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Biblioteca Di Studi Di Filologia Moderna BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI DI FILOLOGIA MODERNA – 30 – BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI DI FILOLOGIA MODERNA Collana Open Access del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Studi Interculturali Università degli Studi di Firenze Direttore Beatrice Töttössy Coordinamento editoriale Fabrizia Baldissera, Fiorenzo Fantaccini, Ilaria Moschini Donatella Pallotti, Ernestina Pellegrini, Beatrice Töttössy Comitato scientifico internazionale Fabrizia Baldissera (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Enza Biagini (Professore Emerito, Università degli Studi di Firenze), Nicholas Brownlees (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Arnaldo Bruni (studioso), Martha Canfield (studiosa), Richard Allen Cave (Emeritus Professor, Royal Holloway, University of London), Piero Ceccucci (studioso), Massimo Ciaravolo (Università degli Studi di Firenze), John Denton (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Anna Dolfi (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Mario Domenichelli (studioso), Maria Teresa Fancelli (Professore Emerito, Università degli Studi di Firenze), Massimo Fanfani (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Accademia della Crusca), Fiorenzo Fantaccini (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Michela Landi (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Paul Geyer (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn), Ingrid Hennemann (studiosa), Donald Kartiganer (Howry Professor of Faulkner Studies Emeritus, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss.), Sergej Akimovich Kibal’nik (Institute of Russian Literature [the Pushkin House], Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint-Petersburg State University), Ferenc Kiefer (Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Academia Europaea), Mario Materassi (studioso), Murathan Mungan (scrittore), Donatella Pallotti (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Stefania Pavan (studiosa), Ernestina Pellegrini (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Peter Por (studioso), Paola Pugliatti (studiosa), Miguel Rojas Mix (Centro Extremeño de Estudios y Cooperación Iberoamericanos), Giampaolo Salvi (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest), Ayşe Saraçgil (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Alessandro Serpieri (Professore Emerito, Università degli Studi di Firenze), Rita Svandrlik (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Angela Tarantino (Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’), Maria Vittoria Tonietti (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Beatrice Töttössy (Università degli Studi di Firenze), György Tverdota (Emeritus Professor, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest), Letizia Vezzosi (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Marina Warner (scrittrice), Laura Wright (University of Cambridge), Levent Yilmaz (Bilgi Universitesi, Istanbul), Clas Zilliacus (Emeritus Professor, Åbo Akademi of Turku) Laboratorio editoriale Open Access Beatrice Töttössy, direttore - Arianna Antonielli, caporedattore Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Studi Interculturali Via Santa Reparata 93, 50129 Firenze tel. +39.055.5056664-6616; fax. +39.06.97253581 email: <[email protected]> web: <http://www.fupress.com/comitatoscientifico/biblioteca-di-studi-di-filologia-moderna/23> Ilaria Natali «Remov’d from human eyes»: Madness and Poetry 1676-1774 firenze university press 2016 «Remov'd from human eyes»: Madness and Poetry 1676- 1774 / Ilaria Natali. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2016 (Biblioteca di Studi di Filologia Moderna ; 30) http://digital.casalini.it/9788864533193 ISBN (online) 978-88-6453-319-3 ISSN (online) 2420-8361 I prodotti editoriali di Biblioteca di Studi di Filologia Moderna: Collana, Riviste e Laboratorio vengono promossi dal Coordinamento editoriale del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Studi Interculturali dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze e pubblicati, con il contributo del Dipartimento, ai sensi dell’accordo di collaborazione stipulato con la Firenze University Press l’8 maggio 2006 e successivamente aggiornato (Protocollo d’intesa e Convenzione, 10 febbraio 2009 e 19 febbraio 2015). Il Laboratorio (<http://www.lilsi.unifi.it/vp-82- laboratorio-editoriale-open-access-ricerca-formazione-e-produzione.html>, <laboa@lilsi. unifi.it>) promuove lo sviluppo dell’editoria open access, svolge ricerca interdisciplinare nel campo, adotta le applicazioni alla didattica e all’orientamento professionale degli studenti e dottorandi dell’area umanistica, fornisce servizi alla ricerca, formazione e progettazione. Per conto del Coordinamento, il Laboratorio editoriale Open Access provvede al processo del doppio referaggio anonimo e agli aspetti giuridico-editoriali, cura i workflow redazionali e l’editing, collabora alla diffusione. Editing e composizione: LabOA con Arianna Antonielli (caporedattore), e i tirocinanti Sofia Balbetti, Costanza Baldini, Giulia Bartoli, Emma Bassani, Sara Brezzi, Angela Fuselli. Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra snc. Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul catalogo on-line della casa editrice (www. fupress.com). Consiglio editoriale Firenze University Press G. Nigro (Coordinatore), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolfi, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, A. Mariani, M. Marini, A. Novelli, M.C. Torricelli, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. La presente opera è rilasciata nei termini della licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione – Non commerciale – Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IT: <http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/legalcode>). CC 2016 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press via Cittadella, 7, 50144 Firenze, Italy www.fupress.com Gone mad is what they say, and sometimes Run mad, as if mad is a different direction, like west; as if mad is a different house you could step into, or a separate country entirely. But when you go mad you don’t go any other place, you stay where you are. And somebody else comes in. Margaret Atwood, Alias Grace (1996) La folie, c’est un pays où n’entre pas qui veut. Philippe Claudel, Les âmes grises (2003) CONTENTS Foreword 3 1. Introduction: «the signes of madness beginning» 1.1 Madness, imputed madness, and poetry: weaving threads 7 1.2 Madness and internment between 1676 and 1774 16 1.3 The madness of interpretation 28 2. The «Doctor’s Patient» views in James Carkesse’s Lucida Intervalla 2.1 «A Bethlehemite in Bedlam» 41 2.2 «To Bedlam you aloud, Fop Mad-Quack calls» 49 2.3 «A Sword in the hands of a madman» 57 3. Perspectives on doctors and doctoring in Anne Finch’s production 3.1 «So here confin’d, and but to female Clay» 67 3.2 «A sort of men she spied / Call’d doctors» 75 3.3 «My old inveterate foe» 88 4. Shifting images and «observance» in William Collins’ poetry 4.1 «Poor dear Collins» 101 4.2 «Dim-discover’d Tracts of Mind» 113 4.3 «Luckless Collins’ Shade» 127 5. Micro- and macro-vision in Christopher Smart’s Jubilate Agno 5.1 «For silly fellow! silly fellow! is against me» 137 5.2 «For Eternity is like a grain of mustard» 146 5.3 «For I am inquisitive in the Lord» 154 6. A ‘moral eye’ in William Cowper’s early poetry 6.1 «My continual misery» 165 6.2 «Et fluctuosum ceu mare volvitur» 171 6.3 «Thy rebellious worm is still» 181 I. Natali, «Remov'd from human eyes»: Madness and Poetry 1676-1774, ISBN (online) 978-88-6453-319-3 ISSN (online) 2420-8361, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IT, 2016 Firenze University Press 2 «REMOV'D FROM HUMAN EYES» 7. Conclusions: «a madness greatly different in its appearances» 7.1 Finding a direction 193 7.2 The (poetic) performance for ‘sane’ eyes 201 Works Cited 211 Index of Names 253 FOREWORD The present study analyses the representations of madness in Eng- lish poetry between the years 1676 and 1774, which mark two significant changes in the managing of mental disease. In 1676, London’s St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital for the Insane, also known as Bethlem or Bedlam, moved to a new building in Moorfields which was three times its former size. This event was the first sign of a new tendency nationwide: in the following decades, Britain witnessed the opening of many new mental care institutions and the expansion of existing ones. The first attempt to regulate the burgeoning of these institutions was the Madhouses Act of 1774, which provided for licensing and inspection of private madhouses. By focusing on the years 1676-1774, my work considers roughly the pe- riod that Michel Foucault defines as the Classical Age in his influential Folie et déraison. Histoire de la folie à l’age classique, 1961 (History of Mad- ness, 1972 [1965]). Although I do not endorse Foucault’s much contested idea of a European «Great Confinement», I explore its possibilities as a means to point out a change in the feeling towards mental trouble in sev- enteenth- and eighteenth-century Britain. This book proposes an interdisciplinary approach, with literature as the main field of inquiry. The following chapters examine how various seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poets represent their experience of the changing definitions and treatments of mental disease. Specifically, I analyse the texts of five authors, James Carkesse (ca. 1636-1711), Anne Finch (1661-1720), William Collins (1721-1759), Christopher Smart (1722-1771) and William Cowper (1731-1800),
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