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The Sist Ni Cycle of Epics THE SIST◊NI CYCLE OF EPICS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ameneh (Saghi) Gazerani ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Stephen Dale, Adviser Professor Dick Davis ---------------------------- Adviser Professor Margaret Mills History Graduate Program ABSTRACT This dissertation is concerned with the study of the Sistni Cycle of Epics (SCE), a body of literature produced in its extant form from 11-13th centuries in Iran. It was during the same period that Iran’s grand epic, the Shhnmeh, was composed. Although Ferdowsi, the composer of the Shhnmeh, has included some of the most famous stories of the SCE into his work, most of the Sistni stories were excluded from Ferdowsi’s work. Modern scholarship dismissed the SCE as secondary to the Shhnmeh, therefore, neglecting to examine it. In this study, first I examine the connection between the epics and the province of Sistn, their birthplace. I postulate that during the pre-Islamic period, especially from the Parthian period onward, the epics played a role in constructing a specifically Sistni identity. Therefore, in the first three chapters I examine the way in which the epics helped shape a distinctly Sistni identity by examining the region’s topography, political history, and historiographical production. Arguing that up until the medieval period the epics were regarded as reflecting historical reality, in the following chapter I examine the genre for the ways in which it accommodated the historical narration, whose referents were past events. Instead of separating fact from fiction, I examine the ways in which the heroic discourse, by certain modification of the generic requirements, allows for the recounting of such ii historical episodes. The two areas, where the reference to past events is apparent, are most prevalent in depictions of Sistn’s relationship to the land of India and the reflections of episodes of Parthian history. Next, I shift the focus of the study to medieval literary milieu, which produced the extant form of the epics. I postulate that during the medieval period the epics were used in order to create another identity, i.e. a distinct Iranian identity. As a result of this endeavor to create or to revive the Iranian identity, the two bodies of epics contain divergent stories, and. I scrutinize some of these stories and speculate about the reasons for the existence of such drastically different narrations. iii To Sadhguru: iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my adviser Professor Stephen Dale, who offered me continuous guidance and support throughout my years at the Ohio State University. I am indebted to him for introducing me to various topics in Islamic history, and for generously devoting his time to reading, commenting, and discussing this as well as other projects. His contribution, however, goes far beyond academic influence, for had it been not for his support during times when I faced both professional and personal challenges and difficulties, I would not have been able to complete my graduate studies. For this I am deeply grateful to him. I am also thankful to Professor Dick Davis, who shared his in-depth and comprehensive knowledge of medieval Persian literature with me and taught me much of what I know about Persian epics. I am also grateful to him for the openness with which he listened to my ideas and encouraged me in pursuing my arguments, in spite of the fact that some of the arguments are radically different from conventional wisdom. Professor Mills’ seminar on orality and literacy, which I participated in the first year of my graduate studies, has shaped my approach to medieval genres of literature. My interest in oral traditions of the genres of literature that I have studied, and the permormative aspect of these literatures is directly a result of what I learned from her. I am thankful to her v for giving me this background, and for providing many useful comments on the draft of this dissertation. Several other friends helped with various aspects of the dissertation to whom I wish to express my gratitude: my friend Bashar Alkhataybeh spent many hours digitizing thousands of manuscript folios from microfilm, and helped me with other technical aspects of the document. My brother Ali helped me with manuscript comparisons, transliteration, and proofreading the document. My friend Sarah Tatz proofread the entire dissertation, edited several chapters and gave me other useful suggestions. vi VITA September 15, 1972……….……….……..Born- Arak, Iran 1992………………………………..……..B.S. Computer Science, University of Maryland 2003………………………..M.A. Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Ohio State University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: History vii TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract……………………………………………………………………...………...ii Dedication …………..………………………………………………………….…….iv Acknowledgements...……….………………………………………………….……..vi Vita………..……………………………………………………………..………..…vii List of Tables…………………………………………….………………..........…….xi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..……xii Chapters: Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……..2 Chapter 1: The topography of the province of Sistn………………..........................36 I. Hilmand River and the irrigation system…………………...………..39 II. The Sandstorms…………………………………………....................44 III. Urban Centers……………………………………………..................46 1. The Heartland of Sistn……………………..………...………....46 2. Central Sistn: The cities of Bost and Qandahr..…… …............50 3. Eastern Sistn: the cities of Ghazneh and Kabol………………...55 Chapter 2: The political History of Sistn……………...……………………………58 I. Achaemenid Period (553-330 B.C.E.)……… ………………………59 II. The Seleucids and Parthian Periods ( 330 B.C. – 224 A.D.)………...60 III. The Ssnid Period (241 - 651 C.E.) ……...……………..................71 IV. From the Arab Conquest to the rise of ∑affrids …………..………..75 V. The ∑affrids of Sistn (861- 1542 C.E.)…………… ………………84 Chapter 3: The Historiography of the Province of Sistn……………………………90 I. Trikh-e Sistn and I˛ya al-Muluk: Sistn’s two local histories.........92 viii II. The SCE and the ancient history of Sistn………………………...…97 III. Narratives of Iran’s Pre-Islamic history…………………………….103 Chatper 4: Reflections of the Past in the SCE……………………………………...108 I. India a landscape oscillating between the real and the imagined…………………………………………………..………...110 II. Reflections of Parthian History………………………………….….149 1. The Parthian Noble family………………..…………….............149 2. Parthian Stories in Iranian Epics……………………………......151 3. The Parthian Origin of the house of Rostam………….………..156 4. Parthian stories of the SCE………………………………..........163 a. The story of Babr-e Bayn…………………...........……..164 b. The marriage of Bnu Goshasp and Giv.…….…………..172 c. Rivalry between the Parthian nobles…………………......176 d. The armies of the noble families………………...……….182 Chapter 5: Sources of Iranian Epics…………………………………………….......186 I. The Shhnmeh…………………………………………..................186 II. The SCE……………………………………………………….........197 a. Written Sources…………………………………......……..……197 b. Evidence of an Oral Tradition…………………………………..212 Chapter 6: The Shhnmeh and the SCE’s divergent stories…………….………...220 I. flZa˛˛k’s characterization………………………………………..…224 II. Jamshid’s fate……………………………………………….……...241 III. Heroes and Morality: the cases of Garshsp and Rostam…………..244 IV. Lohrsp’s reign……………………………………………………..250 V. Farmarz’s death and Bahman’s image………...…………………..257 Conclusion:…………………………………………………………………………277 Bibliography:………………………………………………………………...……..283 Appendices: Appendix A: Persian and Arabic Passages………………………………….……...292 Appendix B: The Story of Babr-e Bayn ………………………………..………...307 ix Appendix C: Translation of Ibn al-˘awqal’s account of Sistn………….…...........324 Appendix D: Figures………………………………………………………………..336 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Transliteration Table: Consonants……………………………………….1 2. Transliteration Table: Vowels……………………………………………1 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Genealogy of Sistni heroes ……………………………………………337 2. Genealogy of Sistni heroes (continued)………………….……………338 3. Genealogy of the Gudarzin …………………………………………...339 4. Medieval Map of Irn…………………………………………………..340 5. Medieval Map of Sistn………………………………………………...341 6. Map of Modern Irn…………………………………………………….342 xii Persian Arabic b b ب ---- p پ t t ت th th ث j j ج ---- ch چ Long Persian Arabic ˛ ˛ ح kh kh خ ا d d د i, y (if ı, y (if ﯼ dh dh ذ diphthong) diphthong) r r ر u, w (if ü, w (if و (z z diphthong) diphthong ز zh --- Short Persian Arabic ژ s s a A س َ sh sh ش e I ِ ß ß ص flz o O ∂ ض ُ † † ط Table 2. Transliteration Table ÷ ÷ ظ fi fi Vowels ع gh gh غ f f ف q q ق k k ﮎ g g گ l l ل m m م n n ن v w و ﻩ h h hamza √ √ Table 1. Transliteration Table Consonants Note: As a general rule I will use the transliterate words using the Persian characters with the exception of when using Arabic primary sources. 1 INTRODUCTION The Sistni Cycle of Epics (SCE) contains the stories of Sistn’s pre- Islamic rulers, narrated in the form of an epic by granting its protagonists the status of invincible heroes. The stories are those of Rostam and his family, both his ancestors and descendents.1 For the most part, Rostam’s stories, because of their prominence, have been preserved in Ferdowsi’s Shhnmeh. This, however, is not true of the stories of the other heroes of the same lineage. Despite the availability of the stories in prose form in Ferdowsi’s time2, the poet excluded them from the text of the Shhnmeh. Many stories
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