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In Sabah, Malaysia Identifying habitat and understanding movement resistance for the Endangered Bornean banteng Bos javanicus lowi in Sabah, Malaysia H ONG Y E L IM,PENNY C. GARDNER,NICOLA K. ABRAM K ALSUM M. YUSAH and B ENOIT G OOSSENS Abstract Habitat prioritization and corridor restoration are Keywords Bornean banteng, Borneo, Bos javanicus lowi, important steps for reconnecting fragmented habitats and conservation, habitat suitability, maximum entropy, species populations, and spatial modelling approaches are use- movement resistance, Sabah ful in identifying suitable habitat for elusive tropical rainforest Supplementary material for this article is available at mammals. The Endangered Bornean banteng Bos javanicus https://doi.org/./S lowi, a wild bovid endemic to Borneo, occurs in habitat that is highly fragmented as a result of extensive agricultural ex- pansion. Based on the species’ historical distribution in Sabah (Malaysia), we conducted camera-trap surveys in Introduction forest reserves during –.Toassesssuitablehabitat for the banteng we used a presence-only maximum entropy uman-induced destruction of natural ecosystems (MaxEnt) approach with spatial predictors, including cli- His one of the major threats to global biodiversity mate, infrastructure, land cover and land use, and topography (Cincotta et al., ), with c. % of all known species variables. We performed a least-cost path analysis using threatened by destructive human activities (IUCN, ). Linkage Mapper, to understand the resistance to movement Endemic species of Borneo are among the most vulnerable through the landscape. The surveys comprised a total of to timber extraction, deforestation for oil palm, habitat , nights of camera trapping. We recorded banteng pres- fragmentation and poaching (Gaveau et al., ;Hoffmann ence in forest reserves. Key spatial predictors deemed to be et al., ). Effective protection of these species requires important in predicting suitable habitat included soil associa- a strategic conservation approach, involving in particular tions ( . %), distance to intact and logged forests ( . %), habitat protection and connectivity restoration (Koh & precipitation in the driest quarter ( . %), distance to agro- Sodhi, ). forest and regenerating forest ( . %), and distance to oil In this study our focal species was the Bornean banteng palm plantations ( . %). Circa % of Sabah had suitable habi- Bos javanicus lowi, a wild bovid subspecies endemic to tat ( , km ), of which . % was in protected forests, . % Borneo (Gardner et al., ; Ishige et al., ). There are was in production forests and . % was in other areas. The two other subspecies, the mainland banteng B. javanicus least-cost path model predicted linkages and a relatively birmanicus (Indochina) and the Javan banteng B. javanicus high movement resistance between core habitats. Our models javanicus (Java and Bali); all three are categorized as provide information about key habitat and movement resist- Endangered on the IUCN Red List (Gardner et al., ). ance for bantengs through the landscape, which is crucial for Bornean bantengs inhabit primary and secondary diptero- constructive conservation strategies and land-use planning. carp and swamp forests and are best described as mixed- feeders (Gardner et al., ). They endure secondary forest conditions and benefit from the temporary increases HONG YE LIM* (Corresponding author, orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-5187) and in regenerating vegetation in early stages of a logged KALSUM M. YUSAH Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia forest but only when human disturbances are infrequent E-mail [email protected] (Gardner, ; Prosser et al., ; Journeaux et al., ). PENNY C. GARDNER† and BENOIT GOOSSENS†‡ Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah When the ambient temperature is high they rest in the Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia shade of closed canopy forest to reduce heat stress and NICOLA K. ABRAM§ Living Landscape Alliance, Berkshire, UK avoid dehydration (Gardner, ). They favour foraging *Also at: Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, ground close to permanent water sources, where they Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia †Also at: Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, also socialize (Davies & Payne, ). Deforestation and Cardiff University, UK the establishment of extensive monoculture plantations, ‡Also at: Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK especially of oil palm, have resulted in a highly frag- §Also at: ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia mented population (Gardner, ). Received February . Revision requested April . Banteng occurrence records in Sarawak (Malaysian Accepted August . First published online May . Borneo), Brunei and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) are This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, Downloaded fromdistribution, https://www.cambridge.org/core and reproduction in any medium,. IP address: provided 170.106.35.234 the original work, on 30 is properly Sep 2021 cited. at 02:05:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/termsOryx, 2021, 55(1),. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001126 122–130 © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318001126 Bornean banteng in Sabah, Malaysia 123 scarce and our understanding of the banteng’s distribution the Species Action Plan for the Bornean banteng, and other across its range in Borneo is limited (Gardner et al., ). conservation efforts in Sabah. For Sabah, Davies & Payne ()publishedthefirststate- wide banteng distribution map, and estimated a population size of c. – individuals. However, the community Study area interviews and sign surveys they used were dependent on Our study covered the Malaysian state of Sabah, in the accessibility. Boonratana () used line transects to iden- north of Borneo. Based on the historical distribution of the tify banteng presence in several forest reserves in Sabah, Bornean banteng (Davies & Payne, ), we conducted and estimated the population to be , individuals. camera-trap surveys in forest reserves (Fig. ). Forests in Indirect density estimation based on dung was impossible these reserves consisted of primary and secondary tropical because of low encounter rates along the line transects, lowland and mixed hill dipterocarp forest, montane forest which covered a total distance of km. Gardner () and seasonal swamp forest. A history of various management estimated the population size in Tabin Wildlife Reserve approaches and timber harvesting regimes has resulted in an ( individuals) and Malua Forest Reserve ( individuals) extensive network of logging roads, trails and openings. In using photographic evidence captured by camera traps. Sabah forests are categorized as Protection Forest Reserves, Localized extinctions have occurred in the Dent Peninsula Production Forest Reserves and Protected Areas. Both of Sabah (Gardner, ). Protection and Production Forest Reserves are under The increasing availability of spatial modelling ap- the authority of Sabah Forestry Department, whereas proaches, and higher-quality and relevant environmental Protected Areas are governed by Sabah Parks and Sabah data facilitate habitat prioritization and connectivity restor- Wildlife Department (Supplementary Material ; Sabah ation (Beier et al., ; Elith & Leathwick, ). However, Forestry Department, ). spatial modelling has not been used previously to examine distribution patterns of the Bornean banteng. Among the available modelling methods, maximum entropy (MaxEnt) Methods is popular because it can model presence-only data and multidimensional interactions between variables (Elith Camera trapping et al., ). Trisurat et al. () used MaxEnt to model current and future distribution patterns of the mainland We deployed Reconyx HC and PC camera traps banteng in northern Thailand under scenarios of changes (Reconyx Inc., Holmen, USA) in the forest reserves dur- in land use and climate, and highlighted areas in need of ing – to detect the occurrence of Bornean bantengs, protection. MaxEnt has also been used for distribution using grid (Gardner, ) and opportunistic sampling de- modelling for other Bornean and Malayan taxa; e.g. the signs (Supplementary Table ). Four grids were established flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps, Malayan sun in Tabin Wildlife Reserve and three in Malua Forest Reserve bear Helarctos malayanus and Bornean ferret badger (Gardner, ). To avoid resampling the same banteng Melogale everetti (Wilting et al., , ; Nazeri et al., herds, the grids were spaced at least km apart, as bantengs ). have been observed to travel at least km (Gardner et al., Identifying potential connectivity for reconnecting forest ). The distance between camera-trap stations in each fragments is crucial for the banteng, as habitat fragmen- grid was c. m, to increase the chances of detection tation has disrupted movement and, potentially, gene (Gardner, ). The total number of camera-trap stations flow (Hu et al., ; Gardner, ). Linkage Mapper used in the grid surveys was . We employed an opportun- (McRae & Kavanagh, ) can be used to simulate potential istic sampling design in
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