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Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean

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Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CGU Theses & Dissertations CGU Student Scholarship 2012 Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean Reunification: Toward a Feminist Theological Foundation for Reunified Society Jin Sung Cholee Claremont Graduate University Recommended Citation Cholee, Jin Sung, "Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean Reunification: Toward a Feminist Theological Foundation for Reunified Society" (2012). CGU Theses & Dissertations. Paper 64. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/64 DOI: 10.5642/cguetd/64 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the CGU Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in CGU Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean Reunification: Toward a Feminist Theological Foundation for Reunified Society By Jin Sung ChoLee A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Claremont Graduate University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of Religion Claremont, California 2012 Approved by Dr. Karen Jo Torjesen © Copyright (Jin Sung ChoLee), (2012) All rights reserved. APPROVAL OF THE DISSERTATION COMMITTE We, the undersigned, certify that we have read, reviewed, and critiqued the dissertation of Jin Sung ChoLee and do hereby approve it as adequate in scope and quality for meriting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dissertation Committee Signatures: ____________________________________ Dr. Karen Torjesen, Chair ____________________________________ Dr. Anselm Min, Member ____________________________________ Dr. Helene Slessarer-Jamir, Member ____________________________________ Dr. Kenan Osborne, Member Abstract of the Dissertation Gender Analysis of Politics, Economics and Culture of Korean Reunification: Toward a Feminist Theological Foundation for Reunified Society By Jin Sung ChoLee Claremont Graduate University 2012 In this study, I have focused on the process for an eventual reunification of North and South Korea. In this process, Korean political, economic, cultural and religious issues are necessarily present. My study focuses on cultural and religious factors. I adopt the German reunification as a case study. The German reunification process provides Koreans with lessons about the negative changes in the status of German women since the German reunification caused extreme instances of the loss of status and economic opportunity for women. German reunification shows that the unequal situation and systems in society were not only due to political positions. Strong religious factors deeply influenced the German mentality. A similar religion-factor is at work in North Korean society which is influenced by Confucianism and in South Korean society which is influenced by Confucianism and conservative Christianity. I argue that religion is one of the major factors in the political culture of Korea, and religion can either assist a fair and equal process for both women and men or it can in a biased way maintain a male-oriented form of reunification. Consequently, the cultural and religious factors in this process of reunification must include an equalization of women and men. This can only take place if Korean women are major participants in the entire reunification process. There is a serious need for a reunification theology which incorporate gender into Korean theology, thus providing a ‗feminist reunification theology.‘ A ‗feminist reunification theology‘ presents basic theological principles that will help build an egalitarian community. There are three important ways to include women‘s concern for true reunification: 1) The creation of an egalitarian community in work, family and society; 2) The restoration of humanity by healing love and forgiveness through the power of Cross; and 3) The need for religion to be reformed in which a women can be a co-leader in family, church and nation. Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor and dissertation committee members. I deeply appreciate Dr. Karen Torjesen, the director of my dissertation. She encouraged in a strong way my Women‘s Studies in Religion in Claremont and whenever I met barrier, she gave me empowerment and let me stay focused on my study. Also, she taught me how to approach women‘s studies in a scholastic and academic way, but also in a way of life by which feminist scholars can serve others. She gave to me a hope to be like her. Also, I am very grateful to Dr. Anselm Min who taught me many classes and his teaching became a bridge to connect my traditional faith to contemporary theology and philosophy. I thank him for his careful reading of my dissertation and for his thoughtful comments. I would like to thank Dr. Helene Slessarer-Jamir who gave me deep insights into the matter of women‘s problems in Germany and she helped me understand the German process of political reconstruction. She continually showed me sincere consideration. My debt of gratitude goes to Dr. Kenan Osborne who provided me with a good place to write my dissertation, and for his intellectual and spiritual help. He gave me helpful comments with his profound scholarship in developing my dissertation. I will never forget his scholarly and spiritual devotion in his life for God and people. More than anything else, I am thankful to all my family for their prayers and support. Furthermore, special thanks should be given to my father and mother, Rev. Cho Suk –Oh (조석오 목사님) and Lee Su-Myung (이수명 사모님). Their encouragement and trust to me became a source of strength. I especially appreciated my mother‘s sincere heart in praying for me during my journey. Also, I deeply appreciate my father –in-law v and mother-in-law, Rev. Lee Wahn-Jae (이완재 목사님) and Song Sun-Bum (송순범 사모님), for their love and pray. Also, I want to give a very special thanks to my husband, Rev. Lee Jeong-Hyeon who is my friend, theological partner, mentor and supporter both financially and spiritually. Without his help I would not have completed this work. In particularly, I thank to my two lovely daughters, Ye-Rin and Su-In, who were my supporters and challengers. Thank you for your pray and patience during my academic times. Thank you for growing up as independent and beautiful daughters even though I could not give to you many cares with study and church works. Also, I want to thank to my brothers and sisters, Sung-Il, Sung-Won, Jung-Sook, and Sun-Mi, for their deep love. In addition, I would like to thank the Valley Seoul Church members, especially Rev. Kim Chang-Su and Stuart Sieroty who carefully read my manuscript from my course works and corrected it. Also, I thank all the colleagues at Claremont Graduate University and my professors in the Presbyterian college and Theological seminary in Seoul. I truly appreciate the Myung-Sung scholarship Foundation for their financial and spiritual support. I give thank to God and confess that all things are God‘s grace. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introductory Considerations ··································································1 1. Statement of the Problem ···································································2 2. Thesis ································································································17 3. Outline of Content ·············································································21 4. Methodology ·····················································································23 5. Limitations ························································································25 II. A Theological Framework for Korean Reunification ······················27 1. The Christians‘ Attitudes and the importance of Theology toward Reunification ·····················································································27 2. Korean Theological Responses for the Principles of Reunification ··39 1) Ham Sok Hon‘s Reunification Theology ······················40 2) No Jung Son‘s Reunification Theology·························46 3) Kim Young Bok‘s Reunification Theology···················51 4) Analyzing Korean Reunification Theology and the Need for a Feminist Perspective Theology ·························55 III. A Political Framework for Korean Reunification ·····························62 1. The reunification of East and West Germany: a Case Study ·············63 1) German Family Policies and East German Women ······63 2) The Politic, Economic, and Social Situation of East and West German Women ············································66 3) The Effects on Women’s Lives after the Reunification·81 2. Cultural and Religious Reflection on the Phenomenon of German Women ·······························································································98 1) Is the Primary Responsibility of Women Motherhood? ·99 2) Political Culture ······························································102 3) Religion as One of the Major Facts of German Belief and Way of Life ······························································103 3. Gender Politics in Korean Reunification ···········································110 1) How the Division influenced Korean Women‘s Lives ···110 2) The Need for Feminist Perspective Reunification Politics···········································································120 3)
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