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(Rainy Season) and Summer Pearl Millet in Western India About ICRISAT IMOD Inclusive Market Oriented Development Innovate Grow Prosper Working Paper Series no. 36 RP – Markets, Institutions and Policies Prospects for kharif (Rainy Season) and Summer Pearl Millet in Western India About ICRISAT The International Crops Research Institute Contact Information for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a ICRISAT-Patancheru ICRISAT-Bamako ICRISAT-Nairobi non-profit, non-political organization (Headquarters) (Regional hub WCA) (Regional hub ESA) that conducts agricultural research for Patancheru 502 324 BP 320 PO Box 39063, Nairobi, development in Asia and sub-Saharan Andhra Pradesh, India Bamako, Mali Kenya Africa with a wide array of partners Tel +91 40 30713071 Tel +223 20 223375 Tel +254 20 7224550 throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million Fax +91 40 30713074 Fax +223 20 228683 Fax +254 20 7224001 square kilometers of land in 55 countries, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion ICRISAT-Liaison Office ICRISAT-Bulawayo ICRISAT-Maputo people, of whom 644 million are the CG Centers Block Matopos Research Station c/o IIAM, Av. das FPLM No 2698 A Amarender Reddy, P Parthasarathy Rao, OP Yadav, IP Singh, poorest of the poor. ICRISAT innovations NASC Complex PO Box 776 Caixa Postal 1906 help the dryland poor move from poverty Dev Prakash Shastri Marg Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Maputo, Mozambique NJ Ardeshna, KK Kundu, SK Gupta, Rajan Sharma, to prosperity by harnessing markets New Delhi 110 012, India Tel +263 383 311 to 15 Tel +258 21 461657 while managing risks – a strategy called Tel +91 11 32472306 to 08 Fax +263 383 307 Fax +258 21 461581 Inclusive Market- Oriented development Fax +91 11 25841294 [email protected] [email protected] Sawargaonkar G, Dharm Pal Malik, D Moses Shyam (IMOD). ICRISAT- Kano ICRISAT-Niamey ICRISAT-Lilongwe and K Sammi Reddy ICRISAT is headquartered in Patancheru PMB 3491 BP 12404, Niamey Chitedze Agricultural Research Station near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Niger (Via Paris) PO Box 1096 with two regional hubs and five country Tarauni, Kano, Nigeria Tel +227 20722529, Lilongwe, Malawi offices in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a Tel: +234 7034889836; 20722725 Tel +265 1 707297, 071, 067, 057 member of the CGIAR Consortium. The +234 8054320384 Fax +227 20734329 Fax +265 1 707298 CGIAR is a global research partnership +234 8033556795 [email protected] [email protected] for a food secure future. [email protected] CGIAR ICRISAT is a member of the www.icrisat.org CGIAR Consortium 289-2012 Citation: Amarender Reddy A, Parthasarathy Rao P, Yadav OP, Singh IP, Ardeshna NJ, Kundu KK, Gupta SK, Rajan Sharma, Sawargaonkar G, Dharm Pal Malik, Shyam Moses D and Sammi Reddy K. 2013. Prospects for kharif (Rainy Season) and Summer Pearl Millet in Western India. Working Paper Series no. 36. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 24 pp. Abstract Pearl millet is a major cereal crop in northwestern India. The crop is grown in very harsh, arid, dry climatic areas having high temperature and low and erratic rainfall. It’s use as food is declining but its use as cattle feed, poultry feed and source of starch in the alcohol industry is increasing. Its fodder is an important source of animal feed particularly in dry months when alternative sources of feed are not available. In the last decade, pearl millet was also grown under irrigation in the summer months. Gujarat state has the highest area under summer pearl millet not only among the northwestern states but also at the all-India level. In this paper, we have analyzed the productive potential of both kharif (rainy season) and summer pearl millet particularly in Gujarat state. Kharif pearl millet still contributes to the bulk of the pearl millet production in western India although its yields are relatively low. To compete with crops like guar, green gram, cotton, etc, both grain and fodder yields of the kharif crop need to be increased. With the adoption of improved cultivars and low-cost improved technology, yields can be increased by 20-30% from the existing levels. Yields of summer pearl millet are much higher since it is grown under irrigation and its grain quality is also superior. It is grown as a commercial crop with the bulk of the crop sold domestically, and also exported to neighboring countries. There is a need to explore opportunities to expand the area under summer pearl millet particularly in areas where irrigation is available and the fields are vacant during the summer season. © International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2012. All rights reserved. ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clarification, please contact the Director of Strategic Marketing and Communication at [email protected]. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice. Working Paper Series no. 36 RP – Markets, Institutions and Policies Prospects for kharif (Rainy Season) and Summer Pearl Millet in Western India A Amarender Reddy, P Parthasarathy Rao, OP Yadav, IP Singh, NJ Ardeshna, KK Kundu, SK Gupta, Rajan Sharma, Sawargaonkar G, Dharm Pal Malik, D Moses Shyam and K Sammi Reddy Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India March 2013 About the authors A Amarender Reddy International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India P Parthasarathy Rao International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India OP Yadav All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP), Jodhpur, Rajasthan IP Singh Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan NJ Ardeshna Junagad Agricultural University, Gujarat KK Kundu CCS Agricultural University, Haryana, India SK Gupta ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Rajan Sharma ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India G Sawargaonkar ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Dharm Pal Malik Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi D Moses Shyam ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India K Sammi Reddy Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad ii Contents Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Data and methodology ................................................................................................................2 Results..........................................................................................................................................3 Trends in area, production and productivity ...........................................................................3 Relative profitability of kharif and summer pearl millet compared to competing crops ..........9 Output and Input Markets ....................................................................................................10 Cost of production and profitability of pearl millet in Gujarat ...............................................11 Cost structure and profitability of kharif and summer pearl millet ........................................13 Yield gaps between improved and local practices ...............................................................15 Conclusion and Recommendation ..........................................................................................19 References .................................................................................................................................20 iii Acronyms ACGR Annual Compound Growth Rate AICPMIP All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project APMCS Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees CACP Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices CPI Consumer Price Index CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture DES Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) GSCMF Gujarat State Cooperative Marketing Federation Ha Hectare HOPE Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement of Sorghum and Millets in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia HYVs High Yielding Varieties II Instability Index IMOD Inclusive Market Oriented Development Kg Kilograms MSP Minimum Support Price Mt Million tons NSKE Neem Seed Kernel Extract iv Introduction Pearl millet is the most drought tolerant warm season cereal grown on 27 million ha in some of the harsh, arid and dry-semi-arid tropical environments of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is more tolerant to high temperatures than any other cereal. The best temperature for the germination of pearl millet seed is from 23 to 32°C. The optimum rainfall requirement of pearl millet ranges between 500-800 mm and it can also be successfully grown in areas that receive less than 500 mm of annual rainfall. However, prolonged intra-seasonal spells of warm, rain-free weather may be detrimental to its growth and may lead to reduced crop yields. Although pearl millet can respond to good moisture availability during its growth, it is nevertheless
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