Program: B. Sc. (Hons.) Semester: Fourth Course: Crop Production Technology – II (Rabi crops) Course Objective: 1. To know the Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of rabi crops 2. Identify weeds in rabi season crops 3. To understand the yield attributing characters of kharif crops an d Estimate yield of Rabi crops Unit I: Cereals –wheat and barley Unit II: Pulses-chickpea, lentil, peas; oilseeds-rapeseed, mustard and sunflower; sugar crops-sugarcane Unit III: Medicinal and aromatic crops-mentha, lemon grass and citronella Unit IV: Forage crops-berseem, lucerne and oat. Practical: 1. Sowing methods of wheat and sugarcane, 2. Identification of weeds in rabi season crops 3. Study of morphological characteristics of rabi crops 4. Study of yield contributing characters of rabi season crops, yield 5. Juice quality analysis of sugarcane 6. Study of important agronomic experiments of rabi crops at experimental farms. 7. Study of rabi forage experiments 8. Oil extraction of medicinal Crops 9. Visit to research stations of related crops. Botanical Name and Economic Importance of Wheat Local Name : Gahu Family : Gramineae Botanical : Triticum aestivum Origin : 1. Soft Wheat (Bread wheat) – Hindukush mountainous regions adjoining to India and Afganistan. Economic Importance: Wheat is the staple food of north Inidan people. Wheat grains are grounded into flour (atta) and consumed in the form of chapatee i.e. 80 85% Soft wheat is used for making chapatee, bread, cake, biscuits, pastry and other bakery products. Hard wheat is used for manufacturing rawa, suji and sewaya. In areas where rice is a staple food grain, wheat is eaten in the form of puri and uppumav. It is also used for making flakes and sweet meats like kheer, shira, etc. Wheat grain is used for preparing starch. Wheat straw is used as fooder, padding material and mulching material. 1. Good Point about Wheat Cultivation 1. In India wheat is second important staple food crop next to rice. 2. It is only food grain having leavened bread making quality. 3. It is widely adapted to different soil and climatic conditions. 4. It is simple to cultivate. 5. Its grain is easy to handle, transport and store. 6. The mechanism of manufacture of flour and other products is simple to handle. 7. It has high nutritive value among cereals. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Introduced Dwarf Varieties from Mexico: Sonora – 63, Sonora – 64, Mayo – 64, Lerma Rojo etc.These Mexican varieties were developed by Dr. Norman Borlaug and his co workers by using Norin dwarfing gene from Norin – 10, a variety of wheat from Japan which has a dwarf and non-lodging plant habit. Improved Rainfed Wheat Varieties: N-59, MACS-9, MACS-1967, NIDW-15 (durum type), Ajantha,NI-5439, Hira, Moti etc. Improved Irrigated Wheat Varieties: Kalyan Sona, sonalika, Malvika, Lok-1, HD-21889, PBN-142, PBN-51 Characteristics of Wheat Varieties N-59: Sonalika (JDM – 1553): 1. It is released at Agri. Res. Stn. Niphad in 1964. 1. It is released at IARI in 1967. 2. It is produced by crossing Gaza x Motia. 2. It is produced by selection from Mexican bulk of S-308. 3. It matures in 115-120 days. 3. It is single dwarf wheat widely grown in whole India. 4. Grain is bold, lustrous, hard and amber coloured. 4. It matures early in about 105 days. 5. It is tall growing variety and suitable for timely sowing. 5. Grain is amber coloured, bold, hard and attractive. 6. It is susceptible to rust disease. 6. It is resistant to rust. 7. It is suitable for dry cultivation all over the state. 7. It is suitable for late sowing in highly fertile soils under 8. Av. Yield is about 6-9 qt/ha. irrigation. 8. Average yield is about 30-35 qt/ha. Kalyan Sona (HDM – 1593): 1. It is released at I.A.R.I. in 1967. Malvika (HD – 4502): 2. It is produced by selection from Mexican bulk of S- 1. It is raised at IARI in 1975. 227. 2. It is triple dwarf bansi type wheat grown all over 3. It is double dwarf wheat widely grown all over India. Maharashtra. 4. It matures in 116-120 days. 5. Grain is amber coloured, hard and of medium size. 3. It matures medium late in about 120-125 days. 6. It is suitable for medium and high fertile soil under 4. Grain is amber coloured, short, bold and lustrous. irrigation condition. 5. It is resistant to rust. 7. It is suitable for medium and high fertile soil under 6. It is responsive to manuring and suitable under irrigation condition. irrigation. 8. Av. Yield is 40-45 qt/ha. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) 7. Average yield is 30-35 qt/ha. MP 3336: It matures in 118 days, bold grain, good appearance and high protein content. It has resistant to rust and suitable for irrigated condition of Madhya Pradesh. Yield potential is 53 q/ha. MP 3269: A semi dwarf wheat released by SVRC in the month of December, 2010 for the farmers of MP under partially irrigated condition. Tolerant to drought and rusts Grains bold and sarbati. It has 42-45 q ha-1 yield under limited irrigation. Suitable for chapatti JW 3288: JW 3288: A aestivum wheat for Rainfed/Restricted irrigated condition of Central Zone. Bold grain, non lodging and non shattering Profuse tillering. Resistant to rust It has 45-47 q ha-1 yield under two irrigation Sujata : Tall, bold and shining grain, Resistant to drought, Popular for chapatti, Average yield: 16- 18 q/ha C 306 and Sujata are sister lines JW 3020 : Suitable for RF/RI, Yield: 35-38 q/ha under two irrigations, Resistant to lodging, Bold grain and long ear, Resistant to all the rusts HD 2864 : Terminal heat tolerant, Suitable for late sown irrigated condition, Suitable under climate change, Yield: 45-50 q/ha JW 1142 :Suitable for late and timely sown condition, Resistant to rust, Good for chapati, Yield: 55-60 q/ha GW 273 :Suitable for late and timely sown condition, Resistant to rust and Ug 99, Good for chapati, Yield: 55-60 q/ha, Widely accepted GW 322 : Resistant to rust, Yield: 55-60 q/ha, Widely accepted JW 1201 : Resistant to rust, Yield: 55-60 q/ha JW 1106 : Bred for irrigated timely sown condition. resistant to rusts, Bold shining grain, Yiels: 50-57 q/haHI 8498 : Resistant to rust, bold shining grain, Yield: 50-57 q/ha, Widely accepted JW 1215 : Newly released durum wheat varieties, Resistant to rusts, Bold shining grain, Yield: 50-57 q/ha Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Year of Duration Yield Variety Important features release (days) (q/ha) Suitable for rainfed conditions, Tall, known for C 306 1969 135-140 14-16 chapati making quality, Susceptible to rust, blight GW 366 2007 110-115 55-57 Suitable for irrigated, timely sown condition Suitable for irrigated, timely sown condition, MP 1106 (d) 2003 115-120 55-60 Grain bold, Resistant to rust, blight and loose smut Suitable for Irrigated, late sown condition, Lok 1 1982 105-110 42-45 Medium grain, Resistant to rust, blight Suitable for irrigated, late sown condition, GW 173 1994 100-105 43-45 Medium grain, Resistant to rust, blight and loose smut 2009 JW 3173 SO: 449(E) Dated 11.2.2009 C-306, Sujata, Lodging tolerant, rust Lok-1, 2005 JW 3020 SO: 1566 (E) Dated 05.11.2005 resistance and good Narmada-4, proprty for chapati 2011 JW 3288 SO: 2326 (E) Dated 10.10.2011 Narmada 112 making quqality 2010 JW 3211 SO: 211 (E) Dated 21.01.2010 and 195 Suitable for late sown 2013 JW 3336 SO: 2817(E) Dated 19.09.2013 Lok-1 condition Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Ecological Requirement for Wheat Cultivation A) Climatic Requirement for Wheat Cultivation: 1. Wheat is a temperature crop but widely adapted to varying climate conditions. 2. It needs cool, dry and clear climate for better growth and yield. 3. The optimum temperature range for growth is between 70C to 210C. 4. The rainfall requirement is 750 to 1600 mm/year. 5. Hot and humid climate is harmful because it encourages the infestation of diseases like rust, root rot etc. 6. In early growth stage, it requires cool temperature and dew formation which increases tillering. 7. Very low temperature, cloudy atmosphere and frost during grain filling stage is harmful. B) Soil Requirement for Wheat Cultivation: 1. Wheat crop is grown in different types of soils ranging from desert soil to heavy clay soil. 2. Well drained, fertile clay loam soils having moderate water holding capacity are ideal for irrigated wheat. 3. Heavy soil with open structure which can retain the monsoon rainfall for longer period is ideal for dry wheat crop. 4. In M.S. black soils (regurs) are most suitable for cultivation of wheat. Dr. R.P. Sahu (Agronomist) Tillage for Wheat Cultivation Preparation of land (Tillage): 1. Wheat crop requires well pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform germination. 2. The seed bed should not be cloddy or dusty. 3. Preparatory tillage operations varies with type of cultivation i.e. whether grown as rainfed or irrigated crop. Tillage for Dry or Rainfed Wheat Crop: i) Usually land is kept fallow in monsoon season. ii) During monsoon 3 to 5 harrowings are given to remove the weed to conserve the moisture. iii) Land is ploughed deep with an iron plough or tractor, once in about three years. iv) After cessation of monsoon one shallow harrowing is given and compaction of land is done with the help of planker just before sowing.