DOCSLIB.ORG

TESI DOCTORAL Memòria, Veritat I Justícia a Sud-Àfrica: La Comissió Veritat I Reconciliació I El Seu Llegat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TESI DOCTORAL Memòria, Veritat I Justícia a Sud-Àfrica: La Comissió Veritat I Reconciliació I El Seu Llegat TESI DOCTORAL Memòria, veritat i justícia a Sud-àfrica: la Comissió Veritat i Reconciliació i el seu llegat M. Dolors Genovès Facultat de Comunicació i Relacions Internacionals Blanquerna (URL) Directors: Dr. Ferran Sáez i Dra. Magdalena Sellés 2015 The Trojan Horse Memorial (Ciutat del Cap) TESI DOCTORAL Títol Memòria, veritat i justícia a Sud-àfrica: la Comissió Veritat i Reconciliació i el seu llegat Realitzada per M. Dolors Genovès Morales Centre Facultat de Comunicació i Relacions Internacionals Blanquer- na (URL) Programa Comunicació i Humanitats Dirigida per Dr. Ferran Sáez Mateu Dra. Magdalena Sellés Quintana C.I.F. G: 59069740 Universitat Ramon Llull Fundació Rgtre. Fund. Generalitat de Catalunya núm. 472 (28-02-90) C.I.F. C. Claravall, 1-3 08022 Barcelona Tel. 93 602 22 00 Fax 93 602 22 49 a/e. [email protected] www.url.edu Al Germán, per ser-hi sempre -Sumari- Índex de taules [11] Índex de mapes [11] Acrònims [13] Agraïments [15] Prefaci [17] Hipòtesi i fonaments metodològics [19] 1. Objectius [21] 2. Metodologia [22] 3. Fonts [24] 4. Estructura [31] 5. Addenda [32] Part 1 Història i memòria [35] 1. Marcs referencials [37] 1.1. Temps de rememoració [37] 2. Inferències entre història i memòria [45] 2.1. La fluïdesa dels temps històrics [45] 2.2. Una cesura entre memòria i història [48] 2.3. L’equilibri entre història i memòria [51] 2.4. Llenguatge i relat [55] 2.5. Implicació i interpretació [59] 3. L’emergència del testimoni [63] 3.1. L’historiador i el testimoni [63] 3.2. El testimoni de la víctima [65] 3.3. El fals testimoni [68] 3.4. La versemblança dels testimonis [70] 4. Amnistia, la negació de la memòria [74] 4.1. Trauma, repressió i anamnesi [74] 4.2. Perdó, culpa i responsabilitat [76] 4.3. La banalitat del mal [79] 4.4. La sentència del “cas Eichmann” [83] 4.5. Veritat jurídica, veritat històrica [84] 4.6. L’ètica de l’oblit [86] 5. Identitat i memòria col·lectiva [94] 5.1. Commemorar [94] 5.2. Memòria col·lectiva [97] 5.3. Recordar, recuperar i imaginar [100] Part 2 Colonialisme, segregació i apartheid (1652-1994) [107] 1. De l’explotació a l’exclusió [109] 1.1. Un passat, sempre present [109] 1.2. Africans, colons i diamants (1652-1910) [112] 1.3. Els fluxos migratoris [119] 2. De la segregació a la separació [123] 2.1. La Unió Sud-africana (1910) [123] 2.2. Un sistema total, l’apartheid (1948) [129] 3. Contra l’exclusió i contra l’apartheid [136] 3.1. Els moviments de resistència (1902-1950) [136] 3.2. Desafiament i activisme (1950-1960) [139] 3.3. Conscienciació i lluita armada (1960-1990) [145] 3.4. En nom de Déu [149] 3.5. Les Nacions Unides i l’apartheid [152] 4. Polítiques de transició [166] 4.1. La Constitució del 1983 [166] 4.2. Les negociacions secretes [168] 4.3. Les negociacions formals [171] 4.4. Les primeres eleccions democràtiques (1994) [175] Part 3 Veritat i reconciliació: els treballs de memòria a Sud-àfrica (1996-2002) [179] 1. La gènesi i la formació de la Comissió Veritat i Reconciliació (TRC) [181] 1.1. Marc legal [181] 1.2. Un mandat problemàtic: amnistia, veritat i reconciliació [183] 1.3. Els equilibris per formar la Comissió [186] 1.4. Definir els mots i les “ofenses” [190] 2. El Comitè de Violacions de Dret Humans [194] 2.1. La primera audiència pública (1996) [194] 2.2. Criteris i balanç [195] 2.3. El “cas Shirley Gunn”, víctima [197] 2.4. Dignificar les víctimes [199] 3. El Comitè d’Amnistia [203] 3.1. Perdonar les “ofenses” [203] 3.2. Balanç i comunicació [213] 3.3. El “cas Jeffery Benzien”, perpetrador [215] 3.4. Documentar: la Unitat d’Investigació [218] 4. El Comitè de Reparacions i Rehabilitació [222] 4.1. Indemnitzar les víctimes [222] 4.2. Llocs de memòria [224] Part 4 El debat: memòria, societat i reconciliació [235] 1. El model i els criteris [239] 1.1. L’amnistia i el dret internacional [239] 1.2. Les zones grises de la TRC [245] 1.3. Epistemologia de la ignorància [251] 1.4. Capitalisme racial [255] 2. Equitat i reconciliació [258] 2.1. Democràcia, societat i memòria [258] 2.2. Llengua, gènere i tradició [265] 2.3. Discriminació econòmica [272] 2.4. Els models econòmics [278] Conclusions [285] Bibliografia [303] Documentació en línia [317] -Índex de taules- 1. Distribució dels escons a la Casa de l’Assemblea per províncies: El Cap, Natal, Transvaal i Orange (1910) [125] 2. Cens de la població per províncies (1904) [126] 3. Classificació i cens de la població per grups racials (1904) [126] 4. Creixement de la població per províncies (1904-1914) [127] 5. Creixement de la població per grups racials (1904-1914) [128] 6. Cens de la població per grups racials (1951) [130] 7. Evolució de la població urbana per grups racials (1970-1996) [133] 8. Distribució dels escons a la Casa de l’Assemblea (1909,1983) [166] 9. Distribució dels escons a la Casa de Representació dels Coloured (1983) [167] 10. Distribució dels escons a la Casa dels Delegats Indis (1983) [167] 11. Comitè d’Amnistia. “Incidents” de l’ANC, MK, SAU i UDF (1960-1994) [207] 12. Comitè d’Amnistia. Al·legacions presentades [213] 13. Comparativa de la població per grups racials (1911, 2014) [274] 14. Evolució dels nivells de pobresa (2006-2011) [275] 15. Evolució de les migracions internacionals (1985-2015) [277] -Índex de mapes- 1. Els límits de la Unió Sud-africana (1914) [123] 2. Distribució dels homelands pel territori sud-africà [132] 3. Les nou províncies de la Constitució Interina (1993) [174] 4. Eleccions, 1994. Els partits majoritaris a les nou províncies [176] 5. Distribució de les llengües majoritàries per província (2011) [266] [ 11] -Acrònims- AC Amnesty Committee (TRC) ADM African Democratic Movement ANC African National Congress ANCYL ANC Youth League APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army APO African Political Organization AVU Afrikaner Volksunie (Unió del Poble Afrikaner) AWB Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Moviment de Resistència Afrikaner) AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation BCM Black Consciousness Movement CAT Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CCB Civil Cooperation Bureau CNT Confederació Nacional del Treball CODESA Conventions for a Democratic South Africa COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CP Conservative Party CVET Community Vídeo Education Trust DP Democratic Party ESMA Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada FA Freedom Alliance FF Freedom Front FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertaçâo de Angola FRELIMO Frente de Libertaçao de Moçambique GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution GINI Growing Inequalities Impacts HRVC Human Rights Violations Committee (TRC) ICVTJ International Center for Transitional Justice IDAF International Defence and Aid Fund IDASA Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa IFP Inkatha Freedom Party IJR Institute for Justice and Reconciliation ITN Independent Television News IMF International Monetary Fund ICU Industrial and Commercial Workers IU Investigation Unit MK Umkhonto We Sizwe MPLA Movimiento Popular de Libertaçâo de Angola MUFC Mandela United Football Club [ 13] NACTU National Council of Trade Unions NAD Native Affairs Department NEC National Executive Committee (ANC) NIS National Intelligence Service NP National Party NUMSA National Union of Mineworkers of South Africa OAU Organisation of African Unity PAC Pan Africanist Congress PASO Pan Africanist Student Organisation RDA República Democràtica Alemanya RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme RENAMO Resistência Nacional Moçambicana RRC Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee (TRC) SABC South African Broadcasting Corporation SACP South African Communist Party SAIC South African Indian Congress SAAF South African Air Force SADF South African Defence Force SANDF South African National Defence Force SANNC South Africa Native National Congress SANSCO South African National Student Congress SAP South African Police SAPA South African Press Agency SAPS South African Police Services SARP SA Reconciliation Barometre SDU Self-defence unit SSC State Security Council SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation (Namíbia) TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UDF United Democratic Front UN United Nations UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola UWC University of the Western Cape VOC Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Dutch (Companyia Neerlandesa de les Índies Orientals) WEF World Economic Forum [ 14] Memòria, veritat i justícia a Sud-àfrica: la Comissió Veritat i Reconciliació i el seu llegat -Agraïments- Sempre hi ha un impuls inicial que t’anima a posar en marxa allò que inicialment només és un projecte. En el nostre cas, va ser la Facultat de Comunicació i Relacions Internacionals Blanquerna de la Universitat Ramon Llull la que ens va oferir l’oportunitat d’accedir al programa de doctorat de Comunicació i Humanitats i ens animà a presentar aquest treball de recerca. Darrera d’un projecte d’investigació acadèmica, unes veus més autoritzades t’ajuden a plantejar amb garanties de solidesa i rigor el desenvolupament de l’obra. La doctora Magdalena Sellés i el doctor Ferran Sáez són aquestes veus generoses que han dirigit, amb saviesa i paciència, aquesta tesi doctoral. L’intercanvi d’idees i de suggeriments n’han millorat, sens dubte, la concepció, el desenvolupament i les conclusions finals. Una lectura atenta i interessada en els temes de la memòria ens permet oferir (i corregir) un treball amb voluntat de tenir cura de l’eina que utilitza per expressar-se: l’es- criptura. Els comentaris de l’escriptor i lingüista Josep Tubau, bon amic, han fet possible també reflexionar sobre les paraules justes que expressin millor el món de les idees i els conceptes que conformen aquesta tesi doctoral. No menys important ha estat el suport de Televisió de Catalunya i del Memorial Democràtic de Catalunya en la llarga elaboració d’aquesta tesi doctoral.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Il Ruolo E La Funzione Del Falso Nella Storia Della Shoah
    IL RUOLO E LA FUNZIONE DEL FALSO NELLA STORIA DELLA SHOAH. STORICI, AFFAIRES E OPINIONE PUBBLICA Thèse en cotutelle entre l’Université de Bologne Alma Mater Studiorum et l’Université Paris X Nanterre (Ed 395 École Doctorale Milieux, Cultures et Sociétés du Passé et du Présent, Doc Histoire du monde contemporain). Membres du jury: Prof. Henry Rousso (rapporteur), Prof. Luciano Casali (rapporteur), Prof. Marie Anne Matard Bonucci (rapporteur), Prof. Alfonso Botti (Président du jury). «Citai di nuovo, per non diventare idillico in prima persona, il poeta che dice: “Quanto hai vissuto, nessuna potenza del mondo può togliertelo”. Ciò che abbiamo realizzato nella pienezza della nostra vita passata, nella sua ricchezza d’esperienza, questa ricchezza interiore, nessuno può sottrarcela. Ma non solo ciò che abbiamo vissuto, anche ciò che abbiamo fatto, ciò che di grande abbiamo pensato e ciò che abbiamo sofferto... Tutto ciò l’abbiamo salvato rendendolo reale, una volta per sempre. E se pure si tratta di un passato, è assicurato per l’eternità! Perché essere passato è ancora un modo di essere, forse, anzi, il più sicuro». Viktor E. Frankl - Uno psicologo nei Lager INDICE INTRODUZIONE p. 4 PREMESSA p. 15 CAPITOLO I QUESTIONI DI METODO STORICO p. 32 1. La dimensione di massa della storia contemporanea. p. 33 2. La storia del tempo presente. p. 37 3. Della difficile coesistenza di storia e memoria. p. 42 4. Il dovere di storia. p. 46 5. Sulla testimonianza. p. 51 6. Le testimonianze della Shoah. p. 56 CAPITOLO II FALSI TESTIMONI, ALCUNI CASI DI STUDIO p. 67 1. I primi falsari.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death of Historical Memory? Javier Cercas's El Impostor Versus the Legacy of Spaniards Deported to Nazi Camps
    Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies ISSN: 1463-6204 (Print) 1469-9818 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjsc20 The death of historical memory? Javier Cercas's El impostor versus the legacy of Spaniards deported to Nazi camps Sara J. Brenneis To cite this article: Sara J. Brenneis (2018) The death of historical memory? Javier Cercas's Elimpostor versus the legacy of Spaniards deported to Nazi camps, Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 19:3, 365-381, DOI: 10.1080/14636204.2018.1507173 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2018.1507173 Published online: 13 Aug 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 5 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cjsc20 JOURNAL OF SPANISH CULTURAL STUDIES 2018, VOL. 19, NO. 3, 365–381 https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2018.1507173 The death of historical memory? Javier Cercas’s El impostor versus the legacy of Spaniards deported to Nazi camps Sara J. Brenneis Spanish Department, Amherst College, Amherst, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Javier Cercas criticizes what he calls “the so-called memory industry” Javier Cercas; Enric Marco; in his 2014 book, El impostor. While delving into the life story of Enric Nazi concentration camps; Marco, who was unmasked in 2005 as a false survivor of the Nazi Holocaust; historical memory concentration camp Flossenbürg, Cercas pronounces historical memory dead in Spain. This article retraces Marco’s rise to fame against the backdrop of Spain’s relevance to the Holocaust as well as seven decades of narratives by actual Spanish survivors of Nazi concentration camps published inside the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Entanglements and Remembrance of the Spanish Civil War Since 1989
    Reimagining Spain Citation for published version (APA): Hristova-Dijkstra, M. J. (2016). Reimagining Spain: transnational entanglements and remembrance of the Spanish Civil War since 1989. Datawyse / Universitaire Pers Maastricht. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20161020mh Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2016 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20161020mh Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Alejandro Baer
    Alejandro Baer THE VOIDS OF SEPHARAD: THE MEMORY OF THE HOLOCAUST IN SPAIN The Holocaust did not take place within Spain’s borders. Isolated and detached from the tragedy that consumed the rest of the European continent, Spain at that time was essentially submerged in the trauma of her own Civil War and its aftermath. When Spain finally emerged from the grip of Franco’s dictatorship, the country’s democracy was rebuilt on the margins of the prevailing European value system, in which the memory of Auschwitz and its ilk occupy a central place. It is only in the last decade, as a consequence of both institutional initiatives to organize commemorative ceremonies and the effects of cultural and educational transnationalization, that Spain has been progressively absorbed into the wider European debate about history, culture, and memory. As a result, discussions about the Holocaust have gained a more significant presence in Spanish public life. The process is an arduous one because it requires Spain to liberate itself from the shackles of its own past, specifically from the mantle of ignorance and prejudice that, until very recently, has covered everything related to Jews. Several authors have argued that the Holocaust has become a globalized and cosmopolitan memory. In other words, the connection with this past goes beyond the groups or the nations that were directly affected by it or were responsible for perpetrating it, transcending those stable social frameworks that, for Halbwachs, constitute the basis for the emergence of ‘‘collective memory.’’ As a deterritorialized memory that is increasingly shared by individuals otherwise dispersed by culture, ethnic origin, religion, or class, the global memory of the Holocaust has been Downloaded By: [Baer, Alejandro] At: 14:34 31 May 2011 transformed into a universal imperative.
    [Show full text]
  • Shattered Dreams of the Mándy’S
    TORN COBWEBS OF MEMORY: INTERWEAVING FILM AND FICTION IN POST- FRANCO SPAIN AND POST-COMMUNIST HUNGARY, SHIFTING NARRATIVES OF THE HOLOCAUST AND DICTATORSHIP IN THE WAKE OF POLITICAL TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY by ÉVA SERFŐZŐ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Romance Languages and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2019 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Éva Serfőző Title: Torn Cobwebs of Memory: Interweaving Film and Fiction in Post-Franco Spain and Post-Communist Hungary, Shifting Narratives of the Holocaust and Dictatorship in the Wake of Political Transition to Democracy This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Romance Languages by: Pedro Garía-Caro Chairperson Cecilia Enjuto Rangel Core Member Katya Hokanson Core Member Carol Silverman Institutional Representative and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded December 2019 ii © 2019 Éva Serfőző This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (United States) License. iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Éva Serfőző Doctor of Philosophy Department of Romance Languages December 2019 Title: Torn Cobwebs of Memory: Interweaving Film and Fiction in Post-Franco Spain and Post-Communist Hungary, Shifting Narratives of the Holocaust and Dictatorship in the Wake of Political Transition to Democracy This dissertation examines discourses on the memories of both the Holocaust and of the national dictatorships in Spain (1939-1975) and Hungary (1949-1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Documentaries 2010 Main Index
    cobertes10_origOK2.pdf 2 14/01/10 14:26 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Documentaries 2010 Main Index Welcome 3 Index of Titles 5 Documentaries 9 Index of Upcoming Productions 153 Upcoming Documentaries 157 Sales & Production Companies 193 Catalan Language Production 3 Àngela Bosch Director Let me give you 10 reasons why this catalogue is sure to be very useful for you: In your hands is the best compilation of Catalonia’s documentary production for 2009 and 2010. Featured here are all of the industry’s finished products, as well as its upcoming titles. A single glance will give you an overview of our industry’s most recent production, with documentaries that are already making their rounds at festivals, markets and coproduction meetings worldwide, as well as others that have yet to begin. Surely, you have heard of our industry, and this is an excellent sampling of our most outstanding productions. All of Catalonia’s audiovisual producers have contributed to this catalogue, carefully supervising each and every detail of their titles. Here you will find some of the industry’s biggest names alongside up-and-coming talents; production companies with vast experience, alongside others that are just beginning. In a word, represented here is all of Catalonia’s audiovisual creativity. Few film industries are as prolific and diverse, and still fewer boast the high quality that the Catalan industry has displayed time and again. The sector’s main media dedicate a special focus event to the Catalan region each year. This catalogue was designed in keeping with professional criteria, meaning that you will find all the information you need, exactly the way you need it.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauthausen Und Die Nationalsozialistische Expansions Und Verfolgungspolitik Und Die Die Und
    Gerhard Botz, Alexander Prenninger, Regina Fritz, Heinrich Berger (Hg.) MAUTHAUSEN UND DIE NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE EXPANSIONS UND VERFOLGUNGSPOLITIK UND DIE DIE UND EUROPA IN MAUTHAUSEN BAND 1 MAUTHAUSEN EXPANSIONS NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE VERFOLGUNGSPOLITIK UND Hg. von Gerhard Botz, Alexander Prenninger, Regina Fritz EUROPA IN MAUTHAUSEN BAND MAUTHAUSEN IN EUROPA 1 Geburtsorte der interviewten Mauthausen-Häftlinge (MSDP) Kaunas Posen Warschau Paris ŁódźLódz PragPrag Krakau Charkiw Wien Donezk GrenobleGrenoble Dnipro Mailand Budapest Barcelona Thessaloniki Interviewte Personen 1–4 5–10 11–20 44 Grenzverläufe von 1937 1.000 km Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 Europa in Mauthausen Geschichte der Überlebenden eines nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagers herausgegeben von Gerhard Botz, Alexander Prenninger und Regina Fritz Band 1 Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 Gerhard Botz, Alexander Prenninger, Regina Fritz und Heinrich Berger (Hg.) Mauthausen und die nationalsozialistische Expansions- und Verfolgungspolitik Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Weimar Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 Veröfentlicht mit der Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF) : PUB 720-G Open Access : Wo nicht anders festgehalten, ist diese Publikation lizenziert unter der Creative-Commons- Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0 ; siehe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Die Publikation wurde einem anonymen, internationalen Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek : Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
    [Show full text]