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Geology of the Eagle-Circle District, Alaska

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Geology of the Eagle-Circle District, Alaska UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Ray Lyman Wilbur, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George Otis Smith, Director Bulletin 816 GEOLOGY OF THE EAGLE-CIRCLE DISTRICT, ALASKA BY J. B. MERTIE, JR. * 1 I a «. » ,; ' * « w » t « * « . «*« i I * « .» , « * » . » ' * * UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1930 . For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington ,D. C. Price 50 cents -ir X « . « I v CONTENTS Page frv Introduction .__-___--____- _ ___ ___ .__._-___-__--_ 1 Location of the area_____ -___ ____________ 1 f Previous work_____________-__-_-------_-_--___---_----_----__ 1 Scope of the present report-_____-_____-__-_____-__----_-_---__- 5 ' Geographic features_-___-_-_-__-__---_--------__-------------_---_ 6 ' Relief and drainage ____________-_--_-____-_-__--__-_-_____ 6 Special physiographic features_____ __________________________ 7 k Settlements and population 9 Trails and transportation________________________-____________. 10 Climate..---.---_----_------------------_ __---_---____-_-_ 11 Vegetation. __ _ _ _ __ 12 Animal life.__________________________________________________ 13 Descriptive geology._____________________ _______-__---______-__ 13 Pre-Cambrian rock8-___---_-__---__-__________________________ 13 Birch Creek schist-__---_____-_-_-_--_-______--__-_-__-__-_ 13 Cambrian or pre-Cambrian rocks---___---________-_____-___---__ 21 Tindir group____________- _________________________ _ 21 Red beds _-.-_.___ _ _ _.____-____-______.__ 24 Undifferentiated Paleozoic rocks_____ __-____--__---_-_____ 29 Cambrian system _____________________________________________ 62 * Middle Cambrian or older rocks_______-----_---__---_-__-_- 63 Middle Cambrian limestone.__ --__-__-___--__-_--____-__ 64 ^ Upper Cambrian limestone.__________________________ 66 ^; Ordovician system-_-___----_-_--___----__-_-----___--___-____ 67 * Silurian system._________________ _ _____________________ 69 p Devonian system__________._______________ _____________ 75 Middle Devonian series____________________._____________ 75 4 Woodchopper volcanics_________________________..__ 75 Argillite, chert, and cherty grit_____ __________ 80 * Carboniferous system_____________________________ 84 Mississippian series________________________________ 85 * Circle volcanics._-___ _______________ 85 .v. Chert formation._____________________________ 88 Calico Bluff formation...._ ___.___________________ 95 ^ Mississippian or Pennsylvanian series__ ___________________ 109 Transitional formation__________________________ 109 <V Nation River formation______________________________ 113 Permian series....... ___ __________________ 121 »' Tahkandit limestone_____________________________ 121 Triassic system______________________________________ 130 * Upper Triassic series._______________________________ 130 Cretaceous and Tertiary systems____________________________ 136- Lower Cretaceous series__________________________________ 136 Kandik formation.____________________________________ 136 Upper Cretaceous and Eocene series.____-__________________ 141 V * IV CONTENTS Descriptive geology Continued. Page Quaternary system.___________________________________________ 147 Igneous rocks___------___-_________________________________: 148 Undifferentiated greenstone of Paleozoic age________________ 148 Granite, diorite, and related rocks_______________________ 150 Rhyolite and dacite___________________________________ 151 Geologic history_______________________________________________ 151 Economic geology.________________________________________________ 159 Gold placers________________________________________________ 159 Distribution______________________________________________ 159 Sources of gold__________________________.________________ 160 Placer-mining operations.._________________________________ 162 Index____________________________________________________________ 167 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. A, Yukon Valley, looking downstream from international bound­ ary; B, Yukon River at the mouth of Washington Creek; C, Panoramic view of the narrows of the Yukon River at the mouth of Woodchopper Creek_____.____.,__-_-- 10 2. A, Valley near the headwaters of the Charley River; B, Undif­ ferentiated (possibly upper Silurian) limestone along the west bank of the Yukon River just above Takoma Creek..._....__.___.________________ 10 B. A, Contorted feldspathic quartzite in Birch Creek schist; B, Augen gneiss, intrusive into Birch Creek schist. _________ 10 4. A, Cambrian limestone and associated rocks on the north bank of the Yukon River just north of Calico Bluff; B, Crinoids in crystalline limestone of Silurian (?) age from west slope of Loop Mountain, Yukon Territory. _ ___._-___. __ _. 74 5. A, Fossiliferous Middle Devonian limestone in Woodchopper volcanics, as seen along the north bank of the Yukon River opposite Woodchopper; B, Woodchopper volcanics along the northeast bank of the Yukon River below the * mouth of Woodchopper Creek _____ 74 6. A, Lower Mississippian chert formation on the east bank of the * Yukon River just below the mouth of Shade Creek; B, El­ lipsoidal greenstone in Woodchopper volcanics on the north bank of the Yukon River above Woodchopper-_-_---___ 74 7. A, Undifferentiated Paleozoic greenstone in bluff on the west side of the Yukon River at the mouth of Mission Creek; ^- B, Lower Mississippian volcanic rocks along the east bank of the Yukon River above Circle__---_--------_-_-_-_- 74 > 8. A, Vertical beds of chert at north end of bluff on the west side of the Yukon River below Takoma Creek; B, East side of * Calico Bluff, on the Yukon River below Eagle. ____- 90 9. Enigmatical fossils in Mississippian or Pennsylvanian transitional ^ formation._____--________-__-_-_____--------------_--_ 90 r CONTENTS V * Page PLATE 10. A, Anticline and syncline in Tahkandit limestone (Permian) along northeast bank of the Yukon River just above the mouth Y of the Nation River; B, Conglomerate and sandstone of Nation River formation on the east bank of the Yukon V River a few miles below Eagle.------_---.-----_-_--_- 122 11. A, Infaulted block of Tahkandit limestone (Permian) in midst * of Woodchopper volcanics (Middle Devonian) on the south bank of the Yukon River about 1 mile below the mouth of Coal Creek; B, Lower Cretaceous rocks (Kandik v formation) in bluff on the north side of the Yukon River a few miles above the mouth of the Kandik River_-_-.__ ^i 12. Geologic map of the Eagle-Circle district-_.__.________._ In peeket. ^_rtn__ v FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of area covered by this report. __ 2 ^ 2. Diagrammatic sketch showing structure of rocks in the fault zone on the north bank of the Yukon River 3 miles above h Eagle....... -- .- ---- ------ - - 40 . v 3. Index to localities of fossils collected along the international x * boundary by the Canada Geological Survey, as listed by Cairnes. ____.------___-____-_..-----_----_----_--__--- 47 4. Geologic section from Takoma Creek northward along the ^ west bank of the Yukon River__-_--_-_--_-_-_--____-__- 72 5. Sketch of south side of Calico Bluff, Yukon River___________ 96 y 6. Section along the southwest bank of the Yukon River opposite the mouth of the Nation River_____-_-__-_-__--__-._____ 117 'vV v * < ^ * . ' /* . : K . * GEOLOGY OF THE EAGLE-CIRCLE DISTRICT, ALASKA * ^ By J. B. MERTIE, Jr. y INTRODUCTION LOCATION OF THE AREA ;^ The district here designated the Eagle-Circle district lies between meridians 140° 45' and 144° 15' west longitude and parallels 64° 30' * and 66° north latitude and comprises a nearly square area of about 10,000 square miles. (See fig. 1.) The Yukon River runs diagonally across the area from the southeast corner to the northwest corner. v This area is geographically the connecting link between the Fortymile ^ mining district, to' the southeast, and the Circle mining district, to the northwest. It embraces the Seventymile district and the American Creek, Fourth of July Creek, and Woodchopper Creek precincts. * PREVIOUS WORK This region has interested prospectors and geologists for many * years. Gold placer mining was begun in the Fortymjle district in 1887 and in the Circle district in 1894, and mining operations have continued in these two districts up to the present day. In view of <* their productiveness it was but natural that the attention of prospec­ tors should be directed to the intervening area south of the Yukon. A great deal of prospecting has been done, and in the aggregate a * considerable amount of gold has been recovered in the last 25 or 30 years, although no large mining camps have so far been established. The Geological Survey, also, has been greatly interested in this inter- V- vening area because of its potential importance to the mining indus- 9 try and its unique geologic features. The area considered in the present report may logically be divided v into two parts; one, which comprises some 40 per cent of the total, ^ lies northeast of the Yukon, and the other lies southwest of the Yukon. The northeastern part is unmapped, both topographically * and geologically, except for the work of the international boundary survey along the international boundary and the observations of 1 2 GEOLOGY OP EAGLE-CIBCLE DISTRICT, ALASKA workers who have traversed the Yukon. The southwestern three- fifths, because of its potential economic significance, has been mapped almost completely, both topographically and geologically, on the reconnaissance scale of 1:250,000. Much of the initial work of the Geological Survey in a new region is concentrated in the environs
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