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Crop–Livestock Interactions and Livelihoods in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India

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Crop–Livestock Interactions and Livelihoods in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India cover.pdf 9/1/2008 1:53:50 PM ILRI International Livestock Research Institute Research Report 11 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Crop–livestock interactions and livelihoods in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India R System IA w G id C slp e L i v e s t e oc m ISBN 92–9146–220–9 k Program Crop–livestock interactions and livelihoods in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India Singh J, Erenstein O, Thorpe W and Varma A Corresponding author: [email protected] ILRI International Livestock Research Institute INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia INSTITUTE International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center P.O. Box 1041 Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya Rice–Wheat Consoritum New Delhi, India R System IA w G id C slp e CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme L i v e s t e P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia oc m k Program Authors’ affiliations Joginder Singh, Consultant/Professor, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India Olaf Erenstein, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), India William Thorpe, International Livestock Research Institute, India Arun Varma, Consultant/retired ADG ICAR, New Delhi, India © 2007 ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). All rights reserved. Parts of this publication may be reproduced for non-commercial use provided that such reproduction shall be subject to acknowledgement of ILRI as holder of copyright. Editing, design and layout—ILRI Publications Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ISBN 92–9146–220–9 Correct citation: Singh J, Erenstein O, Thorpe W and Varma A. 2007. Crop–livestock interactions and livelihoods in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India. Crop–livestock interactions scoping study—Report 2. Research Report 11. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 88 pp. Table of Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables v Acronyms vii Acknowledgements viii Foreword ix Executive summary x 1 Introduction 1 2 Methodology 4 3 Study area 11 4 Livelihood platforms 19 4.1 Livelihood assets 19 4.2 Access modifiers 24 4.3 Trends and shocks 29 5 Livelihoods strategies 32 5.1 Crop production 32 5.2 Livestock production 35 5.3 Non-farm based activities 38 5.4 Relative importance of livelihood activities 38 6 Crop–livestock interactions 41 6.1 Crop residue management 41 6.2 Livestock feed inputs and availability 46 6.3 Livestock input to crop production 49 6.4 Assessing crop–livestock interactions 50 7 Discussion and recommendations 52 7.1 Livelihood security and environmental sustainability 52 7.2 Outlook and constraints 53 7.3 Agenda for action 55 References 58 Annex 1. Socio-economic and development indicators in IGP states 61 Annex 2. Area, yield and production of major crops in IGP states 63 Annex 3. Survey team members 64 Annex 4. Survey instrument 65 Annex 5. Selected photographic impressions from study area 73 iii List of Figures Figure 1. The Indo-Gangetic Plains and its five subregions 3 Figure 2. A framework for the analysis of rural livelihoods 4 Figure 3. A schematic representation of crop–livestock interactions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains 5 Figure 4. Subregions and agro-ecological subzones of the Indo-Gangetic Plains 6 Figure 5. Location of the 18 surveyed villages within the Meerut, Kanpur and Faizabad clusters in the Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh 8 Figure 6. Season-wise normal rainfall (mm) in U.P. 12 iv List of Tables Table 1. Name, cluster and zone of the 18 surveyed villages in the Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) 7 Table 2. Median number and gender of participants in the village group discussions in each cluster in the Gangetic plains of U.P. 7 Table 3. Rice, wheat and irrigated area, mean annual rainfall and prevalent soils in the Gangetic plains of U.P. 12 Table 4. Changes in input use and cropping intensity in the Gangetic plains of U.P. 13 Table 5. Area and yield of main crops over time in U.P. State. 15 Table 6. Livestock populations in U.P. State and India in 1992 and 2003 15 Table 7. Density of livestock in U.P. State in 1992 and 2003 16 Table 8. Land size distribution in U.P. State and India in 2000–01 16 Table 9. Selected MDG related development indicators at district level 17 Table 10. Selected additional development indicators at district level 17 Table 11. Characteristic biophysical and socio-economic features of the Upper-Gangetic Plain 18 Table 12. Natural capital indicators 20 Table 13. General physical capital indicators 21 Table 14. Selected market access indicators 21 Table 15. Irrigation indicators 21 Table 16. Mechanization indicators 22 Table 17. Human capital indicators 23 Table 18. Village size 23 Table 19. Gender issues 25 Table 20. Selected credit and land market indicators 26 Table 21. Selected labour market indicators 27 Table 22. External input use (% of household reportedly using) 27 Table 23. Selected commodity prices (INR/kg, farm gate) 28 Table 24. Selected animal and produce prices (INR, farm gate) 28 Table 25. Use of selected agricultural services (% of household reportedly using) 29 Table 26. Mechanization and zero tillage (ZT) indicators 31 Table 27. Crop share of kharif area (% of village cultivable area) 32 Table 28. Crop share of rabi area (% of village cultivable area) 33 Table 29. Main cropping system (% of villages) 33 Table 30. Cropping intensity indicators (% of cultivable land) 34 Table 31. Rice and wheat: yields and marketed surplus 34 v Table 32. Livestock ownership (% of household) 36 Table 33. Livestock numbers (heads per household) 36 Table 34. Livestock and milk sales 37 Table 35. Main livelihood activity (% of household) 39 Table 36. Categorization of village households (% of household) 39 Table 37. Labour use by enterprise 40 Table 38. Crop residue collection for ex situ livestock feed (% of farm household) 41 Table 39. Indicators of livestock pressure on crop residues (cow equivalents per head at village level) 42 Table 40. Crop residue management practices (% of villages) 43 Table 41. Residue use by volume (survey data, % of residue produced on 498 farms) 43 Table 42. Duration of crop residues storage (months) 44 Table 43. Crop Residue grazed in situ (% of households) 44 Table 44. Crop residue transaction practices (% of villages) 45 Table 45. Categorization of households as deficit or surplus in crop residue (% of household) 45 Table 46. Crop residue prices (INR/kg) 46 Table 47. Use of feed sources (% of household) 47 Table 48. Comparative indicators of external and livestock input use for crop production (% of farm household reportedly using) 49 Table 49. Dung use (% of dung allocated to use) 50 vi Acronyms AI artificial insemination asl above sea level AU animal unit CIBR Central Institute on Buffalo Research (Hisar, Haryana) CIMMYT International Wheat and Maize Improvement Centre (Texcoco, Mexico) FYM farm yard manure GCA Gross cropped area HAU Haryana Agricultural University hh household IGP Indo-Gangetic Plains, South Asia ILRI International Livestock Research Institute (Nairobi, Kenya) KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra (extension outreach program, India) LGP Lower-Gangetic Plain (subregion of the IGP, comprising the downstream plains in eastern India [west Bengal], Ganges basin) MGP Middle-Gangetic Plain (subregion of the IGP, comprising the midstream plains in eastern India [eastern U.P. and Bihar], Ganges basin) MSP minimum support price n number of observations NCA Net cropped area NGO non-governmental organization ns non-significant p. probability PAU Punjab Agricultural University RCTs resource-conserving technologies RWC Rice–wheat Consortium of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (New Delhi, India) s.d. standard deviation SLP CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme TGP Trans-Gangetic Plain (Subregion of the IGP, comprising the plains in northwestern India [Punjab, Haryana], straddling Ganges and Indus basin) TW tubewell UGP Upper-Gangetic Plain (Subregion of the IGP, comprising the upstream plains in northcentral India [western U.P.], Ganges basin) U.P. Uttar Pradesh ZT zero tillage vii Acknowledgements The present report benefited from the assistance of numerous individuals and institutions. We gratefully acknowledge the participation and assistance received from the Project Directorate for Cropping System Research (PDCSR–Modipuram, Meerut), Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology (CSAUA&T–Kanpur) and the Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT–Kumarganj, Faizabad). The individuals that participated in the field work as team members have been listed in Annex 3 together with their institutional affiliation. We also gratefully acknowledge the time provided by the various rural communities. Finally we would like to acknowledge the participation of DV Rangnekar in the field work and Manjinder Singh and Elumalai Kannan for research assistance, Parvesh Chandna for the maps and constructive comments from Raj Gupta, P Parthasarathy Rao and John Dixon. The study was jointly funded by USAID, ILRI, CIMMYT and SLP. The views expressed in this report are those of individual scientists and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, ILRI, CIMMYT, SLP or RWC. viii Foreword The present study is the second in a series of five reports for the crop–livestock interactions scoping study. The first four reports each describe a particular subregion of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India: the Trans-Gangetic Plains (TGP, Punjab and Haryana, Erenstein et al. 2007b), Uttar Pradesh (this report), Bihar (Thorpe et al. 2007) and west Bengal (Varma et al. 2007). The fifth report synthesizes across the four subregions (Erenstein et al. 2007a). To facilitate write-up, synthesis and future reference, the reports all follow a similar outline and table format. This implies some repetition between reports, but this was still preferred over a single bulky report in view of the richness and diversity of the information and so as not to lose the local insights and relevance.
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