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Afghan University Women Graduates Are Not Well-Represented in the Job Market in Afghanistan Mohammad Kazem Shakib Loyola University Chicago, Shakib [email protected]

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Afghan University Women Graduates Are Not Well-Represented in the Job Market in Afghanistan Mohammad Kazem Shakib Loyola University Chicago, Shakib Scholar@Yahoo.Com CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Loyola eCommons Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 2014 Afghan University Women Graduates Are Not Well-Represented in the Job Market in Afghanistan Mohammad Kazem Shakib Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Recommended Citation Shakib, Mohammad Kazem, "Afghan University Women Graduates Are Not Well-Represented in the Job Market in Afghanistan" (2014). Master's Theses. Paper 2243. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2243 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2014 Mohammad Kazem Shakib LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO AFGHAN UNIVERSITY WOMEN GRADUATES ARE NOT WELL-REPRESENTED IN THE JOB MARKET IN AFGHANISTAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS PROGRAM IN WOMEN’S STUDIES AND GENDER STUDIES BY MOHAMMAD KAZEM SHAKIB CHICAGO, IL MAY 2014 Copyright by Mohammad K. Shakib, 2014 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am eternally grateful to my mother for watching and encouraging the transitions I have made in my life and who has been endlessly patient and supportive of my studies. A special feeling of gratitude goes to Judy Casten for her friendly and endless supports for my social and professional life here in Chicago. I dedicate this work to all Afghan men and women whose works are essential to economically empowering the women of Afghanistan. I also thank my committee members who were more than generous and kind with their expertise and precious time. A special thanks to Dr. Prudence Moylan, my supervisor for her countless hours of reflecting, reading, encouraging, and most of all being patient throughout the entire process. I also thank Dr. Bridget Kelly, the reader member of my committee for her thoughtful ideas and advice in developing my project. I would like to express a special appreciation to Mr. Faisal Karimi from School of Journalism, Herat University and Mr. Naqibullah Rasooli from School of Economics, Kahkashan-e-Sharq University, Herat, Afghanistan for helping me in conducting the surveys in the data collection process. I will always appreciate all my friends and colleagues both in and out of the program, who have commiserated, encouraged and assisted me every step of the way. iii We know that when women participate fully in their government and economies, they and their families benefit, but so do their communities, their countries, and even the world as a whole. -Hillary Rodham Clinton TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATION viii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Research Methodology 3 CHAPTER TWO: WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT 6 CHAPTER THREE: GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ON WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 19 Women Development in Global Context 19 Women Development in the Context of Afghanistan 23 CHAPTER FOUR: NEW APPROACHES TO EDUCATED WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN THE ECONOMY 28 CHAPTER FIVE: SURVEY FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 39 Data Collection Process 39 Research Findings 43 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55 Conclusion 55 Limitation 56 Recommendations 56 APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES 59 APPENDIX B: LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS AND THE QUESTIONS FOR THE SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 64 REFERENCE LIST 66 VITA 71 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Number of Higher Education Students from 2008 to 2009- (CSO) 10 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Sectors with Most Employees in 2009- (CSO) 15 Figure 2. Barrier for Educated Women to Enter the Job Market 45 Figure 3. Educated Women Can Work in Important and Key Positions 48 Figure 4. Role of the Government of Afghanistan and the International Communities 49 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACCI Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries AICWED International Center for Afghan Women’s Economic Development ANDS Afghanistan National Development Strategies AREDP Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program AWDP Afghanistan Workforce Development Program CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CSO Central Statistics Organization ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council FLFPR Female Labor Force Participation Rate HEP Higher Education Program ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IT Information Technology KBDC Kaweyan Business Development Center KSU Kahkashan-e-Sharq University MDGs Millennium Development Goals MoEc Ministry of Economy MoHE Ministry of Higher Education MoLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs viii MoWA Ministry of Women Affairs MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development NAPWA National Action Plan for Women of Afghanistan NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Government Organization UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WB World Bank ix ABSTRACT This paper explores the contribution and representation of university women graduates in the economy of Afghanistan. Through a liberal feminist lens, the research views the socioeconomic and political dimensions of gender equality norms and women’s empowerment in the country. This paper further determines applicable approaches and solutions towards representation of educated women within the job market and the economy of Afghanistan in the long run. It synthesizes insights and information from different sources such as Afghan and international policy makers, university students, women with university degrees, and relevant local and international organizations in order to present a wide range of perspectives in this research study. Other factors discussed include: work qualitative measures, reduction of high rate of corruption, women in reproductive economy, the domestic role of women, and gender equity within the workforce environment. Unfortunately, the women’s economic empowerment process has not been closely integrated with female university graduates in Afghanistan. For the past decade, lack of data, research, publications, and scholarly works have limited the scope of national and international policy makers in designing and implementing new projects for women’s economic empowerment. The findings of this project can be used by local and international policy and decision makers in higher education and economic development in Afghanistan. Special emphasis is placed on small, innovative women-owned industries, gender equity reforms within higher education, and the nationalization of key x positions within the public and private domains of the country. Public higher education in Afghanistan is tuition-free which results in heavy expenses for Afghanistan’s government and its donor agencies. xi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Higher education has been one of the prominent sectors in Afghanistan for the past decade. There has been a steady increase in the representation of women within the higher education system in the country. However, the growth of an educated workforce within the job market and the growth of the national economy have not been equal. A high number of university women graduates are jobless, employed in non-relevant professions, or working in part-time jobs like teaching in primary and secondary school. This thesis explores the status of Afghan university women graduates and their contribution to the economy of Afghanistan. Within this context, the research attempts to identify the socioeconomic and political dimensions of gender parity norms and women’s empowerment in the country through a Liberal feminist lens. Alison Jaggar in Feminist politics and human nature (1983) defined Liberal feminism as seeking more equal access to education, employment, political rights, equal pay, ending job sex segregation and better working conditions. Acknowledging that regional, ethnic and class differences bear heavily on women’s status, the focus here is on young, educated women who reside in urban areas and big cities. These women could be described as middle class. This thesis also determines approaches and solutions towards sustainable representation of educated women within the national economy of Afghanistan and its labor market. Moreover, it synthesizes insights and information from different sources, such as government policy 1 2 makers, donor agencies and university professors and students in order to inform this research study. Within this thesis I explore the subject through three central points. First, the thesis analyzes the status of Afghan women within the higher education system in the country. Second, the thesis analyzes the positionality and functions of the Afghan government and its international allies in relation to elevating the status of university women graduates as economic productive elements within the process of nation building. And third, it explores effective ways to deploy university women graduates as professionals in the job market and the Afghan economy. This procedure entails scrutinizing those important sensitive gender norms and introducing relevant and acceptable policies in short and long term frameworks. The effective representation of female college graduates within Afghanistan’s developing
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