jalore 2% Churu 1% Pali Bikaner 4% Nagaur 3% Sri Ganganagar 0% 1% Jalore Churu 6% Jodhpur 3% Barmer Hanumangarh 2% 9% 1% 1% Jaisalmer 3% Sri Barmer 0% Nagaur Jodhpur Ganganagar Jaisalmer 0% 2% 4% 6% 1%

Table 3.5: Changing Shares in Area under Kharif and Rabi Oilseeds in Major Oilseeds Producing Districts in the State between TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10 (Area in hectare) Kharif Rabi Total Oilseeds District TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Ajmer 38335 (3.5) 23340 (1.4) 32566 (1.3) 18528 (0.7) 70901 (2.0) 41868 (1.0) Jaipur 41789 (3.8) 56627 (3.3) 163540 (6.8) 130182 (5.1) 205329 (5.8) 186808 (4.4) Dausa 21735 (2.0) 24830 (1.5) 68409 (2.8) 83291 (3.3) 90144 (2.6) 108121 (2.5) Sikar 4705 (0.4) 24800 (1.5) 36835 (1.5) 68478 (2.7) 41540 (1.2) 93278 (2.2) Jhunjhunu 770 (0.1) 2087 (0.1) 53271 (2.2) 79138 (3.1) 54041 (1.5) 81225 (1.9) Alwar 7681 (0.7) 4902 (0.3) 247238 (10.2) 252596 (9.9) 254919 (7.3) 257498 (6.0) Bharatpur 4374 (0.4) 2106 (0.1) 235011 (9.7) 205698 (8.1) 239385 (6.8) 207804 (4.9) Dholpur 4859 (0.4) 3270 (0.2) 78294 (3.2) 62519 (2.5) 83153 (2.4) 65789 (1.5) S.Madhopur 38437 (3.5) 49838 (2.9) 228247 (9.4) 160388 (6.3) 266684 (7.6) 210226 (4.9) Karauli NA NA 19284 (1.1) NA NA 84196 (3.3) NA NA 103480 (2.4) Bikaner 34655 (3.2) 68164 (4.0) 27847 (1.1) 39473 (1.5) 62502 (1.8) 107637 (2.5) Churu 2506 (0.2) 20751 (1.2) 7881 (0.3) 17206 (0.7) 10387 (0.3) 37956 (0.9) Jaisalmer 836 (0.1) 10310 (0.6) 2460 (0.1) 63121 (2.5) 3296 (0.1) 73432 (1.7) Sri Ganganagar 8611 (0.8) 7759 (0.5) 276721 (11.4) 249273 (9.8) 285332 (8.1) 257033 (6.0) Hanumangarh NA NA 10792 (0.6) NA NA 92393 (3.6) NA NA 103185 (2.4) Jodhpur 78742 (7.2) 91396 (5.3) 55595 (2.3) 84379 (3.3) 134337 (3.8) 175775 (4.1) Barmer 10326 (0.9) 23034 (1.3) 10683 (0.4) 20969 (0.8) 21010 (0.6) 44003 (1.0) Nagaur 147931 (13.6) 35156 (2.1) 107146 (4.4) 76943 (3.0) 255077 (7.3) 112099 (2.6) Jalore 32702 (3.0) 68710 (4.0) 111492 (4.6) 80686 (3.2) 144194 (4.1) 149396 (3.5) Pali 125969 (11.6) 127472 (7.5) 113337 (4.7) 39488 (1.5) 239305 (6.8) 166960 (3.9) Sirohi 23375 (2.1) 47864 (2.8) 35772 (1.5) 17006 (0.7) 59147 (1.7) 64870 (1.5) Kota 54708 (5.0) 143024 (8.4) 96399 (4.0) 84080 (3.3) 151106 (4.3) 227104 (5.3) Baran 65581 (6.0) 209312 (12.2) 93587 (3.9) 102555 (4.0) 159168 (4.5) 311867 (7.3) Bundi 30056 (2.8) 84640 (5.0) 77617 (3.2) 72851 (2.9) 107673 (3.1) 157491 (3.7) Jhalawar 82555 (7.6) 238853 (14.0) 21379 (0.9) 35773 (1.4) 103934 (3.0) 274626 (6.4) Tonk 38436 (3.5) 59880 (3.5) 148779 (6.1) 206368 (8.1) 187216 (5.3) 266247 (6.2) Banswara 3299 (0.3) 22489 (1.3) 396 (0.0) 138 (0.0) 3695 (0.1) 22627 (0.5) Dungarpur 532 (0.0) 1916 (0.1) 927 (0.0) 510 (0.0) 1459 (0.0) 2426 (0.1) Udaipur 11710 (1.1) 9710 (0.6) 11305 (0.5) 14444 (0.6) 23014 (0.7) 24154 (0.6) Bhilwara 47903 (4.4) 42741 (2.5) 20683 (0.9) 31799 (1.2) 68586 (2.0) 74540 (1.7) Chittorgarh 119077 (10.9) 102621 (6.0) 56286 (2.3) 68484 (2.7) 175363 (5.0) 171105 (4.0) Rajsamand 7536 (0.7) 4317 (0.3) 2296 (0.1) 2451 (0.1) 9832 (0.3) 6768 (0.2) Pratapgarh NA NA 100504 (5.9) NA NA 7214 (0.3) NA NA 107717 (2.5) State total 1089732 (100.0) 1708997 (100.0) 2422007 (100.0) 2550211 (100.0) 3511739 (100.0) 4279208 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

It may be noted from Table 3.7 that among the Kharif oilseeds, soybean and sesamum were the major crops occupying about 30 per cent of total area under oilseeds during TE 2009-10 in the State. On the other hand, the rapeseed and mustard was the major Rabi crop occupying about 58 per cent of total area under oilseeds. Thus these three crops along with groundnut occupied about 95 per cent of total area under oilseeds in the State. The total area and production of Kharif oilseeds was 40.1 per cent and 36.0 per cent of total oilseeds acreage and production respectively during TE 2009-10 in the State.

Table 3.6: Changing Shares in Production of Kharif and Rabi Oilseeds in Major Oilseeds Producing Districts in the State between TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10 (Production in Tonnes) Kharif Rabi Total Oilseeds District TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Ajmer 5539 (0.9) 5027 (0.3) 20882 (1.1) 10759 (0.4) 26421 (1.0) 15786 (0.3) Jaipur 23726 (3.9) 80606 (4.9) 117024 (6.0) 115875 (3.9) 140750 (5.5) 196482 (4.3) Dausa 14073 (2.3) 26959 (1.6) 69527 (3.6) 102554 (3.5) 83600 (3.3) 129513 (2.8) Sikar 3442 (0.6) 38700 (2.3) 29318 (1.5) 67070 (2.3) 32760 (1.3) 105770 (2.3) Jhunjhunu 511 (0.1) 2957 (0.2) 41029 (2.1) 91707 (3.1) 41540 (1.6) 94665 (2.1) Alwar 2604 (0.4) 3441 (0.2) 188463 (9.7) 375876 (12.8) 191068 (7.5) 379317 (8.3) Bharatpur 1624 (0.3) 619 (0.0) 211183 (10.9) 318517 (10.8) 212806 (8.3) 319136 (6.9) Dholpur 1333 (0.2) 1911 (0.1) 64641 (3.3) 87320 (3.0) 65974 (2.6) 89231 (1.9) S.Madhopur 22918 (3.8) 24356 (1.5) 188541 (9.7) 161701 (5.5) 211459 (8.3) 186057 (4.0) Karauli NA NA 13153 (0.8) NA NA 110920 (3.8) NA NA 124073 (2.7) Bikaner 30739 (5.1) 95412 (5.8) 14239 (0.7) 26645 (0.9) 44978 (1.8) 122058 (2.7) Churu 690 (0.1) 38335 (2.3) 5949 (0.3) 13872 (0.5) 6638 (0.3) 52207 (1.1) Jaisalmer 629 (0.1) 10826 (0.7) 1820 (0.1) 30348 (1.0) 2449 (0.1) 41174 (0.9) Sri Ganganagar 11137 (1.8) 6886 (0.4) 212681 (10.9) 281751 (9.6) 223818 (8.8) 288637 (6.3) Hanumangarh NA NA 10833 (0.7) NA NA 120085 (4.1) NA NA 130919 (2.8) Jodhpur 11284 (1.9) 71752 (4.3) 41235 (2.1) 91330 (3.1) 52520 (2.1) 163082 (3.5) Barmer 1370 (0.2) 15337 (0.9) 8704 (0.4) 13914 (0.5) 10074 (0.4) 29251 (0.6) Nagaur 39243 (6.5) 34441 (2.1) 115558 (5.9) 77739 (2.6) 154801 (6.1) 112180 (2.4) Jalore 4816 (0.8) 79696 (4.8) 98032 (5.0) 81526 (2.8) 102848 (4.0) 161222 (3.5) Pali 15608 (2.6) 21497 (1.3) 91542 (4.7) 34166 (1.2) 107150 (4.2) 55663 (1.2) Sirohi 10509 (1.7) 46883 (2.8) 37559 (1.9) 16885 (0.6) 48067 (1.9) 63769 (1.4) Kota 64506 (10.6) 160460 (9.7) 93986 (4.8) 135389 (4.6) 158492 (6.2) 295849 (6.4) Baran 61824 (10.2) 233469 (14.1) 69770 (3.6) 156023 (5.3) 131594 (5.2) 389492 (8.5) Bundi 20764 (3.4) 77102 (4.7) 52978 (2.7) 74471 (2.5) 73742 (2.9) 151573 (3.3) Jhalawar 84711 (14.0) 280586 (17.0) 12908 (0.7) 47704 (1.6) 97618 (3.8) 328290 (7.1) Tonk 12744 (2.1) 21590 (1.3) 85717 (4.4) 167404 (5.7) 98461 (3.9) 188994 (4.1) Banswara 3080 (0.5) 19545 (1.2) 235 (0.0) 117 (0.0) 3315 (0.1) 19662 (0.4) Dungarpur 199 (0.0) 1074 (0.1) 865 (0.0) 493 (0.0) 1064 (0.0) 1567 (0.0) Udaipur 4349 (0.7) 5776 (0.3) 6404 (0.3) 13212 (0.4) 10753 (0.4) 18988 (0.4) Bhilwara 20907 (3.4) 18267 (1.1) 15864 (0.8) 26752 (0.9) 36770 (1.4) 45018 (1.0) Chittorgarh 128614 (21.2) 111158 (6.7) 47603 (2.4) 81284 (2.8) 176217 (6.9) 192443 (4.2) Rajsamand 2770 (0.5) 2840 (0.2) 1979 (0.1) 2088 (0.1) 4749 (0.2) 4928 (0.1) Pratapgarh NA NA 137442 (8.3) NA NA 8738 (0.3) NA NA 146180 (3.2) State total 606262 (100.0) 1653123 (100.0) 1946242 (100.0) 2941325 (100.0) 2552505 (100.0) 4594448 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

Similarly, these four crops (rapeseed-mustard, soybean, sesamum and groundnut) also accounted for 96.3 per cent of total oilseeds production in the State during TE 2009-10 (Table 3.7). Total oil extracted from Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds during TE 2009-10 was 60.2 per cent and 39.8 per cent, respectively. Since most part of the total oilseeds was cultivated during Rabi season, provision of adequate irrigation facilities is necessarily required.

Table 3.7 Share of Selected Oilseeds (TE 2009-10) Oilseeds Area Production Oil Oil ('000 ha) (%) ('000 Tonne) (%) ('000 Tonne) (%) Content of Seeds (%) Kharif Oilseeds Groundnut 313.3 7.4 464.4 10.1 227.5 11.7 49.0 Soybean 801.8 18.8 930.3 20.2 381.4 19.6 41.0 Sesame 478.1 11.2 125.5 2.7 61.5 3.2 49.0 Castor seed 134.9 3.2 160.6 3.5 77.1 4.0 48.0 Total Kharif 1729.0 40.1 1653.1 36.0 772.8 39.8 46.8 Oilseeds Rabi Oilseeds Rapeseed-mustard 2469.5 58.0 2910.1 63.3 1164.0 59.9 40.0 Tarameera 78.6 1.8 27.7 0.6 9.7 0.5 35.0 Linseed 2.2 0.1 3.6 0.1 1.6 0.1 44.0 Sunflower 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 Total Rabi Oilseeds 2550.2 59.9 2941.3 64.0 1169.2 60.2 39.8 Total Oilseeds 4279.2 100.0 4594.4 100.0 1987.1 100.0 43.3 Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (for oil content data) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, various years

As discussed earlier, there have been major changes in the share of districts with respect to area and production of Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds between the two reference periods, i.e., TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10. We may look at the ranks of some major districts growing Kharif and Rabi oilseeds from Tables 3.8 and 3.9. It is well revealed from Table 3.8 that Nagour, Pali, Chittorgarh and Jhalawar together covered about 43.6 per cent of total Kharif oilseeds area of the State while Sri Ganganagar, Alwar, Bharatpur and Sawai Madopur were the major districts cultivating Rabi oilseeds those covered about 40.8 per cent of total area under Rabi oilseeds during TE 1993-94. The districts like Jhalawar, Baran, Kota and Pratapgarh have occupied first four positions in terms of production of Kharif oilseeds in TE 2009- 10. Chittorgarh district occupied first position in production of Kharif oilseeds during TE 1993-94 but slipped to 5th position during TE 2009-10.

As far as the total oilseeds production is concerned, Baran, Jhalawar, Tonk, Alwar and Sri Ganaganagar occupied first five positions during TE 2009-10. Only Bharatpur was the district that went out of scene during TE 2009-10 but was among the first five districts in production of total oilseeds during TE 1993-94. However, the district maintained 3rd rank in terms of production of R&M during both TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10 (Table 3.9).

Table 3.8 : Share of Major Growing Districts in Oilseeds Acreage in the State (TE 1993- 94 and TE 2009-10) (Area in hectares) Major Growing Districts Oilseeds TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Districts Area Districts Area Chittorgarh 52868.0 (20.4) Bikaner 64327.3 (20.5) Jaipur 31312.7 (12.1) Jaipur 45105.3 (14.4) S. Madhopur 28845.3 (11.1) Jodhpur 36800.0 (11.7) Tonk 24689.3 (9.5) Sikar 24080.7 (7.7) Groundnut Bikaner 24239.0 (9.3) Chittorgarh 22898.7 (7.3) Bhilwara 23114.0 (8.9) Churu 19239.0 (6.1) Dausa 18170.3 (7.0) Nagaur 15912.0 (5.1) Total Rajasthan 259501.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan313269.7 (100.0) Nagaur 140263.3 (25.2) Pali 122673.0 (25.7) Pali 123642.7 (22.2) Tonk 46021.0 (9.6) Jodhpur 78431.7 (14.1) S. Madhopur 43197.0 (9.0) Ajmer 32069.7 (5.8) Jodhpur 36688.0 (7.7) Sesamum Jalore 28471.7 (5.1) Bhilwara 29913.3 (6.3) Bhilwara 24669.7 (4.4) Ajmer 20818.0 (4.4) Sirohi 15552.0 (2.8) Jalore 20656.0 (4.3) Total Rajasthan 556206.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan478117.7 (100.0) Jhalawar 72661.7 (27.9) Jhalawar 235048.3 (29.3) Chittorgarh 58691.3 (22.5) Baran 201097.0 (25.1) Baran 56292.7 (21.6) Kota 126287.3 (15.7) Kota 50646.3 (19.4) Pratapgadh 98857.5 (12.3) Soybean Bundi 19291.0 (7.4) Chittorgarh 74310.0 (9.3) Banswara 2629.7 (1.0) Bundi 69331.7 (8.6) Udaipur 263.3 (0.1) Banswara 21774.0 (2.7) Total Rajasthan 260764.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan801832.3 (100.0) Sirohi 7016.0 (52.9) Jalore 53351.7 (39.6) Jalore 4211.0 (31.8) Sirohi 31842.3 (23.6) Barmer 657.0 (5.0) Barmer 22404.3 (16.6) Sri Ganganagar 600.7 (4.5) Jodhpur 17912.7 (13.3) Castor seed Pali 397.7 (3.0) Hanumangarh 3563.3 (2.6) Banswara 96.7 (0.7) Pali 3363.3 (2.5) Jaipur 60.3 (0.5) Jaisalmer 1094.7 (0.8) Total Rajasthan 13259.0 (100.0) Total Rajasthan134865.3 (100.0) Nagaur 147931.3 (13.6) Jhalawar 238853.3 (14.0) Pali 125968.7 (11.6) Baran 209311.7 (12.2) Chittorgarh 119076.7 (10.9) Kota 143023.7 (8.4) Total Kharif Jhalawar 82555.0 (7.6) Pali 127472.0 (7.5) Oilseeds Jodhpur 78742.0 (7.2) Chittorgarh 102621.0 (6.0) Baran 65581.0 (6.0) Pratapgadh 100503.5 (5.9) Kota 54707.7 (5.0) Jodhpur 91396.3 (5.3) Total Rajasthan 1089731.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan1708997.0 (100.0)

Table 3.8 continued----- Major Growing Districts TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Districts Area Districts Area Sri Ganganagar 246757.3 (11.1) Alwar 251919.0 (10.2) Alwar 234788.0 (10.5) Sri Ganganagar 235855.0 (9.6) Bharatpur 227638.0 (10.2) Bharatpur 205158.0 (8.3) Rapeseed- S. Madhopur 214772.3 (9.6) Tonk 192314.7 (7.8) mustard Jaipur 149783.0 (6.7) S. Madhopur 157087.7 (6.4) Tonk 122188.7 (5.5) Jaipur 118141.0 (4.8) Jalore 109783.0 (4.9) Baran 101939.0 (4.1) Total Rajasthan 2226884.0 (100.0) Total Rajasthan2469517.3 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 28344.7 (18.7) Tonk 14024.7 (17.8) Tonk 18990.7 (12.5) Sri Ganganagar 13385.7 (17.0) Nagaur 13832.7 (9.1) Jaipur 12046.3 (15.3) Jaipur 13422.0 (8.9) Ajmer 5961.0 (7.6) Tarameera S. Madhopur 12479.3 (8.2) Jaisalmer 4633.0 (5.9) Alwar 11568.3 (7.6) Nagaur 3521.0 (4.5) Ajmer 7881.0 (5.2) S. Madhopur 3269.0 (4.2) Total Rajasthan 151456.0 (100.0) Total Rajasthan78590.3 (100.0) Baran 10336.0 (29.0) Nagaur 1101.3 (50.7) Tonk 7564.3 (21.2) Kota 347.3 (16.0) Kota 4556.7 (12.8) Jhalawar 132.7 (6.1) Jhalawar 4074.0 (11.4) Bundi 105.0 (4.8) Linseed Ajmer 2348.7 (6.6) Chittorgarh 95.0 (4.4) Bhilwara 2303.0 (6.5) Pratapgadh 90.0 (4.1) Chittorgarh 1370.3 (3.8) Baran 63.0 (2.9) Total Rajasthan 35691.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan2172.0 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 276721.3 (11.4) Alwar 252596.0 (9.9) Alwar 247238.3 (10.2) Sri Ganganagar 249273.3 (9.8) Bharatpur 235010.7 (9.7) Tonk 206367.7 (8.1) Total Rabi S. Madhopur 228247.3 (9.4) Bharatpur 205697.7 (8.1) Oilseeds Jaipur 163540.3 (6.8) S. Madhopur 160388.0 (6.3) Tonk 148779.3 (6.1) Jaipur 130181.7 (5.1) Pali 113336.7 (4.7) Baran 102555.3 (4.0) Total Rajasthan 2422007.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan2550211.0 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 285332.0 (8.1) Baran 311867.0 (7.3) S. Madhopur 266684.3 (7.6) Jhalawar 274626.0 (6.4) Nagaur 255077.0 (7.3) Tonk 266247.3 (6.3) Alwar 254919.3 (7.3) Alwar 257497.7 (6.0) Total Oilseeds Bharatpur 239385.0 (6.8) Sri Ganganagar 257032.7 (6.0) Pali 239305.3 (6.8) Kota 227104.0 (5.3) Jaipur 205329.0 (5.8) S. Madhopur 210226.3 (4.9) Total Rajasthan 3511739.0 (100.0) Total Rajasthan4259208.0 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state's total area under respective oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

Table 3.9 : Share of Major Districts in Oilseeds Production in the State (TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10) (Production in metric tonnes) Major Growing Districts Oilseeds TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Districts Production Districts Production Chittorgarh 68068.3 (30.1) Bikaner 95173.7 (20.5) Bikaner 29119.7 (12.9) Jaipur 81013.0 (17.4) Jaipur 21731.0 (9.6) Jodhpur 55774.3 (12.0) S. Madhopur 20015.3 (8.8) Sikar 38486.3 (8.3) Groundnut Bhilwara 17867.7 (7.9) Churu 38005.3 (8.2) Dausa 13463.0 (5.9) Nagaur 30122.3 (6.5) Tonk 10884.0 (4.8) Chittorgarh 27133.7 (5.8) Total Rajasthan 226415.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 464359.7 (100.0) Nagaur 32481.3 (35.4) Pali 19348.3 (15.4) Pali 13914.0 (15.2) S. Madhopur 17662.3 (14.1) Jodhpur 11032.7 (12.0) Karauli 11671.3 (9.3) Ajmer 3699.0 (4.0) Tonk 10725.0 (8.6) Sesamum Bhilwara 2932.3 (3.2) Kota 8718.7 (7.0) S. Madhopur 2861.3 (3.1) Jodhpur 8073.0 (6.4) Jalore 2677.3 (2.9) Bhilwara 6213.0 (5.0) Total Rajasthan 91693.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 125316.0 (100.0) Jhalawar 79140.0 (28.5) Jhalawar 277916.7 (29.9) Kota 62397.0 (22.5) Baran 227692.3 (24.5) Chittorgarh 58813.3 (21.2) Kota 151325.7 (16.3) Baran 56771.3 (20.4) Pratapgadh 137286.0 (14.8) Soybean Bundi 17353.3 (6.2) Chittorgarh 83410.0 (9.0) Banswara 2776.7 (1.0) Bundi 71754.3 (7.7) Udaipur 268.3 (0.1) Banswara 19063.7 (2.0) Total Rajasthan 277819.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 930342.7 (100.0) Sirohi 7531.3 (72.9) Jalore 87036.3 (54.2) Jalore 2121.3 (20.5) Sirohi 39279.0 (24.5) Sri Ganganagar 223.3 (2.2) Barmer 16950.7 (10.6) Barmer 182.3 (1.8) Jodhpur 7906.3 (4.9) Castor seed Pali 98.7 (1.0) Hanumangarh 6781.0 (4.2) Jaipur 37.0 (0.4) Pali 1238.0 (0.8) Banswara 32.0 (0.3) Sri Ganganagar 757.0 (0.5) Total Rajasthan 10334.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 160597.7 (100.0) Chittorgarh 128613.7 (21.2) Jhalawar 280586.0 (17.0) Jhalawar 84710.7 (14.0) Baran 233469.3 (14.1) Kota 64505.7 (10.6) Kota 160460.3 (9.7) Total Kharif Baran 61823.7 (10.2) Pratapgadh 137442.0 (8.3) Oilseeds Nagaur 39243.0 (6.5) Chittorgarh 111158.3 (6.7) Bikaner 30739.3 (5.1) Bikaner 95412.3 (5.8) Jaipur 23726.0 (3.9) Jaipur 80606.3 (4.9) Total Rajasthan 606262.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 1653123.0 (100.0)

Table 3.9 Continued----- Major Growing Districts Oilseeds TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 Districts Production Districts Production Bharatpur 205408.7 (11.2) Alwar 375639.0 (12.9) Sri Ganganagar 198537.0 (10.8) Bharatpur 318331.0 (10.9) Alwar 182887.3 (10.0) Sri Ganganagar 277316.3 (9.5) Rapeseed- S. Madhopur 175457.7 (9.6) Tonk 162541.7 (5.6) mustard Jaipur 110797.0 (6.0) S. Madhopur 160525.0 (5.5) Nagaur 106695.7 (5.8) Baran 155740.0 (5.4) Jalore 97207.0 (5.3) Kota 134506.7 (4.6) Total Rajasthan 1834490.0 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 2910070.3 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 13104.0 (13.9) Jaipur 5674.7 (20.5) S. Madhopur 12582.3 (13.3) Tonk 4937.0 (17.8) Tonk 11872.0 (12.6) Sri Ganganagar 4390.0 (15.8) Nagaur 8740.3 (9.3) Nagaur 1942.3 (7.0) Tarameera Jaipur 6156.3 (6.5) Ajmer 1543.3 (5.6) Bharatpur 5744.3 (6.1) S. Madhopur 1158.3 (4.2) Alwar 5484.0 (5.8) Dausa 1089.0 (3.9) Total Rajasthan 94315.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 27706.7 (100.0) Baran 4539.0 (30.1) Nagaur 2134.7 (59.9) Tonk 3906.3 (25.9) Kota 765.0 (21.5) Kota 1946.0 (12.9) Bundi 166.3 (4.7) Jhalawar 1427.0 (9.5) Baran 92.0 (2.6) Linseed Bundi 614.3 (4.1) Jhalawar 79.0 (2.2) Bhilwara 601.0 (4.0) Chittorgarh 65.0 (1.8) Ajmer 551.0 (3.7) Pratapgadh 57.5 (1.6) Total Rajasthan 15087.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 3562.0 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 212680.7 (10.9) Alwar 375876.0 (12.8) Bharatpur 211182.7 (10.9) Bharatpur 318517.3 (10.8) S. Madhopur 188540.7 (9.7) Sri Ganganagar 281751.3 (9.6) Total Rabi Alwar 188463.3 (9.7) Tonk 167404.0 (5.7) Oilseeds Jaipur 117024.0 (6.0) S. Madhopur 161701.3 (5.5) Nagaur 115558.0 (5.9) Baran 156022.7 (5.3) Jalore 98031.7 (5.0) Kota 135389.0 (4.6) Total Rajasthan 1946242.3 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 2941325.3 (100.0) Sri Ganganagar 223817.7 (8.8) Baran 389492.0 (8.5) Bharatpur 212806.3 (8.3) Alwar 379317.0 (8.3) S. Madhopur 211459.0 (8.3) Jhalawar 328289.7 (7.1) Alwar 191067.7 (7.5) Bharatpur 319136.0 (6.9) Total Oilseeds Chittorgarh 176217.0 (6.9) Kota 295849.3 (6.4) Kota 158492.0 (6.2) Sri Ganganagar 288637.0 (6.3) Nagaur 154801.0 (6.1) Jaipur 196481.7 (4.3) Total Rajasthan 2552504.7 (100.0) Total Rajasthan 4594448.3 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state's total production of respective oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

Table 3.10: Irrigated Area under Oilseeds in the State (TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10) (area in Ha.) Kharif Oilseed Rabi Oilseed Total Oilseed Sr.No.District TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 TE 1993-94 TE 2009-10 1 Ajmer 798 (0.6) 807 (0.2) 13057 (0.9) 8915 (0.4) 13854 (0.9) 9722 (0.4) 2 Alwar 361 (0.3) 1254 (0.3) 116557 (8.0) 240900 (11.2) 116918 (7.4) 242154 (9.6) 3 Banswara 43 (0.0) 3 (0.0) 64 (0.0) 51 (0.0) 107 (0.0) 54 (0.0) 4 Baran 17535 (13.5) 3435 (0.9) 56133 (3.8) 98607 (4.6) 73667 (4.6) 102042 (4.0) 5 Barmer 273 (0.2) 22693 (6.0) 22316 (1.5) 20839 (1.0) 8913 (0.6) 43532 (1.7) 6 Bharatpur 1400 (1.1) 1 (0.0) 48339 (3.3) 167097 (7.8) 60836 (3.8) 167098 (6.6) 7 Bhilwara 4443 (3.4) 380 (0.1) 16037 (1.1) 26362 (1.2) 20480 (1.3) 26742 (1.1) 8 Bikaner 24325 (18.7) 64462 (17.1) 25528 (1.7) 38861 (1.8) 49853 (3.1) 103323 (4.1) 9 Bundi 5578 (4.3) 22542 (6.0) 53491 (3.7) 54185 (2.5) 59068 (3.7) 76727 (3.0) 10 Chittorgarh 9761 (7.5) 1196 (0.3) 52404 (3.6) 66546 (3.1) 62165 (3.9) 67742 (2.7) 11 Churu 450 (0.3) 19234 (5.1) 5937 (0.4) 16203 (0.8) 6388 (0.4) 35437 (1.4) 12 Dausa 3161 (2.4) 6429 (1.7) 39535 (2.7) 67291 (3.1) 42696 (2.7) 73720 (2.9) 13 Dholpur 104 (0.1) 11 (0.0) 36298 (2.5) 48731 (2.3) 36402 (2.3) 48742 (1.9) 14 Dungarpur 103 (0.1) 31 (0.0) 195 (0.0) 198 (0.0) 298 (0.0) 229 (0.0) 15 Ganganagar 8695 (6.7) 6900 (1.8) 215509 (14.8) 226740 (10.6) 224204 (14.1) 233640 (9.3) 16 Hanumangarh 1439 (1.1) 9411 (2.5) 57115 (3.9) 85140 (4.0) 58554 (3.7) 94551 (3.8) 17 Jaipur 15467 (11.9) 35449 (9.4) 52141 (3.6) 80181 (3.7) 67608 (4.3) 115630 (4.6) 18 Jaisalmer 692 (0.5) 10089 (2.7) 2026 (0.1) 58595 (2.7) 2718 (0.2) 68684 (2.7) 19 Jalore 3534 (2.7) 49407 (13.1) 105987 (7.3) 78445 (3.7) 109521 (6.9) 127853 (5.1) 20 Jhalawar 1983 (1.5) 4 (0.0) 8046 (0.6) 34235 (1.6) 10029 (0.6) 34240 (1.4) 21 Jhunjhunu 572 (0.4) 1941 (0.5) 45832 (3.1) 71326 (3.3) 46404 (2.9) 73267 (2.9) 22 Jodhpur 565 (0.4) 55325 (14.7) 48981 (3.4) 84079 (3.9) 49546 (3.1) 139404 (5.5) 23 Karauli NA NA 89 (0.0) NA NA 54003 (2.5) NA NA 54092 (2.1) 24 Kota 16088 (12.4) 3387 (0.9) 71669 (4.9) 79163 (3.7) 87757 (5.5) 82550 (3.3) 25 Nagaur 3701 (2.8) 14408 (3.8) 86955 (6.0) 73131 (3.4) 90656 (5.7) 87540 (3.5) 26 Pali 330 (0.3) 1028 (0.3) 97674 (6.7) 36365 (1.7) 98004 (6.2) 37393 (1.5) 27 Pratapgarh NA NA 6 (0.0) NA NA 4905 (0.2) NA NA 4910 (0.2) 28 Rajsamand 232 (0.2) 102 (0.0) 1722 (0.1) 2105 (0.1) 1955 (0.1) 2207 (0.1) 29 S.Madhopur 1726 (1.3) 671 (0.2) 96610 (6.6) 115832 (5.4) 98336 (6.2) 116503 (4.6) 30 Sikar 2947 (2.3) 24127 (6.4) 25524 (1.7) 62790 (2.9) 28471 (1.8) 86917 (3.4) 31 Sirohi 4804 (3.7) 21588 (5.7) 35292 (2.4) 16871 (0.8) 40095 (2.5) 38459 (1.5) 32 Tonk 1149 (0.9) 170 (0.0) 54407 (3.7) 113766 (5.3) 55556 (3.5) 113935 (4.5) 33 Udaipur 120 (0.1) 15 (0.0) 8272 (0.6) 10510 (0.5) 8392 (0.5) 10525 (0.4) Rajasthan state total130254 (100.0) 376597 (100.0) 1460161 (100.0) 2142968 (100.0) 1590415 (100.0) 2519565 (100.0) Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

If we analyze the nature of variability in ranks of various districts in cultivation of oilseeds between TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10, variation in seasonal rainfall and availability of irrigation facilities played a vital role. Though rainfall variability remained at alarming level over the years, the development of irrigation facilities in the state has been quite satisfying. As is evident from Table 3.10, the irrigated area under Kharif oilseeds has increased from 1.3 lakh ha in TE 1993-94 to about 3.8 lakh ha in TE 2009-10, an increase by about three times. Similarly, the irrigated area under Rabi oilseeds has increased from 14.6 lakh ha in TE 1993-94 to about 21.4 lakh ha in TE 2009-10, an increase by about 1.5 times. Among the districts, Bikaner, Jalore,

Jodhpur and Sikar were some of the states having major share of Kharif irrigated area under oilseeds during TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the districts having major share in irrigated area under Rabi oilseeds were Alwar, Sri Ganganagar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhpur and Tonk in the corresponding period.

3.4. Variability in Area, Production and Yield of Major Oilseed (Rapeseed & Mustard) vis-à-vis Competing Crop (Wheat)

3.4.1 Overall growth and variability in main oilseed and competing crop in the State Rapeseed and mustard (R&M) was found to be the major oilseed crop while the wheat was found to be its major competing crop in Rajasthan during TE 2009-10. The area under R&M has exhibited negative trend during 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. The compound annual growth rate of area under R&M was -0.6 per cent during 1970s that has sharply increased to 12.8 per cent during 1980s (Table 3.11). The growth in area under R&M has again declined -5.0 per cent during 1990s and revived by a growth rate of 2.9 per cent during 2000s. In absolute term, the annual average area under R&M has continuously increased from 333.8 thousand ha during 1970s to 2485.3 thousand ha during 2000s. The average annual production and yield of R&M has significantly increased from 169.1 thousand tonnes and 506.6 kg/ha during 1970s to 2485.3 thousand tonnes and 1185.7 kg/ha during 2000s. Overall, the growth in area, production and yield of R&M has been quite impressive during 1980s and 2000s, but not during 1990s. However, the extent of variability in its area, production and yield has also been quite large in terms of the level of fluctuations in annual growth rates and magnitude of coefficient of variation (CV). On the other hand, the growth in area, production and area under the main competing crop (wheat) has not been quite impressive throughout, but the extent of variability in its area, production and yield has been comparatively very less in terms of both the parameters (Table 3.11 & Figure 3.4). The CV of area and production of R&M during the entire period of 1956-57 to 2009-10 was 88.6 per cent and 109.4 per cent, respectively while the same for wheat was 27.5 per cent and 62.2 per cent, respectively. It is worth-mentioning that the higher compound annual growth rates in area, production and yield of R&M during 1980s and 2000s has been accompanied by the greater degree of variability in the State. That kind of trend has not been observed in the case of major competing crop wheat.

Table 3.11: Trends in Average Area, Production, and Yield of Major Oilseed (Rapeseed - Mustard) vis-a-vis Major Competing Crop (Wheat) in the State 1956-57 to 1961-62 to 1971-72 to 1981-82 to 1991-92 to 2001-02 to 1956-57 to A/P/Y 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2009-10 2009-10 Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Mean CAGR Rapseed and mustard (main oilseed crop) Area (000 249.8 -6.4 233.0 -0.6 333.8 -0.6 1055.1 12.8 2329.0 -5.0 2485.3 2.9 1169.0 4.1 hectares) (24.2) (25.5) (18.1) (39.9) (16.7) (30.8) (88.6) Production 84.4 -9.5 93.9 9.6 169.1 8.1 890.2 15.4 2054.5 -5.3 2946.8 5.4 1093.0 6.3 (’000 tonnes) (34.4) (63.9) (33.4) (46.7) (19.6) (34.9) (109.4) Yield (kg/ha) 337.9 -3.3 403.0 10.2 506.6 8.8 843.7 2.4 882.1 -0.4 1185.7 2.5 712.5 2.2 (19.5) (54.4) (28.9) (10.5) (11.7) (11.3) (44.5) Wheat (main competing crop) Area (000 1180.2 -5.8 1192.0 1.5 1710.0 0.9 1809.9 0.3 2344.2 2.9 2241.3 0.6 1789.5 1.1 hectares) (10.3) (12.9) (13.2) (10.2) (13.2) (11.6) (27.5) Production 1056.8 -6.8 1168.5 4.9 2238.2 2.7 3485.6 4.4 5683.4 2.4 6487.2 2.0 3507.9 3.3 (’000 tonnes) (16.9) (28.4) (18.1) (14.6) (19.9) (15.1) (62.2) Yield (kg/ha) 895.4 -1.0 980.3 3.3 1308.9 1.8 1925.8 4.1 2424.5 -0.5 2894.4 1.4 1788.8 2.2 (8.7) (15.9) (8.7) (14.3) (11.2) (6.1) (42.1) Note: Figures in parentheses are the CV in per cent. CAGR has also been expressed in per cent. Sources : GoR (2008a; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

Figure 3.4: Growth in Area, Production and Yield of Rapeseed-mustard and Wheat

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000 (000 ha) andProduction (000 tonnes)

1000 OilseedsYield (Kg/ha)

59 62 65 68 71 74 77 79 80 82 83 85 86 88 89 91 92 94 95 97 00 03 06 09 57 58 60 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 73 75 76 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 98 99 01 02 04 05 07 08 10

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1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1984 1985 1987 1988 1990 1991 1993 1994 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 1956 1957 1959 1960 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1971 1972 1974 1975 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2003 2004 2006 2007 2009 OilseedsArea Rapeseed & Mustard Area Rapeseed & Mustard Production Rapeseed & Mustard Yield Wheat Area Wheat Production Wheat Yield

3.4.2 Inter-District Variation in Total Area and Production of Rapeseed-Mustard

As discussed earlier, Rajasthan stands first in the cultivation of R&M. The share of R&M in total oilseeds in the state is about 58 per cent (Table 3.12). Over the last three decades, some districts like Bharatpur, Alwar and Sri Ganganagar have dominated in terms of area and production of R&M. However, it is clearly observed that the cultivation of R&M has been more diversified spatially with decrease in the share of these major districts and increase in the share of other districts of the state. The share of Bharatpur, Alwar, Sri Ganganagar and Jalore in total area under R&M has reduced from 14.0 per cent, 12.0 per cent, 13.0 per cent and 11.1 per cent during TE 1983-84 to 8.3 per cent, 10.2 per cent, 9.6 per cent and 3.2 per cent during TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the districts like Tonk, Kota and Chittorgarh have experienced considerable increase in the area under R&M from 2.2 per cent, 1.8 per cent, and 0.8 per cent during TE 1983-84 to 7.8 per cent, 3.4 per cent and 2.7 per cent during TE 2009-10. Some districts whose share in area under R&M has remained somewhat stagnant are Ajmer, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur and Dholpur.

However, the major districts like Bharatpur, Alwar and Sri Ganganagar have dominated in terms of area under R&M as a percent of total oilseeds area in the corresponding district. The share of R&M in total oilseeds acreage has increased from 85.5 per cent in TE 1983-84 to 98.7 per cent in TE 2009-10 in Bharatpur. The major R&M producing districts like Alwar and Sawai Madhopur have experienced similar pattern. Some major R&M producing districts where the share of R&M area in total oilseeds acreage has been reduced were Sri Ganganagar, Sikar and Jalore. This is mainly because of decrease in yield and production of R&M in these districts over the years. As is revealed from Table 3.13, the district’s share in State’s total production of R&M in Sri Ganganagar and Jalore has declined from 14.7 per cent and 9.0 per cent in TE 1983-84 to 9.5 per cent and 2.8 per cent in TE 2009-10. At the state level, the share of production of R&M in total oilseeds production has decreased from 66.3 per cent in TE 1983-84 to 63.3 per cent in TE 2009-10.

Table 3.12: Share of Major Districts in Area under Rapeseed-mustard in the State (TE 1983-84 and TE 2009-10) ( Area in Ha.) Share in Total Oilseeds Acreage Share in State Acreage under R&M of the District Districts TE TE TE TE TE 1983-84 TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 1983-84 1993-94 2003-04 2009-10 Ajmer 3063 (0.4) 22301 (1.0) 8591 (0.5) 12522 (0.5) 14.3 31.5 44.5 29.9 Jaipur 24677 (3.6) 149783 (6.7) 57558 (3.4) 118141 (4.8) 36.6 72.9 50.2 63.2 Dausa NA NA 63030 (2.8) 49221 (2.9) 80280 (3.3) NA 69.9 72.9 74.2 Sikar 19384 (2.8) 33903 (1.5) 31150 (1.9) 68027 (2.8) 93.9 81.6 66.6 72.9 Jhunjhunu 20938 (3.0) 52806 (2.4) 78617 (4.7) 79070 (3.2) 98.6 97.7 98.7 97.3 Alwar 82926 (12.0) 234788 (10.5) 208913 (12.5) 251919 (10.2) 90.4 92.1 97.4 97.8 Bharatpur 97091 (14.0) 227638 (10.2) 191885 (11.5) 205158 (8.3) 85.8 95.1 98.5 98.7 Dholpur 18738 (2.7) 74740 (3.4) 67263 (4.0) 62195 (2.5) 86.7 89.9 96.0 94.5 S. Madhopur 46268 (6.7) 214772 (9.6) 89203 (5.3) 157088 (6.4) 45.0 80.5 75.9 74.7 Karauli NA NA NA NA 41381 (2.5) 81633 (3.3) NA NA 80.5 78.9 Bikaner 8796 (1.3) 25019 (1.1) 24164 (1.4) 38222 (1.5) 31.7 40.0 30.5 35.5 Churu 2853 (0.4) 7058 (0.3) 18067 (1.1) 17156 (0.7) 74.0 68.0 51.7 45.2 Jaisalmer 143 (0.0) 2056 (0.1) 22802 (1.4) 58488 (2.4) 13.4 62.4 85.8 79.7 Sri Ganganagar 89799 (13.0) 246757 (11.1) 223541 (13.4) 235855 (9.6) 93.7 86.5 88.5 91.8 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA 94209 (5.6) 91346 (3.7) NA NA 52.9 88.5 Jodhpur 24712 (3.6) 49832 (2.2) 37173 (2.2) 83722 (3.4) 39.4 37.1 50.0 47.6 Barmer 11334 (1.6) 10468 (0.5) 5416 (0.3) 20674 (0.8) 53.2 49.8 33.6 47.0 Nagaur 48403 (7.0) 93025 (4.2) 60497 (3.6) 72321 (2.9) 39.8 36.5 68.0 64.5 Jalore 77190 (11.1) 109783 (4.9) 40448 (2.4) 78599 (3.2) 72.5 76.1 53.3 52.6 Pali 45962 (6.6) 108958 (4.9) 24600 (1.5) 38114 (1.5) 34.9 45.5 23.1 22.8 Sirohi 18048 (2.6) 35702 (1.6) 12623 (0.8) 16962 (0.7) 50.3 60.4 31.9 26.1 Kota 12235 (1.8) 90263 (4.1) 52849 (3.2) 83395 (3.4) 13.4 59.7 31.4 36.7 Baran NA NA 82044 (3.7) 78423 (4.7) 101939 (4.1) NA 51.5 43.4 32.7 Bundi 3197 (0.5) 74365 (3.3) 37847 (2.3) 70233 (2.8) 9.8 69.1 39.8 44.6 Jhalawar 132 (0.0) 13079 (0.6) 15467 (0.9) 35062 (1.4) 0.4 12.6 8.4 12.8 Tonk 15230 (2.2) 122189 (5.5) 66390 (4.0) 192315 (7.8) 30.9 65.3 65.4 72.2 Banswara 410 (0.1) 192 (0.0) 55 (0.0) 82 (0.0) 8.5 5.2 0.6 0.4 Dungarpur 129 (0.0) 315 (0.0) 134 (0.0) 442 (0.0) 2.7 21.6 8.9 18.2 Udaipur 14111 (2.0) 10506 (0.5) 4346 (0.3) 14311 (0.6) 33.1 45.6 32.8 59.2 Bhilwara 1704 (0.2) 16474 (0.7) 10296 (0.6) 29870 (1.2) 4.4 24.0 22.3 40.1 Chittorgarh 5265 (0.8) 53007 (2.4) 17235 (1.0) 67456 (2.7) 7.4 30.2 10.1 39.4 Rajsamand NA NA 2032 (0.1) 1092 (0.1) 2342 (0.1) NA 20.7 17.0 34.6 Pratapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA 6869 (0.3) NA NA NA 6.4 Total State 692738 (100.0) 2226884 (100.0) 1671458 (100.0) 2469517 (100.0) 48.2 63.4 57.1 58.0 Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under R&M. Sources : (1) Directoratete Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan,www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in (For TE 1983-84 and TE 1993- 94) (2) Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, different years (For TE 2003-04 and TE

Table 3.13: Share of Major Districts in Production of Rapeseed-mustard in the State (TE 1983-84 and TE 2009-10) (Production in tonne) Share in Total Oilseeds Share in State Total Production of R&M Production of the District Districts TE 1983-84 TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 TE TE TE TE 1983-84 1993-94 2003-04 2009-10

Ajmer 2340 (0.5) 15957 (0.9) 4681 (0.2) 9172 (0.3) 36.1 60.4 55.4 58.1 Jaipur 15260 (3.0) 110797 (6.0) 40246 (2.1) 110206 (3.8) 40.0 78.7 38.0 56.1 Dausa NA NA 64952 (3.5) 50759 (2.6) 101471 (3.5) NA 77.7 74.2 78.3 Sikar 11868 (2.3) 27811 (1.5) 31640 (1.6) 66877 (2.3) 95.3 84.9 57.2 63.2 Jhunjhunu 12973 (2.5) 40788 (2.2) 94194 (4.9) 91678 (3.2) 99.2 98.2 98.9 96.8 Alwar 65116 (12.6) 182887 (10.0) 252597 (13.1) 375639 (12.9) 96.1 95.7 99.2 99.0 Bharatpur 85749 (16.6) 205409 (11.2) 227530 (11.8) 318331 (10.9) 93.6 96.5 99.4 99.7 Dholpur 14929 (2.9) 60445 (3.3) 83276 (4.3) 87209 (3.0) 88.5 91.6 98.5 97.7 S. Madhopur 45186 (8.7) 175458 (9.6) 85366 (4.4) 160525 (5.5) 53.9 83.0 84.3 86.3 Karauli NA NA NA NA 55872 (2.9) 110004 (3.8) NA NA 92.1 88.7 Bikaner 6577 (1.3) 13663 (0.7) 21753 (1.1) 26295 (0.9) 69.8 30.4 31.1 21.5 Churu 2055 (0.4) 5696 (0.3) 16309 (0.8) 13856 (0.5) 94.6 85.8 49.5 26.5 Jaisalmer 109 (0.0) 1635 (0.1) 19444 (1.0) 29744 (1.0) 45.5 66.8 84.9 72.2 Sri Ganganagar 75697 (14.7) 198537 (10.8) 311680 (16.2) 277316 (9.5) 95.3 88.7 96.0 96.1 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA 98915 (5.1) 119924 (4.1) NA NA 72.4 91.6 Jodhpur 15440 (3.0) 36595 (2.0) 43226 (2.2) 90925 (3.1) 94.3 69.7 66.2 55.8 Barmer 8088 (1.6) 8597 (0.5) 6554 (0.3) 13806 (0.5) 93.7 85.3 43.1 47.2 Nagaur 22965 (4.4) 106696 (5.8) 67351 (3.5) 73662 (2.5) 49.3 68.9 82.4 65.7 Jalore 46290 (9.0) 97207 (5.3) 42257 (2.2) 80863 (2.8) 93.6 94.5 56.8 50.2 Pali 30423 (5.9) 87780 (4.8) 21927 (1.1) 33664 (1.2) 78.6 81.9 42.2 60.5 Sirohi 15958 (3.1) 37531 (2.0) 12022 (0.6) 16874 (0.6) 82.1 78.1 33.6 26.5 Kota 9293 (1.8) 91082 (5.0) 79507 (4.1) 134507 (4.6) 23.1 57.5 39.5 45.5 Baran NA NA 64484 (3.5) 109487 (5.7) 155740 (5.4) NA 49.0 52.0 40.0 Bundi 2403 (0.5) 51195 (2.8) 42680 (2.2) 73408 (2.5) 23.3 69.4 46.4 48.4 Jhalawar 99 (0.0) 10528 (0.6) 17475 (0.9) 47415 (1.6) 0.8 10.8 10.0 14.4 Tonk 11749 (2.3) 69939 (3.8) 53302 (2.8) 162542 (5.6) 45.1 71.0 81.1 86.0 Banswara 301 (0.1) 154 (0.0) 63 (0.0) 96 (0.0) 15.9 4.6 0.5 0.5 Dungarpur 97 (0.0) 268 (0.0) 166 (0.0) 468 (0.0) 5.5 25.2 26.2 29.9 Udaipur 10442 (2.0) 6024 (0.3) 5105 (0.3) 13121 (0.5) 50.8 56.0 43.1 69.1 Bhilwara 1288 (0.2) 14189 (0.8) 11902 (0.6) 26167 (0.9) 8.1 38.6 39.0 58.1 Chittorgarh 3975 (0.8) 46449 (2.5) 18499 (1.0) 80789 (2.8) 7.9 26.4 10.3 42.0 Rajsamand NA NA 1738 (0.1) 1241 (0.1) 2053 (0.1) NA 36.6 27.1 41.7 Pratapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA 8587 (0.3) NA NA NA 5.9 Total State 516670 (100.0) 1834490 (100.0) 1927025 (100.0) 2910070 (100.0) 66.3 71.9 65.1 63.3 Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total production of R&M. Sources : (1) Directoratete Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in (For TE 1983-84 and TE 1993- 94) (2) Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, different years (For TE 2003-04 and TE 2009-10)

3.4.3 Inter-District Variation in Irrigated Area under Rapeseed-mustard

The variability in area and production of oilseeds is largely linked to availability of irrigation facilities. The share of irrigated area under R&M to total area under R&M in the State has declined from 65.0 per cent in TE 1993-94 to 50.3 per cent in TE 2003- 04, which has sharply increased to 86.4 per cent in TE 2009-10 (Table 3.14. ). Similarly, the share of irrigated area under R&M to total irrigated area of the State has declined from 26.5 per cent in TE 1993-94 to 24.0 per cent in TE 2003-04, which has again increased to 28.7 per cent in TE 2009-10.

The share of irrigated area under R&M to total area under R&M in the most of the districts has declined sharply between TE 1993-94 and TE 2003-04, which has revived nicely in TE 2009-10. Similarly, the share of irrigated area under R&M to total irrigated area of majority of districts has declined between TE 1993-94 and TE 2003- 04, but revived nicely in TE 2009-10. Some districts having more than 90 per cent of irrigated area under R&M in TE 1993-94 were Bikaner (99.4%), Sirohi (98.7%), Rajsamund (98.0%), Jodhpur (97.3%), Jalore (95.7%) and Nagour (92.7%). The number of districts with more than 90 per cent of irrigated area under R&M has tremendously increased from 6 in TE 1993-94 to 19 in TE 2009-10.

Among the study districts (Bharatpur, Tonk and Kota), the share of irrigated area under R&M to total area under R&M in TE 1993-94 was lowest (26.6%) in Bharatpur and highest (79.3%) in Kota. However, it has gradually increased from 26.6 per cent in TE 1993-94 to 72.7 per cent in TE 2003-04, and further increased to 81.4 per cent in TE 2009-10 in Bharatpur. The share of irrigated Rapeseed-mustard to gross irrigated area of the district Bharatpur, Kota and Tonk was 50.9 per cent, 31.7 per cent and 65.1 per cent, respectively in TE 2009-10. Among all districts, Sawai Madhopur had the maximum of 65.6 per cent of total irrigated area under R&M in the corresponding year.

Table 3.14: Share of Rapeseed-mustard Irrigated Area to Total Area under Rapeseed -mustard and Gross Irrigated Area of the State (Area in Ha.) Share of Irrigated Rapeseed- Share of Irrigated Rapeseed-mustard to Total Area mustard to Gross Irrigated under Rapeseed-mustard in the District Districts Area of the District TE 1993- TE 2003- TE 2009- TE 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2009-10 94 04 10 Ajmer 12392 (55.6) 6951 (36.0) 8749 (69.9) 11.0 10.0 20.4 Jaipur 51579 (34.4) 45163 (39.4) 79829 (67.6) 14.9 11.7 23.7 Dausa 39298 (62.3) 43884 (65.0) 67151 (83.6) 29.7 28.0 41.0 Sikar 25442 (75.0) 29108 (62.2) 62593 (92.0) 15.8 11.2 21.2 Jhunjhunu 45800 (86.7) 76525 (96.1) 71287 (90.2) 42.0 35.1 28.1 Alwar 115766 (49.3) 201812 (94.1) 240836 (95.6) 41.8 43.9 51.0 Bharatpur 60555 (26.6) 141654 (72.7) 167066 (81.4) 37.8 46.7 50.9 Dholpur 36245 (48.5) 46140 (65.8) 48698 (78.3) 49.2 46.4 44.8 S. Madhopur 96473 (44.9) 63360 (53.9) 115740 (73.7) 48.1 45.4 65.6 Karauli NA NA 31545 (61.3) 53948 (66.1) NA 31.9 45.0 Bikaner 24857 (99.4) 23680 (29.9) 38209 (100.0) 17.1 10.7 10.2 Churu 5928 (84.0) 17240 (49.4) 16157 (94.2) 49.4 30.9 17.4 Jaisalmer 1848 (89.9) 22621 (85.1) 58137 (99.4) 30.6 22.6 31.3 Sri 213189 (86.4) 215963 (85.5) 226012 (95.8) 18.0 29.6 28.0 Ganganagar Hanumangarh NA NA 88493 (49.7) 85057 (93.1) NA 16.6 13.3 Jodhpur 48802 (97.9) 36900 (49.6) 83663 (99.9) 40.7 20.0 26.4 Barmer 8463 (80.8) 4813 (29.9) 20563 (99.5) 11.2 2.9 10.8 Nagaur 86216 (92.7) 59812 (67.2) 71463 (98.8) 42.5 20.1 21.7 Jalore 105014 (95.7) 39870 (52.6) 77931 (99.2) 37.1 17.4 30.2 Pali 97380 (89.4) 22951 (21.5) 36158 (94.9) 42.0 20.4 36.6 Sirohi 35252 (98.7) 12276 (31.0) 16849 (99.3) 32.5 21.1 21.9 Kota 71539 (79.3) 48519 (28.8) 78871 (94.6) 36.3 24.5 31.7 Baran 56011 (68.3) 68716 (38.0) 98393 (96.5) 31.9 30.7 32.3 Bundi 53228 (71.6) 29909 (31.5) 53949 (76.8) 26.9 17.0 22.2 Jhalawar 7979 (61.0) 13911 (7.6) 34095 (97.2) 6.4 10.3 15.7 Tonk 53597 (43.9) 50892 (50.1) 113544 (59.0) 37.9 39.2 65.1 Banswara 51 (26.4) 28 (0.3) 34 (42.0) 0.1 0.0 0.0 Dungarpur 162 (51.5) 65 (4.3) 177 (40.1) 0.5 0.2 0.5 Udaipur 8008 (76.2) 2351 (17.7) 10490 (73.3) 6.4 5.2 14.7 Bhilwara 14631 (88.8) 8805 (19.1) 25815 (86.4) 7.6 7.7 21.6 Chittorgarh 51938 (98.0) 16594 (9.7) 66174 (98.1) 25.1 13.6 34.7 Rajsamand 1635 (80.5) 546 (8.5) 2066 (88.2) 2.7 3.7 6.8 Pratapgarh NA NA NA NA 6821 (99.3) NA NA 8.6 State total 1448230 (65.0) 1471096 (50.3) 2134255 (86.4) 26.5 24.0 28.7 Notes: (1) For TE 1993-94, gross irrigated area data of two years (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for non availabilty of the same for 1991-92. (2) Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total irrigated area under R&M. Sources : (1) Directoratete Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in (For TE 1983-84 and TE 1993-94) (2) Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, different years (For TE 2003-04 and TE 2009-10) 50

3.4.4 Inter-District Variation in Growth Rates in Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed-Mustard (R&M) There has been wide variation in the positions of the districts in terms of growth in area, production and yield of R&M during last few decades in the State. As presented in Table 3.15, Bhilwara (41.2%), Bundi (38.9%), Chittorgarh (36.8%), Tonk (32.4%) and Kota (27.4%) occupied first five positions during 1980s for achieving significant positive growth in area under R&M. However, during 1990s, the first five positions were occupied by Jaisalmer (53.7%), Churu (20.6%), Jhunjhunu (9.6%), Jhalawar

(9.5%) and Baran (2.95%) for the same. During 2000s, the first five positions were occupied by Barmer (29.4%), Dungarpur (26.9%), Chittorgarh (22.7%), Tonk (22.3%) and Udaipur (20.3%) for achieving significant positive growth in area under R&M. It is worth-mentioning that about 26 districts out of 33 districts of the State (79%) have achieved significant positive growth in area under R&M during a sufficiently longer period of 1980-81 to 2009-10. Only five districts experienced negative growth in area under R&M during the corresponding period. Only during 1990s, the state has experienced some adverse conditions for which about 23 districts have suffered with negative growth in area under R&M. Afterwards, there has been very good growth in area under the rapeseed-mustard in the state.

Similar trend has been observed in the case of production of R&M in

Rajasthan. The growth in production of R&M has been much better during 1980s and

2000s compared to 1990s. More number of districts have exhibited considerable positive growth during 1980s and 2000s (Table 3.16). However, the growth in yield has been better during 1980s and 1990s compared to 2000s (Table 3.17).

Bhilwara (45.2%), Chittorgarh (44.7%), Bundi (42.2%), Kota (31.7%) and

Jaisalmer (30.4%) occupied first five positions during 1980s in terms of significant positive growth in production of R&M. However, during 1990s, the first five positions were occupied by Jaisalmer (55.7%), Churu (22.2%), Jhunjhunu (12.2%), Jhalawar

(10.9%) and Baran (7.7%) for the same. During 2000s, the first five positions were occupied by Chittorgarh (25.9), Jhalawar (25.0%), Dungarpur (24.2%), Tonk (22.8%) and Barmer (20.0%), for achieving significant positive growth in production of R&M.

Table 3.15: Classification of Districts according to Growth in Area under Rapeseed-Mustard

(CAGR in per cent)

Degree of 1980s 1990s 2000s 1981-82 to 2009-10 growth# (1980-81 to 1989-90) (1990-91 to 1999- (2000-01 to 2009-10) 2000) Significant Bhilwara (41.2***), Jaisalmer (53.7***) Barmer(29.4***), Jaisalmer(34.3***), Positive Bundi (38.9***), Churu (20.6***), Dungarpur(26.9*), Jhalawar(28.1*** ), growth in Chittorgarh(36.8***), Jhunjhunu (9.6***), Chittorgarh(22.7)*, Bundi(13.0***), Area Tonk(32.4***), Kota Jhalawar(9.5*), Tonk(22.3), Churu(12.2***), (27.4***), Jaisalmer Baran (2.95), Udaipur(20.3), Bhilwara(11.5***), (26.8**), Tonk (2.7), Jhalawar(18.4), Tonk(10.9***), Jaipur(26.2***), Jodhpur(1.66), Rajsamand(16.6), Chittorgarh(8.9 ***), Jhalawar(25.2**) Sikar (1.3) Jaisalmer(16.1*) Jhunjhunu(8.3 ***) Ajmer (23.8***), Bhilwara(15.5), Karauli(7.3**), Dungarpur(17.8)**, Jalore(14.3*), Kota(7.2 ***), S.Madhopur(16.8***), Jodhpur(14.3)***, Ajmer(7.0***), S.Ganganagar(13.2***) Sikar(13.4), Barmer(6.7**), Alwar(12.5***), S.Madhopur(12.5), Sikar(6.7***), Dholpur(11.5***), Bundi(12.1), Bikaner(6.0**), Bharatpur(10.8***), Karauli(11.0**), Jaipur(5.8***), Bikaner(10.5***), Jaipur(10.9), Jodhpur(5.5***), Churu(6.8), Kota(9.9),Baran(8.8), Alwar(4.4***), Jhunjhunu(6.5*), Dausa(7.8*), Nagaur(4.3***), Pali(5.2***), Sirohi(7.5), S.Madhopur(4.1***), Jodhpur(5.1***), Bikaner(7.4), Dungarpur(3.7*), Sirohi(3.7), Banswara(7.0**), S.Ganganagar (3.2), Sikar(2.6), Pali(6.1), Hanumangarh(3.1), Ajmer(4.6), Baran(2.7), Nagaur(3.1), Bharatpur(2.4), Alwar(2.8) Dausa(2.2* ), Significant Barmer(-4.99) Sirohi(-16.6**), Pratapgarh(-31.97) Pratapgarh(-31.97***) Negative Banswara(-3.7), Banswara (-13.7***), Banswara(-6.80***), Growth in Pali(-13.1), Dungarpur(- Area 12.3), Chittorgarh(- 10.98*), Udaipur(-10.5), Jalore(-8.9), Rajsamand(-8.5), Hanumangarh (-8.1**), Sawai Madhopur(- 6.6**), Bharatpur(-6.2***), Karauli(-6.2), Jaipur(- 5.4), Dholpur(-5.1)**, Sri Ganganagar(-4.1**), Kota(-3.3), Alwar(- 2.7***), Bhilwara(-2.0), Positive NIL Nagaur(0.94) Bharatpur(0.88), Udaipur(0.70), Stagnant S.Ganganagar(0.67), Jalore(0.47) Area Jhunjhunu(0.61), Hanumangarh(0.03**) Negative Jalore(-0.42) Bikaner(-0.32), Churu(-0.91) Sirohi(-0.18), Stagnant Dausa(-0.92), Pali(-0.90) Area Ajmer(-0.93) Notes: (1) *, **, *** represents the significant level at 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively. (2) # Significant Positive growth implies annual growth rate upto +2; significant negative growth implies annual growth rate less than -2.0; positive stagnant growth implies annual growth rate between 0 and +1.0; and negative stagnant growth implies annual growth rate between 0 and -1.0. (3) Figures in parentheses are the CAGR in percent. (4) The compound annual growth rates in area under R&M in the state of Rajasthan during 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and whole period (198081 to 2009-10) were 11.8 per cent, -1.5 per cent, 6.4 per cent and 5.4 per cent, respectively. Sources: Computed from GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

Table 3.16: Classification of Districts according to Growth in Production of Rapeseed- Mustard

(CAGR in per cent) Degree of 1980s 1990s 2000s Whole period growth# (1980-81 to 1989-90) (1990-91 to 1999-2000) (2000-01 to 2009-10) (1981-82 to 2009-10) Significant Bhilwara(45.2), Jaisalmer(55.7), Chittorgarh(25.9), Jaisalmer(33.5), Increase in Chittorgarh(44.7) Churu (22.2), Jhalawar(25.0), Jhalawar(31.5), Production Bundi(42.2), Jhunjhunu(12.2), Dungarpur(24.2), Bundi(14.95), Kota (31.7), Jhalawar(10.9), Tonk(22.8),Barmer(20.0), Bhilwara(12.7), Jaisalmer(30.4), Baran(7.7), Jaipur(17.9), Tonk(12.4), Churu(12.1), Jhalawar(29.7), Tonk(6.5), Sawai Madhopur(16.9), Karauli(11.9), Ajmer(27.4), Jodhpur(6.3), Jalore(16.1), Jhunjhunu(11.6), Tonk(27.4), Bikaner(4.3), Udaipur(16.1), Chittorgarh(11.3), Jaipur(25.7), Sikar(14.5), Kota(10.2), Dungarpur(21.1), Jodhpur(13.4), Sikar(9.6),Jodhpur(8.1), Alwar(16.8), Sawai Bundi(13.2),Kota(13.1), Bikaner(7.7), Madhopur(16.7) Dausa(12.9), Nagaur(7.1), Sri Karauli(12.6), Baran(6.5), Alwar(6.4), Ganganagar(16.1) Bhilwara(10.7), Jaipur(6.3), Bharatpur(13.1), Baran(10.6), Barmer(5.98),Ajmer(5.8), Jodhpur(10.4), Ajmer(10.4), Hanumangarh(5.4), Nagaur(10.4), Rajsamand(9.6), S.Madhopur(5.2), Churu(9.8), Sirohi(9.1), Dungarpur(5.2), Dholpur(8.8), Banswara(8.6), S.Ganganagar(5.1), Pali(8.7), Jaisalmer(8.0), Dausa(4.3), Jhunjhunu(7.3), Alwar(7.7), Bharatpur(4.2), Jalore(5.5), Pali(7.3),Bharatpur(6.3), Dholpur(3.2), Sirohi(2.5), Bikaner(4.4),Hanumangar Rajsamand(3.2), h(3.8), Udaipur(3.1), Nagaur(3.3), Jalore(2.6), Significant Udaipur(-2.82), Kota(-1.8), Nagaur(-2.1), Pratapgarh(-34.45) Banswara(-5.09), Decline in Bikaner(-2.99) Dholpur(-2.3), Pratapgarh(-34.45) production Bharatpur(-3.2), Udaipur(-3.2), Dausa(-3.98), Karauli(- 6.1),Ajmer(-6.7), Rajsamand(-7.3), Jaipur(-8.6), H.Garh(-9.3), S.Madho(-9.7), Jalore(-9.9), Dungarpur(-11.3), Chittorgarh(-11.6), Banswara(-12.6), Pali(-15.2),Sirohi(-17.8), Positive Sikar, Sikar,Bundi,Tonk Ajmer,Jhunjhunu,,Dholpur Pali, Sirohi, Jalore, Udaipur trend but Jhunjhunu, , Sawai statistically Churu, Madhopur,Bikaner, non- Pali, Churu, Jaisalmer, significant* Jalore, Hanumangarh. Sirohi, Nagaur,Pali,Sirohi, Udaipur Kota,Baran,Bundi,Jhalaw ar, Dungarpur,Udaipur Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Jalore, Chittorgarh, Tonk, Karauli, Barmer Negative Bikaner, Ajmer, Dausa, Bharatpur, Sri Ganganagar NIL trend but Barmer, Dholpur, Sri Ganganagar, Jalore statistically Banswara, Barmer, Nagaur, Udaipur non- Jalore, Kota, Dungarpur, significant* Udaipur, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Jaipur, Pali Notes: (1) * Growth rates for the districts are not significant at 5% level of significance. (2) # Significant increase in production implies annual growth rate upto +2; significant decline in production implies annual growth rate less than -2.0.; (3) Figures in parentheses are the CAGR in percent. (4) The compound annual growth rates in production of R&M in the state of Rajasthan during 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and whole period (1980-81 to 2009-10) were 15.0 per cent, -0.2 per cent, 8.0 per cent and 7.3 per cent, respectively. Sources: Computed from GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

Table 3.17: Classification of Districts according to Productivity Levels and Growth in Productivity of Rapeseed - Mustard in the State (CAGR in per cent) Significant increase in yield Significant decline in Stagnant Stagnant yield yield with yield with positive sign negative sign 1980s (1980-81 to 1989-90) High Productivity (> Barmer (5.1) Bharatpur(2.01), Dholpur (-2.5) Nil Sawai State level average Sri Ganganagar (2.5*),Alwar Madhopur yield) (3.9***), (-0.14) Chittorgarh(5.7***),Nagaur(8.7), Kota(3.3*),Ajmer(2.9**) Low Productivity Dungarpur(2.8**), Sirohi (-1.2), Jhunjhunu Jaipur (-0.4) Jaisalmer(2.8***), Tonk(-3.8), (0.8) Sikar (-1.0) Banswara (2.8***), Churu (2.8***), Bikaner(-12.2) Bhilwara(2.8***),Bundi (2.4**), Udaipur(-3.9**) Jhalawar(3.6),Jodhpur (5.1), Jalore(5.9***), Pali(3.4) 1990s (1990-91 to 1999-2000) High Productivity Kota (1.5), Sri Ganganagar (3.5), Sirohi (-1.5), Karauli (0.1) Nil Bharatpur (3.3) Alwar (4.5)**, Nagaur(-3.1), Dholpur (3.0), Baran (4.6)*, Hanumangarh Jodhpur(4.5*), Jaisalmer (1.3), (-1.3), Churu (1.3), Jhalawar (1.3), Dausa(-3.1) Barmer (1.3), Rajsamand(1.3),Dungarpur(1.9), Banswara(1.2) Low Productivity Bhilwara (1.6), Bundi(2.4) Jalore(-1.1), S.Madhopur Sikar (0.7) Chittorgarh Udaipur (8.2)**, Jhunjhunu (2.4) (-3.38) Pali(-2.5), (-0.7) Tonk (3.7) Bikaner(-12.2) Ajmer(-5.8)*, Jaipur (-3.3) 2000s (2000-01 to 2009-10) High Productivity Kota (2.8), Baran(1.7*), Sri Ganganagar Nil Jodhpur (-0.7) Chhttorgarh (2.4), (-1.2), Bharatpur(5.3)***, Dholpur(2.1) Pratapgarh (-3.7) Karauli(1.8) ,Alwar(4.49) Jhalawar (5.6*), Banswara (1.5) Low Productivity Hanumangarh(3.8), Dungarpur (-2.1) Udaipur Bundi (1.0) Nil Dausa(4.7**), Nagaur (1.6) (-3.4*) Bhilwara (-4.2**) Jhunjhunu Sawai Madhopur (3.9), Sirohi Rajsamand (-6.0**), (0.8) Jalore (1.5) Churu (1.2) Jaipur(6.2), Barmer (-7.2*), Bikaner (- (0.2) Pali (1.1), Ajmer(5.6) 2.8) Jaisalmer (-7.0) Sikar (1.0) Tonk (0.4) Whole period (1980-81 to 2009-10) High Productivity Karauli (4.3**), Baran (3.8***), 1981-82 to 2009-10High Productivity Kota (2.8***), Bharatpur (1.8***) Hanumangarh(2.3*), Dholpur(1.6***), S.GNagar(1.8***), Alwar(1.9***), Dausa (1.9**), Chittorgarh (2.1***), Nagaur(2.7***), Jhalawar (2.8***), Banswara(1.8***) Low Productivity Jodhpur (2.6***), Bundi (1.7***) Ajmer (-1.1) Jaipur (0.5) Churu (-0.01) Rajsamand (1.42) Dungarpur Jaisalmer (- (1.42***), Sirohi (1.1**), Bhilwara 0.6) (1.1***), jalore (2.1***), S.Madhpur (1.1**), Jhunjhunu(3.1***), Udaipur (2.4***), Sikar (2.7***), Pali (1.08) Tonk (1.3**), Bikaner (1.6) Notes: (1) *, **, *** represents the significant level at 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively. (2) # Significant positive growth implies annual growth rate upto +1; significant negative growth implies annual growth rate less than -1.0; positive stagnant growth implies annual growth rate between 0 and +1.0; and negative stagnant growth implies annual growth rate between 0 and -1.0. (3) The compound annual growth rates in yield of R&M in the state of Rajasthan during 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and whole period (1980-81 to 2009-10) were 2.8 per cent, 1.3 per cent, 1.6 per cent and 1.8 per cent, respectively. (4) The average yield of R&M in the state of Rajasthan during 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and whole period (1980-81 to 2009-10) was 844 kg/ha, 882 kg/ha, 1188kg/ha and 943 kg/ha, respectively. Sources: Computed from GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

It may be observed that about 31 districts out of 33 districts of the State (94%) have achieved significant positive growth in production of R&M during a sufficiently longer period of 1980-81 to 2009-10. Only two districts experienced negative growth in production of R&M during the corresponding period. However, a large number of districts (27) have experienced positive trend but statistically non-significant growth in production of R&M during 2000s. Such cases are very few in preceding and succeeding decades.

The trend in growth in yield of rapeseed-mustard has been magnificent in

Rajasthan. During last three decades, a majority of districts have exhibited significant increase in yield. As presented in Table 3.17, some districts with high productivity (yield > state average) and significant increase in yield during 1980s were Barmer

(5.14%), Bharatpur (2.01%), Sri Ganganagar (2.5%), Alwar (3.9%), Chittorgarh

(5.7%), Nagaur (8.7%), Kota (3.3%) and Ajmer (2.9%). The number of districts with high productivity and significant increase in yield during 1990s was still more (14) than that in 1980s. Baran, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Churu and Jhalawar were some of the districts those have performed well during 1990s over 1980s and entered into the bracket of high productivity and significant increase in yield.

3.5 Sources of Growth in Output of Oilseeds in the State In preceding section, the pattern of growth in area, production and yield of major oilseeds in various districts of Rajasthan has been presented. However, it is imperative to know about the major sources of the growth in production of major oilseeds and competing crops in the State. With the help of decomposition analysis, the relative contribution of area and yield towards the total change in production of major oilseeds and competing crops has been assessed. The analysis helped in identifying the sources of growth in output by breaking the change in production into three effects i.e., area effect, yield effect and interaction effect. The relative contribution of area, yield and their interaction to change in production of total oilseeds, main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop (wheat) in the selected districts of Rajasthan is presented in Table 3.18.

Table 3.18: Decomposition of Main Oilseeds and Competing Crops in the Selected Districts of Rajasthan

(Per cent) State/ Crop Effects Period I Period II Overall Districts (TE 1983-84 to (TE 1993-94 to (TE 1983-84 to TE1993-94) TE2009-10) TE2009-10) Rajasthan Total oilseeds Area 38.94 26.97 26.53 Yield 31.88 59.92 31.47 Interaction 29.18 13.11 42.00 Rapessed- Area 86.83 18.58 55.37 mustard Yield 4.10 73.42 12.52 (main oilseed) Interaction 9.08 8.00 32.11 Wheat Area 2.69 30.37 18.52 (main competing Yield 96.56 57.79 67.10 crop) Interaction 0.75 11.84 14.37 Bharatpur Total oilseeds Area 84.46 -26.40 33.73 Yield 7.34 145.61 36.07 Interaction 8.20 -19.21 30.20 Rapessed- Area 96.35 -17.96 41.04 mustard Yield 1.55 130.89 27.90 (main oilseed) Interaction 2.09 -12.93 31.06 Wheat Area 73.64 47.04 44.49 (main competing Yield 31.58 32.16 40.40 crop) Interaction -5.22 20.79 15.11 Kota Total oilseeds Area 22.07 58.03 23.26 Yield 47.22 27.92 30.93 Interaction 30.71 14.04 45.81 Rapessed- Area 1321.48 -15.96 -71.16 mustard Yield -1655.75 125.51 251.12 (main oilseed) Interaction 434.27 -9.55 -79.96 Wheat Area 189.68 30.06 -210.27 (main competing Yield -193.80 57.95 555.57 crop) Interaction 104.12 11.99 -245.31 Tonk Total oilseeds Area 100.86 45.91 70.49 Yield -0.23 38.03 5.46 Interaction -0.64 16.06 24.05 Rapessed- Area 141.79 43.35 90.59 mustard Yield -5.21 36.00 0.75 (main oilseed) Interaction -36.58 20.66 8.67 Wheat Area -306.98 -1072.17 -424.39 (main competing Yield 569.66 1914.22 1198.67 crop) Interaction -162.68 -742.05 -674.28 Sources : Computed from data collected from: (1) Directoratete Agriculture , Government of Rajasthan, www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in (for TE 1983-84 and TE 1993-94) (2) Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, different years (for TE 2009-10).

If we consider the case of total oilseeds in the State, interaction effect was found to contribute more to the change in output during the overall period of TE1983- 84 to TE 2009-10. The same was the case for the study districts except Tonk. On the other hand, the area effect was dominant during Period I (TE1983-84 to TE 1993-94) and yield effect was dominant during Period II (TE1993-94 to TE 2009-10). During Period I, the expansion of area under oilseeds was the major source of growth in oilseeds production, which was encouraged by introduction of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in 1986 by Government of India. The domestic demand for oilseeds increased manyfold during the 1980s that could be well managed by TMO during later part of Period I. It is well revealed from the fact that the imports of oilseeds in the country came down from 1944 thousand tonnes in 1987-88 to 114 thousand tonnes in 1993-943. The growth in oilseeds production during Period I could not be sustained during 1990s which is marked by the policy of trade liberalization. India’s import bill for edible oils was more than Rs 26,485 crore during 2009-10. To meet with increased domestic demand, there has been serious effort to increase oilseeds production through increase in yield levels. This is well revealed from our data that yield effects have been the major source of growth in oilseeds production during Period II. About 60 per cent of growth in total oilseeds in Rajasthan was due to yield effects during Period II (Table 3.18). As far as the main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) of the State is concerned, the yield effect accounted for 73.4 per cent of total output growth during the corresponding period. Among the study districts, Bharatpur was one of the major districts growing rapeseed-mustard. The yield effect was found to be highest for both total oilseeds (145.6%) and rapeseed-mustard (130.9%) during Period II in the district. However, in other two study districts, i.e., Kota and Tonk, the area effect was still larger than the yield effect for growth in oilseeds output during the same period. For main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) in the State, the area effect was dominant during the overall period (TE1983-84 to TE 2009-10), but the yield effect was dominant during Period II. In Bharatpur and Kota, the yield effect played major role in growth of production of rapeseed-mustard during Period II as well as during the overall period. However, the area effect continued to play dominant role throughout the reference periods in third study district Tonk. The area effect as a source of growth of production of rapeseed-

3 Following TMO in 1986, India’s oilseeds production surpassed the target of 18 million tones, fixed for the Seventh Five Year Plan, with an impressive annual growth rate of about 6 per cent (Jha et al., 2012).

57 mustard during Period I, Period II and overall period in Tonk was 141.8 per cent, 43.4 per cent and 90.6 per cent, respectively. As far the case of major competing crop (wheat) is concerned, the yield effect was found to play dominant role in Rajasthan state as a whole and in Tonk district as well. The yield effect as a source of growth of production of wheat during Period I, Period II and overall period in Rajasthan was 96.6 per cent, 57.8 per cent and 67.1 per cent, respectively. The yield effect as a source of growth of production of wheat during Period I, Period II and overall period in Tonk was 569.7 per cent, 1914.2 per cent and 1198.7 per cent, respectively. Overall, the yield effect played significant role for both main oilseed crop and competing crop in the state, particularly during the Period II. The logical sequence of arguments brings us to know about the factors responsible for significant increase in yield during this period. As intuition says, the increase in irrigation coverage, better nutrient supply through application of adequate fertilizers and pesticides, availability of quality seeds, increased input use efficiency and availability of better technological and institutional infrastructure must have played a crucial role in enhancement of production and productivity of oilseeds and other cash crops during the corresponding period. As could be seen from Table 3.19, the growth in supply of various agricultural inputs in Rajasthan state as well as in study districts has been quite satisfactory. The oilseeds area under irrigation has increased with a compound annual growth rate of 7.5 per cent during last decade (TE 1999-2000 to TE 2009-2010). The irrigated area under total oilseeds (and rapeseed-mustard also) in Bharatpur district has increased by annual growth rate of 8.2 per cent during the corresponding period. The growth in irrigated area under oilseeds has been much better during 2000s than 1990s. Compared to over 7.5 per cent annual growth in irrigated oilseeds area in Rajasthan during a period of TE1999-20 to TE 2009-10, the annual growth in irrigated oilseed area during previous decade (TE1989-90 to TE 1999-2000) was only 2.5 per cent. However, the growth in fertilizer use was better during the period of TE1989-90 to TE 1999-2000 (8.5%) than that during later period of TE1999-20 to TE 2009-10 (7.4%).

Table 3.19 Growth in Input Use for Oilseeds in the State

Input use Rajasthan

TE 1989-90 TE 1999- TE 2009-10 CAGR (%) 2000 (TE 1989-90 (TE 1999-00 to 1999-00) to 2009-10) Irrigated area under 913567 1129323 2134255.0 2.38 7.33 R&M (Ha) Irrigated area under 1046517 1311250 2519565.0 2.54 7.53 Oilseeds (Ha) Annual rainfall (mm) 930.2 589.2 513.9 -4.95 -1.51 Fertiliser use (000 MT) 280920 777275.0 1037210.0 11.97 3.26 Bharatpur Irrigated area under 73685 82142 167066 1.21 8.21 R&M (Ha) Irrigated area under 74150.3 82157 167098 1.15 8.21 Oilseeds (Ha) Annual rainfall (mm) 1097.4 804 604 -3.40 -3.13 Fertiliser use (000 MT) 15555 32503 61909 8.53 7.42 Kota Irrigated area under 50644 40533 78871 -2.44 7.68 R&M (Ha) Irrigated area under 98744 52484 82550 -6.78 5.16 Oilseeds (Ha) Annual rainfall (mm) 1344.4 688.1 691.7 -7.17 0.06 Fertiliser use (000 MT) 39792 61514 60891 4.96 -0.11 Tonk Irrigated area under 20916 59508 113544 12.32 7.44 R&M (Ha) Irrigated area under 22598 60166 113935 11.49 7.35 Oilseeds (Ha) Annual rainfall (mm) 1344.4 688.1 691.7 -7.17 0.06 Fertiliser use (000 MT) 4898 20297 29248 17.11 4.14 Notes: (1) Data on irrigation coverage for 2000-01 has been taken as proxy for TE 1999- 2000. (2) Data on fertiliser use for 1990-91 has been taken as proxy for TE 1989-90 in three study districts. Sources : GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

3.6 Variability in Monthly/Annual Prices of Major Oilseeds in the State The role of various non-price factors in increasing production of oilseeds in the state has been discussed in the preceding section. It is amenable to discuss the growth and relevance of price factors in influencing the growth in area and production of oilseeds in the State. Farmers always desire to get remunerative price for their output to sustain the agricultural venture, given the fact that they face innumerable number of production risks and market risks. In this section, it is attempted to examine the nature of market risks in terms of growth and variability in annual as well as monthly market prices of selected oilseed and competing crop. The growth in Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and Farm Harvest Prices (FHP) has been compared and contrasted. The extent of growth and variation in Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and Farm Harvest Prices (FHP) of major oilseeds in the state of Rajasthan has been presented in Table 3.20. The growth in annual prices of major oilseeds has been impressive in Rajasthan. The FHP of sesamum and soybean, which are the major Kharif oilseeds in the state, has increased from Rs 1412 and Rs 742 in TE 1993-94 to Rs 4367 and Rs 1793 in TE 2009-10, respectively. Similarly, the annual price of major Rabi oilseeds, i.e., rapeseed-mustard and tarameera has increased from Rs 980 and Rs 827 in TE 1993-94 to Rs 2104 and Rs 2071 in TE 2009-10, respectively. It was good to find that the FHP of all major oilseeds was much more than their MSPs in the state.

Table 3.20: Variation in Annual Farm Harvest Price and Minimum Support Price of Major Oilseeds in Rajasthan (Rs/ Quintals) Oilseeds TE 1993-94 TE 2000-01 TE 2009-10 FHP MSP FHP MSP FHP MSP Kharif crops Groundnut 1019 732 1355 1138 2100 1917 Sesamum 1412 NA 2113 1188 4367 2393 Soybean (yellow) 742 517 887 835 1793 1203 Rabi crops Rapeseed-mustard 980 677 1291 1013 2104 1820 Tarameera/Toria 827 647 1081 978 2071 1735 Linseed 1101 NA 1408 NA 2491 NA Sunflower NA 773 NA 1128 NA 1980 Note: FHP stands for farm harvest price; MSP stands for minimum support price

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India

As far the case of the major oilseed and the major competing crop is concerned, the growth in Minimum Support Price and Farm Harvest Price of both rapeseed-mustard (major oilseed) and wheat (major competing crop) has been very impressive too during 2000s compared to 1990s (Figure 3.5). However, the level of variability in prices of rapeseed-mustard was much higher than that of wheat during the corresponding period.

Figure 3.5. Growth in Minimum Support Price and Farm Harvest Price of Rapeseed-mustard and Wheat (1990-91 to 2011-12)

3500

MSP (Rapeseed-mustard) 3000 FHP (Rapeseed-mustard)

2500

) MSP (Wheat) 2000

Rs/Qtl FHP (Wheat)

(

1500 Price

1000

500

As evident from Tables 3.21 and 3.22, the extent of variability in annual wholesale price of rapeseed-mustard was much higher than that of wheat both spatially and temporally. The coefficient of variation of annual wholesale price of Rapeseed-mustard was 9.2 per cent while the coefficient of variation of annual wholesale price of wheat was 5.0 per cent in the State. The variability in price of rapeseed-mustard in terms of CV was found to be relatively more during January

(9.4%) and July (9.1%). On the other hand, the variability in price of wheat in terms of CV was found to be relatively more during December-January and August- September.

Table 3.21 Average Wholesale Price of Main Oilseed Crop (Rapeseed-Mustard) during 2012 (Price in Rs/Qtl.) Districts Janu Februr March April May June July August Septe Octo Nove Dece CV (%) ary ary mber ber mber mber across months Ajmer 2920 3023 3366 3460 3505 3383 3829 3936 3800 3875 3830 3750 9.51 Dausa 3031 2822 3203 3213 3422 3448 3893 4025 3818 3933 3936 3742 11.45 Alwar 3263 3035 3478 3478 3494 3534 4081 4182 3931 3981 3971 3873 9.71 Bharatpur 3160 3220 3433 3537 3552 3711 4082 4186 3972 4104 3979 3975 9.51 Sri Ganganagar 3009 3092 3369 3361 3271 3275 3710 3762 3588 3718 3704 3624 7.55 Hanumangarh 3571 3462 3527 3478 3471 3576 3508 3590 3534 3604 3589 3597 1.49 Barmer 2500 2800 2919 2800 2930 3080 4000 3875 4000 18.13 Baran 2977 3076 3467 3302 3506 3585 4046 4152 3827 3991 4033 3915 10.86 Banswara 2980 3300 7.21 Chittorgarh 3186 3156 3478 3385 3467 4152 4154 3965 4060 3776 3653 10.09 Rajasthan state 3069 3111 3310 3343 3377 3434 3820 3999 3812 3908 3852 3792 9.20 CV (%) across 9.44 5.90 7.33 5.37 7.36 6.62 9.07 5.19 4.10 4.37 4.01 4.04 districts Notes :(1) Out of 33 districts, data are not available for remaining 23 districts of the State. (2) Price of Laha variety of rapeseed-mustard has been presented. Source : http://rsamb.rajasthan.gov.in/, Accessed on dated 24th January 2013

Table 3.22 Average Wholesale Price of Main Competing Crop (Wheat) during 2012 (Price in Rs/Qtl.) District Janua Februr March April May June July August Septe Octo Nove Dece CV (%) ry ary mber ber mber mber across months Ajmer 1394 1295 1530 1583 1380 1325 1466 1510 1418 1375 1395 1505 6.11 Dausa 1230 1128 1230 1197 1287 1218 1351 1429 1344 1413 1379 1458 8.07 Alwar * 1196 1144 1208 1249 1183 1190 1303 1336 1357 1358 1379 1400 7.04 Bharatpur * 1256 1194 1254 1309 1326 1173 1391 1338 1260 1183 1397 6.17 Dholpur* 1370 1100 15.46 Sri Ganganagar* 1222 1296 1243 1326 1316 1319 1404 1488 1355 1381 1449 1434 6.03 Sirohi 1386 1228 1332 1345 1393 1348 1364 1416 1425 1475 1385 1471 4.82 Baran 1150 1123 1242 1145 1164 1372 1115 1561 1559 1591 15.33 Banswara 1241 1195 1215 1273 1242 1311 1308 1411 1284 1381 1398 1394 5.82 Udaipur # 1458 1437 1435 1482 1493 1481 1594 1664 1669 1659 1613 1683 6.41 Rajsamand # 1535 1300 1475 1650 1550 1550 1511 1589 1586 1503 1517 1625 5.83 Rajasthan state 1313 1234 1316 1356 1333 1324 1406 1430 1444 1436 1429 1447 5.03

CV (%) across 9.31 8.02 9.11 12.17 9.36 9.58 6.55 10.60 9.05 7.98 8.67 10.79 districts Notes : * The prices are of the variety Wheat(1482); **The prices are of the variety Wheat(Farmi). For other districts , the price of Wheat(Maxican) variety has been presented, based on availability. Source : Computed from http://rsamb.rajasthan.gov.in/, Accessed on dated 24 January 2013

The average monthly price of rapeseed-mustard was maximum during August and November, whereas the average monthly price of wheat was relatively better during the months of September and December. The average monthly Mandi price of rapeseed-mustard was Rs 3999 per quintal during the month of August of the reference year. The maximum price of rapeseed-mustard was realized in Chittorgarh, Bharatpur and Alwar. On the other hand, the average monthly price per quintal of wheat was relatively more in December (Rs 1447) and September (Rs 1444) of the reference year. Better price of wheat was realized in Udaipur, Rajsamund and Baran districts.

CHAPTER IV PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF OILSEEDS PRODUCTION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

4.1. Introduction

The cultivation of oilseeds involves higher cost of cultivation and generates higher returns to the farmers compared to cultivation of cereals and other staple crops. The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers also have an important bearing on the decision to cultivate these cash crops. For example, the resource poor farmers normally don’t prefer to go for cash crops because of scarcity of resources. They prefer to cultivate crops involving lower cost of production. On the other hand, the large farmers and resourceful farmers usually prefer to cultivate oilseeds provided necessary provisions are available to them. Thus it is imperative to examine the characteristics of our sample farmers and their level of involvement in cultivation of selected oilseeds. In addition to the socio economic characteristics of sample households, this chapter also discusses about the cropping pattern, production structure, problems and prospects of cultivation of oilseeds in the state of Rajasthan. About 200 households were surveyed from 19 villages as presented in Table 4.1. Out of 19 study villages, 2 villages of Bharatpur district belonged to high area and high yield category. The number of villages covered under the category of high area and low yield and the category of low area and high yield were nine and eight, respectively.

Table 4.1 Distribution of villages and sample households Sl.No Name of Category Name of No. of Name of the villages Total number the district of district the block villages of HHs

1 Bharatpur HH Nandai 1 Bailara 36 (18.0) Veir 1 Pali 36 (18.0) 2 Tonk HL Tonk 2 Prashiya, Mehendwash 37 (18.5) Uniyar 7 Uniyar, Alimpura, Pagdi, 24 Barana, Deveri, Kherliya, Dabla (12.0) 3 Kota LH Ladpura 7 Mandilya, Mandana, 40 Bakashpura, Daulatpur, Dhai manda, Phatakhera and Neemkheri (20.0) Sulantapur 1 Khardiya 27 (13.5) Total 19 200 (100.0) Notes: 1.Districts have been chosen from category of (1)High area - High yield (HH), (2) High area – Low yield (HL) and (3) Low area – High yield (LH) 2. Figures in parentheses are the percentages of total number of Households (HH). Source : Field survey

4.2. Main Characteristics of Sample Households

4.2.1 Socio-Economic Features of Sample Households

Among the selected sample farmers, 19 were marginal farmers, 38 were small farmers, 62 were medium farmers and 81 were large farmers (Table 4.2). The average size of household (HH) for entire sample was of 7.8 persons. However, it is highest for large farmer category (9.0) and lowest for small category of farmers (7.1). The average off-farm income per sample household was Rs 22108 per annum. It was highest in the case of marginal farmer category (Rs 35447) and lowest in the case of small farmer category (Rs 15368). Near about 89.5 per cent members had crop farming as the main source of livelihood. The crop farming was the main source of livelihood for 96.3 per cent of large farmers and for 95.2 per cent of medium farmers. Surprisingly, only 36.8 per cent of marginal farmers are found to depend on crop farming as their main source of livelihood. Among remaining sample households of marginal farmers category, dairy and farm labour was found to be the main source of livelihood for 36.8 per cent and 26.3 per cent households respectively. Dairy was found to be the major subsidiary source of income for the sample households.

Table 4.2: Socio-economic Features of Sample Households Indicators Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms No. of farmers 19 38 62 81 200 Age (years) 41.78 48.53 49.4 47.36 47.69 Main Occupation (%) Crop farming 36.8 92.1 95.2 96.3 89.5 Service 0.0 0.0 1.6 3.7 2.0 Dairy 36.8 7.9 3.2 0.0 6.0 Farm Labour 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Off Farm Income(Rs/Yr) 35447 15368 22734 21931 22108 Education 8.5 7.1 8.1 8.4 8.1 (years of schooling) Average Family Size 5.7 6.2 7.9 9.0 7.8 (no) Male 3.2 3.1 3.9 4.7 4.0 Female 2.5 3.2 4.0 4.2 3.8 Social Groups (%) General 5.3 5.3 12.9 4.9 7.5 SC/ST 15.8 13.2 24.2 34.6 25.5 OBC 78.9 81.6 62.9 60.5 67.0 Head of Household (%) Male 94.7 97.4 93.5 92.6 94.0 Female 5.3 2.6 6.5 7.4 6.0 Source: Field Survey

The Table 4.2 reveals that, about 67 per cent sample households belonged to OBC category, 25.5 percent HHs belonged to SC/ST category and remaining 7.5 per cent HHs belonged to general caste category. The farmer category wise analysis of caste composition reveals that about 81.6 percent HHs of small farmer category belonged to OBC category whereas 34.6 percent large farmer category of HHs belonged to SC/ST category. The average number of years of schooling was about 8.1 years for the sample households. Surprisingly, the number of years of schooling was highest of 8.5 years for the marginal farmers and was lowest of 7.1 years for the small farmers.

The majority of decisions were taken by male farmers and that was observed in the case of about 94 per cent of our sample HHs. Only 6 per cent sample HHs had females as decision makers or head of household. About 51.3 per cent family members were male and 48.7 per cent were female. The proportion of female members was lowest (43.5%) in marginal farmer category of households and was highest (51.1%) in small farmer category of households. The average age of the respondents was 47.7.

4.2.2 Characteristics of Operational Holdings The net sown area (NSA) and gross cropped area (GCA) of a sample household was found to be 5.3 ha and 8.1 ha respectively, which implies that the cropping intensity in the study area was 152 per cent. Thus the agricultural lands have been utilized in an effective manner by the sample farmers. It can be observed from Table 4.3 that almost entire owned land of the sample farmers has been put under cultivation, i.e., the size of fallow land/ waste land was minimal or non-existent. Only in the case of some medium farmers, fallow or wasteland of 0.1 ha per household was found. However, the size of operational holding was found to be much more than the size of available own area for cultivation. The size of available own area for cultivation was 3.7 ha whereas the size of operational holding was 5.3 ha. The size of operational holding in the case of small, medium and large farmers was 1.6 ha, 3.1 ha, and 9.8 ha, respectively. It may be noted that the proportions of leased in and leased out land was very less in the case of our sample farmers. It was good to see that the area under irrigation was 91.3 per cent of total operated area. The irrigated area for the categories of marginal farmers, small farmers, medium farmers and large farmers was 73.2 per cent, 74.4 per cent, 85.7 per cent and 94.2 per cent, respectively.

Table 4.3 Land Ownership Pattern of Sample Households (Area in ha) Indicators Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms 1. Total owned land Irrigated 0.70 (76.9) 1.19 (75.0) 2.18 (85.0) 5.85 (93.5) 3.34 (89.8) Un-irrigated 0.21 (23.1) 0.40 (25.0) 0.39 (15.0) 0.40 (6.5) 0.38 (10.2) Total 0.91 (100.0) 1.59 (100.0) 2.56 (100.0) 6.26 (100.0) 3.72 (100.0) 2. Area under cultivation Irrigated 0.70 (76.9) 1.19 (75.0) 2.18 (85.0) 5.83 (93.5) 3.33 (89.8) Un-irrigated 0.21 (23.1) 0.40 (25.0) 0.39 (15.0) 0.40 (6.5) 0.38 (10.2) Total 0.91 (100.0) 1.59 (100.0) 2.56 (100.0) 6.24 (100.0) 3.71 (100.0) 3. Leased-in land Irrigated 0.03 (100.0) 0.10 (100.0) 0.51 (89.2) 3.40 (95.6) 1.56 (94.9) Un-irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.06 (10.8) 0.16 (4.4) 0.08 (5.1) Total 0.03 (100.0) 0.10 (100.0) 0.57 (100.0) 3.56 (100.0) 1.64 (100.0) 4. Leased-out land Irrigated 0.15 (100.0) 0.13 (100.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (100.0) 0.05 (100.0) Un-irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Total 0.15 (100.0) 0.13 (100.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (100.0) 0.05 (100.0) 5. Total Operational holding (2+3-4) Irrigated 0.57 (73.2) 1.16 (74.4) 2.69 (85.7) 9.22 (94.2) 4.84 (91.3) Un-irrigated 0.21 (26.8) 0.40 (25.6) 0.45 (14.3) 0.56 (5.8) 0.46 (8.7) Total 0.78 (100.0) 1.56 (100.0) 3.13 (100.0) 9.78 (100.0) 5.30 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are the percentages of total. Source: Field survey

4.2.3 Nature of Tenancy The tenancy contract, particularly share-cropping is the most popular form of tenancy contract. With this arrangement, a given fraction of output is paid as rent that makes the tenant, to some extent, to be insulated against output fluctuations, because he can share some of these fluctuations with his landlord. This is primarily an ex-ante risk management strategy used widely by the farmers to reduce their risk level in the drought prone areas. However, in our study area in Rajasthan, we found that the major proportion of sample farmers preferred fixed rent in cash form of tenancy contract instead of share cropping.

Table 4.4 shows the nature of tenancy in leased- in land in the study area. It may be seen that near about 36 per cent of HHs were having leased in land constituting about 30.2 per cent of total operated area. It is surprising to note that, the large farmers and medium farmers had major share of leased-in area among the farm

68 categories. About 54.3 per cent large farmers had 36.4 per cent of net operated area under leased-in category. Similarly, about 35.5 per cent medium farmers had 18.1 per cent of net operated area under leased-in category.

Table 4.4: Terms of Lease Incidence of Terms of Leasing Terms of Lease (Rent/amount) Farm % area % HHs For Fixed Fixed Output Output Output Share Size leased- leasing fixed money money shared shared shared Cropping in in money (Rs/HH) (Rs/Ha) (Qtl/Ha) (Qtl/HH) (%) Marginal 3.2 5.3 100.0 0.0 15000 31250 0.0 0.0 0.0 Small 6.2 13.2 100.0 0.0 23800 30000 0.0 0.0 0.0 Medium 18.1 35.5 59.1 40.9 33404 26288 10.5 21.2 50.0 Large 36.4 54.3 75.0 25.0 214833 28049 15.3 48.1 50.0 All farms 30.2 36.0 72.2 27.8 147264 27858 13.7 36.0 50.0 Source : Field survey.

The term of lease for about 72.2 per cent of HHs with leased-in lands was fixed rent in cash and for remaining 27.8 per cent HHs, it was share cropping. Among the sample households with ‘fixed money’ term of lease (52 out of 200), the fixed money paid for leasing in the land was Rs 147264 per HH and Rs 27858 per ha. On the other hand, among the sample households with ‘share cropping’ term of lease (20 out of 200), the output shared for leasing in the land was 36 quintals per HH and 13.7 quintals per ha. In percentage term, half of crop output was shared between the tenant and landlord as per the term of share cropping. It was surprising to find that not a single farmer belonging to marginal and small category adopted share cropping as the term of lease.

4.2.4 Sources of Irrigation

Production of most oilseed crops requires adequate water at critical growth stages. This makes protective irrigation a prerequisite for better profitability. Water quality and quantity are both important for healthy growth of oilseed crops. As is revealed by Table 4.5, about 91.6 per cent of GCA was irrigated through different sources by a sample farmer on an average. Among different farmer categories, large farmers were found to irrigate 94.6 per cent of GCA, followed by medium farmers with 86.9 per cent gross irrigated area. As far as different sources of irrigation are concerned, highest of 41.5 per cent of total operated area of sample farmers was irrigated by tube wells followed by dug wells (41%), usually run by electricity and/or diesel. Canal and tank and other source of irrigation had minor presence in the study area as their joint

69 contribution was about 14 per cent in the case of our sample farmers. The irrigated area by only canals was 13.5 per cent of GCA only. The canal as a source of irrigation was found to be used mainly by large and medium farmers only.

Table 4.5 Irrigated Area by Sources Indicators Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Area under irrigation 73.7 74.9 86.9 94.6 91.6 (% to GCA) Sources of irrigation (%) Dug well 42.1 52.6 58.1 22.2 41.0 Tube well 26.3 15.8 25.8 69.1 41.5 Ponds/Rivers 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.5 Canal 5.3 7.9 14.5 17.3 13.5 Source: Field survey.

4.2.5 Cropping Pattern of Sample Farmers

Since our main objective is to analyze the problems and prospects in cultivation of oilseeds in the State so as to increase the area and productivity of oilseed crops, creating employment opportunities and enhancement of income of the farmers, it is pertinent to examine cropping pattern adopted by the sample households and particularly proportion of area devoted to different type of oilseeds and other cash crops. It is also worthwhile to examine and compare the cropping pattern during Kharif, Rabi and Summer and the proportion of GCA devoted to oilseed crops in various seasons. The cropping pattern of the sample household is presented in Table 4.6 that exhibits the area under different crops and their percentage share to the respective crop groups. The GCA per HH was 8.1 ha for all farmers taken together whereas the large farmer had highest GCA of 14.5 ha and marginal farmers had minimum GCA of 1.47 ha. Medium and small farmer had 5.1 ha and 2.5 ha of GCA, respectively. Overall, the per-HH area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops cultivated by the sample farmers was 2.97 ha and 5.09 ha, respectively. In case of marginal farmer category, the per-HH area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops was 0.69 ha and 0.79 ha, respectively. The GCA of a HH under small farmer category was 2.5 ha, out of which, the area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops was 1.02 ha and 2.51 ha, respectively. In the case of medium farmer category, the per-HH area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops was 2.01 ha and 3.04 ha, respectively. So far as the large farmer category is concerned, the per-HH area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops was 5.15 ha and 14.52 ha, respectively.

Table 4.6 Cropping Pattern (Area in hectare per HH) Sr. Season/ Irrigated/ Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms No. Crop Unirrigated Kharif crops 1 Rice Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.03 (2.5) 0.00 (0.0) 0.08 (1.6) 0.04 (1.3) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 2 Bajra Irrigated 0.21 (30.9) 0.20 (19.8) 0.59 (29.5) 0.70 (13.6) 0.53 (17.7) Unirrigated 0.03 (4.8) 0.11 (10.6) 0.04 (1.8) 0.02 (0.4) 0.04 (1.4) 3 Maize Irrigated 0.05 (7.1) 0.03 (3.3) 0.10 (4.9) 0.28 (5.4) 0.15 (5.2) Unirrigated 0.06 (8.0) 0.03 (3.4) 0.02 (1.0) 0.02 (0.4) 0.03 (0.9) 4 Jowar Irrigated 0.18 (26.1) 0.22 (21.5) 0.44 (21.8) 0.76 (14.7) 0.50 (16.9) (Grain+ Unirrigated 0.03 (4.0) 0.07 (6.8) 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.2) 0.02 (0.7) Fodder) A Total cereals (1+2+3+4) Irrigated 0.44 (64.1) 0.48 (47.1) 1.13 (56.2) 1.81 (35.2) 1.22 (41.0) Unirrigated 0.12 (16.8) 0.21 (20.8) 0.06 (2.8) 0.05 (1.0) 0.09 (3.0) Total 0.56 (80.9) 0.69 (67.9) 1.18 (59.1) 1.87 (36.2) 1.31 (44.0) 5 Green Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.8) 0.01 (0.1) 0.01 (0.3) gram Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 6 Black gram Irrigated 0.03 (3.8) 0.00 (0.0) 0.15 (7.3) 0.25 (4.8) 0.15 (5.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (1.2) 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.3) B Total Kharif pulses(5+6) Irrigated 0.03 (3.8) 0.00 (0.0) 0.16 (8.1) 0.25 (4.9) 0.16 (5.2) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (1.2) 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.3) Total 0.03 (3.8) 0.00 (0.0) 0.19 (9.3) 0.25 (4.9) 0.16 (5.5) Oilseeds 7 Groundnut Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.6) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.3) 0.01 (0.3) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 8 Sesamum Irrigated 0.03 (3.8) 0.06 (6.3) 0.15 (7.4) 0.48 (9.3) 0.26 (8.6) Unirrigated 0.07 (9.5) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (1.0) 0.06 (1.1) 0.03 (1.2) 9 Sunflower Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 10 Soybean Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.14 (13.6) 0.28 (14.2) 2.23 (43.2) 1.02 (34.2) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.05 (5.3) 0.14 (7.1) 0.12 (2.3) 0.10 (3.5) C Total Kharif oilseeds (7+8+9+10) Irrigated 0.03 (3.8) 0.21 (20.6) 0.43 (21.6) 2.72 (52.9) 1.28 (43.1) Un-irrigated 0.07 (9.5) 0.05 (5.3) 0.16 (8.1) 0.18 (3.4) 0.14 (4.6) Total 0.09 (13.4) 0.27 (25.9) 0.59 (29.6) 2.90 (56.3) 1.42 (47.8) 11 Guar Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (1.4) 0.01 (0.4) 0.03 (0.6) 0.02 (0.6) Un-irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 12 Others Irrigated 0.01 (1.9) 0.04 (4.1) 0.03 (1.4) 0.05 (1.0) 0.04 (1.3) (Dhecha) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 13 Cotton Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 14 Vegetables Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.6) 0.00 (0.1) 0.05 (1.0) 0.02 (0.7) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) D Others kharif crops(11+12+13+14+15) Irrigated 0.01 (1.9) 0.06 (6.2) 0.04 (2.0) 0.13 (2.6) 0.08 (2.7) Un-irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Total 0.01 (1.9) 0.06 (6.2) 0.04 (2.0) 0.13 (2.6) 0.08 (2.7) E Total kharif crops(Total A+B+C+D) Irrigated 0.51 (73.6) 0.76 (73.8) 1.76 (87.9) 4.92 (95.5) 2.73 (92.1) Unirrigated 0.18 (26.4) 0.27 (26.2) 0.24 (12.1) 0.23 (4.5) 0.24 (7.9) Total 0.69 (100.0) 1.02 (100.0) 2.01 (100.0) 5.15 (100.0) 2.97 (100.0)

Table 4.6 continued… Sr. Season/ Irrigated/ Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms No. Crop Unirrigated Rabi crops 15 Wheat Irrigated 0.21 (27.2) 0.38 (25.6) 0.81 (26.8) 2.26 (24.1) 1.26 (24.7) Unirrigated 0.05 (5.9) 0.16 (10.5) 0.06 (2.0) 0.07 (0.7) 0.08 (1.6) 16 Barley Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.03 (1.8) 0.02 (0.7) 0.02 (0.2) 0.02 (0.4) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) F Total Rabi Cereals(15+16) Irrigated 0.21 (27.2) 0.41 (27.3) 0.84 (27.5) 2.28 (24.4) 1.28 (25.1) Unirrigated 0.05 (5.9) 0.16 (10.5) 0.06 (2.0) 0.07 (0.7) 0.08 (1.6) 17 Gram Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.16 (1.7) 0.06 (1.3) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.06 (2.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.4) G Total Rabi Pulses Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.16 (1.7) 0.06 (1.3) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.06 (2.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.4) Total 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.06 (2.0) 0.16 (1.7) 0.08 (1.6) 18 Sonf Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.3) 0.02 (0.2) 0.01 (0.2) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 19 Cumin Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.01 (0.3) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 20 Garlic Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.3) 0.04 (1.3) 0.06 (0.6) 0.04 (0.7) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 21 Coriander Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (1.1) 0.05 (1.7) 0.97 (10.3) 0.41 (8.1) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.5) 0.18 (1.9) 0.08 (1.5) 22 Vegetables Irrigated 0.01 (1.1) 0.01 (0.6) 0.02 (0.6) 0.11 (1.2) 0.05 (1.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) H Total spices and vegatables (18+19+20+21+22) Irrigated 0.01 (1.1) 0.03 (2.0) 0.12 (4.1) 1.15 (12.3) 0.51 (10.1) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.02 (0.5) 0.18 (1.9) 0.08 (1.5) Total 0.01 (1.1) 0.03 (2.0) 0.14 (4.6) 1.33 (14.3) 0.59 (11.6) Oilseeds 23 Rapeseed- Irrigated 0.36 (45.5) 0.69 (46.3) 1.66 (54.7) 5.21 (55.7) 2.79 (54.8) mustard Unirrigated 0.16 (20.4) 0.21 (13.9) 0.28 (9.1) 0.30 (3.2) 0.26 (5.2) I Total Rabi oilseeds Irrigated 0.36 (45.5) 0.69 (46.3) 1.66 (54.7) 5.21 (55.7) 2.79 (54.8) Unirrigated 0.16 (20.4) 0.21 (13.9) 0.28 (9.1) 0.30 (3.2) 0.26 (5.2) Total 0.52 (65.9) 0.89 (60.2) 1.94 (63.8) 5.52 (58.9) 3.05 (60.0) J Total Rabi crops (F+G+H+I) Irrigated 0.58 (73.7) 1.12 (75.6) 2.62 (86.3) 8.81 (94.1) 4.65 (91.3) Unirrigated 0.21 (26.3) 0.36 (24.4) 0.42 (13.7) 0.55 (5.9) 0.44 (8.7) Total 0.79 (100.0) 1.48 (100.0) 3.04 (100.0) 9.36 (100.0) 5.09 (100.0) K Sugarcane Irrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.1) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) Unirrigated 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) 0.00 (0.0) L Gross cropped area (E+J+K) Irrigated 1.09 (73.7) 1.88 (74.9) 4.39 (86.9) 13.73 (94.6) 7.38 (91.6) Unirrigated 0.39 (26.3) 0.63 (25.1) 0.66 (13.1) 0.78 (5.4) 0.68 (8.4) Total 1.47 (100.0) 2.51 (100.0) 5.04 (100.0) 14.52 (100.0) 8.06 (100.0) Notes: (1) Figures in parentheses are the percentages of respective group total (2) No summer crop was found to be cultivated by the sample farmers. Source: Field survey 72

Among various Kharif crops, the share of cereals, pulses and oilseeds was 44.0 per cent, 5.5 per cent and 47.8 per cent, respectively. Among Kharif oilseeds, soybean was found to be the major crop cultivated by farmers of all categories except marginal farmers and the share of soybean in total Kharif crops was 37.7 per cent. The second major Kharif oilseed was sesamum, which was cultivated by farmers of all categories and the share of sesamum in total Kharif crops was 8.6 per cent. The area under Rabi oilseeds for all selected farmer categories ranged between 58.9 per cent (large farmers) and 65.9 per cent (marginal farmers) of total area under Rabi crops. The rapeseed-mustard was the only crop cultivated by the sample farmers during Rabi season mainly because of better profitability and better marketing channel available for the crop in the region. The total area under oilseeds (Kharif+Rabi) in all categories was 4.5 ha per HH (55.5 per cent of GCA). The share of total oilseeds cultivated by the marginal, small, medium and large farmers in 0.6 ha (41.3%), 1.2 ha (46.2%), 2.5 ha (50.2%) and 8.4 ha (58.0%), respectively. These data also reveals that, as large as 91.0 per cent of total oilseeds were grown in irrigated conditions. There was no much difference between irrigation requirement for Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds. About 90.3 per cent of Kharif oilseeds was grown under irrigated conditions where as about 91.3 per cent of Rabi oilseeds was grown under irrigated conditions.

4.2.6 Yield of Major Crops

Yield and farm harvest price of the crop determine the extent of profitability of the farmers. Yield and profitability are the major driving forces for farmers to decide about the crop they would grow. Thus the change in cropping pattern is largely linked to the extent of variation in yield and profitability. In the case of our sample farmers, a wide variation in yield is found between irrigated and rainfed conditions, particularly in the cases of pulses, oilseeds, spices and vegetables. The average yield of Kharif crops and Rabi crops under rainfed conditions was 17.3 quintals per ha and 11.6 quintals per ha, respectively; whereas the average yield of Kharif crops and Rabi crops under irrigated conditions was 25.5 quintals per ha and 24.9 quintals per ha, respectively (Table 4.7). For all crops taken together, the average yield of irrigated crops and rainfed crops was 25.2 quintals per ha and 14.5 quintals per ha, respectively.

Table 4.7: Average Yield of Major Crops (Yield in quintal per ha) Sr. Irrigated/ All Season/ Crop Marginal Small Medium Large No. Unirrigated farms Kharif crops 1 Rice Irrigated 0.0 15.0 0.0 30.2 28.2 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Bajra Irrigated 18.4 19.0 19.3 24.5 22.0 Unirrigated 14.1 16.8 35.7 32.5 24.5 3 Maize Irrigated 22.2 33.8 33.6 35.6 34.7 Unirrigated 64.8 30.9 16.3 35.2 35.4 4 Jowar (Grain+ Irrigated 19.2 26.9 40.7 52.3 45.9 Fodder) Unirrigated 24.0 20.1 0.0 62.5 30.2 A Total cereals Irrigated 14.9 23.7 23.4 35.6 32.7 Unirrigated 25.7 16.9 13.0 32.6 30.0 5 Green gram Irrigated 0.0 0.0 4.0 16.0 8.0 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 Black gram Irrigated 7.6 0.0 8.5 15.8 13.4 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 38.3 0.0 38.3 B Total Kharif pulses Irrigated 3.8 0.0 6.2 15.9 10.7 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 38.3 0.0 38.3 Oilseeds 7 Groundnut Irrigated 0.0 8.0 0.0 12.4 11.7 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 8 Sesamum Irrigated 0.0 6.7 14.5 9.1 4.3 Unirrigated 0.1 0.0 0.1 6.6 1.1 9 Sunflower Irrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 Soybean Irrigated 0.0 21.8 23.2 21.0 21.2 Unirrigated 0.0 20.7 19.2 16.9 18.3 C Total Kharif oilseeds Irrigated 0.0 9.1 9.4 10.6 10.6 Un-irrigated 0.0 5.2 4.8 10.9 0.8 11 Guar Irrigated 0.0 5.7 8.0 2.8 4.0 Un-irrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 Others Irrigated 3.2 6.0 8.3 8.5 7.8 (Dhecha) Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13 Cotton Irrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14 Vegetables Irrigated 0.0 80.0 175.0 186.8 180.4 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 D Others kharif crops Irrigated 0.8 22.9 47.8 49.5 48.0 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 E Total kharif crops Irrigated 4.9 13.9 21.7 27.9 25.5 Unirrigated 6.4 5.5 9.2 10.9 17.3

Table 4.7 continued… Sr. Irrigated/ All Season/ Crop Marginal Small Medium Large No. Unirrigated Farms Rabi crops 15 Wheat Irrigated 38.9 40.3 39.7 42.5 40.7 Unirrigated 29.7 38.6 40.0 37.9 38.2 16 Barley Irrigated 0.0 9.6 40.1 27.1 27.2 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 F Total Rabi Cereals(15+16) Irrigated 19.5 25.0 39.9 34.8 34.0 Unirrigated 14.9 19.3 20.0 18.9 19.1 17 Gram Irrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.7 22.7 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 16.3 0.0 16.3 G Total Rabi Pulses Irrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.7 22.7 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 16.3 0.0 16.3 18 Sonf Irrigated 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19 Cumin Irrigated 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 2.6 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 Garlic Irrigated 0.0 100.0 15.9 38.9 32.5 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21 Coriander Irrigated 0.0 12.5 15.8 16.5 16.4 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 10.0 13.3 13.1 22 Vegetables Irrigated 50.0 125.0 158.9 133.5 134.6 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H Total spices and vegatables (18+19+20+21+22) Irrigated 10.0 47.5 39.6 37.8 37.5 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.7 2.6 Oilseeds 23 Rapeseed- Irrigated 19.8 22.0 20.0 20.2 20.1 mustard Unirrigated 14.1 20.8 13.3 17.8 16.1 I Total Rabi oilseeds Irrigated 19.8 22.0 20.0 20.2 20.1 Unirrigated 14.1 20.8 13.3 17.8 16.1 J Total Rabi crops Irrigated 9.8 18.9 23.9 23.1 24.9 Unirrigated 5.8 8.0 11.5 8.6 11.6 K Sugarcane Irrigated 0.0 0.0 20.8 0.0 20.8 Unirrigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 L All crops Irrigated 7.4 16.4 22.8 25.5 25.2 Unirrigated 6.1 6.8 10.4 9.7 14.5 Source: Field survey

The average yield of Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds under rainfed conditions was 0.8 quintals per ha and 16.1 quintals per ha, respectively. On the other hand, the average yield of Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds under irrigated conditions was 10.6 quintals per ha and 20.1 quintals per ha, respectively.

4.3 Production, Retention and Marketed Surplus Pattern of Oilseeds

The major oilseeds cultivated by our sample households were sesamum and soybean in Kharif and rapeseed-mustard in Rabi. It was found that, out of the sample size of 200, about 61 farmers cultivated soybean and 33 farmers cultivated sesamum during Kharif season. Since the main oilseed crop for our study was rapeseed-mustard, all 200 households cultivated rapeseed-mustard during Rabi season. The main competing crop for rapeseed-mustard was found to be wheat which was grown by 184 sample farmers. The sample farmers growing soybean produced 76.9 quintals per household on an average, all of which was sold at the average price of Rs 2320.9 per quintal (Table 4.8). In the case of sesamum, the sample farmers produced 15.7 quintals per household on an average, out of which, 15.2 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 4135.3 per quintal. About 0.48 quintals of sesamum was retained per household for use as seed.

Table 4.8 Total Oilseeds Production, Retention and Sale Pattern (Quintals per HH) Kharif oilseed I (Soybean) Kharif oilseed II (Sesamum) Farm Price Price category Production Retention Sold Production Retention Sold (Rs/q) (Rs/q) Marginal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 3800.0 Small 19.8 0.0 19.8 2346.4 8.3 0.2 8.1 4550.0 Medium 38.5 0.0 38.5 2320.0 14.8 0.4 14.5 3677.8 Large 98.8 0.0 98.8 2316.8 17.4 0.6 16.9 4300.0 All farms 76.9 0.0 76.9 2320.9 15.7 0.5 15.2 4135.3 Rabi oilseed I (Rapeseed-mustard) Major competing crop (Wheat) Price Price Production Retention Sold Production Retention Sold (Rs/q) (Rs/q) Marginal 8.5 0.0 8.5 2807.9 12.2 6.9 5.3 1075.0 Small 17.8 0.0 17.8 2973.7 23.8 7.8 16.0 1116.9 Medium 35.4 0.1 35.3 2991.1 37.3 10.2 27.1 1098.3 Large 109.9 0.8 109.1 3117.0 98.7 12.1 86.6 1125.8 All farms 59.7 0.4 59.3 3021.4 59.1 10.3 48.8 1111.7 Source: Field survey

The sesamum crop is not much consumed in Rajasthan state and mainly used for export purpose to foreign countries and other states. As far as the case of main oilseed crop(R&M) is concerned, 59.7 quintals was produced per household, out of which, 59.3 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 3021 per quintal. About 0.35 quintals of rapeseed-mustard was retained per household for use as seed. As far as the case of main competing crop (wheat) is concerned, 59.1 quintals was produced per household, out of which, 48.8 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 1112 per quintal. About 10.3 quintals of wheat per HH was retained for household consumption or for use as seed. In the case of second competing crop (coriander), 42.4 quintals was produced per household, all of which was sold at the average price of Rs 3092 per quintal.

No significant variation in prices of oilseeds and competing crops was observed across farm size classes. However, there was considerable variation in the amount of production and retention of these crops across farm categories. Marginal and small farmers required less for their own use while the large and medium farmers retained larger quantity for use as seed. A large farmer produced as large as 109.9 quintals of rapeseed-mustard on an average, out of which, 109.1 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 3117 per quintal. Both production amount and the price realized were the highest for large farmers compared to other farm categories. On the other hand, a marginal farmer produced least amount of 8.5 quintals of rapeseed- mustard, all of which was sold at the average price of Rs 2808 per quintal. Both production amount and the price were the least for marginal farmers compared to the same for other farm categories.

4.4. Comparative Economics/Profitability of Oilseeds vis-à-vis Competing Crops

4.4.1 Operational Costs, Yield and Net Returns from Cultivation of Oilseeds vis- à-vis Competing Crops

In this section, comparative analysis on variable costs of cultivation, average yield, gross and net returns on cultivation of main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) and major competing crops (wheat and coriander) has been carried out. The gross value of main product and value of by-product of rapeseed-mustard across all size groups of farmers was found to be Rs 57914 and Rs 3583 per ha, respectively (Table 4.9). The total variable cost of cultivation of the crop including material cost and labour cost was

Rs 22123 per ha. Thus, the net income derived from cultivation of rapeseed-mustard was Rs 39374 per ha. The maximum annual net return from cultivation of the crop was earned by large farmers which was Rs 43328 per ha whereas the marginal, small and medium farmers generated the net income of Rs 30401, Rs 37807 and Rs 37925 per ha, respectively.

Table 4.9 Cost, production and Profitability of Major Oilseeds and Competing Crops (Rs/ha) Major oilseed (Rapeseed-mustard) Cost items Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Seed 857 909 682 609 712 Fertilizer & manure 4047 4383 3995 4167 4143 Insecticides & pesticides 199 240 303 243 257 Human labour 8286 9257 7956 7487 8045 (a) Family 3898 2954 1821 1872 2254 (b) Hired 4388 6303 6135 5616 5790 Machine labour 4419 4924 4541 4585 4620 Bullock labour 0 0 0 0 0 Harvesting & threshing 1477 1795 1553 1721 1660 Irrigation 1345 1150 1202 1322 1254 Interest on working capital 1416 1567 1401 1397 1432 1. Total Operational Costs 22046 24225 21632 21531 22123 Yield (Quintals) 17 20 19 20 19 Price(Rs/q) 2808 2979 2996 3117 3024 2. Value of main-product 48502 58391 55464 61774 57914 3. Value of by-product 3945 3642 4093 3085 3583 Net Income (2+3) – (1) 30401 37807 37925 43328 39374 Cost of production/q 1307 1237 1165 1082 1156 Cost of production/ha 22046 24225 21632 21531 22123 Cost items Competing Crop 1(Wheat) Area under crop (Ha.) 0.26 0.53 0.88 2.40 1.32 Seed 2444 2861 2997 2845 2858 Fertilizer & manure 4283 4713 4087 3375 3936 Insecticides & pesticides 114 249 272 262 248 Human labour 5602 7927 7610 6985 7226 (a) Family 2054 1774 1834 1384 1661 (b) Hired 3548 6153 5776 5601 5565 Machine labour 2648 3342 3345 2747 3036 Bullock labour 0 0 0 0 0 Harvesting & threshing 1300 1307 1243 1011 1160 Irrigation 1141 1263 1213 1078 1158 Interest on working capital 1497 1675 1615 1592 1608 1. Total Operational Costs 18071 22890 22274 19528 20873

Table 4.9 continued------

All Marginal Small Medium Large Farms Yield (Quintals) 37 40 38 41 40 Price(Rs/q) 1075 1117 1079 1126 1106 2. Value of main-product 39541 44598 42091 46022 44024 3. Value of by-product 3932 4224 3930 3479 3792 Net Income(2+3) – (1) 25402 25932 23747 29973 26943 Cost of production/q 489 572 579 478 526 Cost of production/ha 18071 22890 22274 19528 20873 Cost items Competing Crop 2(Coriander) Seed 1125 1219 1654 1581

Fertiliser & manure 2313 4104 3808 3760

Insecticides & pesticides 900 770 864 856

Human labour 11656 10964 10691 10771

(a) Family 3750 5729 2428 2845

(b) Hired 7906 5234 8264 7926

Machine labour 4688 1750 3050 3000

Bullock labour 0 0 0 0

Harvesting & threshing 2188 885 868 939

Irrigation 950 775 1019 989

Interest on working capital 1670 1444 1557 1551

1. Total Operational Costs 25489 21911 23511 23447

Yield (Quintals) 13 8 16 15

Price (Rs/q) 3100 3350 3309 3303

2.Value of main-product 38750 24750 52903 49195

3.Value of by-product 0 0 418 352

Net Income(2+3) – (1) 13261 2839 29810 26100

Cost of production/q 2039 2922 1478 1580

Cost of production/ha 25489 21911 23511 23447

Note:* bullock labour has not been used by the majority farmers. Source: Field survey.

The similar analysis on per-ha value of crop output, cost of production and net return from the cultivation of major competing crops (wheat and coriander) reveals that, the cultivation of rapeseed-mustard was much profitable over these competing crops. The net income derived from the cultivation of wheat and coriander was Rs 26943 and Rs 26100 per ha, respectively which were much lower than that of rapeseed-mustard.

The gross value of main product of wheat and coriander across all size groups of farmers was found to be Rs 44024 and Rs 49195 per ha, respectively (Table 4.9). The total operational cost of cultivation of the corresponding crops was Rs 20873 and

Rs 23447 per ha, respectively. Thus the net income derived from cultivation of the corresponding crops was Rs 26943 and Rs 26100 per ha, respectively. The maximum annual net return from cultivation of both competing crops (wheat and coriander) was also earned by the large farmers which were Rs 29973 and Rs 29810 per ha, respectively.

Among the cost components, fertilizer and labour accounted for the largest share of the total operational costs for both main oilseed crop and major competing crops. For cultivation of rapeseed-mustard (R&M), human labour and machine labour accounted for 36.4 per cent and 20.9 per cent of total operational cost, respectively. Fertilizer consumption accounted for 18.7 per cent of total operational cost of cultivation of R&M. Among the other costs, seeds, harvesting/threshing and irrigation charges accounted for 18.7 per cent, 7.5 per cent and 6.5 per cent of total operational cost, respectively. The interest on working capital was about 6.5 per cent of total operational cost of cultivation of R&M. The overall pattern of cost of cultivation for the selected competing crops was similar. The cost on irrigation and harvesting and threshing was found to be less on competing crops than that on the main crop. The irrigation charges for per ha cultivation of wheat and coriander was 5.5 per cent and 4.2 per cent of total operational cost, respectively. The harvesting/threshing charges for per ha cultivation of wheat and coriander was 5.6 per cent and 4.0 per cent of total operational cost, respectively.

4.4.2 Profitability vis-à-vis Risks in Oilseeds Production

Profitability is the major driving force for farmers to decide about the crop they would cultivate. However, farmers often make trade-off between profitability and risk, while choosing a suitable cropping pattern. From the profitability point of view, rapeseed- mustard has proved to be much better option than the competing crops, viz., wheat and coriander. On the production and price risk perspectives, the main crop (rapeseed-mustard) exhibited mixed results. The yield risk and price risk were marginally higher for the main crop. The coefficient of variation (CV) in yield and farm harvest price as the measure of yield risk and price risk for rapeseed-mustard was 28.4 per cent and 12.0 per cent, respectively; whereas the same for wheat was 25.4 per cent and 11.0 per cent, respectively (Table 4.10).

Table 4.10 Profitability vis-à-vis Risks in Oilseeds Production (Coefficient of Variation in per cent) Indicators Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Main crop oilseed I (rapeseed and mustard) Acreage variability 28.8 32.7 34.5 70.3 106.4 Yield variability 27.8 26.9 28.6 28.5 28.4 Price variability 18.9 11.0 11.0 10.7 12.0 Net income variability 56.5 42.3 35.1 36.8 39.8 Main competing crop (wheat) Acreage variability 66.9 49.6 53.6 82.4 115.2 Yield variability 26.9 22.6 28.0 23.8 25.4 Price variability 7.3 8.5 15.5 8.0 11.0 Net income variability 77.0 62.2 58.7 71.6 66.7 Source: Field survey.

It may be noted that the income risk and acreage risk was found to be higher for the major competing crop (wheat) than the main oilseed crop (R&M). The coefficient of variation in acreage and net income from the crop as the measure of acreage risk and net income risk for rapeseed-mustard was 106.4 per cent and 39.8 per cent, respectively; whereas the same for wheat was 115.2 per cent and 66.7 per cent, respectively. For both the crops, the extent of acreage risk and income risk was found to be considerably larger than the extent of yield risk and price risk.

4.4.3 Yield and Technology Gap in Cultivation of Main Oilseed Crop

The yield gap analysis was conducted for the main crop rapeseed-mustard to ascertain the gap between the potential yield and actual yield and between the experimental yield and actual yield. As presented in Table 4.11, the average potential yield of rapeseed-mustard was 24.7 quintal per ha and the average experimental yield of the main crop was 20.4 quintal per ha. However, the average actual yield of the crop was found to be only 19.1 quintal per ha. Thus, the yield gap-I, i.e., the gap between the experimental yield and potential yield was (-) 4.3, whereas the yield gap- II, i.e., the gap between the actual yield and potential yield was 5.6 q/ha. The yield gap-III, i.e., the gap between the experimental yield and actual yield (often known as extension gap) was found to be 1.3 q/ha. Among the three types of yield gap, the yield gap –II was found to be the highest. Thus the prevailing level of yield gap is

81 considerably large which has also been supported by some other studies conducted for other regions of Rajasthan4.

Table 4.11: Yield Gap Analysis (Quintal/Ha) Yield Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms

1. Experimental Farm Yield 20.4 20.4 20.3 20.5 20.4 2. Potential farm Yield 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.7 3. Actual Farm Yield 16.9 19.6 18.6 19.9 19.1 Yield Gap I (1-2) -4.3 -4.3 -4.4 -4.3 -4.3 Yield Gap II (2-3) 7.8 5.1 6.1 4.8 5.6 Yield Gap III (1-3) 3.5 0.84 1.69 0.58 1.25 Technology Index 17.46 17.36 17.74 17.22 17.45 Notes : (1)Experimental and potential farm yields have been collected from ICAR/State Agri. University scientists (2). Technology index={(Potential yield – Experimental yield)/ Potential yield} x 100 Source: Field Survey

It may be noted that the yield gap-II and yield gap-III are the highest for the marginal farmers and the lowest for the large farmers. Thus the marginal farmers have experienced the larger fluctuation in yield of rapeseed-mustard. Since the experimental yield and potential yield are much higher than the actual yield, there is need to enhance level of actual yield by further expansion of irrigation provisions, development of micro-level water resources in rainfed areas of the state, ensuring efficient water management through micro-irrigation systems and making available better quality farm inputs sufficiently at reasonable prices.

The feasibility of technology is found to be more in the case of large farmers as the Technology Index for the corresponding farmer category was the lowest (17.22). The analysis on technology gap in cultivation of rapeseed-mustard in Rajasthan as presented in Table 4.12 reveals that, there was huge gap found in land preparation, fertilizer dose applied, weeding, disease management, control of pesticides and insecticides. Less gags were found in the case of kind of rapeseed-mustard variety used, seed rate and harvesting methods.

4 A study conducted by Meena et al (2012) in Rajsamund district also found that the yield of rapeseed-mustard with improved package and practice (IP) under irrigated conditions ranges from 15.89 to 18.64q/ha whereas in farmers practice (FP), it ranges between 12.53 to 14.02q/ha. So, the per cent increase in yield with IP over FP was recorded in the range of 26.82 to 33.14 which was substantially large. 82

Table 4.12: Technology Gap (TG) in Rapeseed-Mustard Cultivation Prevailing at Farmers' Level Sr. No. Parameter Farmers' practices Recommended technology Gap % 1 Varieties Pusa Bold, Pioneer, Jaikishan, T-59, CS-54, RGN-48, Pusa Mustard-21, RGN-73, CS- There was some gap Kaveri, Laxmi 56, Pusa Mustard-22, DMH-1, NRCHB-101, with reference to NRCHB-506, RGN-145, NRCYC-05-02 recommended variety 2 Land Plank the field for rapessed-mustard Soil: loam to clay loam pH: 7.0-8.2, Deep Complete mismatch preparation because of the irregularity in irrigation. ploughing in summer season between About 91.3 per cent land under recommended & rapeseed-mustard is irrigated , 8-10 actual practices times ploughing (by use of tractors or power tiller) before sowing for moister conservation.

3 Seed rate 4-6 kg/ha 4-5 kg/ha No Gap 4 Fertilizers does DAP 100-150 kg/ha, (P 57-72 kg/ha, N N: 70-90 kg/ha, P: 30-50 kg/ha Over dose 22-27 kg/ha) Urea 50-90 kg/ha (N 14- 28 kg/ha), FYM-1-2 tons 5 Weeding Hand picking Remove with khurpi and two wheeled hand-hoe 100 per cent gap with respect to improved tools 6 Disease Primary stage infection- removal of 1. Seed treatment (5 g/kg) with talc based 100 per cent gap Management stem rot infected part formulation of Gr isolate of Trichodema with respect to harzianum reducwd Sclerotinia and Alternaria Chemical control disease , 2. Critical stages for Alternaria blight ourbreak were 45 Das and 75 Das, 3. Neem oil (2%) and neem seed kernel ext 7 Insect-pest Aphid-Severe stage-Application of thio- For Aphid - Spray with oxy-demeton methyl About 90 per cent urea @600 g/ha +600 litre water at the (Metasystox) 25 EC or dimethoate (Rogor) 30 Ec gap with respect to time of flowering for aphid or monocrotophos (Nuvacron) 36 SL @ one litre Chemical control management, Methyl parathion 2% dust in 600-800 litre of water/ha, painted bug - dust the @25kg/ha crop with endosulfan (4%) or quinalphos (1.5%) dust @ 2-025 kg/ha,

8 Harvesting February to March February to March No Gap 9 Yield 19 q/ha Potential yield =24.7 q/ha Gap: 1.4-5.7 q/ha; Research station yield =20.4 q/ha Source: Jha, et al. (2012) and Field survey (2012)

4.5 Access to Improved Technology and Markets for Oilseeds

Better returns on cultivation of agricultural crops largely depend on better price on the agricultural produces that, in turn, depends on the availability and access to improved technology and markets for oilseeds. It is good to find that about 96.5 per cent of the sample farmers have used HYVs for getting better yield of oilseeds (Table 4.13). The area under HYVs was 96.3 per cent of total area under oilseeds. The major source of seeds was market. Only 13.5 per cent of seeds was farmers’ own seed. Most of the sample farmers were aware about the minimum support price (MSP) of their crops

83 that helped them in getting and bargaining for the right price of their produce. It is noteworthy that about 92 per cent of sample farmers have received the price of rapeseed-mustard which was higher than the prevailing MSP.

Table 4.13: Access to Improved Technology and Markets (% households agreed) Particulars Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Use of HYV Yes 100.0 100.0 95.2 95.1 96.5 No 0.0 0.0 4.8 4.9 3.5 Area under HYV (% to total area 100.0 100.0 94.6 96.4 96.3 under oilseeds) Source of seed Own 5.3 13.2 22.6 8.6 13.5 Market purchased 94.7 89.5 79.0 93.8 88.5 Use of recommended doses of fertilizers Yes 26.3 18.4 16.1 12.3 16.0 No 36.8 52.6 83.9 87.7 75.0 Don’t know 36.8 28.9 0.0 0.0 9.0 Awareness about MSP Yes 31.6 52.6 100.0 100.0 84.5 No 68.4 47.4 0.0 0.0 15.5 MSP for 2011-12 (Rs/q) 2500.0 2500.0 2500.0 2500.0 2500.0 Price realization ≥MSP 68.4 92.1 93.5 96.3 92.0

It was found that the majority of farmers used more than recommended doses of fertilizers and pesticides. Only 16 per cent of sample farmers used recommended doses of fertilizers. It may also be noted that the proportion of farmers using the recommended doses of fertilizers has declined with the increase in the farm sizes. About 26.3 per cent of marginal farmers have used recommended doses of fertilizers while only 12.3 per cent of large farmers have used recommended doses of fertilizers.

4.6 Marketing Pattern of Oilseeds It may be observed from Table 4.13 that about 46.5 per cent of farmers expressed that there is marketing problems which can be improved further. As presented in Table 4.14A, about 54 per cent and 22 per cent of farmers cultivating rapeseed- mustard (R&M) have sold their output to local commission agents and village traders respectively. Many small and marginal farmers did not sell directly at Krishi Upaj

Mandi Samitees (KUMS)/ Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) or market ward (mandi) mainly due to high transportation cost. Had they been able to sell their produce at APMC market ward directly, they would have fetched better prices for their produce. Since the distance from APMC market ward was considerably high and the transportation cost was also high, they preferred to sell their output to village traders and commission agents.

Table 4.14A: Sale Pattern of Major Oilseeds (Rapeseed-mustard) Particulars Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Agency to whom sold (% share) Local village trader 47.4 28.9 17.7 16.0 22.0 Processing mill 0.0 0.0 14.5 19.8 12.5 Government agency (NAFED) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Commission agent 47.4 57.9 53.2 54.3 54.0 Private company 5.3 13.2 14.5 9.9 11.5 (contract arrangement) Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Price received (Rs/q) Local village trader 2806 3145 2973 3777 3075 Processing mill NA NA 3006 3125 3082 Government agency NA NA NA NA NA

Commission agent 2767 2873 3030 3111 3009 Private company 3200 3040 2856 3038 2974 (contract arrangement) Others NA NA NA NA NA

Average distance to sale point (km) 10.4 15.4 16.0 19.2 16.7 Source: Field survey

Since the Government agency (NAFED) did not procure R&M, the sample farmers were forced to sell their output to other market agencies. About 47.4 per cent of farmers were found to sell R&M to local village traders while only 16.0 per cent of large farmers sold the same to local village traders. It was found that, the larger the farm size, lesser they sold to the village traders. Among different farmer categories, more number of large farmers (19.8%) could directly sell R&M to processing mill, whereas no marginal and small farmers could sell R&M to processing mill. As is revealed from the same the table, the processing mill offered best prices since there were no middlemen involved. The average price received from processing mill was Rs 3082 per quintal. The lowest average price of R&M was received from the private

85 companies (Rs 2974). About 11.5 per cent farmers had sold their R&M output to private companies under contract arrangement. A majority of farmers (54%) sold their output to commission agents that fetched a price of Rs 3009 per quintal for the corresponding farmers. Astonishingly, maximum price under contract farming went to marginal farmers (Rs 3200). The average distance travelled by the farmers to sell their produce was considerably high (16.7 km). The average distance travelled by the farmers was lowest for marginal farmers (10.4) since most of them sold their output to the local traders. Majority of small farmers (57.9%) sold their R&M output to commission agents and received the price of Rs 2873 per quintal which was found to be the lowest for the small farmers while compared across the marketing agencies available to them. The same is the case for all the sample farmers taken together.

Table 4. 14B: Sale Pattern of Wheat (Main Competing Crop) Particulars Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Number of farmers (wheat) 12 31 56 79 178 Agency to whom sold (% share) Local village trader 75.0 51.6 30.4 11.4 28.7 Processing mill 0.0 0.0 17.9 25.3 16.8 Government agency 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 1.7 Commission agent 25.0 41.9 42.5 55.7 47.2 Private company (contract 0.0 6.5 8.9 3.8 5.6 arrangement) Price Received (Rs/q) Local village trader 1103 1127 1094 1150 1116 Processing mill 0 0 1118 1089 1099 Government agency 0 0 0 1285 1285 Commission agent 1000 1094 1105 1126 1111 Private company 0 1138 1040 1133 1088 (contract arrangement) Average distance to sale point (km) 5.4 9.8 13.9 19.7 15.2 Source: Field survey The sale of main competing crop (wheat) exhibited slightly different pattern. Here the local village traders purchased slightly more output from the sample farmers, particularly from marginal and small farmers. About 28.7 per cent of sample farmers sold the output to local village traders at the average price of Rs 1116 per quintal (Table 4.14B). Other major purchasers were commission agents who purchased the largest share of about 47.2 per cent of the total wheat output of the sample farmers. Some large farmers (3.8%) also could manage to sell their output directly to the Government agencies at the price of Rs 1285 per quintal which was found to be the

86 highest for the sample farmers. The average distance travelled by the wheat farmers was less (15.2km) than that for rapeseed-mustard farmers (16.7km). This was mainly because of the fact that comparatively more wheat growers sold their output to village traders.

4.7 Sources of Technology and Market Information

Different sources of information on inputs, extension services and market is presented in Table 4.15. The major sources of information on seeds, extension services and market are found to be local input market (72.5%), State Department of Agriculture (84.5%) and Television and fellow farmers (98.5%), respectively. It may be noted that the awareness level of marginal and small farmers was very less compared to that of medium and large farmers. Input dealers, agricultural supervisors on behalf of Department of Agriculture and specialized organizations like ICAR/SAU/KVK have played key role in dissemination of required information to the needy farmers. Besides, print media and commission agents also transmitted some relevant information to the sample farmers in an effective manner. Table 4.15: Sources of Technology and Market Information (% of farmers agreed) Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms (A) Sources of Information on Seeds Own 36.8 57.9 79.0 66.7 66.0 Fellow farmer 10.5 42.1 45.2 34.6 37.0 State Dept. of Agri. 47.4 36.8 40.3 54.3 46.0 ICAR/SAU/KVK 52.6 39.5 24.2 39.5 36.0 Commission agent/ Ahrtiya 26.3 28.9 11.3 8.6 15.0 Market 84.2 81.6 67.7 69.1 72.5 Others (specify) 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 (B) Sources of Information on Extension Services State Dept. of Agri. 63.2 78.9 82.3 93.8 84.5 Private company 31.6 21.1 30.6 19.8 24.5 Input dealer 47.4 36.8 40.3 54.3 46.0 SAU/ICAR/KVK 52.6 39.5 24.2 39.5 36.0 Others (specify) 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 (B) Sources of Information on Market Radio/TV 100.0 97.4 96.8 100.0 98.5 Print media 52.6 81.6 75.8 85.2 78.5 Fellow farmer 100.0 94.7 98.4 96.3 97.0 APMC mandi 47.4 92.1 96.8 96.3 91.0 Commission agent/ Ahrtiya 42.1 34.2 35.5 35.8 36.0 Private company 57.9 68.4 48.4 54.3 55.5 Others (specify) 5.3 0.0 4.8 3.7 3.5 Source: Field survey

4.8 Determinants of Oilseed Production and Acreage Allocation In the arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan, the level of variability in crop output remains considerably high. The determinants of changes in crop output and yield in the drought prone area are numerous those may be categorized into two major groups: (i) change in amount and productivity of agricultural inputs such as labour, fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation and (ii) the exposure to weather related risks and other exogenous risks such as dry spell, drought, and pest attack etc. In this section, attempt has been made to examine the effects of variation in major agricultural inputs on yield with the help of a log-linear regression model which has been estimated for main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop (wheat) separately. The relative contribution and significance of the inputs such as area under the crop (AR), seed cost (SC), fertilizer cost (FC), pesticide/insecticide cost (PC), human labour cost (HL), machine labour cost (ML), irrigation charges (IC) and interest on working capital (WC) to change in yield of major oilseed and competing crop for sample farmers have been examined. We have stated our regression model with a log-linear functional form due to the fact that the agricultural production function is usually assumed to follow a Cobb-Douglas type that requires a log-linear transformation for estimation of input coefficients. Thus the estimable equation is as follows:

LnYi  A   1 Ln AR i   2 Ln LS i   3 Ln SC i   4 Ln FC i   5 Ln PC i 

6Ln HL i   7 Ln ML i   8 Ln IC i   9 Ln WC i  e i

The description of the variables used and the summary of regression results are shown in Table 4.16. The coefficient values of some explanatory variables as the major determinants of rapeseed-mustard yield in the study area unexpectedly did not get positive sign. This was mainly because of the fact that the farmers applied overdoses of inputs to get higher yield. The negative sign of these variables indicate that the further increase in input doses will reduce the yield level. Only the area under the concerned crop, irrigation charges and interest on working capital got the positive sign as expected. Moreover, it is confirmed from both t-values and p-values that all inputs except size of land holdings and seed cost have significantly influenced the yield of main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) in the study districts. In the case of wheat which is the main competing crop grown in the State, only irrigation charges and interest on working capital were found to have significant influence on wheat

88 yield. The magnitude of input variables for both rapeseed-mustard and wheat has been quite low indicating that the magnitude of effects has been unsatisfactory. It may be noted that the constant term A in Cobb-Douglas Production Function that stands for other exogenous factors such as technological change, exposure to weather related risks such as dry spell, drought, and pest attack etc was found to significantly influence the yield of both rapeseed-mustard and wheat. Since it is a log-linear model, the coefficients can be interpreted as elasticity. For example, we may say that the yield of rapeseed-mustard and wheat would increase by 0.061 per cent and 0.502 per cent for every 1 per cent increase in spending on irrigation provisions. The R2 value was better in the case of wheat (50.9%) compared to rapeseed-mustard (46.3%). However, it was low for both the crops which imply that only about half of the variation in yield of main and competing crops was explained by the fitted regression models. Thus the other factors captured by the constant term A have been significant in influencing the yield levels in the region.

Table 4.16: Description and results of estimation of production function for main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop ( wheat) Variables Description Main oilseed Main competing crop (wheat) (rapeseed-mustard) Coefficient t-value P value Coefficient t-value p-value AR Area under crop 0.037 0.740 0.460 0.037 1.060 0.291 (Ha) LS Size of land -0.001 -0.029 0.977 - -0.475 0.636 holdings (Ha) 0.016 SC Seed cost (Rs) -0.032 -1.089 0.278 0.034 0.650 0.517

FC Fertilizer and -0.122 * -1.627 0.105 0.023 1.290 0.199 manure cost (Rs) PC Insecticides/pestici -0.025 *** -3.491 0.001 0.006 1.126 0.262 des cost (Rs) HL Total human labour -0.552 *** -4.956 0.000 0.030 0.641 0.522 cost (Rs) ML Total machine -0.227 *** -3.004 0.003 0.032 0.759 0.449 labour cost (Rs) IC Irrigation charges 0.061 *** 3.591 0.000 0.502 *** 11.145 0.000 (Rs/Ha) WC Interest on working 1.749 *** 6.732 0.000 0.123 ** 2.137 0.034 capital (Rs) A Constant term -1.204 ** -2.321 0.021 -1.799 *** -0.818 Dependant Variable (Y) Rapeseed-mustard Wheat yield yield R2 0.463 0.509 F observed 18.23 18.32 No. of observations ‘N’ 200 184 Note: * 10% level of significance, **5% level of significance, ***1% level of significance Source: Computed from field survey data

As far as the acreage allocation between main oilseed crop and competing crop by the sample farmers is concerned, another similar log-linear regression model was fitted. Some major factors that actually influenced the farmers’ decision to allocate the available cultivable area for different crops were taken into account as explanatory variables and the area allocated for main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) was considered as the dependant variable. The selected explanatory variables were the size of land holdings (LSt), one year lagged area of R&M (At-1), lagged yield of

R&M (Yt-1), lagged price of R&M (Pt-1), lagged area of wheat (ACt-1), lagged yield of wheat (YCt-1) and the lagged price of wheat (PCt-1). The fitted model was as follows.

LnAt     1 Ln LS t   2 Ln A t-1   3 Ln Y t-1   4 Ln P t-1   5 Ln AC t-1   6 Ln YC t-1   7 Ln PC t-1  e i

The description of the variables used and the summary of regression results are presented in Table 4.17. The size of land holding (LSt), one year lagged area of

R&M (At-1), lagged yield of R&M (Yt-1), lagged price of R&M (Pt-1), lagged area of wheat (ACt-1) and the lagged price of wheat (PCt-1) were found to have statistically significant influence on the area allocated for the main oilseed crop rapeseed- mustard. Among these variables, the size of land holdings, one year lagged area under R&M and lagged yield of R&M positively influenced the area allocation for R&M, whereas the lagged price of R&M, the lagged area and the lagged price of competing crop wheat have negatively influenced the area allocation for the main oilseed crop rapeseed-mustard in the study districts. Table 4.17 Description and results of estimation of short-run area response function for main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop ( wheat)

Variables Description Main oilseed (Rapeseed-mustard) Coefficient t-value p-value

LSt Size of land holdings (Ha) 0.7383 *** 14.649 0.000 At-1 Lagged area of R&M (Ha) 0.3502 *** 7.536 0.000 Yt-1 Lagged yield of R&M (Qtl/Ha) 0.0916 * 1.841 0.067 Pt-1 Lagged price of R&M (Rs/Qtl.) -0.047 ** -2.233 0.027 ACt-1 Lagged area of wheat (Ha) -0.093 ** -2.246 0.026 YCt-1 Lagged yield of wheat (Qtl/Ha) 0.0881 1.281 0.202

PCt-1 Lagged price of wheat (Rs/Qtl.) -0.063 * -1.968 0.050 A (Constant) -0.185 -1.58321 -1.583 Dependant variable (At) Current area under rapeseed-mustard R2 0.9012 F observed 250.08 No. of observations ‘N’ 200 Note: * 10% level of significance, **5% level of significance, ***1% level of significance Source: Computed from field survey data

4.9 Perceived Constraints in Cultivation of Oilseeds

Major constraints faced by the sample farmers on various fronts such as inputs availability, extension services and availability of marketing infrastructures and transportation facilities etc. has been presented in Table 4.18. Among the technological constraints, lack of irrigation facilities, incidence of diseases and incidence of insect pests were the major ones for our sample farmers. The lack of irrigation facilities has affected more to marginal and small farmers. The incidence of diseases and pests has affected more to large and medium farmers. The poor quality of soils has affected more to small farmers. The weeds infestation has occurred more in the case of medium farmers. Among the agro-climatic factors, extreme variations in temperature, risk of crop failure/yield variability due to biotic and abiotic stresses and poor pod/grain setting were found as major constraints for the sample farmers. Since the large part of the State is with desert, hot arid and semi-arid climate, the average annual rainfall is very less and the variability in rainfall is considerably high. This increases the level of risk of crop failure. The persistent level of variation in seasonal precipitation and temperature also affects the crop output to a large extent. The medium and large farmers have been affected more (with composite score of 2.06 and 1.99, respectively) because of drought at critical stage of crop growth. These two categories of farmers have also been affected more due to extreme variations in temperature. Among economic and institutional constraints, high input costs, shortage of human labour, irregular supply of electricity and problem of timely availability of good quality certified seeds were found to be major ones. As far as the issues of post-harvest, marketing and value-addition, the sample farmers have faced problems due to inadequate storage facilities, exploitation by market intermediaries, high transportation costs and poor road infrastructure. The poor conditions of rural roads and high infrastructures have forced the majority of small and marginal farmers to sell their crop output to local traders/market intermediaries that resulted in decrease in the farm harvest prices and amount of their net returns.

Table 4.18 Constraints in Cultivation of Oilseeds Crops (Composite index value*) Constraints Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms Technological Non-availability of suitable varieties 2.11 2.16 2.05 2.06 2.08 Poor crop germination 2.21 2.13 2.27 2.21 2.22 Lack of irrigation facilities 3.05 3.21 3.00 2.78 2.96 Incidence of diseases 2.47 2.76 2.92 2.58 2.71 Incidence of insect pests 2.42 2.63 2.74 2.54 2.61 Weeds Infestation 2.32 2.32 2.37 2.32 2.34 Poor quality of soils 1.89 2.16 2.18 1.93 2.05 Agro-climatic Factors Drought at critical stages of crop growth 1.95 1.97 2.06 1.99 2.01 Excessive rains 2.05 2.18 2.16 2.19 2.17 Extreme variations in temperature 2.37 2.89 3.18 2.93 2.95 Poor pod/grain setting 2.37 2.47 2.50 2.38 2.44 Risk of crop failure/yield variability due to 2.21 2.53 2.71 2.35 2.48 biotic & a biotic stresses Economic High-input cost (diesel, fertilizers, 2.79 2.97 2.95 2.80 2.88 agrochemicals) Shortage of human labor 2.58 2.84 2.85 2.77 2.79 Low and fluctuating prices 2.37 2.61 2.73 2.68 2.65 Price risks – fear of glut leading to low price 2.16 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.40 Oilseeds less profitable compared with other 2.11 2.08 2.08 2.10 2.09 crops Oilseeds more risky compared with other 2.11 2.03 2.11 2.07 2.08 crops Institutional Problem of timely availability of seed 2.53 2.63 2.82 2.63 2.68 Non-availability of other inputs 2.74 2.63 2.89 2.72 2.76 Poor quality of inputs 2.63 2.47 2.65 2.48 2.55 Lack/Poor extension services 2.26 2.42 2.48 2.27 2.37 Non-availability of institutional credit 2.26 2.53 2.47 2.30 2.39 Inadequate knowledge about disease and 2.37 2.42 2.61 2.56 2.53 pest management Irregular supply of power/electricity 3.47 3.50 3.52 3.48 3.50 Lack of awareness of improved oilseed 2.21 2.47 2.60 2.46 2.48 technologies Post-harvest, Marketing and Value-addition Poor marketing system and access to 2.26 2.18 2.19 2.27 2.23 markets Lack of information about prices and 2.16 2.16 2.15 2.17 2.16 markets Exploitation by market intermediaries 2.42 2.32 2.53 2.41 2.43 Lack of processing facilities in the area 2.26 2.24 2.29 2.36 2.31 Lack of appropriate transport means 2.26 2.11 2.18 2.21 2.19 Inadequate storage facilities 2.53 2.68 2.45 2.70 2.61 Poor road infrastructure 2.74 2.95 2.79 2.59 2.74 High transportation costs 2.79 3.21 3.03 2.83 2.96 Note: * Composite index has been constructed based on weights (severe =4, Moderate = 3, minor = 2, not important =1) and number of households in each category. Source: Field survey

4.10 Suggestions for Improving Production and Productivity of Oilseeds

The sample farmers have made wide range of suggestions for improvement in prevailing conditions and institutional arrangements that will be helpful for increasing the production and productivity of oilseeds in the State. Different farmers have raised different issues and based on those issues, they have suggested some measures for improving production and productivity of oilseeds. As presented in Table 4.19, 54 per cent of sample farmers suggested that electricity should be made available on regular basis for longer duration and low voltage problem should be resolved. About 31 per cent of respondents have suggested to expand the irrigation facilities in their region. About 24.5 per cent of sample farmers have suggested to reduce or to stabilize the prices of chemical fertilizers, seeds and other inputs. Near about 18 per cent farmers have also expressed that the good quality seeds/improved variety seeds, fertilizers and pesticides should be provided and availability of fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, pesticides should be made available in proper quantity at proper price in their locality.

About 19 per cent sample farmers opined that better infrastructure facilities like road and transport facilities should be improved in their locality. Though the performance of agricultural supervisors is found to be satisfactory, about another 19.5 per cent farmers found that the visits of the agricultural supervisors was inadequate as such they require extension services and advice of agricultural supervisors for sorting out their farm related problems. Near about 22.5 per cent sample farmers expressed that they needed better pesticides/plant protection chemicals for preventing or eradicating the crop diseases.

To lessen the problems due to low irrigation coverage, about 19.5 per cent sample farmers suggested to create more water harvesting structure (WHSs) like dug well, pond, cross bund etc. A large number of sample farmers faced the problems of crop damage by blue bull (Nilgai) and pigs. So about 23 per cent sample farmers expressed that they need assistance for fencing so as to protect from crop damaging animals.

Table 4.19: Suggestions for Improving Production and Productivity of Oilseeds (% of Farmers with 'Yes' in Respective Farm Category) Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms 1 Provide/need good quality 5.3 18.4 22.6 17.3 18.0 seeds/improved variety seeds, fertilizers and pesticides 2 Reduce or stabilize the prices of 10.5 31.6 27.4 22.2 24.5 chemical fertilizers, seeds and other inputs 3 Timely availability of fertilizer, 5.3 21.1 17.7 19.8 18.0 Insecticide, herbicide, Pesticides in proper quantity at proper price 4 Need of crop insurance/weather 21.1 0.0 6.5 9.9 8.0 insurance to deal with natural calamities 5 Electricity should be made available on 78.9 52.6 45.2 55.6 54.0 regular basis for longer duration/ low voltage problem should be solved. 6 Legally specify MRP of insecticides and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pesticides 7 Government should provide training to 0.0 2.6 19.4 11.1 11.0 farmers specially on cultivation of Rapeseed - mustard 8 Good irrigation facilities should be 31.6 47.4 30.6 23.5 31.0 provided 9 Requirement of irrigation facilities in 31.6 47.4 29.0 22.2 30.0 Rabi and Summer 10 Subsidy requirement for irrigation in 0.0 10.5 1.6 2.5 3.5 Rapeseed-mustard 11 Government should provide more 0.0 5.3 1.6 4.9 3.5 subsidy on fertilizer, seeds and other inputs 12 Need of better godown and storage and 5.3 5.3 3.2 7.4 5.5 green house facilities 13 Need of organic fertilizers for better 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 production of Rapeseed- mustard 14 Requirement of extension 10.5 10.5 30.6 14.8 18.5 services/advice of agricultural supervisor 15 Need of laboratory for farm level testing 5.3 0.0 4.8 2.5 3.0 of soil, seeds, land types, use of insecticide /pesticides 16 Need of raising the awareness level 10.5 26.3 11.3 3.7 11.0 about marketing facilities/government schemes/crop diseases etc. 17 Need of better infrastructure facilities 42.1 47.4 4.8 11.1 19.0 like road and transport facilities with reasonable charges on the services 18 Need of better prices of crop 5.3 15.8 8.1 14.8 12.0 output/need to increase MSP 19 Outlets for sale of 10.5 2.6 1.6 2.5 3.0 seeds/fertilizers/pesticides and other inputs should be opened by Govt. to reduce effects of private agents 20 Need assistance for land 5.3 10.5 6.5 1.2 5.0 development/improvement in soil fertility/reducing soil salinity

Table 4.19 continued…. Marginal Small Medium Large All Farms 21 Need better pesticides/plant protection 5.3 31.6 22.6 22.2 22.5 chemicals for crop diseases 22 Need assistance for fencing so as to 26.3 31.6 19.4 21.0 23.0 protect from blue bull (Nilgai) 23 Stabilize the prices of essential 0.0 5.3 3.2 3.7 3.5 commodities 24 Steps should be taken to reduce the 10.5 10.5 4.8 2.5 5.5 influence of middlemen/ intermediaries 25 The problem of shortage of agricultural 5.3 2.6 4.8 7.4 5.5 labour should be addressed 26 Better provision of marketing facilities in 15.8 10.5 3.2 2.5 5.5 nearby areas is required 27 Creating more WHSs like dug well, pond, 31.6 23.7 21.0 13.6 19.5 cross bund etc./expansion of irrigation from Canal 28 Need of assistance to cope with 0.0 5.3 11.3 3.7 6.0 increased occurrence of natural calamities like drought, rainfall variability and temperature variability due to climate change 29 Need of assistance to cope with extreme 0.0 7.9 8.1 7.4 7.0 temperature variability 30 Need assistance to reduce the transport 0.0 10.5 4.8 4.9 5.5 cost 31 Drip irrigation technology should be 5.3 2.6 4.8 3.7 4.0 promoted 32 Credit from commercial banks and 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.5 2.0 cooperative bank should be made available 33 Need of processing units in nearby areas 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.5 34 Need better land reform measures 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.5 Source: Field survey

To summarise the major constraints faced by the sample farmers and their suggestions to overcome these constraints, lack of irrigation facilities, incidence of diseases and incidence of insect pests, extreme variations in temperature, erratic rainfall pattern and the risk of crop failure/yield variability due to biotic and abiotic stresses, poor pod/grain setting were found to be the major technological and agro- climatic constraints for the sample farmers. Among the economic and institutional constraints, high input costs, shortage of human labour, irregular supply of electricity and problem of timely availability of good quality certified seeds were found to be major ones. As regards the issues of post-harvest, marketing and value-addition, the sample farmers have faced problems due to inadequate storage facilities, exploitation by market intermediaries, high transportation costs and poor road infrastructure. The larger proportions of the sample farmers have thus suggested to lessen these

95 constraints through necessary policy instruments so as to increase the production and productivity of oilseeds in the state.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

5.1 Introduction This chapter consists of two sections. The first section highlights the summary of findings of the study as discussed in the preceding chapters and the second section contains some policy implications of the study. In this section, specific policy recommendations are suggested for the overall improvement in production and productivity of oilseeds in Rajasthan with a special focus on the study crops and districts of Rajasthan.

5.2 Summary of Findings

5.2.1 Major Objectives of the Study

The present study was a part of larger coordinated study on Problems and prospects of oilseeds and oil palm production in India. The major objectives of the study for the State of Rajasthan were (i) to examine trends and pattern of growth of different edible oilseeds over time and across districts and identify the sources of growth in edible oilseeds output in Rajasthan; (ii) to determine the impact of price and non-price factors influencing the supply response behavior and demand for edible oilseeds and oil in the State; and (iii) to identify major constraints in the edible oilseed cultivation and suggest policy options to increase oilseeds production and productivity in the State. As far as the first two objectives of the study are concerned, secondary data on district-wise area, production, yield of major crops/crop groups, and irrigated area under oilseeds, farm-harvest prices of selected oilseeds and competing crops, annual rainfall since 1971-72 to 2009-10 were used. Apart from a detailed crop-wise analysis of growth patterns and sources of growth of edible oilseeds, the study has attempted to investigate the supply relations for major oilseeds in the State. In order to identify major constraints in edible oilseed production in the State, primary data from households growing oilseeds in the selected districts were collected and analyzed.

5.2.2 Data and Sampling Design

The multistate, purposive sampling method was used to select the states, districts, blocks and farm households. At first stage, States growing considerable quantities of oilseeds and having potential were selected. In total, seven major oilseeds producing states were selected for the study. Rajasthan along with Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were chosen for the detailed study on rapeseed- mustard (R&M) since these states are found to be the major producers of this crop. The present study was undertaken to generate better understanding of the specific problems and prospects of oilseeds cultivation in the State of Rajasthan with a special focus on rapeseed- mustard. In the second stage, all districts growing rapeseed-mustard in the State were categorized into four groups such as high area and high yield (HH), high area and low yield (HL), low area and high yield (LH), and low area and low yield (LL). Bharatpur, Tonk and Kota were selected from Rajasthan as HH, HL and LH category of districts, respectively for a detailed study. At third stage, about 19 villages from 6 blocks of three study districts were covered to get the desired number of sample households (200) representing different farm categories (Marginal 0-1 ha, Small 1-2 ha, Medium 2-4 ha; Large >4 ha). The reference year of the study for the household survey was 2011-12.

5.2.3 Data Analysis Methods and Tools

As far as the data analysis methods are concerned, the study used the averages, percentages, coefficient of variations and compound annual growth rates for the analysis of secondary data. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was estimated by fitting a semi-log trend equation which was estimated by applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method and the t- test was performed to test the significance of ‘β’. To measure the relative contribution of area and yield towards the total output change with respect of individual crop, the decomposition analysis was performed for major oilseeds and competing crops. The analysis helped in identifying the sources of growth in output by breaking the change in production into three effects i.e., area effect, yield effect and interaction effect.

The decomposition analysis was carried out on the major oilseeds and competing crops mainly for three periods, i.e., Period I (TE1983-84 to TE 1993-94)

Period II (TE1993-94 to TE 2009-10) and overall period of TE1983-84 to TE 2009-10. During Period I, the expansion of area under oilseeds was encouraged by introduction of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in 1986 by Government of India. During Period II, the effects of trade liberalization was examined since the change in trade policy had considerably affected the domestic production and consumption patter of major oilseeds in the country.

The attempt has been made to examine the effects of variation in major agricultural inputs on crop yield with the help of a log-linear regression model which has been estimated for main oilseed crop (rapeseed-mustard) and main competing crop (wheat) separately. The relative contribution and significance of the major factors such as area under the crop, seed cost, fertilizer cost, pesticide/insecticide cost, human labour cost, machine labour cost, irrigation charges and working capital to change in yield of major oilseed and competing crop for sample farmers have been examined.

(Yt-1), lagged price of R&M (Pt-1), lagged area of wheat (ACt-1), lagged yield of wheat

(YCt-1) and the lagged price of wheat (PCt-1).

Appropriate analytical techniques were used to identify and prioritize major constraints facing oilseeds production in the State. The responses of the sample

99 farmers on the extent of severity of various constraints faced by them have been ranked by using ordinal scores from 4 to 1 (severe =4, Moderate = 3, minor = 2, not important =1). The results are displayed in the form composite index called Oilseed Constraint Index (OCI) which has been constructed as a weighted average.

5.2.4 Overview of Oilseeds Sector: Current Status and Growth Behaviour

5.2.4.1 Nature and Causes of Change in Cropping Pattern The share of oilseeds has increased significantly in the State, while the share of total cereals, total pulses and total food grains has decreased over last four decades. There has been very high growth in area under rapeseeds and mustards(R&M) and soybean while the growth in area under groundnut and cotton has been moderate in the state. The area under total oilseeds has increased from 7.4 per cent in TE 1973- 74 to 18.3 per cent of GCA in TE 1993-94. Thereafter, there has been insignificant growth in area under oilseeds in the State which has slightly increased to 19.2 per cent in TE 2009-10. However, the area under the main oilseed crop rapeseed- mustard (R&M) has increased steadily from 3.5 lakh ha in TE1973-74 to over 24.7 lakh ha during TE 2009-10. The GCA and total area oilseeds in the State in TE 2009-10 was 222.4 lakh ha and 42.8 lakh ha, respectively. The share of total oilseeds has increased from 7.4 per cent during TE 1973-74 to 19.2 per cent during TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the share of total cereals and total food grains has declined from 55.5 per cent and 76.2 per cent during TE 1973-74 to 43.7 per cent and 60.1 per cent during TE 2009- 10 respectively. Wide fluctuation in area under different crops has been observed during 1990s and early 2000s due to occurrence of frequent droughts in larger part of the State during this period. The overall area expansion effect has been better for the irrigated area than the cultivated area for the all reference periods except TE 2003-04 to 2009-10.

The district level analysis of cropping pattern reveals that the GCA has declined in 16 districts out of 33 districts between TE 1993-94 and TE 2009-10. It is paradoxical to note that the selected district with high area and high yield (Bharatpur) and the selected district with low area with high yield (Kota) have experienced a decline in area during the corresponding period of TE 1993-94 to TE 2009-10. On the other hand, the selected district with high area with low yield (Tonk) has experienced an increase in area by 70.13 per cent during the corresponding period.

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Among various factors responsible for changes in cropping pattern, profitability, change in tastes and preferences, availability of irrigation provisions and climatic aberrations were the major ones in the state of Rajasthan. Since the majority of farmers adopted HYVs for better income, the crop on which value addition was relatively high claimed a larger share. The expansion of area under horticultural crops, pulses and oilseeds have been promoted through various programmes like NHM, NFSM, ISOPOM, ATMA etc. in the State. Since the required inputs in proper quality and quantity have been provided at subsidized prices and remunerative prices have offered to the farmers, the area under these crops have depicted significant increase in recent years compared to earlier periods in most of the districts in Rajasthan.

5.2.4.2 Growth Trends in Area, Production and Yield of Major Oilseeds Though the growth in area, production and yield of major oilseeds has been steady since 1950s, significant increase in these variables has been observed since 1980s. The average annual area under oilseeds has increased from 1088.3 thousand ha in 1960s to 2082.2 thousand ha in 1980s, that has further increased to 4055.5 thousand ha in 2000s. The average production and yield of oilseeds has increased from 395.1 thousand ha and 312.7 kg/ha during 1970s to 1274.9 thousand ha and 612.2 kg/ha during 1980s. Thereafter, the increased production and productivity of oilseeds have been sustained comfortably in the State.

The district level analysis of area and production of oilseeds reveals that Sri Ganganagar (8.1%), Sawai Madhopur (7.9%) Bharatpur (6.8%), Alwar (7.3%) and Nagaur (7.26%) accounted for major share of area under oilseeds in Rajasthan during TE 1993-94. As far as the oilseeds production in the State is concerned, five districts out of seven districts having major share of oilseed acreage are among the seven major districts producing oilseeds during both the corresponding periods. They were Sri Ganganagar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Alwar and Nagaur during TE 1993-94 and Baran, Alwar, Jhalawar, Kota and Sri Ganganagar during TE 2009-10.

Among the Kharif oilseeds, soybean and sesamum were the major crops occupying about 30 per cent of total area under oilseeds during TE 2009-10 in the State. On the other hand, the rapeseed and mustard was the major Rabi crop occupying about 58 per cent of total area under oilseeds. Thus these three crops along with groundnut occupied about 95 per cent of total area under oilseeds in the

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State. The total area and production of Kharif oilseeds was 40.1 per cent and 36.0 per cent of total oilseeds acreage and production respectively. Total oil extracted from Kharif oilseeds and Rabi oilseeds during TE 2009-10 was 60.2 per cent and 39.8 per cent, respectively.

5.2.4.3 Variability in Area, Production and Yield of Major Oilseed (Rapeseed & Mustard) vis-à-vis Competing Crop (Wheat) Rajasthan stands first in the cultivation of R&M. The share of R&M in total oilseeds in the state is about 58 per cent. Over the last three decades, some districts like Bharatpur, Alwar and Sri Ganganagar have dominated in terms of area and production of R&M. However, it is clearly observed that the cultivation of R&M has been more diversified spatially with decrease in the share of these major districts and increase in the share of other districts of the State. The districts like Tonk, Kota and Chittorgarh have experienced considerable increase in the area under R&M. The CV of area and production of R&M during the entire period of 1956-57 to 2009-10 was 88.6 per cent and 109.4 per cent, respectively while the same for wheat was 27.5 per cent and 62.2 per cent, respectively. It is worth-mentioning that the higher compound annual growth rates in area, production and yield of R&M during 1980s and 2000s has been accompanied by the greater degree of variability in the State. That kind of trend has not been observed in the case of major competing crop wheat.

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The variability in area and production of oilseeds is largely linked to availability of irrigation facilities. The share of irrigated area under R&M to total area under R&M in the State has declined from 65.0 per cent in TE 1993-94 to 50.3 per cent in TE 2003-04, which has sharply increased to 86.4 per cent in TE 2009-10. The number of districts with more than 90 per cent of irrigated area under R&M has tremendously increased from 6 in TE 1993-94 to 19 in TE 2009-10.

5.2.4.4 Sources of Growth in Output of Oilseeds in the State

With the help of decomposition analysis, the relative contribution of area and yield towards the total change in production of major oilseeds and competing crops was assessed. Among the three effects i.e., area effect, yield effect and interaction effect, the area effect was dominant during Period I (TE1983-84 to TE 1993-94) and yield effect was dominant during Period II (TE1993-94 to TE 2009-10). The interaction effect was found to contribute more to the change in output during the overall period of TE1983-84 to TE 2009-10. During Period I, the expansion of area under oilseeds was the major source of growth in oilseeds production, which was encouraged by introduction of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in 1986 by Government of India. To meet with increased domestic demand, there has been serious effort to increase oilseeds production through increase in yield levels during Period II. As far as the main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) of the State is concerned, the yield effect accounted for 73.4 per cent of total output growth during the latter period.

Among the study districts, Bharatpur was one of the major districts growing rapeseed-mustard. The yield effect was found to be highest for both total oilseeds (145.6%) and rapeseed-mustard (130.9%) during Period II in the district. However, in other two study districts, i.e., Kota and Tonk, the area effect was still larger than the yield effect for growth in oilseeds output during the same period. As far the case of major competing crop (wheat) is concerned, the yield effect was found to play dominant role in Rajasthan state as a whole and in Tonk district as well. The yield effect as a source of growth of production of wheat during Period I, Period II and overall period in Rajasthan was 96.6 per cent, 57.8 per cent and 67.1 per cent, respectively. The yield effect as a source of growth of production of wheat during Period I, Period II and overall period in Tonk was 569.7 per cent, 1914.2 per cent and 1198.7 per cent, respectively.

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Overall, the yield effect played significant role for both main oilseed crop and competing crop in the state, particularly during the Period II. The logical sequence of arguments brings us to know about the factors responsible for significant increase in yield during this period. The increase in irrigation coverage, better nutrient supply through application of adequate fertilizers and pesticides, availability of quality seeds, increased input use efficiency and availability of better technological and institutional infrastructure have played a crucial role in enhancement of productivity of oilseeds and other cash crops during the corresponding period. The growth in irrigated area under oilseeds has been much better during 2000s than 1990s. Compared to over 7.5 per cent annual growth in irrigated oilseeds area in Rajasthan during a period of TE1999-20 to TE 2009-10, the annual growth in irrigated oilseed area during previous decade (TE1989-90 to TE 1999-2000) was only 2.5 per cent. However, the growth in fertilizer use was better during the period of TE1989-90 to TE 1999-2000 (8.5%) than that during later period of TE1999-20 to TE 2009-10 (7.4%).

5.2.4.5 Variability in Monthly/Annual Prices of Major Oilseeds in the State The growth in annual prices of major oilseeds has been impressive in Rajasthan. The FHP of sesamum and soybean, which are the major Kharif oilseeds in the State, has increased from Rs 1412 and Rs 742 in TE1993-94 to Rs 4367 and Rs 1793 in TE2009-10, respectively. Similarly, the annual prices of major Rabi oilseeds Rapeseed-mustard and Tarameera has increased from Rs 980 and Rs 827 in TE1993-94 to Rs 2104 and Rs 2071 in TE2009-10, respectively. It was good to find that the FHP of all major oilseeds was much more than their MSPs in the State. As far the case of the major oilseed and the major competing crop is concerned, the growth in Minimum Support Price and Farm Harvest Price of both rapeseed-mustard (major oilseed) and wheat (major competing crop) has been very impressive too during 2000s compared to 1990s. However, the level of variability in prices of rapeseed-mustard was much higher than that of wheat during the corresponding period. The variability in price of rapeseed-mustard in terms of CV was found to be relatively more during January (9.4%) and July (9.1%). On the other hand, the variability in price of wheat in terms of CV was found to be relatively more during December-January and August-September.

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5.2.5 Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production: Empirical Analysis

5.2.5.1 Socio-Economic Status of Sample Households

Among the sample farmers, 19 were marginal farmers, 38 were small farmers, 62 were medium farmers and 81 were large farmers. The average household (HH) size for entire sample was 7.8 persons. About 67 per cent sample households belonged to OBC category, 25.5 percent HHs belonged to SC/ST category and remaining 7.5 per cent HHs belonged to general caste category. The average off-farm income per sample household was Rs 22108. Near about 89.5 per cent members had crop farming as the main source of livelihood. The average number of years of schooling was 8.1 years for the sample households. The net sown area (NSA) and gross cropped area (GCA) of a sample household was found to be 5.3 ha and 8.1 ha respectively, which implies that the cropping intensity in the study area was 152 per cent. The size of operational holding in the case of small, medium and large farmers was 1.6 ha, 3.1 ha, and 9.8 ha, respectively. It was good to see that the area under irrigation was 91.3 per cent of total operated area. As regards the land tenancy, near about 36 per cent of HHs were having leased in land constituting about 30.2 per cent of total operated area. The term of lease for about 72.2 per cent of HHs with leased-in lands was fixed rent in cash and for remaining 27.8 per cent HHs, it was share cropping. As far as different sources of irrigation are concerned, highest of 41.5 per cent of total operated area of sample farmers was irrigated by tube wells followed by dug wells (41%), usually run by electricity and/or diesel. Canal and tank and other source of irrigation are minor presence in the study area as their joint contribution is about 14 per cent in the case of our sample farmers.

5.2.5.2 Cropping Pattern and Yield of Major Crops The GCA per HH was 8.1 ha for all farmers taken together whereas the large farmer had highest GCA of 14.5 ha and marginal farmers had minimum GCA of 1.47 ha. Medium and small farmer had 5.1 ha and 2.5 ha of GCA, respectively. The per-HH area under Kharif crops and Rabi crops cultivated by the sample farmers was 2.97 ha and 5.09 ha, respectively. Among various Kharif crops, the share of cereals, pulses and oilseeds was 44.0 per cent, 5.5 per cent and 47.8 per cent, respectively. Among Kharif oilseeds,

105 soybean was found to be the major crop cultivated by farmers of all categories except marginal farmers and the share of soybean in total Kharif crops was 37.7 per cent. The area under Rabi oilseeds for all selected farmer categories ranged between 58.9 per cent (large farmers) and 65.9 per cent (marginal farmers) of total area under Rabi crops. The rapeseed-mustard was the only crop cultivated by the sample farmers during Rabi season mainly because of better profitability and better marketing channel available for the crop in the region. The average yield of Kharif crops and Rabi crops under rainfed conditions was 17.3 quintals per ha and 11.6 quintals per ha, respectively; whereas the average yield of Kharif crops and Rabi crops under irrigated conditions was 25.5 quintals per ha and 24.9 quintals per ha, respectively.

5.2.5.3 Production, Retention and Marketed Surplus Pattern of Oilseeds

The major oilseeds cultivated by our sample households were sesamum and soybean in Kharif and rapeseed-mustard in Rabi. The sample farmers growing soybean produced 76.9 quintals per household on an average, all of which was sold at the average price of Rs 2320.9 per quintal. In the case of sesamum, the sample farmers produced 15.7 quintals per household on an average, out of which, 15.2 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 4135.3 per quintal. About 0.48 quintals of sesamum was retained per household for use as seed.

In the case of main oilseed crop(R&M), 59.7 quintals was produced per household, out of which, 59.3 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 3021 per quintal. About 0.35 quintals of rapeseed-mustard was retained per household for use as seed. As far as the case of main competing crop (wheat) is concerned, 59.1 quintals was produced per household, out of which, 48.8 quintals was sold at the average price of Rs 1112 per quintal. About 10.3 quintals of wheat per HH was retained for household consumption or for use as seed.

5.2.5.4 Comparative Economics/Profitability of Oilseeds vis-à-vis Competing Crops

The cultivation of rapeseed-mustard was much profitable over the competing crops wheat and coriander in the study areas. The gross value of main product and value of bye-product of rapeseed-mustard across all size groups of farmers was found to be Rs 57914 and Rs 3583 per ha, respectively. The total variable cost of cultivation of

106 the crop was Rs 22123 per ha. Thus the net income derived from cultivation of rapeseed-mustard was Rs 39374 per ha. The maximum annual net return from cultivation of the crop was earned by large farmers which was Rs 43328 per ha whereas the marginal, small and medium farmers generated the net income of Rs 30401, Rs 37807 and Rs 37925 per ha, respectively. On the other hand, the net income derived from the cultivation of wheat and coriander was Rs 26943 and Rs 26100 per ha, respectively which were much lower than that of rapeseed-mustard.

5.2.5.5 Profitability vis-à-vis Risks in Oilseeds Production

Profitability is the major driving force for farmers to decide about the crop they would cultivate. However, farmers often make trade-off between profitability and risk, while choosing a suitable cropping pattern. From the profitability point of view, rapeseed- mustard has proved to be much better option than the competing crops wheat and coriander. On the production and price risk perspectives, the main crop (rapeseed- mustard) exhibited mixed results. The yield risk and price risk were marginally higher for the main crop. The coefficient of variation (CV) in yield and farm harvest price as the measure of yield risk and price risk for rapeseed-mustard was 28.4 per cent and 12.0 per cent, respectively; whereas the same for wheat was 25.4 per cent and 11.0 per cent, respectively.

The income risk and acreage risk was found to be higher for the major competing crop (wheat) than the main oilseed crop (R&M). The coefficient of variation in acreage and net income from the crop as the measure of acreage risk and net income risk for rapeseed-mustard was 106.4 per cent and 39.8 per cent, respectively; whereas the same for wheat was 115.2 per cent and 66.7 per cent, respectively. For

107 both the crops, the extent of acreage risk and income risk was found to be considerably larger than the extent of yield risk and price risk.

5.2.5.6 Yield and Technology Gap Analysis

The yield gap analysis was conducted for the main crop rapeseed-mustard to ascertain the gap between the potential yield and actual yield and between the experimental yield and actual yield. The average potential yield of rapeseed-mustard was 24.7 quintal per ha and the average experimental yield of the main crop was 20.4 quintal per ha. However, the average actual yield of the crop was found to be only 19.1 quintal per ha. Thus, the yield gap-I, i.e., the gap between the experimental yield and potential yield was -4.3, whereas the yield gap-II, i.e., the gap between the actual yield and potential yield was 5.6 q/ha. The yield gap-III, i.e., the gap between the experimental yield and actual yield (often known as extension gap) was found to be 1.3 q/ha. Among the three types of yield gap, the yield gap –II was found to be largest. The feasibility of technology is found to be more in the case of large farmers as the Technology Index for the corresponding farmer category was the lowest (17.22).

5.2.5.7 Access to Improved Technology and Markets for Oilseeds About 96.5 per cent of the sample farmers were found to use HYVs for getting better yield of oilseeds. The major source of seeds was market. Only 13.5 per cent of seeds was farmers’ own seed. Most of the sample farmers were aware about the minimum support price (MSP) of their crops that helped them in getting and bargaining for the right price of their produce. It is noteworthy that about 92 per cent of sample farmers have received the price of rapeseed-mustard which was higher than the prevailing MSP. It was found that the majority of farmers used more than recommended doses of fertilizers and pesticides. Only 16 per cent of sample farmers used recommended doses of fertilizers. The proportion of farmers using the recommended doses of fertilizers has declined with the increase in the farm sizes. About 26.3 per cent of marginal farmers have used recommended doses of fertilizers while only 12.3 per cent of large farmers have used recommended doses of fertilizers.

5.2.5.8 Marketing Pattern of Oilseeds About 46.5 per cent of farmers expressed that there is marketing problems which can be improved further. About 54 per cent and 22 per cent of farmers cultivating

108 repressed-mustard (R&M) have sold their output to commission agent and village traders, respectively, not directly at Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) or market ward (Mandi). Surprisingly not a single sample farmer could sell R&M to Government agency. About 47.4 per cent of farmers were found to sell R&M to local village traders while only 16.0 per cent of large farmers sold the same to local village traders. Among different farmer categories, more number of large farmers (19.8%) could directly sell R&M to processing mill, whereas no marginal and small farmers could sell R&M to processing mill given the fact that the processing mill offered best prices since there were no middlemen involved. The average distance travelled by the farmers to sell their produce was considerably high (16.7 km). The average distance travelled by the farmers was lowest for marginal farmers (10.4) since most of them sold their output to the local traders. The sale of main competing crop (wheat) exhibited slightly different pattern. Here the local village traders purchased slightly more output from the sample farmers, particularly from marginal and small farmers. About 28.7 per cent of sample farmers sold the output to local village traders at the average price of Rs 1116 per quintal. Other major purchasers were commission agents who purchased the largest share of about 47.2 per cent of the total wheat output of the sample farmers.

5.2.5.9 Sources of Technology and Market Information The major sources of information on seeds, extension services and market are found to be local input market (72.5%), State Department of Agriculture (84.5%) and Television and fellow farmers (98.5%), respectively. It may be noted that the awareness level of marginal and small farmers was very less compared to that of medium and large farmers. Input dealers, agricultural supervisors on behalf of Department of Agriculture and specialized organizations like ICAR/SAU/KVK have played key role in dissemination of required information to the needy farmers. Besides, print media and commission agents also transmitted some relevant information to the sample farmers in an effective manner.

5.2.5.10 Determinants of Oilseed Production and Acreage Allocation

The relative contribution and significance of the major factors such as area under the crop, seed cost, fertilizer cost, pesticide/insecticide cost, human labour cost, machine labour cost, irrigation charges and working capital to change in yield of major oilseed

109 and competing crop for sample farmers was analyzed with the help of a log-linear model. The coefficient values of some explanatory variables as the major determinants of rapeseed-mustard yield in the study area unexpectedly did not get positive sign. This was mainly because of the fact that the farmers applied overdoses of inputs to get higher yield. The negative sign of these variables indicate that the further increase in input doses will reduce the yield level. Only the area under the concerned crop, irrigation charges and interest on working capital got the positive sign as expected.

As far as the acreage allocation between main oilseed crop and competing crop by the sample farmers is concerned, another similar log-linear regression model was fitted. Some major factors that actually influence the farmers’ decision to allocate the available cultivable area for different crops were taken into account as explanatory variables and the area allocated for main oilseed (rapeseed-mustard) was considered as the dependant variable. The size of land holding (LSt), one year lagged area of

R&M (At-1), lagged yield of R&M (Yt-1), lagged price of R&M (Pt-1), lagged area of wheat (ACt-1) and the lagged price of wheat (PCt-1) were found to have statistically significant influence on the area allocated for the main oilseed crop rapeseed- mustard. Among these variables, the size of land holdings, one year lagged area of R&M and lagged yield of R&M positively influenced the area allocation for R&M, whereas the lagged price of R&M, the lagged area and the lagged price of competing crop wheat have negatively influenced the area allocation for the main oilseed crop rapeseed-mustard in the study districts.

5.2.5.11 Perceived Constraints in Cultivation of Oilseeds

Among the major constraints faced by the sample farmers, lack of irrigation facilities, incidence of diseases and incidence of insect pests, extreme variations in temperature, erratic rainfall pattern and the risk of crop failure/yield variability due to biotic and abiotic stresses, poor pod/grain setting were found to be the major technological and agro-climatic constraints for the sample farmers. Among the economic and institutional constraints, high input costs, shortage of human labour, irregular supply of electricity and problem of timely availability of good quality certified seeds were found to be major ones. As regards the issues of post-harvest, marketing and value-addition, the sample farmers have faced problems due to inadequate

110 storage facilities, exploitation by market intermediaries, high transportation costs and poor road infrastructure.

5.2.5.11 Suggestions for Improving Production and Productivity of Oilseeds

The larger proportion of the sample farmers have suggested to alleviate the major constraints through necessary policy instruments so as to increase the production and productivity of oilseeds in the State. About 54 per cent of sample farmers suggested that electricity should be made available on regular basis for longer duration and low voltage problem should be resolved. About 31 per cent of respondents have suggested to expand the irrigation facilities in their region. Also sample farmers urged to take some meaningful measures to reduce or to stabilize the prices of chemical fertilizers, seeds and other inputs. Though the performance of agricultural supervisors is found to be satisfactory, the number of visits of the agricultural supervisors was inadequate. Near about 22.5 per cent sample farmers expressed that they needed better pesticides/plant protection chemicals for preventing or eradicating the crop diseases. A large number of sample farmers faced the problems of crop damage by blue bull (Nilgai) and pigs. So the sample farmers expressed that they need assistance for fencing in the form of subsidies that will encourage them to build boundary walls/fences so as to protect their cultivated lands from these crop damaging animals.

5.3 Conclusions and Policy Implications

The suggestions made by the sample oilseeds farmers have been highlighted in the preceding section that specifically covered the issues related to the required provisions or facilities to be created by the Government to lessen the difficulties of the oilseeds growers or to encourage the farmers to cultivate more areas under oilseeds. If some of the suggestions of the sample farmers could be considered and implemented by the policy makers, obviously that will help in further increase in area and production of oilseeds in the State. Besides the farmers’ suggestions, few more issues have been discussed in the following sections that may help the policy makers to devise the policy for further expansion of area under oilseeds in the State and to increase the production and productivity of oilseeds in the State.

From the analysis of relative contribution of area, yield and their interaction to change in production of total oilseeds in the selected districts of Rajasthan, it was

111 found that the area effect was dominant during Period I (TE1983-84 to TE 1993-94) and yield effect was dominant during Period II (TE1993-94 to TE 2009-10). During Period I, the expansion of area under oilseeds was the major source of growth in oilseeds production, which was encouraged by introduction of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in 1986 and the policy of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) strategy until 1994-95. The ISI strategy pursued until 1994-95 was highly beneficial to oilseeds economy in the country as well as in the State of Rajasthan. It transformed our country from a deficit to virtually self sufficient state in edible oils by the mid- 1990s. Due to opening up of domestic markets, the production of oilseeds in the country remained stagnant during the late1990s but increased during the recent years. Because of limited availability of cultivable lands, the focus was on increase in yield during Period II. It may be noted that the average productivity of oilseeds increased from 872 kg/ha in TE2000-01 to 1042 kg/ha in TE2010-11.

5.3.1 Scope for Expansion of Area under Oilseeds in the State

Though the scope of expansion of area under oilseeds in recent years looks gloomy in the State, it is possible to increase the area under the oilseeds by following the disaggregated approach. The district level analysis reveals that 7 out of 33 districts (Baran, Jhalawar, Tonk, Alwar, Sri Ganganagar, Kota and Sawai Madhopur) accounted for about 42 per cent of total oilseeds area of the State. So there is possibility of increasing the area under oilseeds in other districts with very thin area under oilseeds. The oilseeds area can also be increased in the districts with low area under oilseeds but high productivity. Some of this type of districts are Churu ( where oilseeds area constitutes only 2.7% of GCA of the district with oilseeds yield of 1375.4 kg/ha), Bikaner (where oilseeds area constitutes 6.9% of GCA of the district with oilseeds yield of 1134 kg/ha), Hanumangarh (2.5% of state oilseeds area, oilseeds area constituting 8.9 % of district GCA with yield of 1268.8 kg/ha), Jhunjhunu (1.2% of state oilseeds area, oilseeds area constituting 12.7% of district GCA with yield of 1165.5 kg/ha) and Sikar (2.2% of state oilseeds area, oilseeds area constituting 12.8% of district GCA with yield of 1133.9 kg/ha). However, there is a need of further irrigation expansion along with subsidized and sufficient power supply for agriculture in these districts to encourage more farmers to adopt these high value crops.

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5.3.2 Scope for Enhancing Oilseeds Productivity in the State

Major avenues for increase in oilseed production in the State are expected to come through increase in yield levels of the oilseed crops. The possibility in productivity enhancement in oilseed crops is probably highest among any group of crops in the State. Our study finds that there is a considerable yield gap in cultivation of selected oilseed crop in the State. In the case of our main oilseed crop rapeseed-mustard, the yield gap-II, i.e., the gap between the actual yield and potential yield was found to be 5.6 q/ha. Thus there is huge scope for increasing the yield of oilseeds in major parts of the State.

There were some districts where the share of oilseeds area in GCA is considerably large but the yield levels of oilseeds were very low. Some of such districts were S. Madhopur (oilseeds area constituting 55.8% of district GCA with yield of only 885.0 kg/ha), Tonk (oilseeds area constituting 47.7% of district GCA with yield of only 709.8 kg/ha), Pali (oilseeds area constituting 25.2% of district GCA with yield of only 333.4 kg/ha), Bundi (oilseeds area constituting 40.1% of district GCA with yield of only 962.4 kg/ha) and Sirohi (oilseeds area constituting 36.7% of district GCA with yield of only 983.0 kg/ha). These are some of the prospective districts where the increase in yield levels should be emphasized in practice by the policy makers.

Since there is limited scope for increasing area under oilseeds, a combination of land saving technologies involving high yielding varieties and hybrids and efficient crop management and nutrient management strategies need to be adopted so as to increase the yield levels. The losses due to incidence of pests and diseases need to be reduced.

5.3.3 Future Strategies for Oilseeds Sector in the State

As discussed in previous section, the expansion of area under oilseeds should be in focus in some parts of the State, while the increase in yield level should be the emphasized in some targeted regions of the State. Incorporating oilseeds in intercropping sequence and inclusion of oilseeds as a component in crop diversification plans may help in further expansion of area under oilseeds in the State.

The major thrust of strategies should be on enhancement of yield of oilseeds. The diverse sources of productivity enhancement such as improved agro-techniques

113 and improvements in input use efficiency and effective technology dissemination are essential for further increase in yield of oilseed crops in the State. The suggested key strategies for the oilseed productivity improvement in the state are:

 ensuring the timely availability of quality/certified seeds of improved varieties  providing incentives to promote balanced crop nutrition  Promoting efficiency in water use through protective irrigation such as drip and sprinkler and other micro irrigation techniques.  Popularizing the effective crop management techniques  Encouraging farmers to adopt integrated pest and nutrient management  Promoting farm mechanization in oilseed cultivation  Supporting the farmers to use more resource conservation technologies and precision farming technologies  Providing incentives/subsidies for fencing so as to help farmers protect their crop from crop damaging animals  Providing better extension services by hiring more extension personnel and equipping them with necessary skill set through proper training.

Removing the marketing constraints is crucial for encouraging the farmers to adopt more oilseed crops in their crop allocation. For reducing the level of market constraint, some policy initiatives are essential. The major functional areas of policy backing are:

 Enhancing the capacity utilization and efficiency of oilseed processing sector in the State  Effective market interventions for oilseeds and edible oils  Creating necessary rural and marketing infrastructures such as rural roads and processing units and market wards etc.  Favourable trade policy

The State Government has taken some useful measures for reducing the market constraints in the State (GoR, 2010b). Removing all restriction on direct purchases of all agricultural and horticultural products by agro-processing enterprises, exempting such purchases from Mandi fee, providing the road links for agro- industries clusters and agro-processing units through Marketing Development Fund, setting up private Mandi yards to promote efficiency and competitiveness in the

114 marketing etc. are highly appreciable. However, the scale of implementation of the initiatives needs to be increased.

Looking at the major constraints faced by the sample farmers, reducing the influence of middlemen/ intermediaries, better infrastructure and transport facilities with reasonable charges on the services for reducing the transport costs, better storage facilities and stabilizing the prices of chemical fertilizers, seeds and other inputs need a special policy attention. Among others, timely availability of fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, pesticides in proper quantity at proper price, creating more WHSs like dug well, tank, cross bund etc. and expansion of irrigation from canal wherever possible, reducing the disruptions in power supply for irrigation purposes may be emphasized by the policy makers.

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Websites referred:

http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in http://rsamb.rajasthan.gov.in http://www.thehindubusinessline.com

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ANNEXURE TABLES

Annexure 1: Sailent Features of Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan

Zone Area Total Area Districts Average Temperature Major Crops Soils (million ha) Covered Rainfall (0 C) (mm) Max. Min. Kharif Rabi IA Arid western 4.74 Barmer & part 200-370 40 8 Pearlmillet Wheat, Desert soils and plain of Jodhpur Mothbean Mustard, sand dunes aeolian Sesame Cumin soil, coarse sand in texture some places calcareous IB Irrigated 2.1 Sriganganagar, 100-350 42 4.7 Cotton, Wheat, Alluvial deposites north Hanumangarh Clusterbean Mustard, calcareous, high western Gram soluble salts & plain exchangeable sodium IC Hyper arid 7.7 Bikaner, 100-350 48 3 Pearlmillet Wheat, Desert soils and partial Jaisalmer, Mothbean Mustard, sand dunes aeolian irrigated Churu Clusterbean Gram soil, loamycoarse in zone texture & calcareous IIA Internal 3.69 Nagaur, Sikar, 300-500 39.7 5.3 Pearlmillet Mustard, Sandy loam, sallow drainage dry Jhunjhunu, Part Clusterbean Gram depth red soils in zone of Churu Pulses depressions

IIB Transitional 3 Jalore, Pali, 300-500 38 4.9 Pearlmillet Wheat, Red desert soils in plain of Luni Part of Sirohi, Clusterbean Mustard Jodhopur, Jalore & basin Jodhpur sesame Pali sierzems in Pali & Sirohi IIIA Semi arid 2.96 Jaipur, Ajmer, 500-700 40.6 8.3 Pearlmillet Wheat, Sierozens, eastern eastern Dausa, Tonk Clusterbean Mustard, part alluvial, west plains Sorghum Gram north west lithosols, foot hills, brown soils IIIB Flood prone 2.77 Alwar, Dholpur, 500-700 40 8.2 Pearlmillet Wheat, Alluvial prone to eastern plain Bharatpur, Clusterbean Barley, water logging, nature Karoli, Groundnut Mustard, of recently alluvial S.Madhopur Gram calcareous has been observed IVA Sub-humid 3.36 Bhilwara, 500-900 38.6 8.1 Maize, Wheat, Soil are lithosolsat southern Sirohi, Udaipur, Pulses, Gram foot hills & alluvials plains Chittorgarh Sorghum in plains IVB Humid 1.72 Dungarpur, 500-1100 39 7.2 Maize, Paddy Wheat, Predominantly sothern Udaipur, Sorghum Gram reddish medium plains Banswara, Blackgram texture, well drained Chittorgarh calcareous, shallow on hills, deep soils in valleys V Humid south 2.7 Kota, Jhalawar, 650-1000 42.6 10.6 Sorghum Wheat, Black of alluvial eastern plain Bundi, Baran Soyabean Mustard origin, clay loam, groundwater salinity Source : www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in

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Annexure 2: Cropping Pattern in Rajasthan

(Area in '000 ha) Year Rice Wheat Other Total Total Total Groundnut Sesamum Castorseed Soybean Total Kharif Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Other Total Rabi Total Oilseeds Cotton Sugarcane Gross Cereals Cereals Pulses Foodgrains Oilseeds Mustard Oilseeds Cropped Area 1971-72 133 1514 7298 8945 3738 12683 236 630 NA 0 866 383 95 NA NA 478 1344 334 28 16773 1972-73 136 1399 7519 9054 3175 12229 259 455 NA 0 714 294 55 NA NA 349 1063 343 34 16097 1973-74 133 1673 8345 10151 3608 13759 243 476 6 0 724 374 87 117 27 605 1330 302 40 17886 1974-75 130 1421 6555 8106 3572 11678 301 399 4 0 703 424 118 154 29 725 1429 267 51 15711 1975-76 155 1762 5995 7912 4479 12391 280 367 4 0 651 253 99 102 12 465 1116 309 40 17164 1976-77 159 1799 5877 7835 4242 12077 235 377 3 0 616 230 78 93 22 424 1040 289 44 16899 1977-78 184 1833 6065 8082 4037 12119 244 363 3 0 610 353 87 89 17 546 1156 370 61 16924 1978-79 211 1991 6629 8831 3602 12433 384 423 3 0 810 315 101 90 9 515 1325 403 60 17496 1979-80 186 2072 6465 8724 3030 11754 292 318 6 0 616 349 80 345 20 794 1410 392 34 16371 1980-81 170 1635 7391 9197 3147 12344 212 428 4 0 644 363 39 381 7 790 1434 357 29 17350 1981-82 140 1768 7331 9239 3786 13026 161 429 6 0 596 651 85 702 17 1455 2051 380 37 18597 1982-83 118 2070 7031 9219 3533 12752 186 449 5 12 651 607 74 440 6 1127 1779 397 38 18395 1983-84 160 2159 7220 9539 3702 13241 183 377 9 23 593 820 89 157 10 1077 1669 416 34 18878 1984-85 170 1718 6413 8300 3377 11677 252 418 19 31 720 1081 106 131 15 1333 2053 335 31 17286 1985-86 131 1774 7087 8992 3891 12883 245 520 10 43 818 808 100 203 9 1120 1938 333 26 18138 1986-87 147 1843 7582 9572 3207 12779 202 341 6 52 600 741 41 89 29 899 1499 365 29 17640 1987-88 96 1533 5619 7248 1802 9051 227 213 2 84 526 1092 41 281 9 1423 1949 344 27 13308 1988-89 131 1770 7945 9845 2935 12780 235 322 8 107 671 1369 62 159 17 1606 2277 299 16 18839 1989-90 119 1650 6948 8717 2939 11657 276 439 19 169 903 1464 40 114 5 1623 2526 434 16 17903 1990-91 120 1814 7037 8972 3683 12655 232 583 28 144 986 1919 46 123 5 2093 3080 455 23 19380 1991-92 140 1779 6538 8457 2831 11288 248 692 12 172 1124 2223 38 170 7 2438 3562 474 31 18093 1992-93 142 2251 7004 9396 3441 12837 243 452 13 265 973 2221 36 120 8 2386 3359 476 24 20167 1993-94 141 2013 6147 8301 3328 11629 287 525 15 346 1173 2236 32 165 7 2440 3613 518 21 19255 1994-95 159 2322 6843 9324 3602 12925 250 409 25 403 1087 2271 18 109 7 2405 3492 486 22 20380 1995-96 139 2196 5993 8328 3574 11902 216 329 39 428 1013 2691 16 118 5 2831 3843 606 28 19673 1996-97 147 2474 6469 9091 3760 12851 245 420 36 466 1167 2616 19 78 3 2716 3883 654 27 20693 1997-98 163 2943 6252 9358 4381 13740 329 268 37 499 1132 2812 11 463 2 3289 4421 645 23 22325 1998-99 168 2982 5682 8832 4644 13476 332 242 40 680 1294 2320 15 675 1 3011 4305 645 23 21401 1999-00 200 2831 5449 8480 2479 10959 275 212 79 492 1058 2495 8 74 0 2577 3635 583 19 19286 2000-01 166 2535 6296 8997 2375 11372 196 232 121 659 1208 1403 9 27 0 1439 2646 510 13 19230 2001-02 144 2287 6954 9386 3357 12743 243 316 46 656 1261 1760 4 81 0 1845 3106 510 9 20798 2002-03 84 1801 4941 6825 1803 8628 242 190 26 472 930 1191 1 326 0 1519 2449 386 10 13218 2003-04 100 2103 7918 10121 3861 13982 212 312 64 494 1081 2063 2 80 3 2147 3229 344 6 21664 2004-05 101 2010 6391 8503 3861 12079 290 447 110 622 1468 3287 3 395 1 3686 5154 438 6 21062 2005-06 107 2124 6809 9041 3490 12531 321 422 128 744 1615 3559 1 107 2 3669 5284 472 8 21699 2006-07 108 2565 6853 9526 3207 12733 306 273 92 641 1312 3100 1 112 0 3213 4525 350 11 21633 2007-08 128 2592 7055 9775 3869 13644 280 315 126 798 1519 2458 1 38 0 2497 4016 369 10 22208 2008-09 133 2295 7140 9568 3671 13239 324 521 147 829 1822 2738 3 100 0 2841 4663 303 7 22771 2009-10 151 2394 7284 9829 3404 13233 336 598 131 778 1844 2212 3 98 0 2313 4157 445 6 21745 Sources : GoR (2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

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Annexure 3: Net Irrigated Area, Gross Irrigated Area, Net Sown Area, Gross Sown Area ( Area in '000 ha) Year Net Irrigated Percentage of Gross Percentage GCA NSA Area NIA to Net Irrigeted of GIA to Sown Area Area Gross Sown 1971-72 2173 14.24 2440 14.55Area 16773 15263 1972-73 2269 15.27 2682 16.66 16097 14859 1973-74 2378 14.89 2679 14.98 17886 15967 1974-75 2647 16.58 3143 17.57 15711 13958 1975-76 2547 15.95 2934 16.41 17164 15105 1976-77 2608 16.33 2976 16.64 16899 15060 1977-78 2765 17.31 3167 17.71 16924 15168 1978-79 2895 18.13 3451 19.29 17496 15471 1979-80 3308 20.72 4084 22.83 16371 14207 1980-81 2983 18.68 3785 21.16 17350 15268 1981-82 2903 18.18 3722 20.01 18597 15578 1982-83 3218 20.15 4088 22.22 18395 15659 1983-84 3276 20.52 4014 21.26 18878 16234 1984-85 3204 20.07 3830 20.29 17286 15215 1985-86 3110 19.48 3863 20.46 18138 15564 1986-87 3421 21.43 4351 23.05 17640 15429 1987-88 3327 20.84 3995 21.16 13308 11514 1988-89 3481 21.80 4365 23.12 18839 16123 1989-90 3635 22.77 4461 23.63 17903 15606 1990-91 3904 24.45 4652 24.64 19380 16377 1991-92 4343 27.20 5264 29.10 18093 15490 1992-93 4471 28.00 5486 27.20 20167 15490 1993-94 4597 28.79 5595 29.06 19255 16232 1994-95 4858 30.43 5815 30.20 20380 17021 1995-96 5232 32.77 6361 33.04 19673 16575 1996-97 5588 35.00 6743 35.02 20693 16790 1997-98 5421 33.95 6676 34.67 22325 17075 1998-99 5499 34.44 6809 35.36 21401 16073 1999-00 5612 35.15 6934 36.01 19286 15509 2000-01 4907 30.73 6135 31.86 19230 15865 2001-02 5420 33.94 6744 35.03 20798 16765 2002-03 4372 27.38 5272 39.89 13218 10807 2003-04 5239 32.81 6393 29.51 21664 17394 2004-05 5880 36.83 7093 32.74 21062 16549 2005-06 6294 39.42 7818 36.09 21699 16836 2007-08 6444 37.69 8088 36.42 22208 17096 2008-09 6245 35.58 7910 34.74 22771 17551 2009-10 5850 34.46 7309 33.61 21745 16974 Source : 1. 50 years Agriculture Statistics of Rajasthan, DES, Jaipur, Rajasthan 2. Agriculture Statistics of Rajasthan 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10, DES, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

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Annexure 4.1 : Cropping Pattern at Districts Level in Rajasthan (1992-93) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) District Rice Wheat Maize Other Total Total Total Food Groundnut Rapeseed Sesam Soybean Total Cotton S Cane F&V GCA Cereals Cereals Pulses Grain & Mustard Oilseed Ajmer 128 44112 46659 213441 317327 70243 387570 4831 18112 28740 8 6679 6159 37 219 400664 Jaipur 5 147297 9597 316269 476102 106486 582588 28578 142430 9609 1 21155 41 102 828 604714 Dausa 4 70893 3682 102766 178348 30149 208497 17860 63859 2960 8 9996 19 11 597 219120 Sikar 0 56209 72 290831 344916 122442 467358 3761 33048 792 0 4502 22 46 166 472094 Jhunjhunu 0 36290 3 262003 294863 132195 427058 460 53237 112 0 6075 19 0 55 433207 Alwar 55 138182 12385 215604 360748 87492 448240 207 225025 5134 15 26497 2796 65 535 478133 Bharatpur 1662 95637 62 111357 199775 49388 249163 174 223156 2336 14 25709 26 95 1007 276000 Dholpur 740 36755 9 51503 87486 9729 97215 544 73937 3430 8 8954 0 111 1774 108054 S.Madhopur 2457 99071 1510 168102 276122 61475 337597 24344 208420 7076 12 27840 0 303 845 366585 Karauli NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Bikaner 0 29974 1 246356 286458 308143 594601 24364 24361 13587 0 7063 14754 61 27 616506 Churu 0 4186 0 427244 430037 538549 968586 302 6719 1299 0 955 4 0 0 969545 Jaisalmer 0 3998 0 145970 150056 579 150635 786 6719 156 0 905 0 0 8 151548 Sri Ganganagar16515 329398 155 96898 492811 481904 974715 6588 248116 439 28 30623 397014 1855 4267 1408474 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 NA NA NA NA Jodhpur 0 26210 32 711289 738716 230719 969435 211 25311 68424 0 13554 2568 0 134 985691 Jalore 0 45327 317 309850 370678 78611 449289 26 89792 17974 0 16171 2380 0 173 468013 Barmer 0 13186 15 1034784 1054547 149615 1204162 4 9809 8200 0 2407 181 0 8 1206758 Nagaur 0 41290 456 522766 622531 300789 923320 6740 94062 113424 0 26854 4629 0 36 954839 Pali 19 63063 28947 214686 341299 66926 408225 1263 67897 89248 4 25154 13791 6 510 447686 Sirohi 17 31213 27680 37866 103081 28165 131246 717 43165 14319 0 6914 3911 3 321 142395 Kota 6670 82061 11074 34961 129358 35879 165237 1569 74822 2103 49916 16149 0 71 701 182158 Baran 1896 72983 22653 50095 142253 37120 179373 3582 72181 4967 55425 17938 1 346 566 198224 Bundi 21223 95972 34916 27935 180104 20436 200540 783 46584 10176 17650 11209 1 8012 632 220394 Jhalawar 244 49834 62730 69337 179353 83370 262723 5827 11484 3163 80175 12609 859 513 2282 278986 Tonk 0 82335 18094 171846 289436 48000 337436 21598 89484 10627 22 18991 90 500 495 357512 Banswara 43400 59569 113657 19390 232410 91958 324368 184 214 297 2343 389 8075 1534 455 334821 Dungarpur 30060 27566 50482 10662 120341 47902 168243 141 293 438 17 214 70 814 451 169792 Udaipur 14276 64516 158680 28003 276983 56551 333534 7359 7301 4282 211 2480 91 2678 1143 339926 Bhilwara 16 65842 156299 56049 320283 68466 388749 23389 9887 20427 88 6602 15345 1194 737 412627 Chittorgarh 1401 78639 134446 34857 286148 88638 374786 52023 41610 5998 58876 18187 966 3912 1181 399032 Rajsamand 872 21439 59578 16300 113147 8783 4593 1246 2569 NA 1004 2605 2054 696 6359 Prtapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total State 141660 2013047 954191 5999020 9395717 3440702 12714489 242808 2012281 452306 264821 373781 476417 24323 20849 13609859 Notes: 1. A: Absoulate change in '000 ha ; R: Relative change in percentag 2. Because of unavailability of data, two years data (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for avaraging for TE 1993. 3. F&V implies fruits and vegetables; S Cane implies sugarcane Soucres : 1. Directoratete Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 4.2 : Cropping Pattern at districts level in Rajasthan (1993-94) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) District Rice Wheat Maize Other Total Total Total Groundnut Rapeseed Sesamum Soybean Total Cotton S Cane F&V GCA Cereals Cereals Pulses Foodgrains & Mustard Oilseed Ajmer 21 44112 42619 86752 28917 42806 71723 8429 27001 28640 15 77282 7672 31 6598 163306 Jaipur 11 147297 8930 156238 52079 53734 105813 34800 178125 7811 0 232131 60 147 10452 348603 Dausa 7 70893 3332 74232 24744 6190 30934 20630 79480 2459 0 106077 17 11 1063 138102 Sikar 1 56209 97 56307 18769 83424 102193 3933 36232 958 0 42676 10 31 2991 147901 Jhunjhunu 0 36290 2 36292 12097 79156 91253 1198 58414 178 0 60106 73 1 1877 153310 Alwar 118 138182 11652 149952 49984 1149 51133 545 230074 5358 19 242926 4382 101 7963 306505 Bharatpur 3956 95637 82 99675 33225 4375 37600 1882 218897 3351 90 227912 120 226 4114 269972 Dholpur 656 36755 1391 38802 12934 855 13789 1487 76498 4121 46 84699 4 196 2764 101452 S.Madhopur 2558 99071 1391 103020 34340 5097 39437 35277 235298 6746 44 285292 0 279 1744 326752 Karauli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA Bikaner 7 29974 0 29981 9994 264717 274711 22890 20967 14898 0 61302 19556 54 162 355785 Churu 0 4186 0 4186 1395 377855 379250 929 8970 2485 0 14452 25 0 426 394153 Jaisalmer 0 3998 1 3999 1333 247 1580 875 3383 270 0 4967 1 0 55 6603 Sri Ganganagar 18154 329398 195 347747 115916 40720 156636 5728 205551 772 0 257206 425079 1665 5196 845782 Hanumangarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 29 1655 NA Jodhpur 0 26210 17 26227 8742 227007 235749 453 51216 73028 1 137575 2253 0 4132 379709 Jalore 0 45327 514 45841 15280 49545 64825 16 100237 34120 0 140319 2520 0 2942 210606 Barmer 2 13186 86 13274 4425 227750 232175 0 9006 12206 0 22203 138 0 542 255058 Nagaur 0 41290 395 41685 13895 316246 330141 10041 89752 125437 4 247578 5083 0 2496 585298 Pali 12 63063 27266 90341 30114 32252 62366 2752 99289 121210 20 229018 16990 5 1838 310217 Sirohi 8 31213 24266 55487 18496 15393 33889 1003 35650 13940 0 58530 5158 40 1821 99438 Kota 3142 82061 10619 95822 31941 14561 46502 1992 89581 2889 75196 175267 0 53 2080 223902 Baran 1279 72983 20631 94893 31631 6590 38221 4310 76670 5222 84947 180383 0 251 1006 219861 Bundi 16146 95972 34610 146728 48909 5261 54170 1530 80370 8149 29229 122652 3 7222 1971 186018 Jhalawar 243 49834 60417 110494 36831 39301 76132 5821 14998 2701 85579 117102 790 268 2145 196437 Tonk 0 82335 17677 100012 33337 11058 44395 26972 140160 13240 19 205482 75 387 3178 253517 Banswara 43266 59569 111042 213877 71292 45452 116744 135 176 218 3765 4586 8285 926 676 131217 Dungarpur 34770 27566 43898 106234 35411 29209 64620 117 154 285 3 1179 81 680 208 66768 Udaipur 14647 64516 156906 236069 78690 30164 108854 6965 9799 3694 319 21750 75 2422 1296 134397 Bhilwara 15 65842 154315 220172 73391 29239 102630 25747 14514 21944 101 66510 16030 699 1667 187536 Chittorgarh 983 78639 127727 207349 69116 42410 111526 56448 44251 5686 66091 176749 1080 2951 1314 293620 Rajsamand 722 21439 61764 83925 27975 5387 33362 4479 1533 2708 51 9169 2655 1943 458 47587 Prtapgarh 0 #DIV/0! NA NA NA Total State 140724 2013047 921842 3075613 1025204 2087150 3112354 287384 2236246 524724 345539 36113113 518215 20589 76830 39841101 Note: Same as Table 4.1 Source: Same as Table 4.1

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Annexure 4.3: Cropping Pettern at District Level in Rajasthan (2007-2008) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) District Rice Wheat Maize Other Total Total Total Food Groundnut Rapeseed- Sesam Soybean Total Cotton S Cane F&V GCA Cereals Cereals Pulses Grain Mustard Oilseeds Ajmer 6 21909 35762 227578 285255 110601 395856 2327 13048 11269 22 28161 5133 42 5686 458461 Jaipur 0 132008 4160 383411 519579 101816 621395 42069 117335 4218 0 168200 125 22 30481 870218 Dausa 0 77107 1285 138496 216888 1973 218861 13787 76150 6223 0 96953 95 2 1726 330454 Sikar 0 85200 7 321047 406254 124380 530634 26912 74311 617 1 102282 161 20 8374 727756 Jhunjhunu 0 75906 1 297086 372993 112977 485970 2456 75302 95 0 77951 34 0 2952 641664 Alwar 155 191440 7840 292191 491626 14085 505711 1010 234517 2782 1 238681 2973 98 16076 802670 Bharatpur 684 157414 12 168614 326724 4811 331535 7 192125 2067 1 194606 306 99 7442 541399 Dholpur 484 51180 6 77729 129399 1843 131242 128 50852 3788 0 55039 1 119 6135 194749 S.Madhopur 49 45688 600 84260 130597 12116 142713 3374 138916 29110 1472 174547 0 57 1171 325995 Karauli 1892 56952 230 127736 186810 4706 191516 887 81195 14250 19 97267 24 114 1111 293460 Bikaner 1 51684 0 205367 257052 455469 712521 51292 42129 3260 0 97219 4346 7 436 1427601 Churu 0 17651 0 422321 439972 620125 1060097 15839 19613 1487 0 36981 9 0 228 1448514 Jaisalmer 0 9696 0 133837 143533 74537 218070 7298 64021 320 0 72824 9 0 241 637103 Sri Ganganagar3581 202387 12 41552 247532 153068 400600 2539 263838 965 0 279271 150590 2675 7254 1020743 Hanumangarh18169 216076 1 113224 347470 285578 633048 729 93845 3261 5 100833 156714 21 2377 1212616 Jodhpur 0 41824 8 634224 676056 277438 953494 28869 85165 30486 0 160011 7237 0 16222 1356269 Barmer 0 13813 15 953234 967062 266860 1233922 305 20454 2139 0 40907 5 0 521 1742516 Nagaur 0 79567 111 530565 610243 534627 1144870 15737 88879 10522 0 116140 7944 0 12184 1455372 Jalore 0 31525 113 316178 347816 159617 507433 2375 87578 12053 0 142912 523 0 2085 821746 Pali 0 69452 22830 190454 282736 124869 407605 1271 64512 79385 2 149715 3449 0 2299 688184 Sirohi 3 39349 28689 20688 88729 17621 106350 5221 23524 9283 0 66636 1999 0 3157 191232 Kota 8402 110050 10024 8499 136975 13459 150434 257 73343 11471 124405 209816 0 23 2489 416129 Baran 3408 106699 16791 6248 133146 9340 142486 447 83203 6125 200166 290408 0 55 2024 524869 Bundi 16967 129893 33235 7643 187738 36916 224654 399 62697 10047 76046 150094 0 3667 2904 387272 Jhalawar 1176 57376 40773 6554 105879 37717 143596 1374 27747 2269 224695 256219 24 25 9081 507784 Tonk 0 69961 13710 149528 233199 81640 314839 10571 162829 17740 87 196730 165 58 4381 527503 Banswara 35853 90801 143437 1604 271695 46778 318473 219 86 486 22411 23264 11365 352 454 356258 Dungarpur 29975 41492 73073 7398 151938 33417 185355 76 623 985 298 2126 371 185 258 190897 Udaipur 5759 79367 193466 18351 296943 29196 326139 4526 18776 3639 4791 31956 260 671 1046 377262 Bhilwara 247 81579 182170 47834 311830 78583 390413 9712 35976 26195 3149 76502 8311 329 2176 522316 Chittorgarh 860 122359 187640 15388 326247 39562 365809 24836 81927 6056 140057 252820 2533 1195 2427 658437 Rajsamand 160 34420 59537 13216 107333 4232 111565 2574 3681 2280 29 8514 4473 565 637 135764 Prtapgarh NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA Total State 127831 2591825 1055538 5962055 9737249 3869957 13607206 279423 2458197 314873 797657 3995585 369179 10401 156035 21793213 Notes: 1. A: Absoulate change in '000 ha ; R: Relative change in percentag 2. Because of unavailability of data, two years data (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for avaraging for TE 1993. 3. F&V implies fruits and vegetables; S Cane implies sugarcane Soucres : 1. Directoratete Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 4.4: Cropping Pettern at District Level in Rajasthan (2008-2009) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) District Rice Wheat Maize Other Total Total Total Groundnut Rapeseed- Sesamum Soybean Total Cotton S Cane F&V GCA Cereals Cereals Pulses Foodgrain Mustard Oilseeds s Ajmer 4 16605 35740 234676 287025 107524 394549 2629 21662 25736 29 64310 6328 15 5391 486255 Jaipur 0 136789 4211 387840 528840 113737 642577 46231 137879 11649 0 213692 63 18 26664 939872 Dausa 0 77365 1379 134131 212875 7228 220103 14681 85941 8664 0 110383 26 3 1363 344290 Sikar 0 85657 25 336147 421829 121589 543418 23266 70069 903 0 94803 123 15 7614 734633 Jhunjhunu 0 71814 1 290752 362567 119153 481720 1724 83496 190 0 85521 17 0 2710 649176 Alwar 265 170172 8351 266533 445321 16775 462096 1663 269865 3453 0 275495 2372 75 15212 794043 Bharatpur 2281 133758 6 146391 282436 9702 292138 16 223223 2035 0 225487 125 58 6008 530558 Dholpur 574 50807 21 70843 122245 3862 126107 75 69802 2701 0 72578 0 20 4738 205095 S.Madhopur 64 53450 792 69608 123914 14328 138242 6697 173914 39125 1374 222444 0 39 1313 368414 Karauli 2445 62737 273 118391 183846 13322 197168 1552 88410 11093 0 102161 54 45 1385 303896 Bikaner 179 58932 7 261679 320797 449204 770001 63143 42257 4095 0 111445 794 3 392 1777690 Churu 0 17325 0 432837 450162 614997 1065159 19214 17310 1823 0 38378 3 0 144 1458651 Jaisalmer 0 9521 0 153602 163123 70316 233439 9215 76764 609 0 100215 39 0 251 727303 Sri Ganganagar6422 213503 63 76512 296500 149761 446261 3073 231071 6327 0 258685 94702 1837 8134 1056759 Hanumangarh24241 207479 9 119265 350994 259691 610685 3189 90324 8774 6 105079 128173 10 2102 1217550 Jodhpur 0 41501 38 645965 687504 267853 955357 37639 91805 43512 0 192831 9167 0 16275 1392448 Barmer 0 11467 12 1003907 1015386 230568 1245954 688 24715 4095 0 51480 14 0 511 1763928 Nagaur 0 67100 67 546662 613829 494130 1107959 17748 81540 28072 1 137953 11759 0 10916 1452826 Jalore 0 23600 52 319880 343532 124142 467674 4025 85607 24634 1 170022 721 0 1543 778135 Pali 0 30185 20124 187342 237651 96901 334552 1548 39303 141969 1 189117 4862 0 1860 626750 Sirohi 3 24790 28261 18557 71611 10757 82368 5049 19708 11289 0 71371 2454 1 2136 171838 Kota 12011 86611 7296 4670 110588 12235 122823 281 90776 16297 132164 239963 1 14 2163 431485 Baran 6401 95802 12233 4448 118884 5252 124136 571 108438 6776 208708 324990 1 32 1812 547756 Bundi 24506 117809 32697 4470 179482 23265 202747 505 84285 18575 76488 180633 10 1775 2834 397390 Jhalawar 1679 58810 37581 5135 103205 45988 149193 1483 38038 2262 236786 279070 13 30 9447 546425 Tonk 0 40643 13356 121374 175373 75139 250512 15781 240420 47502 153 310992 85 35 3831 574458 Banswara 31530 76116 131187 4119 242952 33593 276545 239 70 455 23953 24789 10390 228 298 314472 Dungarpur 14842 18296 88368 7287 128793 22156 150949 32 170 1206 666 2230 393 116 138 156630 Udaipur 3689 41115 173614 12457 230875 21083 251958 4010 15541 2792 1564 24027 581 579 888 294570 Bhilwara 278 54375 179714 39772 274139 81657 355796 10249 44019 34588 3646 95211 15949 165 1879 497958 Chittorgarh 369 84045 166361 12999 263774 13590 277364 25013 81026 6715 45702 158220 2766 881 1164 475868 Rajsamand 105 12069 56464 9180 77818 2750 80568 2054 2374 2439 1 6916 8192 523 510 105709 Prtapgarh 1530 44610 55575 2675 104390 40238 144628 926 8176 807 98225 108476 0 9 524 269928 Total State 133418 2294858 1053878 6050106 9532260 3672486 13204746 324209 2737998 521162 829468 4648967 300177 6526 142150 22392759 Notes: 1. A: Absoulate change in '000 ha ; R: Relative change in percentag 2. Because of unavailability of data, two years data (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for avaraging for TE 1993. 3. F&V implies fruits and vegetables; S Cane implies sugarcane Soucres : 1. Directoratete Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 4.5: Cropping Pettern at district level in Rajasthan (2009-2010) (Absoulate change (A) in '000 ha ; Relative change (R) in percentage) District Rice Wheat Maize Other Total Total Total Groundnut Rapeseed- Sesamum Soybean Total Cotton S Cane F&V GCA Cereals Cereals Pulses Foodgrains Mustard Oilseed

Ajmer 7 8761 35274 236638 280680 91628 394549 2390 2857 25449 21 33132 6450 14 4736 433643 Jaipur 0 139226 3842 383461 526529 92082 642577 47016 99209 27527 0 178533 106 31 30300 907965 Dausa 0 83956 960 155562 240478 6369 220103 15349 78748 15787 0 117027 101 2 1328 386204 Sikar 0 90628 23 333359 424010 112253 543418 22064 59702 541 0 82748 161 12 9694 723851 Jhunjhunu 0 79516 2 275286 354804 102143 481720 1555 78412 118 0 80203 31 0 3624 623377 Alwar 346 192800 7868 334783 535797 12722 462096 1051 251375 4744 1 258317 4326 101 14394 878644 Bharatpur 1865 160732 6 185519 348122 9208 292138 18 200126 2131 0 203318 149 16 5970 593334 Dholpur 569 56832 5 87478 144884 4958 126107 85 65931 3030 0 69750 6 13 5103 233191 S.Madhopur 103 61185 735 89351 151374 29250 138242 6256 158433 61356 741 233688 2 27 1380 435024 Karauli 1046 73134 172 134317 208669 21620 197168 1309 75293 28756 0 111013 148 28 1349 363080 Bikaner 63 55947 7 251832 307849 405677 770001 78547 30279 3953 0 114248 5132 0 787 1509348 Churu 0 22674 0 412543 435217 478729 1065159 22664 14546 1225 0 38510 6 0 248 1260035 Jaisalmer 0 10768 0 162201 172969 55665 233439 9241 34680 1026 0 47256 105 1 214 630831 Sri Ganganagar8740 202210 3 32502 243455 106355 446261 5007 212656 3216 0 233142 163732 2338 9338 952620 Hanumangarh24635 217397 0 74210 316242 200161 610685 4468 89868 6514 0 103642 174821 2 2700 1032583 Jodhpur 0 53143 17 636728 689888 269615 955357 43892 74197 36066 0 174484 11022 0 19455 1388420 Barmer 0 15200 1 958878 974079 279339 1245954 684 16854 4315 0 39622 10 0 508 1808365 Nagaur 0 77165 51 535488 612704 517875 1107959 14251 46544 18811 1 82204 18093 2 10148 1422336 Jalore 0 30967 28 336782 367777 125038 467674 3029 62612 25281 0 135254 692 0 1488 819375 Pali 0 24350 20393 210198 254941 108464 334552 1587 10528 146665 0 162047 4239 0 1420 676722 Sirohi 0 18016 28004 24748 70768 9148 82368 4607 7654 16004 0 56603 1790 0 2144 167769 Kota 17348 91999 11699 6361 127407 9569 122823 304 86065 21591 122293 231533 7 9 2362 441679 Baran 8298 105609 13470 4894 132271 5648 124136 609 114176 10114 194417 320203 38 10 2163 550300 Bundi 36145 107862 37989 5413 187409 28515 202747 432 63718 15967 55461 141746 6 1360 2469 394062 Jhalawar 2397 67915 35711 4937 110960 57209 149193 1321 39401 2707 243664 288589 12 16 10277 582148 Tonk 7 39926 13951 152707 206591 51422 250512 14860 173695 72821 86 291020 441 32 5351 573999 Banswara 28142 80466 142326 2348 253282 33316 276545 233 89 503 18958 19828 11021 140 380 325757 Dungarpur 13961 36010 90004 9283 149258 28424 150949 12 533 1396 836 2922 423 68 155 191129 Udaipur 4253 32201 179262 13767 229483 14842 251958 3403 8615 2631 1751 16478 756 391 862 286121 Bhilwara 430 38384 187259 49887 275960 65139 355796 8566 9614 28957 3480 51906 23339 75 1649 475069 Chittorgarh 748 65075 175429 12069 253321 9055 277364 18847 39415 6204 37171 102275 8590 989 1195 416024 Rajsamand 61 6461 59590 8916 75028 2143 80568 1803 970 2053 1 4873 6525 301 447 99975 Prtapgarh 1530 47698 56135 2612 107975 33078 144628 717 5562 859 99490 106958 2260 8 598 268992 Total State 150694 2394213 1100216 6125058 9770181 3376659 13204746 336177 2212357 598318 778372 4133072 444540 5986 154236 21851972 Notes: 1. A: Absoulate change in '000 ha ; R: Relative change in percentag 2. Because of unavailability of data, two years data (1992-93 and 1993-94) have been used for avaraging for TE 1993. 3. F&V implies fruits and vegetables; S Cane implies sugarcane Soucres : 1. Directoratete Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure-5: Area, Production and Yield of Rapeseed-Mustard, Wheat and Total Oilseeds in Rajasthan (Area in 000 hectare, production in 000 tonnes and yield in kg/ha.) Rapeseed and Mustard Wheat Total Oilseeds Year Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield 1956-57 266 112 421 1355 1336 985.98 965 288 298 1957-58 346 118 341 1066 840 787.99 956 229 240 1958-59 237 64 270 1182 1046 884.94 916 254 277 1959-60 196 53 270 1231 1052 854.59 960 191 199 1960-61 204 75 368 1067 1010 946.58 810 172 212 1961-62 267 108 404 1292 1268 981.42 991 259 261 1962-63 321 132 411 1247 1089 873.30 1239 363 293 1963-64 305 43 141 1129 866 767.05 1101 196 178 1964-65 208 79 380 1183 1103 932.38 1075 254 236 1965-66 222 72 324 967 785 811.79 1136 203 179 1966-67 251 54 215 961 872 907.39 1229 201 164 1967-68 198 66 333 1265 1319 1042.69 1211 328 271 1968-69 121 55 455 1159 1174 1012.94 988 152 154 1969-70 183 83 454 1239 1258 1015.33 869 217 250 1970-71 254 247 972 1478 1951 1320.03 1044 532 510 1971-72 383 123 321 1514 1889 1247.69 1344 393 292 1972-73 294 210 714 1399 1753 1253.04 1063 374 352 1973-74 374 111 296 1673 1791 1070.28 1330 339 255 1974-75 424 255 600 1421 1819 1280.08 1429 500 350 1975-76 253 127 504 1762 2290 1299.75 1116 395 354 1976-77 230 101 439 1799 2301 1279.02 1040 343 330 1977-78 353 163 462 1833 2610 1423.81 1145 420 366 1978-79 315 204 647 1991 2834 1423.69 1325 555 419 1979-80 349 149 427 2072 2701 1303.23 1410 251 178 1980-81 363 248 685 1635 2394 1464.15 1434 382 266 1981-82 651 458 704 1768 2933 1658.95 2051 645 315 1982-83 607 443 731 2070 3787 1829.71 1779 625 351 1983-84 820 648 791 2159 3442 1594.23 1669 1075 644 1984-85 1081 874 809 1718 2792 1625.39 2053 1234 601 1985-86 808 595 736 1774 3918 2209.07 1938 912 470 1986-87 741 655 884 1843 3402 1845.47 1499 882 588 1987-88 1092 932 854 1533 2909 1897.09 1949 1257 645 1988-89 1369 1350 986 1770 3964 2240.16 2277 1917 842 1989-90 1464 1278 872 1650 3400 2060.17 2526 1846 731 1990-91 1919 1669 870 1814 4309 2375.01 3080 2356 765 1991-92 2223 2132 959 1779 4478 2517.03 3562 2711 761 1992-93 2221 1720 774 2251 5148 2287.06 3359 2542 757 1993-94 2236 1652 739 2013 3460 1718.56 3613 2405 666 1994-95 2271 2015 887 2322 5613 2417.31 3492 2834 812 1995-96 26910 2368 88 2196 5493 2501.22 3843 3070 799 1996-97 2616 2622 1002 2474 6782 2741.01 3883 3529 909 1997-98 2812 2041 726 2680 6701 2500.46 4421 3300 746 1998-99 2320 2233 962 2766 6880 2487.02 4305 3815 886 1999-00 2495 2459 986 2650 6732 2540.17 3635 3406 937 2000-01 1403 1303 929 2310 5547 2401.72 2646 2033 768 2001-02 1760 1908 1084 2287 6389 2793.02 3106 3129 1008 2002-03 1191 1178 989 1801 4878 2709.02 2449 1755 716 2003-04 2063 2694 1306 2103 5876 2793.96 3229 3996 1238 2004-05 3287 3857 1174 2010 5707 2838.77 5154 5561 1079 2005-06 3559 4386 1232 2124 5865 2761.55 5284 5935 1123 2006-07 3100 3767 1215 2565 7756 3024.92 4528 5167 1141 2007-08 2458 2352 957 2592 7126 2749.04 4017 4229 1053 2008-09 2738 3466 1266 2295 7287 3175.39 4664 5201 1115 2009-10 2212 2912 1316 2394 7501 3132.91 4158 4437 1067 Note: Figures in parentheses are the CAGR in per cent. Sources : Same as Annexure 2

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Annexure 6.1: Area,Production and yield of different oilseeds of district level in Rajasthan in 1991-92 (Area in 'hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soybean Castor seed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 5469 1145 209 38829 2533 65 4 3 750 8 0 0 Dausa 16021 7425 463 5274 897 170 0 0 0 1 1 1000 Jaipur 30560 12789 418 13805 1801 130 14 11 786 8 1 125 Alwar 246 196 797 11501 4056 353 3 2 667 0 0 0 Bharatpur 73 58 795 5177 1594 308 1 1 1000 4 0 0 Dholpur 328 262 799 4584 780 170 5 4 800 13 1 77 Karauli 0 0 S. Madhopur 26915 5878 218 14782 4167 282 19 14 737 2 2 1000 Baran 3713 2523 680 6071 916 151 28506 26430 927 0 0 0 Bundi 765 611 799 10875 2039 187 10994 6685 608 2 1 500 Jhalawar 7509 3275 436 4658 369 79 52231 28660 549 0 0 0 Kota 1371 869 634 2257 673 298 26827 31655 1180 1 1 1000 Tonk 25498 5829 229 17309 1992 115 17 13 765 3 0 0 Barmer 3 2 667 8595 1601 186 0 0 0 716 127 177 Jodhpur 155 124 800 93843 9175 98 1 1 1000 6 2 333 Nagaur 6214 3451 555 181929 44503 245 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hanumangarh 0 0 Sri Ganganagar 10038 15276 1522 399 68 170 38 29 763 648 282 435 Bhilwara 20206 21576 1068 31638 3696 117 89 67 753 22 8 364 Chittorgarh 50133 67779 1352 10864 2600 239 51107 35016 685 0 0 0 Rajsamand 4014 1829 456 4170 732 176 4 3 750 4 23 5750 Banswara 431 344 798 453 77 170 1781 1348 757 54 12 222 Dungarpur 143 114 797 391 66 169 27 21 778 4 1 250 Udaipur 6512 3471 533 5409 758 140 260 197 758 23 11 478 Jhunjhunu 84 67 798 275 47 171 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sikar 3466 2766 798 1201 204 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jalore 16 13 813 33321 2353 71 0 0 0 3158 1257 398 Pali 1746 1393 798 160470 26062 162 0 0 0 515 93 181 Sirohi 701 559 797 18397 2999 163 0 0 0 6685 5801 868 Bikaner 25463 38120 1497 2749 468 170 6 5 833 0 0 0 Churu 134 107 799 2335 397 170 0 0 0 11 2 182 Jaisalmer 385 307 797 29 5 172 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Rajasthan 248312 198158 798 691590 117628 170 171934 130165 757 11889 7626 641

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Annexure 6.1 continued ---- (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 21791 20895 959 6289 3094 492 2917 795 273 0 0 0 30997 28465 918 Dausa 45751 43865 959 7250 6371 879 0 0 0 0 0 0 53093 58559 1103 Jaipur 128794 158782 1233 20218 8905 440 60 28 467 0 0 0 149072 182317 1223 Alwar 249265 197612 793 21338 10029 470 0 0 0 26 26 1000 271609 211921 780 Bharatpur 240861 191154 794 12733 9620 756 12 6 500 0 0 0 253607 202433 798 Dholpur 73784 56588 767 5435 5425 998 25 12 480 0 0 0 79244 63072 796 Karauli 0 0 0 0 0 0 S. Madhopur 200599 203027 1012 20848 21084 1011 1035 649 627 0 0 0 222482 234821 1055 Baran 83239 68616 824 1550 877 566 12586 5239 416 13 9 692 97388 104610 1074 Bundi 73148 53748 735 2448 1299 531 1238 855 691 13 11 846 76847 65249 849 Jhalawar 9406 9019 959 81 8 99 3787 1222 323 3538 354 100 16812 42907 2552 Kota 95099 103468 1088 1810 1476 815 5199 2122 408 147 146 993 102255 140410 1373 Tonk 108345 71592 661 26114 13479 516 7858 5896 750 0 0 0 142421 98801 694 Barmer 9728 9328 959 116 72 621 7 3 429 1 0 0 9853 11133 1130 Jodhpur 48606 45354 933 733 624 851 4 2 500 99 57 576 49444 55339 1119 Nagaur 84058 149002 1773 3742 2025 541 21 10 476 0 0 0 87821 198991 2266 Hanumangarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sri Ganganagar286605 241121 841 21988 11888 541 6 3 500 3310 2553 771 312057 271220 869 Bhilwara 23438 24840 1060 2217 1324 597 2217 769 347 0 0 0 27876 52280 1875 Chittorgarh 71927 60637 843 688 254 369 928 344 371 6 2 333 73549 166632 2266 Rajsamand 2955 2834 959 134 65 485 9 4 444 1 0 0 3099 5490 1772 Banswara 123 118 959 82 30 366 71 34 479 0 0 0 276 1963 7112 Dungarpur 413 396 959 283 283 1000 6 3 500 0 0 0 702 884 1259 Udaipur 12288 3532 287 286 194 678 199 94 472 0 0 0 12773 8257 646 Jhunjhunu 46766 37712 806 219 120 548 0 0 0 2 0 0 46987 37946 808 Sikar 32428 32277 995 4333 2218 512 0 0 0 0 0 0 36761 37465 1019 Jalore 108562 133815 1233 1665 966 580 0 0 0 0 0 0 110227 138404 1256 Pali 97635 155118 1589 2051 1169 570 9 4 444 0 0 0 99780 183839 1842 Sirohi 30871 35342 1145 28 10 357 3 1 333 1 1 1000 30903 44713 1447 Bikaner 29729 15333 516 4627 1031 223 0 0 0 60 30 500 34416 54987 1598 Churu 5485 5260 959 151 49 325 0 0 0 1 1 1000 5637 5816 1032 Jaisalmer 1347 1292 959 298 144 483 0 0 0 0 0 0 1645 1748 1063 Total Rajasthan2E+06 2131677 959 2E+05 104133 613 38197 18095 474 7218 3190 441.95 2439633 2710672 1111 Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 6.2 : Area, Production and Yield of different oilseeds at District Level in Rajasthan (1992-93) (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soyabeab Castorseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 4831 2802 580 28740 6609 230 8 10 1250 30 4 133.33 Dausa 17860 20802 1165 2960 678 229 1 1 1000 0 0 0 Jaipur 28578 33727 1180 9609 2809 292 8 10 1250 100 50 500 Alwar 207 232 1121 5134 1649 321 15 19 1267 7 7 1000 Bharatpur 174 195 1121 2336 892 382 14 18 1286 11 15 1364 Dholpur 544 609 1119 3430 785 229 8 10 1250 4 3 750 Karauli S. Madhopur 24344 30681 1260 7076 2577 364 12 15 1250 91 45 494.51 Baran 3582 6049 1689 4967 1665 335 55425 54693 987 0 0 0 Bundi 783 876 1119 10176 3224 317 17650 17461 989 8 5 625 Jhalawar 5827 4801 824 3163 841 266 80175 89837 1121 0 0 0 Kota 1569 1767 1126 2103 478 227 49916 82345 1650 2 2 1000 Tonk 21598 16663 772 10627 2620 247 22 28 1273 2 0 0 Barmer 4 4 1000 8200 1537 187 0 0 0 478 300 627.62 Jodhpur 211 236 1118 68424 19555 286 0 0 0 13 15 1153.8 Nagaur 6740 4248 630 113424 34164 301 0 0 0 5 2 400 Hanumangarh Sri Ganganagar 6588 9645 1464 439 101 230 28 35 1250 426 201 471.83 Bhilwara 23389 15665 670 20427 4412 216 88 111 1261 44 25 568.18 Chittorgarh 52023 81846 1573 5998 1180 197 58876 85571 1453 0 0 0 Rajsamand 4593 4022 876 2569 507 197 0 0 0 1 0 0 Banswara 184 206 1120 297 68 229 2343 2950 1259 76 26 342.11 Dungarpur 141 158 1121 438 100 228 17 21 1235 1 0 0 Udaipur 7359 5031 684 4282 500 117 211 266 1261 12 9 750 Jhunjhunu 460 515 1120 112 26 232 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikar 3761 4209 1119 792 181 229 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jalore 26 29 1115 17974 2202 123 0 0 0 4798 2671 556.69 Pali 1263 1413 1119 89248 7126 80 4 5 1250 248 110 443.55 Sirohi 717 802 1119 14319 2501 175 0 0 0 6515 11055 1696.9 Bikaner 24364 23290 956 13587 4246 313 0 0 0 1 0 0 Churu 302 338 1119 1299 297 229 0 0 0 4 2 500 Jaisalmer 786 880 1120 156 36 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Rajasthan 242808 271741 1119 452306 103566 229 264821 333406 1259 12877 14547 1129.7

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Annexure 6.2 continued---- (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 18112 12905 713 6373 3025 475 2018 460 228 2 1 500 60114 25816 429 Dausa 63859 52400 821 4651 4105 883 486 199 409 0 0 0 89966 78185 869 Jaipur 142430 81914 575 9387 4026 429 104 43 413 0 0 0 190397 122579 644 Alwar 225025 160334 713 7228 3414 472 0 0 0 219 218 995.43 238473 165873 696 Bharatpur 223156 205752 922 5585 4640 831 1 0 0 72 54 750 231381 211566 914 Dholpur 73937 58137 786 2654 3262 1229 5 2 400 4 11 2750 80586 62819 780 Karauli 0 0 0 S. Madhopur 208420 144504 693 9376 9398 1002 1239 483 390 3 2 666.67 250561 187705 749 Baran 86223 72181 837 1366 857 627 9833 4051 412 14 15 1071.4 161444 139511 864 Bundi 69578 46584 670 2149 978 455 527 517 981 12 3 250 100883 69648 690 Jhalawar 14833 11484 774 38 7 184 4684 1432 306 4769 1339 280.77 113489 109741 967 Kota 86108 74822 869 1236 505 409 4398 2193 499 9 9 1000 145341 162121 1115 Tonk 118061 89484 758 13312 13287 998 7293 3505 481 2 1 500 170917 125588 735 Barmer 12670 9809 774 228 142 623 50 20 400 0 0 0 21659 11812 545 Jodhpur 49675 25311 510 3661 2993 818 1 0 0 1 1 1000 121986 48111 394 Nagaur 105264 94062 894 15491 13695 884 755 309 409 7 7 1000 241689 146487 606 Hanumangarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sri Ganganagar 248116 222593 897 19171 5125 267 24 10 417 641 540 842.43 275610 238250 864 Bhilwara 11469 9887 862 1373 938 683 2588 637 246 19 4 210.53 59416 31679 533 Chittorgarh 42842 41610 971 2239 731 326 1685 761 452 24 17 708.33 163687 211716 1293 Rajsamand 1609 1246 774 209 442 2115 44 18 409 11 10 909.09 9036 6245 691 Banswara 277 214 773 212 80 377 116 48 414 0 0 0 3505 3592 1025 Dungarpur 378 293 775 945 944 999 10 4 400 0 0 0 1930 1520 788 Udaipur 9431 7301 774 558 307 550 396 162 409 0 0 0 22316 13576 608 Jhunjhunu 53237 49584 931 855 427 499 0 0 0 6 8 1333.3 54670 50560 925 Sikar 33048 25725 778 2910 1485 510 0 0 0 5 4 800 40516 31604 780 Jalore 120550 89792 745 2073 906 437 0 0 0 14 6 428.57 145541 95606 657 Pali 129949 67897 522 4670 4768 1021 14 6 429 5 5 1000 226387 81330 359 Sirohi 40586 43165 1064 70 23 329 16 7 438 3 3 1000 62226 57556 925 Bikaner 24361 14468 594 1112 373 335 133 54 406 8 4 500 63566 42435 668 Churu 6719 5202 774 259 104 402 0 0 0 8 24 3000 8591 5967 695 Jaisalmer 6719 1113 166 483 304 629 0 0 0 1 0 0 8145 2333 286 Total Rajasthan2226642 1719773 772 119874 81291 678 36420 14921 410 5859 2286 390.17 3364028 2541531 756 Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 6.3 :Area,Production and yield of different oilseeds of district level in Rajasthan in 1993-94 (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soyabean Castorseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 8429 1540 183 28640 1955 68 15 16 1067 3 0 0 Dausa 20630 12162 590 2459 253 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jaipur 34800 18677 537 7811 1243 159 0 0 0 73 60 822 Alwar 545 390 716 5358 1239 231 19 20 1053 8 3 375 Bharatpur 1882 1348 716 3351 644 192 90 96 1067 10 10 1000 Dholpur 1487 1065 716 4121 423 103 46 49 1065 7 8 1143 Karauli S. Madhopur 35277 23487 666 6746 1840 273 44 47 1068 3 2 667 Baran 4310 3155 732 5222 849 163 84947 89191 1050 0 0 0 Bundi 1530 1096 716 8149 2379 292 29229 27914 955 6 2 333 Jhalawar 5821 6528 1121 2701 898 332 85579 118923 1390 1 0 0 Kota 1992 1695 851 2889 841 291 75196 73191 973 0 0 0 Tonk 26972 10160 377 13240 906 68 19 20 1053 2 0 0 Barmer 0 0 0 12206 419 34 0 0 0 777 120 154 Jodhpur 453 324 715 73028 4368 60 1 1 1000 91 52 571 Nagaur 10041 12584 1253 125437 18777 150 4 0 0 0 0 0 Hanumangarh Sri Ganganagar 5728 7508 1311 772 79 102 0 0 0 728 187 257 Bhilwara 25747 16362 635 21944 689 31 101 108 1069 14 1 71 Chittorgarh 56448 54580 967 5686 1414 249 66091 55853 845 4 2 500 Rajsamand 4479 925 207 2708 212 78 51 55 1078 16 2 125 Banswara 135 97 719 218 22 101 3765 4032 1071 160 58 363 Dungarpur 117 84 718 285 29 102 3 3 1000 28 1 36 Udaipur 6965 1916 275 3694 509 138 319 342 1072 83 37 446 Jhunjhunu 1198 858 716 178 18 101 0 0 0 3 2 667 Sikar 3933 2865 728 958 98 102 0 0 0 5 4 800 Jalore 16 11 688 34120 3477 102 0 0 0 4677 2436 521 Pali 2752 1971 716 121210 8554 71 20 4 200 430 93 216 Sirohi 1003 718 716 13940 1331 95 0 0 0 7848 5738 731 Bikaner 22890 25949 1134 14898 137 9 0 0 0 8 3 375 Churu 929 665 716 2485 255 103 0 0 0 18 6 333 Jaisalmer 875 627 717 270 28 104 0 0 0 8 3 375 Total Rajasthan 287384 209347 728 524724 53886 103 345539 369865 1070 15011 8830 588

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Annexure 6.3 continued---- (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yeild in kg/ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 27001 14070 521 10981 7002 638 2111 398 189 0 0 0 77282 24981 323 Dausa 79480 98592 1240 3432 3036 885 3 1 333 7 11 1571 106077 114055 1075 Jaipur 178125 91695 515 10661 5538 519 367 138 376 5 3 600 232131 117354 506 Alwar 230074 190716 829 6139 3009 490 3 1 333 33 31 939 242926 195409 804 Bharatpur 218897 219320 1002 3623 2973 821 4 2 500 28 27 964 227912 224420 985 Dholpur 76498 66609 871 2537 3875 1527 3 1 333 0 0 0 84699 72030 850 Karauli 0 0 S. Madhopur 235298 178842 760 7214 7265 1007 699 357 511 11 11 1000 285292 211851 743 Baran 76670 52655 687 530 316 596 8589 4327 504 115 168 1461 180383 150661 835 Bundi 80370 53253 663 2124 1202 566 1231 471 383 13 13 1000 122652 86330 704 Jhalawar 14998 11080 739 30 3 100 3751 1627 434 4221 1148 272 117102 140207 1197 Kota 89581 94957 1060 1424 719 505 4073 1523 374 33 19 576 175267 172945 987 Tonk 140160 48740 348 17546 8850 504 7542 2318 307 1 0 0 205482 70994 345 Barmer 9006 6653 739 193 76 394 19 7 368 1 1 1000 22203 7276 328 Jodhpur 51216 39119 764 12777 10244 802 1 0 0 1 1 1000 137575 54109 393 Nagaur 89752 77023 858 22265 10501 472 39 15 385 38 25 658 247578 118925 480 Hanumangarh 29 29 1000 29 29 1000 Sri Ganganagar 205551 131897 642 43875 22299 508 1 0 0 11 13 1182 257206 161983 630 Bhilwara 14514 7841 540 2082 953 458 2104 397 189 4 1 250 66510 26352 396 Chittorgarh 44251 37101 838 2573 806 313 1498 506 338 195 41 210 176749 150303 850 Rajsamand 1533 1133 739 379 184 485 3 1 333 0 0 0 9169 2512 274 Banswara 176 130 739 82 31 378 50 19 380 0 0 0 4586 4389 957 Dungarpur 154 114 740 565 547 968 27 10 370 0 0 0 1179 788 668 Udaipur 9799 7239 739 490 262 535 321 121 377 4 0 0 21750 10426 479 Jhunjhunu 58414 35068 600 309 165 534 2 1 500 2 2 1000 60106 36114 601 Sikar 36232 25431 702 1544 812 526 3 1 333 1 1 1000 42676 29212 685 Jalore 100237 68014 679 1159 586 506 7 3 429 11 7 636 140319 74534 531 Pali 99289 40326 406 5136 5325 1037 5 2 400 12 5 417 229018 56280 246 Sirohi 35650 34087 956 85 34 400 1 0 0 3 3 1000 58530 41933 716 Bikaner 20967 11189 534 2528 226 89 0 0 0 15 8 533 61306 37512 612 Churu 8970 6627 739 2046 576 282 0 0 0 4 3 750 14452 8132 563 Jaisalmer 3383 2499 739 410 108 263 0 0 0 2 0 0 4967 3265 657 Total Rajasthan2236246 1652020 739 164739 97523 592 32457 12247 377 4800 1571 327 3613113 2405311 666 Note: Figures in parentheses show the district's percentage share in state total area under oilseeds. Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 6.4 :Area,Production and yield of different oilseeds of district level in Rajasthan ( 2007-08) (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soyabeab Castorseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 2327 2536 1090 11269 3658 325 22 30 1364 19 16 842 Jaipur 42069 83658 1989 4218 1783 423 0 0 0 20 19 950 Dausa 13787 23342 1693 6223 3599 578 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikar 26912 44968 1671 617 249 404 1 1 1000 2 1 500 Jhunjhunu 2456 3553 1447 95 38 400 0 0 0 28 14 500 Alw ar 1010 1710 1693 2782 1481 532 1 1 1000 0 0 0 Bharatpur 7 12 1714 2067 833 403 1 1 1000 23 3 130 Dholpur 128 221 1727 3788 1884 497 0 0 0 0 0 0 S.Madhopur 3374 2848 844 29110 16581 570 1472 1782 1211 8 7 875 Karauli 887 923 1041 14250 10120 710 19 26 1368 0 0 0 Bikaner 51292 109424 2133 3260 429 132 0 0 0 145 145 1000 Churu 15839 32474 2050 1487 599 403 0 0 0 1 0 0 Jaisalmer 7298 12215 1674 320 129 403 0 0 0 844 251 297 Sri Ganganagar 2539 4630 1824 965 389 403 0 0 0 346 434 1254 Hanumangarh 729 1257 1724 3261 1864 572 5 7 1400 6225 12496 2007 Jodhpur 28869 47365 1641 30486 13389 439 0 0 0 14827 8889 600 Barmer 305 526 1725 2139 214 100 0 0 0 21303 17313 813 Nagaur 15737 34055 2164 10522 3771 358 0 0 0 140 143 1021 Jalore 2375 3349 1410 12053 3062 254 0 0 0 48426 88274 1823 Pali 1271 1792 1410 79385 24429 308 2 3 1500 3317 1235 372 Sirohi 5221 7669 1469 9283 2822 304 0 0 0 30412 57106 1878 Kota 257 443 1724 11471 7615 664 124405 196773 1582 1 1 1000 Baran 447 771 1725 6125 3566 582 200166 270066 1349 0 0 0 Bundi 399 688 1724 10047 4104 408 76046 102919 1353 0 0 0 Jhalaw ar 1374 1670 1215 2269 914 403 224695 310310 1381 0 0 0 Tonk 10571 6465 612 17740 7297 411 87 117 1345 4 4 1000 Bansw ara 219 377 1721 486 196 403 22411 25011 1116 1 0 0 Dungarpur 76 131 1724 985 397 403 298 400 1342 199 199 1000 Udaipur 4526 3659 808 3639 832 229 4791 3410 712 26 26 1000 Bhilw ara 9712 11972 1233 26195 7958 304 3149 3392 1077 14 2 143 Chittorgarh 24836 32708 1317 6056 2060 340 140057 157016 1121 5 0 0 Rajsamand 2574 4234 1645 2280 0 0 29 39 1345 1 0 0 Prtapgarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total State 279423 481645 1724 314873 126262 401 797657 1071304 1343 126337 186578 1477

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Annexure 6.4 continued---- (Area in 'hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 13048 12022 921 1457 549 377 19 15 789 0 0 0 28161 18826 669 Jaipur 117335 61631 525 4563 933 204 6 5 833 0 0 0 168211 148029 880 Dausa 76150 82548 1084 793 215 271 1 1 1000 0 0 0 96954 109705 1132 Sikar 74311 38556 519 408 83 203 28 22 786 0 0 0 102279 83880 820 Jhunjhunu 75302 54078 718 70 19 271 0 0 0 0 0 0 77951 57702 740 Alw ar 234517 285842 1219 371 100 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 238681 289134 1211 Bharatpur 192125 242464 1262 383 104 272 0 0 0 0 0 0 194606 243417 1251 Dholpur 50852 61977 1219 271 73 269 0 0 0 0 0 0 55039 64155 1166 S.Madhopur 138916 124814 898 1573 426 271 94 73 777 0 0 0 174547 146531 839 Karauli 81195 102062 1257 915 248 271 0 0 0 1 2 2000 97267 113381 1166 Bikaner 42129 24047 571 463 15 32 13 10 769 0 0 0 97302 134070 1378 Churu 19613 7356 375 42 11 262 0 0 0 0 0 0 36982 40440 1094 Jaisalmer 64021 19581 306 351 65 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 72834 32241 443 Sri Ganganagar 263838 150220 569 11582 2258 195 0 0 0 1 0 0 279271 157931 566 Hanumangarh 93845 64197 684 849 159 187 0 0 0 0 0 0 104914 79980 762 Jodhpur 85165 79203 930 628 318 506 0 0 0 38 95 2500 160013 149259 933 Barmer 20454 15842 775 141 26 184 4 3 750 0 0 0 20599 33924 1647 Nagaur 88879 68788 774 837 566 676 26 20 769 0 0 0 116141 107343 924 Jalore 87578 89627 1023 829 288 347 28 22 786 0 0 0 151289 184622 1220 Pali 64512 65594 1017 1311 839 640 15 11 733 0 0 0 149813 93903 627 Sirohi 23524 27929 1187 62 17 274 0 0 0 0 0 0 68502 95543 1395 Kota 73343 133943 1826 212 57 269 127 113 890 0 0 0 209816 338945 1615 Baran 83203 150627 1810 397 108 272 70 40 571 0 0 0 290408 425178 1464 Bundi 62697 64189 1024 860 233 271 45 26 578 0 0 0 150094 172159 1147 Jhalaw ar 27747 35610 1283 81 22 272 53 41 774 0 0 0 256219 348567 1360 Tonk 162829 132748 815 5498 1547 281 1 1 1000 0 0 0 196730 148179 753 Bansw ara 86 82 953 45 12 267 16 12 750 0 0 0 23264 25690 1104 Dungarpur 623 596 957 47 13 277 0 0 0 0 0 0 2228 1736 779 Udaipur 18776 18966 1010 148 40 270 43 33 767 40 97 2425 31989 27063 846 Bhilw ara 35976 31209 0 1709 483 283 1 1 1000 0 0 0 76756 55017 717 Chittorgarh 81927 101604 1240 1006 444 441 125 105 840 0 0 0 254012 293937 1157 Rajsamand 3681 4018 1092 207 56 271 12 9 750 0 0 0 8784 8356 951 Prtapgarh NA NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total State 2458197 2351970 957 38109 10327 271 727 563 774 80 194 2425 4015403 4228843 0 Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 6.5 :Area,Production and yield of different oilseeds at district level in Rajasthan in 2008-09 (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soyabeab Castorseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 2390 1755 734 25449 6181 243 21 28 1333 93 26 280 Jaipur 47016 87189 1854 27527 5634 205 0 0 0 81 23 284 Dausa 15349 23926 1559 15787 4408 279 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sikar 22064 40503 1836 541 264 488 0 0 0 76 12 158 Jhunjhunu 1555 2884 1855 118 56 475 0 0 0 61 22 361 Alw ar 1051 2262 2152 4744 1000 211 1 0 0 0 0 0 Bharatpur 18 27 1500 2131 595 279 0 0 0 6 9 1500 Dholpur 85 125 1471 3030 1431 472 0 0 0 4 0 0 S.Madhopur 6256 7328 1171 61356 15777 257 741 1843 2487 0 1 0 Karauli 1309 1985 1516 28756 7749 269 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bikaner 78547 110337 1405 3953 82 21 0 0 0 93 81 871 Churu 22664 52329 2309 1225 353 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jaisalmer 9241 10379 1123 1026 178 173 0 0 0 1201 369 307 Sri Ganganagar 5007 6801 1358 3216 1851 576 0 0 0 965 1163 1205 Hanumangarh 4468 5315 1190 6514 5207 799 0 6 0 1355 5824 4298 Jodhpur 43892 66352 1512 36066 10470 290 0 0 0 20101 11239 559 Barmer 684 1147 1677 4315 103 24 0 0 0 22185 18880 851 Nagaur 14251 37671 2643 18811 8579 456 1 1 1000 46 96 2087 Jalore 3029 4501 1486 25281 3855 152 0 1 0 52220 100447 1924 Pali 1587 994 626 146665 31594 215 0 1 0 3098 2375 767 Sirohi 4607 9187 1994 16004 1603 100 0 0 0 29127 53264 1829 Kota 304 468 1539 21591 6242 289 122293 111617 913 2 3 1500 Baran 609 952 1563 10114 2763 273 194417 191400 984 2 0 0 Bundi 432 842 1949 15967 6225 390 55461 74531 1344 0 0 0 Jhalaw ar 1321 1573 1191 2707 1238 457 243664 229662 943 0 0 0 Tonk 14860 17459 1175 72821 18142 249 86 149 1733 32 9 281 Bansw ara 233 398 1708 503 133 264 18958 16776 885 5 1 200 Dungarpur 12 53 4417 1396 205 147 836 648 775 110 16 145 Udaipur 3403 3403 1000 2631 710 270 1751 1597 912 21 13 619 Bhilw ara 8566 11526 1346 28957 7717 266 3480 4130 1187 29 11 379 Chittorgarh 18847 27842 1477 6204 1399 225 37171 56526 1521 27 0 0 Rajsamand 1803 1841 1021 2053 470 229 1 1 1000 2 0 0 Prtapgarh 717 946 1319 859 236 275 99490 118954 1196 0 0 0 Total State 336177 540300 1607 598318 152450 255 778372 807871 1038 130943 193884 1481

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Annexure 6.5 continued---- (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 2857 13895 4863 2321 3676 1584 1 116 116000 0 0 0 33132 25677 775 Jaipur 99209 167028 1684 13596 9143 672 0 1 0 0 0 0 187429 269018 1435 Dausa 78748 118240 1501 7142 401 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 117027 146975 1256 Sikar 59702 87893 1472 368 200 543 0 0 0 0 0 0 82751 128872 1557 Jhunjhunu 78412 118970 1517 66 40 606 0 0 0 0 0 0 80212 121972 1521 Alw ar 251375 448122 1783 1146 188 164 0 0 0 0 0 0 258317 451572 1748 Bharatpur 200126 366371 1831 1037 72 69 0 1 0 0 0 0 203318 367075 1805 Dholpur 65931 104311 1582 700 103 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 69750 105970 1519 S.Madhopur 158433 181030 1143 6902 487 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 233688 206466 884 Karauli 75293 123322 1638 5665 404 71 2 0 0 0 2 0 111025 133462 1202 Bikaner 30279 35144 1161 1392 514 369 2 26 13000 0 0 0 114266 146184 1279 Churu 14546 14691 1010 75 11 147 3 0 0 0 0 0 38513 67384 1750 Jaisalmer 34680 47574 1372 1148 1403 1222 0 0 0 0 0 0 47296 59903 1267 Sri Ganganagar 212656 368312 1732 11208 7799 696 90 0 0 0 0 0 233142 385926 1655 Hanumangarh 89868 141921 1579 1513 131 87 45 5 111 0 0 0 103763 158409 1527 Jodhpur 74197 99212 1337 233 676 2901 0 0 0 0 16 0 174489 187965 1077 Barmer 16854 10668 633 537 69 128 0 12 0 0 0 0 17391 30879 1776 Nagaur 46544 94544 2031 617 4781 7749 1936 2637 1362 0 0 0 82206 148309 1804 Jalore 62612 72083 1151 941 682 725 1 1 1000 0 0 0 144084 181570 1260 Pali 10528 25580 2430 138 580 4203 0 13 0 0 0 0 162016 61137 377 Sirohi 7654 15802 2065 11 21 1909 0 0 0 0 1 0 57403 79878 1392 Kota 86065 142971 1661 639 60 94 639 162 254 0 0 0 231533 261523 1130 Baran 114176 152097 1332 824 160 194 61 125 2049 0 0 0 320203 347497 1085 Bundi 63718 85378 1340 6011 244 41 157 170 1083 0 0 0 141746 167390 1181 Jhalaw ar 39401 52384 1330 1347 112 83 149 114 765 0 0 0 288589 285083 988 Tonk 173695 221329 1274 29524 3097 105 3 21 7000 0 0 0 291021 260206 894 Bansw ara 89 89 1000 41 12 293 0 13 0 0 0 0 19829 17422 879 Dungarpur 533 105 197 70 26 371 0 0 0 0 0 0 2957 1053 356 Udaipur 8615 12719 1476 56 13 232 2 43 21500 0 0 0 16479 18498 1123 Bhilw ara 9614 39779 4138 1279 940 735 2 4 2000 0 0 0 51927 64107 1235 Chittorgarh 39415 92548 2348 690 427 619 93 42 452 0 0 0 102447 178784 1745 Rajsamand 970 1444 1489 46 23 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 4875 3779 775 Prtapgarh 5562 10374 1865 259 91 351 77 76 987 0 0 0 106964 130677 1222 Total State 2212357 3465930 1567 97542 36586 375 3263 3582 1098 0 0 0 4156972 5200622 1251 Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

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Annexure 6.6: Area,Production and yield of different oilseeds at district level in Rajasthan (2009-10) (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) Groundnut Sesamum Soybean Castorseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 2629 278 106 25736 535 21 29 25 862 36 13 361 Jaipur 46231 72192 1562 11649 5030 432 0 0 0 40 2 50 Dausa 14681 20041 1365 8664 5560 642 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikar 23266 29988 1289 903 88 97 0 0 0 17 25 1471 Jhunjhunu 1724 2281 1323 190 19 100 0 0 0 48 9 188 Alw ar 1663 2210 1329 3453 1658 480 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bharatpur 16 20 1250 2035 346 170 0 0 0 14 5 357 Dholpur 75 94 1253 2701 1976 732 0 0 0 0 1 0 S.Madhopur 6697 5459 815 39125 20629 527 1374 813 592 2 0 0 Karauli 1552 1526 983 11093 17145 1546 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bikaner 63143 65760 1041 4095 36 9 0 0 0 81 51 630 Churu 19214 29213 1520 1823 37 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jaisalmer 9215 8563 929 609 167 274 0 0 0 1239 241 195 Sri Ganganagar 3073 5528 1799 6327 523 83 0 0 0 841 674 801 Hanumangarh 3189 4933 1547 8774 3985 454 6 0 0 3110 2023 650 Jodhpur 37639 53606 1424 43512 360 8 0 0 0 18810 3591 191 Barmer 688 755 1097 4095 38 9 0 0 0 23725 14659 618 Nagaur 17748 18641 1050 28072 321 11 1 1 1000 141 47 333 Jalore 4025 3862 960 24634 0 0 1 0 0 59409 72388 1218 Pali 1548 0 0 141969 2022 14 1 0 0 3675 104 28 Sirohi 5049 6081 1204 11289 790 70 0 0 0 35988 7467 207 Kota 281 336 1196 16297 12299 755 132164 145587 1102 5 1 200 Baran 571 672 1177 6776 5873 867 208708 221611 1062 0 0 0 Bundi 505 477 945 18575 3712 200 76488 37813 494 0 0 0 Jhalaw ar 1483 1262 851 2262 1352 598 236786 293778 1241 0 0 0 Tonk 15781 8296 526 47502 6736 142 153 101 660 6 0 0 Bansw ara 239 257 1075 455 82 180 23953 15404 643 5 3 600 Dungarpur 32 13 406 1206 295 245 666 979 1470 94 3 32 Udaipur 4010 2237 558 2792 422 151 1564 1054 674 14 1 71 Bhilw ara 10249 3177 310 34588 2964 86 3646 2379 652 16 0 0 Chittorgarh 25013 20851 834 6715 1689 252 45702 36688 803 0 0 0 Rajsamand 2054 1476 719 2439 317 130 1 1 1000 0 0 0 Prtapgarh 926 1049 1133 807 230 285 98225 155618 1584 0 0 0 Total State 324209 371134 1145 521162 97236 187 829468 911853 1099 147316 101331 688

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Annexure 6.6 continued---- (Area in hectare, Production in tonnes and yield in kg/ha) R&M Tarmira Linseed Sunflower Total oilseed District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 21662 1599 74 14105 405 29 114 1 9 0 0 0 64311 2856 44 Jaipur 137879 101960 739 17980 6948 386 1 0 0 0 0 0 213780 186132 871 Dausa 85941 103626 1206 1097 2651 2417 0 0 0 0 0 0 110383 131879 1195 Sikar 70069 74181 1059 548 137 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 94803 104419 1101 Jhunjhunu 83496 101985 1221 109 24 220 0 0 0 0 0 0 85567 104318 1219 Alw ar 269865 392953 1456 514 425 827 0 0 0 0 0 0 275495 397247 1442 Bharatpur 223223 346158 1551 197 385 1954 2 0 0 0 0 0 225487 346914 1539 Dholpur 69802 95340 1366 281 260 925 0 0 0 0 0 0 72859 97671 1341 S.Madhopur 173914 175731 1010 1332 2562 1923 0 0 0 0 0 0 222444 205194 922 Karauli 88410 104629 1183 1106 2103 1901 0 2 0 1 0 0 102162 125405 1228 Bikaner 42257 19693 466 1858 486 262 26 2 77 0 0 0 111460 86028 772 Churu 17310 19520 1128 31 28 903 0 2 0 0 0 0 38378 48800 1272 Jaisalmer 76764 22078 288 12400 344 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 100227 31393 313 Sri Ganganagar 231071 313417 1356 17367 3113 179 7 135 19286 0 0 0 258686 323390 1250 Hanumangarh 90324 153655 1701 714 144 202 9 42 4667 0 0 0 106126 164782 1553 Jodhpur 91805 94360 1028 1063 86 81 0 0 0 8 0 0 192837 152003 788 Barmer 24715 14909 603 188 199 1059 13 0 0 0 0 0 24916 30560 1227 Nagaur 81540 57654 707 9109 480 53 1342 3747 2792 0 0 0 137953 80891 586 Jalore 85607 80878 945 4460 996 223 1 1 1000 1 0 0 178138 158125 888 Pali 39303 9817 250 2629 66 25 27 0 0 0 0 0 189152 12009 63 Sirohi 19708 6891 350 57 4 70 0 0 0 1 0 0 72092 21233 295 Kota 90776 126606 1395 164 237 1445 276 2020 7319 0 0 0 239963 287086 1196 Baran 108438 164496 1517 439 306 697 58 111 1914 0 0 0 324990 393077 1210 Bundi 84285 70656 838 667 2231 3345 113 303 2681 0 0 0 180633 115192 638 Jhalaw ar 38038 54250 1426 306 500 1634 196 82 418 0 0 0 279071 351224 1259 Tonk 240420 133548 555 7052 10167 1442 81 1 12 0 0 0 310995 158849 511 Bansw ara 70 117 1671 33 15 455 35 0 0 0 0 0 24790 15878 641 Dungarpur 170 702 4129 71 26 366 0 0 0 0 0 0 2239 2018 901 Udaipur 15541 7678 494 37 21 568 51 4 78 0 0 0 24009 11417 476 Bhilw ara 44019 7512 171 2792 326 117 4 1 250 1 0 0 95315 16359 172 Chittorgarh 81026 48215 595 1103 419 380 67 48 716 0 0 0 159626 107923 676 Rajsamand 2374 697 294 62 17 274 0 0 0 0 0 0 6930 2509 362 Prtapgarh 8176 6800 832 249 96 386 103 39 379 1 0 0 108487 163832 1510 Total State 2737998 2912311 1064 100120 36207 362 2526 6541 2589 12 0 0 4662811 4436613 951 Sources : 1. Directorate Agriculture , Rajasthan website http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ (For TE 1993-94) 2. Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, various years (for TE 2009-10)

141

Annexure 7.1 : Irrigated Area under Total Oilseeds in 1991-92 (Area in 'hectare ) District Groundnut Castor seed Sesamum Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soyabean SunflowerOther Total Oilseeds mustard Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseeds Ajmer 282 0 154 13972 151 800 0 0 0 15359 436 14923 Alwar 50 0 382 140904 0 152 2 26 800 142316 460 141856 Banswara 1 2 1 92 12 5 42 0 0 155 46 109 Baran 636 0 112 66259 141 57 11641 5 0 78851 12394 66457 Barmer 3 73 43 9592 7 109 0 1 1 9829 120 9709 Bharatpur 12 0 2 69498 2 185 0 0 1 69700 14 69686 Bhilwara 2711 5 93 21501 548 792 14 0 0 25664 2823 22841 Bikaner 25454 0 12 29599 0 1109 6 60 0 56240 25532 30708 Bundi 108 0 42 60713 484 79 4398 11 0 65835 4559 61276 Chittorgarh 5126 0 16 71071 160 238 1325 1 0 77937 6468 71469 Churu 130 2 1 4319 0 2 0 1 0 4455 134 4321 Dausa 3202 0 33 34644 0 153 0 0 31 38063 3235 34828 Dholpur 42 1 3 44522 0 73 0 0 0 44641 46 44595 Dungarpur 128 0 0 310 1 2 0 0 0 441 128 313 Ganganagar 10032 5 380 276956 0 3581 38 3310 148 294450 13765 280685 Hanumangarh 0 0 0 Jaipur 12593 1 392 50713 5 872 3 0 0 64579 12989 51590 Jaisalmer 385 0 0 1338 0 199 0 0 0 1922 385 1537 Jalore 16 2108 344 108349 0 1344 0 0 0 112161 2468 109693 Jhalawar 126 0 5 8059 43 5 1603 1 0 9842 1735 8107 Jhunjhunu 63 0 15 43150 0 59 0 2 0 43289 80 43209 Jodhpur 108 6 419 48480 4 189 1 99 0 49306 633 48673 Karauli 0 0 0 Kota 256 0 35 83935 117 71 10555 9 0 94978 10855 84123 Nagaur 1113 0 1132 82815 1 222 0 0 0 85283 2245 83038 Pali 4 66 82 91761 7 292 0 0 6 92218 152 92066 Pratapgarh 0 0 0 Rajsamand 196 1 15 2607 0 61 0 0 0 2880 212 2668 S.madhopur 672 0 12 99408 14 236 3 0 0 100345 687 99658 Sikar 2673 0 66 25469 0 103 0 0 0 28311 2739 25572 Sirohi 288 3044 356 30735 1 16 0 1 0 34441 3689 30752 Tonk 658 0 78 51460 489 847 1 0 5 53538 737 52801 Udaipur 73 0 1 10341 53 134 10 0 0 10612 84 10528 Rajasthan total 67141 5314 4226 1582572 2240 11987 29642 3527 992 1707641 109850 1597791 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

142

Annexure 7.2 : Irrigated area under total oilseeds in 1992-93

(Area in hectare ) District Groundnut Castor seed Sesamum Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soybean Sunflo Other Total Oilseeds mustard wer Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseed Ajmer 239 0 20 10203 119 239 1 0 0 10821 260 10561 Alwar 34 0 2 84818 0 39 11 212 593 85709 259 85450 Banswara 1 2 0 33 5 7 65 0 0 113 68 45 Baran 676 0 20 55915 37 33 21481 2 4 78168 22179 55989 Barmer 4 247 16 7211 17 90 0 0 0 7585 61 48551 Bharatpur 59 0 0 48484 0 67 2 65 30 48707 3825 11591 Bhilwara 3701 12 37 10012 1118 431 10 19 0 15340 3779 11561 Bikaner 24354 1 20 24109 133 411 0 8 0 49036 24383 24653 Bundi 125 0 24 47716 45 31 6845 3 0 54789 6997 47792 Chittorgarh 7989 0 6 41830 230 299 2275 15 0 52644 10285 42359 Churu 301 0 0 5884 0 12 0 8 0 6205 309 5896 Dausa 1575 0 8 39203 369 72 1 0 20 41248 1584 39664 Dholpur 47 4 1 25653 1 46 0 4 0 25756 56 25700 Dungarpur 109 0 0 129 1 4 0 0 0 243 109 134 Ganganagar 6588 13 402 225106 0 1328 28 271 177 233913 7302 226611 Hanumangarh 0 0 0 Jaipur 13980 0 76 48689 6 387 5 0 19 63162 14061 49101 Jaisalmer 786 0 0 1105 0 181 0 1 0 2073 787 1286 Jalore 22 3511 39 107350 0 771 0 14 2 111709 3586 108123 Jhalawar 63 0 0 7388 101 15 3720 2 0 11289 3785 7504 Jhunjhunu 440 0 1 45144 0 12 0 6 0 45603 447 45156 Jodhpur 140 13 408 46893 1 220 0 1 0 47676 562 47114 Karauli 0 0 0 Kota 293 0 49 67254 93 28 21739 1 0 89457 22082 67375 Nagaur 3648 0 136 88215 553 130 0 7 0 92689 3791 88898 Pali 21 27 1 109090 2 196 4 3 0 109344 56 109288 Pratapgarh 0 0 0 Rajsamand 201 0 1 1373 12 140 0 10 0 1737 212 1525 S.madhopur 1127 0 14 96037 21 82 1 2 0 97284 1144 96140 Sikar 2874 0 16 23811 0 59 0 5 0 26765 2895 23870 Sirohi 265 3581 72 39559 0 21 0 3 0 43501 3921 39580 Tonk 777 0 33 52722 436 226 6 2 0 54202 818 53384 Udaipur 152 2 0 6630 192 142 3 0 0 7121 157 6964 Raj. State 70591 7413 1402 1367566 3492 5719 56197 664 845 1513889 136267 1377622 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

143

Annexure 7.3 : Irrigated area under total oilseeds in year 1993-94 (Area in 'hectare ) District Groundnut Castor Sesamu Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soybean Sunflo Other Total Oilseeds seed m mustard wer Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseeds Ajmer 1280 0 411 13002 77 602 6 0 5 15383 1697 13686 Alwar 280 3 35 121577 0 48 13 33 739 122728 364 122364 Banswara 1 10 0 27 11 1 4 0 0 54 15 39 Baran 618 0 49 45858 78 16 17354 10 0 63983 18031 45952 Barmer 0 470 166 8586 12 89 0 1 1 9325 637 8688 Bharatpur 314 5 11 63684 1 37 18 13 19 64102 361 63741 Bhilwara 6316 1 376 12381 938 390 31 4 0 20437 6728 13709 Bikaner 22890 2 153 20862 0 361 0 15 0 44283 23060 21223 Bundi 272 0 12 51255 111 38 4880 13 0 56581 5177 51404 Chittorgarh 9569 0 24 42914 204 262 2907 31 3 55914 12531 43383 Churu 901 0 3 7581 0 14 0 4 0 8503 908 7595 Dausa 4641 0 15 44047 0 32 0 7 34 48776 4663 44113 Dholpur 182 1 25 38559 0 40 1 0 0 38808 209 38599 Dungarpur 73 0 0 48 0 89 0 0 0 210 73 137 Ganganagar 4742 2 264 137506 0 1184 0 11 540 144249 5019 139230 Hanumangarh 980 13 417 56851 1 263 0 29 0 58554 1439 57115 Jaipur 18888 57 402 55335 19 309 0 3 69 75082 19350 55732 Jaisalmer 875 3 23 3101 0 155 0 2 0 4159 903 3256 Jalore 2 3675 859 99342 6 797 0 11 1 104693 4547 100146 Jhalawar 18 0 0 8489 33 4 411 0 0 8955 429 8526 Jhunjhunu 1179 3 6 49106 0 25 0 2 0 50321 1190 49131 Jodhpur 211 89 197 51033 1 115 1 1 7 51655 499 51156 Karauli 0 0 0 Kota 307 0 52 63428 58 22 14954 14 0 78835 15327 63508 Nagaur 4459 0 570 87617 38 1274 0 38 0 93996 5067 88929 Pali 385 113 256 91289 1 378 15 12 1 92450 781 91669 Pratapgarh 0 0 0 Rajsamand 257 2 7 926 1 47 7 0 0 1247 273 974 S.madhopur 3306 0 24 93975 6 51 10 7 0 97379 3347 94032 Sikar 3176 2 28 27046 3 80 0 1 0 30336 3207 27129 Sirohi 475 5676 647 35463 0 80 0 3 0 42344 6801 35543 Tonk 1798 0 85 56610 241 185 9 1 0 58929 1893 57036 Udaipur 108 0 1 7054 179 92 10 0 0 7444 119 7325 Raj. State 88503 10127 5118 1394552 2019 7080 40631 266 1419 1549715 144645 1405070 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94.

144

Annexure 7.4 : Irrigated Area under Total Oilseeds in 2007-08 (Area in 'hectare ) District Groundnut Castor seed Sesamum Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soybean Sunflow Other Total Oilseeds mustard er Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseeds Ajmer 715 11 7 11588 5 256 13 0 0 12595 746 11849 Alwar 994 0 43 226761 0 30 1 0 1 227830 1038 226792 Banswara 0 0 0 46 2 9 0 0 0 57 0 57 Baran 18 0 1 81582 57 158 7282 0 0 89098 7301 81797 Barmer 305 20688 12 20266 3 89 0 0 0 41363 21005 20358 Bharatpur 1 0 0 157681 0 34 0 0 1 157717 1 157716 Bhilwara 670 1 2 33130 0 916 219 0 7 34945 892 34053 Bikaner 51292 145 36 42099 13 225 0 0 0 93810 51473 42337 Bundi 79 0 46 51456 34 74 39288 0 4 90981 39413 51568 Chittorgarh 1377 0 1 80919 69 462 533 0 0 83361 1911 81450 Churu 15832 1 2 18295 0 33 0 0 0 34163 15835 18328 Dausa 6087 0 5 68617 1 186 0 0 17 74913 6092 68821 Dholpur 15 0 0 41463 0 26 0 0 0 41504 15 41489 Dungarpur 11 40 0 205 0 8 0 0 7 271 51 220 Ganganagar 2539 256 712 244900 0 345 0 0 98 248850 3507 245343 Hanumangarh726 1461 2970 82715 0 27 5 0 5 87909 5162 82747 Jaipur 34199 5 56 87436 6 282 0 0 0 121984 34260 87724 Jaisalmer 7298 838 38 63231 0 39 0 0 0 71444 8174 63270 Jalore 2257 44570 89 85758 18 178 0 0 1 132871 46916 85955 Jhalawar 0 0 0 27430 18 54 10 0 0 27512 10 27502 Jhunjhunu 2448 26 10 69336 0 41 0 0 6 71867 2484 69383 Jodhpur 28838 14790 549 85003 0 205 0 0 114 129499 44177 85322 Karauli 133 0 0 53517 0 46 1 38 4 53739 172 53567 Kota 37 0 10 69905 34 114 9234 1 0 79335 9282 70053 Nagaur 14363 140 271 88488 26 597 0 0 6 103891 14774 89117 Pali 7 1491 5 61740 9 507 1 0 0 63760 1504 62256 Pratapgarh 0 0 0 Rajsamand 289 0 0 3135 0 112 0 0 0 3536 289 3247 S.madhopur 71 6 1 101587 1 129 691 0 0 102486 769 101717 Sikar 26905 1 21 69901 28 181 1 0 19 97057 26928 70129 Sirohi 4655 23213 4 23353 0 41 0 0 0 51266 27872 23394 Tonk 165 0 2 131759 0 363 7 0 1 132297 174 132123 Udaipur 23 10 0 13455 8 31 1 0 0 13528 34 13494 Raj. State 202349 107693 4893 2196757 332 5798 57287 39 291 2575439 372261 2203178 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

145

Annexure 7.5 : Irrigated area under total oilseeds in year 2008-09 (Area in 'hectare ) District Groundnut Castor seed Sesamum Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soybean Sunflow Other Total Oilseeds mustard er Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseeds Ajmer 748 11 11 12323 7 181 16 0 2 13299 786 12513 Alwar 1632 0 16 257196 0 62 0 0 39 258945 1648 257297 Banswara 0 1 0 25 13 21 0 0 0 60 1 59 Baran 39 0 3 105483 48 154 2192 0 0 107919 2234 105685 Barmer 687 23551 19 24594 13 187 0 0 0 49051 24257 24794 Bharatpur 1 0 0 189708 2 25 0 0 0 189736 1 189735 Bhilwara 156 1 11 35169 4 369 12 0 1 35723 180 35543 Bikaner 63134 81 59 42256 26 518 0 0 194 106268 63274 42994 Bundi 104 0 22 68729 66 33 23782 0 0 92736 23908 68828 Chittorgarh 1428 0 0 79065 7 290 47 0 0 80837 1475 79362 Churu 19205 0 0 16108 0 22 0 0 4 35339 19205 16134 Dausa 4824 0 2 71088 0 50 0 0 15 75979 4826 71153 Dholpur 14 0 0 54709 0 31 0 0 0 54754 14 54740 Dungarpur 5 22 0 62 0 35 0 0 8 132 27 105 Ganganagar 3061 746 5703 223920 6 545 0 0 72 234053 9510 224543 Hanumangarh3179 1515 7850 85530 5 62 6 0 9 98156 12550 85606 Jaipur 36241 38 54 81776 0 289 0 0 0 118398 36333 82065 Jaisalmer 9215 1238 411 76505 0 535 0 0 0 87904 10864 77040 Jalore 4004 53060 147 85438 1 374 0 0 0 143024 57211 85813 Jhalawar 1 0 0 37414 59 95 1 0 19 37589 2 37587 Jhunjhunu 1719 19 6 74251 0 28 0 0 7 76030 1744 74286 Jodhpur 37593 18697 685 91788 0 272 0 8 109 149152 56983 92169 Karauli 37 0 2 61775 0 39 0 0 13 61866 39 61827 Kota 33 0 0 87777 30 37 713 0 0 88590 746 87844 Nagaur 15474 141 407 79358 1342 471 0 0 15 97208 16022 81186 Pali 16 1406 21 36218 0 70 0 0 0 37731 1443 36288 Pratapgarh 9 0 0 8112 80 107 2 0 708 9018 11 9007 Rajsamand 16 0 0 2126 0 2 0 0 0 2144 16 2128 S.madhopur 149 0 1 134835 0 49 495 0 0 135529 645 134884 Sikar 23263 17 16 63316 0 144 0 0 15 86771 23296 63475 Sirohi 4610 24843 5 19574 0 15 0 0 0 49047 29458 19589 Tonk 91 6 2 133804 2 167 21 0 0 134093 120 133973 Udaipur 1 7 0 11144 4 11 0 0 0 11167 8 11159 Raj. State 230689 125400 15453 2351176 1715 5290 27287 8 1230 2758248 398837 2359411 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

146

Annexure 7.6 : Irrigated area under total oilseeds in year 2009-10 (Area in 'hectare ) District Groundnut Castor seed Sesamum Rapeseed- Linseed Taramira Soybean Sunflow Other Total Oilseeds mustard er Total Kharif Rabi Oilsseds Oilseeds Ajmer 836 54 0 2335 0 45 0 0 3 3273 890 2383 Alw ar 1046 0 31 238551 0 60 0 0 0 239688 1077 238611 Bansw ara 0 1 0 32 0 5 7 0 0 45 8 37 Baran 14 0 1 108115 54 170 756 0 0 109110 771 108339 Barmer 682 22128 8 16830 0 535 0 0 0 40183 22818 17365 Bharatpur 0 0 0 153810 0 31 0 0 0 153841 0 153841 Bhilw ara 55 0 0 9146 1 342 14 0 0 9558 69 9489 Bikaner 78530 55 53 30272 2 919 0 0 60 109891 78638 31253 Bundi 67 0 3 41663 149 347 4235 0 0 46464 4305 42159 Chittorgarh 188 5 0 38539 3 284 10 0 0 39029 203 38826 Churu 22663 0 0 14068 3 75 0 0 0 36809 22663 14146 Dausa 8359 1 10 61749 0 141 0 0 9 70269 8370 61899 Dholpur 4 0 0 49922 0 41 0 0 0 49967 4 49963 Dungarpur 0 14 0 265 0 5 0 0 0 284 14 270 Ganganagar 5007 866 1810 209217 90 931 0 0 96 218017 7683 210334 Hanumangarh 4416 934 5171 86926 38 93 0 0 9 97587 10521 87066 Jaipur 35680 31 42 70274 0 473 0 0 8 106508 35753 70755 Jaisalmer 9241 1178 809 34676 0 800 0 0 0 46704 11228 35476 Jalore 2485 41515 95 62598 1 939 0 0 30 107663 44095 63568 Jhalaw ar 0 0 0 37440 28 147 1 0 2 37618 1 37617 Jhunjhunu 1555 28 13 70275 0 18 0 0 15 71904 1596 70308 Jodhpur 43857 19998 961 74197 0 233 0 0 316 139562 64816 74746 Karauli 55 0 1 46551 2 63 0 0 0 46672 56 46616 Kota 28 2 0 78930 459 200 102 0 4 79725 132 79593 Nagaur 12329 46 53 46544 1936 610 1 0 1 61520 12429 49091 Pali 1 136 1 10515 0 27 0 0 8 10688 138 10550 Pratapgarh 6 0 0 5529 68 110 0 0 0 5713 6 5707 Rajsamand 2 0 0 937 0 2 0 0 0 941 2 939 S.madhopur 267 0 6 110799 0 97 326 0 0 111495 599 110896 Sikar 22064 74 19 54563 0 185 0 0 17 76922 22157 54765 Sirohi 2395 5036 3 7621 0 9 0 0 0 15064 7434 7630 Tonk 195 0 18 75070 0 131 2 0 0 75416 215 75201 Udaipur 0 3 0 6872 2 2 0 0 0 6879 3 6876 Raj. State 252027 92105 9108 1854831 2836 8070 5454 0 578 2225009 358694 1866315 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh w ere not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

147

Annexure 8.1: Irrigated area Production and Yield under Rapeseed-mustard in Rajasthan (Area in Ha., Production in tonnes & Yield in Kg./Ha.) 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 TE1983-84 Region/District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 1234 868 703 2266 1655 730 5688 4496 790 3063 2340 741 Dausa - - - 0 0 0 Jaipur 12149 11286 929 16766 11619 693 45117 22874 507 24677 15260 710 Alwar 61694 52317 848 78096 56932 729 108987 86100 790 82926 65116 789 Bharatpur 102597 93158 908 82438 79312 962 106238 84778 798 97091 85749 889 Dholpur 0 0 - 24740 0 0 31473 44786 1423 18738 14929 474 Karauli ------0 0 0 S. Madhopur 35344 28982 820 33084 21703 656 70376 84874 1206 46268 45186 894 Baran ------0 0 0 Bundi 1331 937 704 4311 3149 730 3950 3123 791 3197 2403 742 Jhalawar 99 70 707 120 88 733 177 140 791 132 99 744 Kota 7153 5034 704 8660 6327 731 20893 16517 791 12235 9293 742 Tonk 3648 2567 704 9297 6792 731 32746 25887 791 15230 11749 742 Barmer 27350 19249 704 4064 2969 731 2589 2047 791 11334 8088 742 Jodhpur 28413 20628 726 17433 10303 591 28289 15389 544 24712 15440 620 Nagaur 63920 25312 396 41696 30438 730 39594 13145 332 48403 22965 486 Hanumangarh - - - 0 0 0 Sri Ganganagar 64038 49950 780 94267 81824 868 111091 95316 858 89799 75697 835 Bhilwara 558 393 704 2185 1596 730 2370 1874 791 1704 1288 742 Chittorgarh 2230 1569 704 6164 4503 731 7402 5852 791 5265 3975 742 Rajsamand - - - 0 0 0 Banswara 335 236 704 663 484 730 231 183 792 410 301 742 Dungarpur 81 57 704 153 112 732 154 122 792 129 97 743 Udaipur 8047 5664 704 24024 17551 731 10261 8112 791 14111 10442 742 Jhunjhunu 23867 16798 704 23786 17377 731 15161 4745 313 20938 12973 583 Sikar 25840 18186 704 15836 11569 731 16477 5849 355 19384 11868 597 Jalore 113878 65252 573 56392 35245 625 61300 38374 626 77190 46290 608 Pali 38420 17712 461 33905 23598 696 65562 49958 762 45962 30423 640 Sirohi 14986 12244 817 17844 11866 665 21313 23764 1115 18048 15958 866 Bikaner 7431 5230 704 8080 5903 731 10876 8598 791 8796 6577 742 Churu 6469 4553 704 669 489 731 1420 1123 791 2853 2055 742 Jaisalmer 52 37 712 107 78 729 270 213 789 143 109 743 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

148

Annexure 8.2: Irrigated area Production and Yield under Rapeseed-mustard in Rajasthan (Area in Ha., Production in tonnes & Yield in Kg./Ha.) 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 TE 1993-94 Region/District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 21791 20895 959 18112 12905 713 27001 14070 521 22301 15957 731 Dausa 45751 43865 959 63859 52400 821 79480 98592 1240 63030 64952 1007 Jaipur 128794 158782 1233 142430 81914 575 178125 91695 515 149783 110797 774 Alwar 249265 197612 793 225025 160334 713 230074 190716 829 234788 182887 778 Bharatpur 240861 191154 794 223156 205752 922 218897 219320 1002 227638 205409 906 Dholpur 73784 56588 767 73937 58137 786 76498 66609 871 74740 60445 808 Karauli - - - 0 0 0 S. Madhopur 200599 203027 1012 208420 144504 693 235298 178842 760 214772 175458 822 Baran 83239 68616 824 86223 72181 837 76670 52655 687 82044 64484 783 Bundi 73148 53748 735 69578 46584 670 80370 53253 663 74365 51195 689 Jhalawar 9406 9019 959 14833 11484 774 14998 11080 739 13079 10528 824 Kota 95099 103468 1088 86108 74822 869 89581 94957 1060 90263 91082 1006 Tonk 108345 71592 661 118061 89484 758 140160 48740 348 122189 69939 589 Barmer 9728 9328 959 12670 9809 774 9006 6653 739 10468 8597 824 Jodhpur 48606 45354 933 49675 25311 510 51216 39119 764 49832 36595 736 Nagaur 84058 149002 1773 105264 94062 894 89752 77023 858 93025 106696 1175 Hanumangarh - - - #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Sri Ganganagar 286605 241121 841 248116 222593 897 205551 131897 642 246757 198537 793 Bhilwara 23438 24840 1060 11469 9887 862 14514 7841 540 16474 14189 821 Chittorgarh 71927 60637 843 42842 41610 971 44251 37101 838 53007 46449 884 Rajsamand 2955 2834 959 1609 1246 774 1533 1133 739 2032 1738 824 Banswara 123 118 959 277 214 773 176 130 739 192 154 824 Dungarpur 413 396 959 378 293 775 154 114 740 315 268 825 Udaipur 12288 3532 287 9431 7301 774 9799 7239 739 10506 6024 600 Jhunjhunu 46766 37712 806 53237 49584 931 58414 35068 600 52806 40788 779 Sikar 32428 32277 995 33048 25725 778 36232 25431 702 33903 27811 825 Jalore 108562 133815 1233 120550 89792 745 100237 68014 679 109783 97207 886 Pali 97635 155118 1589 129949 67897 522 99289 40326 406 108958 87780 839 Sirohi 30871 35342 1145 40586 43165 1064 35650 34087 956 35702 37531 1055 Bikaner 29729 15333 516 24361 14468 594 20967 11189 534 25019 13663 548 Churu 5485 5260 959 6719 5202 774 8970 6627 739 7058 5696 824 Jaisalmer 1347 1292 959 1437 1113 775 3383 2499 739 2056 1635 824 Total Rajasthan 2223046 2131677 958.899 2E+06 1719773 774.198 2236246 1652020 738.747 2226884 1834490 824 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

149

Annexure 8.3: Irrigated Area Production and Yield under Rapeseed-mustered in Rajasthan (Area in Ha., Production in tonnes & Yield in Kg./Ha.) 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 TE 2009-10 District Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Ajmer 13048 12022 921 21662 13895 641 2857 1599 560 12522 9172 732 Jaipur 117335 61631 525 137879 167028 1211 99209 101960 1028 118141 110206 933 Dausa 76150 82548 1084 85941 118240 1376 78748 103626 1316 80280 101471 1264 Sikar 74311 38556 519 70069 87893 1254 59702 74181 1243 68027 66877 983 Jhunjhunu 75302 54078 718 83496 118970 1425 78412 101985 1301 79070 91678 1159 Alwar 234517 285842 1219 269865 448122 1661 251375 392953 1563 251919 375639 1491 Bharatpur 192125 242464 1262 223223 366371 1641 200126 346158 1730 205158 318331 1552 Dholpur 50852 61977 1219 69802 104311 1494 65931 95340 1446 62195 87209 1402 S.Madhopur 138916 124814 898 173914 181030 1041 158433 175731 1109 157088 160525 1022 Karauli 81195 102062 1257 88410 123322 1395 75293 104629 1390 81633 110004 1348 Bikaner 42129 24047 571 42257 35144 832 30279 19693 650 38222 26295 688 Churu 19613 7356 375 17310 14691 849 14546 19520 1342 17156 13856 808 Jaisalmer 64021 19581 306 76764 47574 620 34680 22078 637 58488 29744 509 Sri Ganganagar 263838 150220 569 231071 368312 1594 212656 313417 1474 235855 277316 1176 Hanumangarh 93845 64197 684 90324 141921 1571 89868 153655 1710 91346 119924 1313 Jodhpur 85165 79203 930 91805 99212 1081 74197 94360 1272 83722 90925 1086 Barmer 20454 15842 775 24715 10668 432 16854 14909 885 20674 13806 668 Nagaur 88879 68788 774 81540 94544 1159 46544 57654 1239 72321 73662 1019 Jalore 87578 89627 1023 85607 72083 842 62612 80878 1292 78599 80863 1029 Pali 64512 65594 1017 39303 25580 651 10528 9817 932 38114 33664 883 Sirohi 23524 27929 1187 19708 15802 802 7654 6891 900 16962 16874 995 Kota 73343 133943 1826 90776 142971 1575 86065 126606 1471 83395 134507 1613 Baran 83203 150627 1810 108438 152097 1403 114176 164496 1441 101939 155740 1528 Bundi 62697 64189 1024 84285 85378 1013 63718 70656 1109 70233 73408 1045 Jhalawar 27747 35610 1283 38038 52384 1377 39401 54250 1377 35062 47415 1352 Tonk 162829 132748 815 240420 221329 921 173695 133548 769 192315 162542 845 Banswara 86 82 953 70 89 1271 89 117 1315 82 96 1176 Dungarpur 623 596 957 170 105 618 533 702 1317 442 468 1058 Udaipur 18776 18966 1010 15541 12719 818 8615 7678 891 14311 13121 917 Bhilwara 35976 31209 867 44019 39779 904 9614 7512 781 29870 26167 876 Chittorgarh 81927 101604 1240 81026 92548 1142 39415 48215 1223 67456 80789 1198 Rajsamand 3681 4018 1092 2374 1444 608 970 697 719 2342 2053 877 Prtapgarh NA NA NA 8176 10374 1269 5562 6800 1223 6869 8587 1250 Total State 2458197 2351970 957 3E+06 3465930 1266 2212357 2912311 1316 2469517 2910070 1178 Note : Some districts like Karoli, Pratapgarh and Hanumangarh were not formed by the year 1993-94. Source : Agricultural Statistics of Rajasthan, various issuses, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

150

Annexure-9: Trends in average area, production, and yield of major oilseed (Rapeseed-Mustard) vis-à-vis major competing crop (Wheat) in the State Rapeseed-Mustard Wheat Years Area Production Yield Area Production Yield 1956-57 266 112 421 1355 1336 986 1957-58 346 118 341 1066 840 788 1958-59 237 64 270 1182 1046 885 1959-60 196 53 270 1231 1052 855 1960-61 204 75 368 1067 1010 947 1961-62 267 108 404 1292 1268 981 1962-63 321 132 411 1247 1089 873 1963-64 305 43 141 1129 866 767 1964-65 208 79 380 1183 1103 932 1965-66 222 72 324 967 785 812 1966-67 251 54 215 961 872 907 1967-68 198 66 333 1265 1319 1043 1968-69 121 55 455 1159 1174 1013 1969-70 183 83 454 1239 1258 1015 1970-71 254 247 972 1478 1951 1320 1971-72 383 123 321 1514 1889 1248 1972-73 294 210 714 1399 1753 1253 1973-74 374 111 296 1673 1791 1070 1974-75 424 255 600 1421 1819 1280 1975-76 253 127 504 1762 2290 1300 1976-77 230 101 439 1799 2301 1279 1977-78 353 163 462 1833 2610 1424 1978-79 315 204 647 1991 2834 1424 1979-80 349 149 427 2072 2701 1303 1980-81 363 248 685 1635 2394 1464 1981-82 651 458 704 1768 2933 1659 1982-83 607 443 731 2070 3787 1830 1983-84 820 648 791 2159 3442 1594 1984-85 1081 874 809 1718 2792 1625 1985-86 808 595 736 1774 3918 2209 1986-87 741 655 884 1843 3402 1845 1987-88 1092 932 854 1533 2909 1897 1988-89 1369 1350 986 1770 3964 2240 1989-90 1464 1278 872 1650 3400 2060 1990-91 1919 1669 870 1814 4309 2375 1991-92 2223 2132 959 1779 4478 2517 1992-93 2221 1720 774 2251 5148 2287 1993-94 2236 1652 739 2013 3460 1719 1994-95 2271 2015 887 2322 5613 2417 1995-96 2691 2368 880 2196 5493 2501 1996-97 2616 2622 1002 2474 6782 2741 1997-98 2812 2041 726 2680 6701 2500 1998-99 2320 2233 962 2766 6880 2487 1999-00 2495 2459 986 2650 6732 2540 2000-01 1403 1303 929 2310 5547 2402 2001-02 1760 1908 1084 2287 6389 2793 2002-03 1191 1178 989 1801 4878 2709 2003-04 2063 2694 1306 2103 5876 2794 2004-05 3287 3857 1174 2010 5707 2839 2005-06 3559 4386 1232 2124 5865 2762 2006-07 3100 3767 1215 2565 7756 3024 2007-08 2458 2352 957 2592 7126 2749 2008-09 2738 3466 1266 2295 7287 3175 2009-10 2212 2912 1316 2394 7501 3133 Note: Figures in parentheses are the CV in per cent. CAGR has also been expressed in per cent. Sources : GoR (2008a; 2008c; 2009; 2010a)

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Annexure-10 : Minimum Support Prices Fixed by Government Minimum Support/Procurement Prices Fixed by Government Name 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 TE93-94 TE2001-02 TE2008-09 Wheat 299 379 370 413 441 427 594 526 593 652 603 649 680 679 707 795 911 1005 1062 387 616 993 Barley 281 308 257 346 446 332 448 465 455 578 466 425 594 493 587 696 686 1006 867 304 500 853 Gram 658 607 727 1143 1060 748 1087 1215 1135 1249 1592 1707 1531 1357 1377 1822 2127 2232 2116 826 1325 2158 Rice 472 556 644 757 741 715 772 957 1214 652 405 0 Jawar 236 406 332 315 456 601 534 465 607 807 580 496 631 443 573 578 920 854 854 351 665 876 Bajra 231 380 282 341 379 422 432 363 461 607 406 381 583 410 527 623 664 651 753 334 491 689 Maize 237 370 291 325 428 441 497 413 515 580 493 458 641 503 588 678 761 789 800 329 529 783 Musterd 949 1017 912 1010 1141 1196 1146 1213 1550 1190 1133 1224 1640 1757 1636 1513 1633 2331 2349 980 1291 2104 Grouindnut 948 1051 941 1065 1247 1397 1227 1171 1359 1349 1356 1259 1583 1595 1559 1562 1772 2384 2145 1019 1355 2100 Lineseed 1076 1195 1026 1081 1222 1418 1284 1337 1493 1413 1318 1543 1965 1920 1723 1821 2025 2637 2812 1101 1408 2491 Taramira 773 858 774 848 957 1031 1000 1069 1155 1012 1075 1173 1424 1426 1355 1283 1426 2332 2454 827 1081 2071 Til 1338 1476 1325 1436 1885 2191 1692 2597 2450 2128 1762 1644 2412 2760 3060 2562 2783 4852 5467 1412 2113 4367 Soyabeen 569 738 694 795 841 935 1084 992 840 877 943 965 1326 1406 1401 1141 1232 1963 2183 742 887 1793 Arhar 796 919 809 944 1129 1527 1200 1212 1610 1387 1223 1306 1471 1516 1516 1500 1546 2072 2828 891 1407 2149 Ured 642 736 647 741 1427 1539 1304 966 1206 1564 2168 1674 1420 1030 1352 2016 2650 2101 2416 708 1646 2389 Masur 744 829 721 770 1058 1425 1267 1043 1079 1477 1576 1460 1563 1623 1610 1707 1827 2914 3405 773 1377 2715 Moong 693 910 973 1070 1168 1429 1364 1397 1641 1729 1769 1816 2103 1363 1696 2539 2787 2143 3031 984 1713 2654 Moth 487 746 759 852 929 1275 1276 1103 1443 1798 1722 1318 2071 1125 1199 1726 2307 1827 1937 786 1654 2024 Chaula 461 530 500 762 801 777 897 906 1206 1530 1155 997 1846 1035 1222 1691 2057 1729 1706 597 1297 1831 Methi 541 636 750 1060 1079 877 987 1076 1358 1380 1789 1427 1395 1211 1189 1441 1708 2143 2528 815 1509 2126 Gawar 374 600 430 624 558 876 1138 1365 2250 1703 1075 777 1525 919 1358 1534 1621 1631 1531 551 1676 1594 Cotton(D) 1314 1113 1643 1776 1472 1416 1752 1794 1869 1650 1706 1847 2236 3136 0 1555 2406 Cotton(A) 829 1152 961 1402 1894 1796 1722 2067 1980 1771 2059 1748 1942 2463 1757 1760 1920 2384 2634 1172 1937 2313 Gur 516 491 618 860 852 822 800 1005 962 1021 1038 1102 955 1005 1351 1396 1333 1116 1868 656 1007 1439 Sugar 850 889 998 1272 1302 1322 1351 1492 1520 1530 1539 1471 1277 1433 1761 1912 1812 1492 2041 1053 1530 1782 Poppyseed 5856 6042 5942 7215 7107 6764 6712 10448 11953 7448 8166 9378 11445 11139 11740 16372 17365 32520 36324 6400 9189 28736 Pea 490 661 792 689 747 890 885 798 828 1013 1054 1027 1029 1046 1213 1285 1201 1251 484 880 1246 Chilly 1743 3751 3118 1940 3030 5033 3575 3310 4880 4385 3057 3203 3713 3654 3030 3236 4644 4176 4964 2936 4107 4595 Corrieder 772 1014 995 1066 1139 1428 2465 1782 1297 1653 2059 1997 2524 2047 1519 1985 2322 4421 4623 1025 1670 3789 Cumin Seed 2458 5360 6683 5599 3571 4672 4961 4816 5503 7424 9037 8545 6951 5759 6431 6005 7552 9225 9991 5881 7321 8923 Ajwani 892 1483 1338 1926 1968 2000 2698 2598 3931 3761 2179 1996 2746 2740 3121 3521 3934 4572 4448 1582 3290 4318 Wool 2458 3398 4627 4520 4547 5093 4373 4859 4282 3755 4371 6145 6328 6330 5434 6051 5897 5799 4182 4299 5916 Paddy 224 448 321 432 374 481 418 506 516 519 531 590 619 604 713 663 719 742 1405 400 522 955 Garlic ______645 714 2542 1847 900 957 1396 2854 2139 886 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1960 Isabgol ______2090 _ _ 1914 2207 2781 2729 3818 4636 #VALUE! #VALUE! 3728 Orang ______1152 1010 1442 1096 1550 1184 1535 1567 1321 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1474 Onion ______240 382 373 320 332 312 443 430 433 661 #VALUE! #VALUE! 508

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APPENDIX I COMMENTS ON THE REPORT

1. Title of the Draft Study Report Examined: Problems and Prospects of Oilseeds Production in Rajasthan: Special Reference to Rapeseed-mustard

2. Date of Receipt of the Draft Report: February 28, 2013

3. Date of Despatch of Comments: May 17, 2013

4. Comments on the Objectives of the study:

The objectives of the study are quite comprehensive and address major issues related to problems in oilseeds production in the State. The study specifically studies trends and pattern of growth of different edible oilseeds over time and across districts and identify the sources of growth in edible oilseeds output in the state; examines the impact of price and non-price factors influencing the supply response behaviour and demand for edible oilseeds and oils in the state; and identifies major constraints in the edible oilseed and palm cultivation and suggest policy options to increase oilseeds production and productivity in the State.

5. Comments on the Methodology:

Appropriate sampling technique has been used by the author for selection of district(s), blocks, villages and sample households. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The study uses simple analytical tools like linear and compound growth rates, coefficient of variation, decomposition analysis, regression analysis for estimating production and acreage response functions, etc.

6. Comments on the Presentation, Get up etc.:

The role of agriculture and oilseeds in the State economy and objectives of the study are discussed in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 is devoted to discussion on coverage of the study, sampling design, analytical framework and model(s). Chapter 3 provides an overview of the oilseeds sector in the State and analyzes cropping pattern changes, growth trends in area, production and yield of major oilseeds over time, source of growth and instability if prices of

153 153 oilseeds/oils using secondary information. A detailed analysis of problems and prospects of oilseed production using farm household level data and determinants of oilseeds production and acreage and sources of technology, information, access to markets and marketing patterns is presented in Chapter 4. The last chapter presents a summary of findings of the study and suggests broad policy implications.

The report is nicely presented but there are few editorial/grammatical errors in the text, which may be taken care of while finalizing it.

Overall View on Acceptability of the Report:

The report is quite comprehensive and of good quality and may be accepted for publication.

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APPENDIX II

ACTION TAKEN ON COMMENTS ON THE REPORT

We thank Dr. Vijay Paul Sharma, IIM Ahmedabad for his review comments. All the typographical errors have been corrected. The report has been further improved based on the comments made by the Coordinating Centre.

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Agro-Economic Research Centre For the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) H.M. Patel Institute of Rural Development, Opp. Nanadalaya Temple, Post Box No. 24, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Dist. Anand, Gujarat.

Ph. No. +91-2692-230106, 230799; Fax- +91-2692-233106 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]